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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Exposé</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">6,622 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Exposé</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Expos%C3%A9">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47756164" data-work_id="47756164" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47756164/Expos%C3%A9_sur_la_scolarisation_des_jeunes_filles">Exposé sur la scolarisation des jeunes filles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">L’éducation est un droit humain fondamental pour tous les enfants. Cela a été reconnu il y a 60 ans dans la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme, reconnue et acceptée par de nombreux gouvernements à travers le monde. Cependant,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47756164" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">L’éducation est un droit humain fondamental pour tous les enfants. Cela a été reconnu il y a 60 ans dans la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme, reconnue et acceptée par de nombreux gouvernements à travers le monde. Cependant, des millions d’enfants en Afrique, en particulier les filles, sont toujours privées de leur droit à l’éducation ‘et n’ont pas la possibilité d’accéder aux connaissances, capacités nécessaires qui leur permettraient d’être autonomes et de jouer un rôle plus égalitaire dans la société. Cette violation des droits fondamentaux est injuste et doit être changée. I- L’IMPORTANCE DE LA SCOLARISATION POUR LA JEUNE FILLE Au plan individuel - L’éducation permet à la fille d'avoir une assurance de soi, de se départir des préjugés, de sa propre vie, d'améliorer sa qualité de vie, de prendre conscience de ses droits et d’être en mesure de les défendre. - L’instruction ou l'alphabétisation de la femme est bénéfique. Elle a des effets positifs sur la maîtrise de la fécondité. Les femmes instruites recourent plus souvent à la contraception se marient généralement plus tard. - Selon l'EDST II de 1998, les femmes ayant un niveau secondaire ou plus, ont une prévalence contraceptive plus élevée que les femmes qui ont une instruction primaire (34% toutes méthodes confondues et 15% pour les méthodes modernes) contre respectivement 9 et 4%. Les enfants des mères qui ont une scolarité relativement longue, ont beaucoup plus de chance de survie. Ceci montre tout l'intérêt pour les femmes d'avoir accès à tous les niveaux de l'enseignement y compris l’enseignement supérieur. - l’augmentation du niveau d'instruction permet aux filles d'accroître leur possibilité d’exercer un emploi rémunérateur et par là d'avoir une autonomie financière permettant d’avoir le pouvoir de décision ; elles discernent mieux les avantages d'éduquer leurs enfants.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47756164" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="45a5b76eb0d87c6a4cd900d1958cd9f7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66698276,"asset_id":47756164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66698276/download_file?st=MTczNjEwOTM1NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="95494597" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdamaKamagat%C3%A9">Adama Kamagaté</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="95494597" type="text/json">{"id":95494597,"first_name":"Adama","last_name":"Kamagaté","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AdamaKamagaté","display_name":"Adama Kamagaté","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AdamaKamagat%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95494597/43415640/34510381/s65_adama.kamagat_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47756164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47756164"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47756164, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47756164", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47756164]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47756164").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47756164").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47756164"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="690709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9">Exposé</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="690709" type="text/json">{"id":690709,"name":"Exposé","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47756164]'), work: {"id":47756164,"title":"Exposé sur la scolarisation des jeunes filles","created_at":"2021-04-27T04:46:06.222-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47756164/Expos%C3%A9_sur_la_scolarisation_des_jeunes_filles?f_ri=690709","dom_id":"work_47756164","summary":"L’éducation est un droit humain fondamental pour tous les enfants. Cela a été reconnu il y a 60 ans dans la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme, reconnue et acceptée par de nombreux gouvernements à travers le monde. Cependant, des millions d’enfants en Afrique, en particulier les filles, sont toujours privées de leur droit à l’éducation ‘et n’ont pas la possibilité d’accéder aux connaissances, capacités nécessaires qui leur permettraient d’être autonomes et de jouer un rôle plus égalitaire dans la société. Cette violation des droits fondamentaux est injuste et doit être changée. I- L’IMPORTANCE DE LA SCOLARISATION POUR LA JEUNE FILLE Au plan individuel - L’éducation permet à la fille d'avoir une assurance de soi, de se départir des préjugés, de sa propre vie, d'améliorer sa qualité de vie, de prendre conscience de ses droits et d’être en mesure de les défendre. - L’instruction ou l'alphabétisation de la femme est bénéfique. Elle a des effets positifs sur la maîtrise de la fécondité. Les femmes instruites recourent plus souvent à la contraception se marient généralement plus tard. - Selon l'EDST II de 1998, les femmes ayant un niveau secondaire ou plus, ont une prévalence contraceptive plus élevée que les femmes qui ont une instruction primaire (34% toutes méthodes confondues et 15% pour les méthodes modernes) contre respectivement 9 et 4%. Les enfants des mères qui ont une scolarité relativement longue, ont beaucoup plus de chance de survie. Ceci montre tout l'intérêt pour les femmes d'avoir accès à tous les niveaux de l'enseignement y compris l’enseignement supérieur. - l’augmentation du niveau d'instruction permet aux filles d'accroître leur possibilité d’exercer un emploi rémunérateur et par là d'avoir une autonomie financière permettant d’avoir le pouvoir de décision ; elles discernent mieux les avantages d'éduquer leurs enfants.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66698276,"asset_id":47756164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":95494597,"first_name":"Adama","last_name":"Kamagaté","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AdamaKamagaté","display_name":"Adama Kamagaté","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AdamaKamagat%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95494597/43415640/34510381/s65_adama.kamagat_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":690709,"name":"Exposé","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47756637" data-work_id="47756637" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47756637/Expos%C3%A9_sur_la_guerre">Exposé sur la guerre</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Pour Gaston Bouthoul, « la guerre est une forme de violence qui a pour caractéristique essentielle d'être méthodique et organisée quant aux groupes qui la font et aux manières dont ils la mènent. En outre, elle est limitée dans le temps... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47756637" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Pour Gaston Bouthoul, « la guerre est une forme de violence qui a pour caractéristique essentielle d'être méthodique et organisée quant aux groupes qui la font et aux manières dont ils la mènent. En outre, elle est limitée dans le temps et dans l'espace et soumise à des règles juridiques particulières, extrêmement variables suivant les lieux et les époques. Sa dernière caractéristique est d'être sanglante, car lorsqu'elle ne comporte pas de destruction de vies humaines, elle n'est qu'un conflit ou un échange de menaces ». Notre analyse consistera à montrer les causes et les conséquences de la guerre.<br />La définition :<br />La guerre est une lutte organisée et sanglante entre les Etats ; c’est une lutte armée contre un conquérant ou une force qui veut porter atteinte à l'intégrité d'un territoire : là, l'Etat conquérant mène une guerre illégitime tandis que l'Etat (convoité) mène une résistance légitime.<br />I) LES CAUSES :<br />Les causes de la guerre sont légions. Nous pouvons citer entre autre :<br />- La volonté d'un Etat puissant de conquérir (s'approprier) les biens d’un autre Etat (probablement faible).<br />- La volonté d'un Etat d'aliéner un autre sous prétexte de le libérer et de le démocratiser (cas de la guerre entre Etats-Unis et l'Irak).<br />Les répercussions de la guerre :<br />Sur la vie sociale :<br />- La guerre peut dissoudre des familles (et rendre des enfants orphelins) ;<br />- Elle peut être l'un des facteurs de l'augmentation de la prostitution dans l'Etat vaincu : En l'absence d'un père, les mères (veuves) peuvent vendre leur corps pour subvenir aux besoins de leurs enfants ;<br />- Elle peut aussi être responsable de l'augmentation du taux de l'analphabétisme dans l'Etat vaincu : Manque de moyens pour accéder à l'école ou bien destruction des établissements scolaires et toutes les sources du savoir (centres et bibliothèques) ;<br />- Elle peut être conçue comme un acte permissif (dans le sens que</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47756637" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="584b6e0bfcfdf2f5e3147da289478c1b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66698617,"asset_id":47756637,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66698617/download_file?st=MTczNjEwOTM1NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="95494597" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdamaKamagat%C3%A9">Adama Kamagaté</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="95494597" type="text/json">{"id":95494597,"first_name":"Adama","last_name":"Kamagaté","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AdamaKamagaté","display_name":"Adama Kamagaté","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AdamaKamagat%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95494597/43415640/34510381/s65_adama.kamagat_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47756637 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47756637"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47756637, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47756637", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47756637]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47756637").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47756637").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47756637"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="690709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9">Exposé</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="690709" type="text/json">{"id":690709,"name":"Exposé","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47756637]'), work: {"id":47756637,"title":"Exposé sur la guerre","created_at":"2021-04-27T05:18:18.727-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47756637/Expos%C3%A9_sur_la_guerre?f_ri=690709","dom_id":"work_47756637","summary":"Pour Gaston Bouthoul, « la guerre est une forme de violence qui a pour caractéristique essentielle d'être méthodique et organisée quant aux groupes qui la font et aux manières dont ils la mènent. En outre, elle est limitée dans le temps et dans l'espace et soumise à des règles juridiques particulières, extrêmement variables suivant les lieux et les époques. Sa dernière caractéristique est d'être sanglante, car lorsqu'elle ne comporte pas de destruction de vies humaines, elle n'est qu'un conflit ou un échange de menaces ». Notre analyse consistera à montrer les causes et les conséquences de la guerre.\nLa définition :\nLa guerre est une lutte organisée et sanglante entre les Etats ; c’est une lutte armée contre un conquérant ou une force qui veut porter atteinte à l'intégrité d'un territoire : là, l'Etat conquérant mène une guerre illégitime tandis que l'Etat (convoité) mène une résistance légitime.\nI) LES CAUSES :\nLes causes de la guerre sont légions. Nous pouvons citer entre autre :\n- La volonté d'un Etat puissant de conquérir (s'approprier) les biens d’un autre Etat (probablement faible).\n- La volonté d'un Etat d'aliéner un autre sous prétexte de le libérer et de le démocratiser (cas de la guerre entre Etats-Unis et l'Irak).\nLes répercussions de la guerre :\nSur la vie sociale :\n- La guerre peut dissoudre des familles (et rendre des enfants orphelins) ;\n- Elle peut être l'un des facteurs de l'augmentation de la prostitution dans l'Etat vaincu : En l'absence d'un père, les mères (veuves) peuvent vendre leur corps pour subvenir aux besoins de leurs enfants ;\n- Elle peut aussi être responsable de l'augmentation du taux de l'analphabétisme dans l'Etat vaincu : Manque de moyens pour accéder à l'école ou bien destruction des établissements scolaires et toutes les sources du savoir (centres et bibliothèques) ;\n- Elle peut être conçue comme un acte permissif (dans le sens que","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66698617,"asset_id":47756637,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":95494597,"first_name":"Adama","last_name":"Kamagaté","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AdamaKamagaté","display_name":"Adama Kamagaté","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AdamaKamagat%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95494597/43415640/34510381/s65_adama.kamagat_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":690709,"name":"Exposé","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47756354" data-work_id="47756354" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47756354/Expos%C3%A9_sur_la_d%C3%A9forestation">Exposé sur la déforestation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">La déforestation est le phénomène de régression des surfaces couvertes de forêts qu’il soit d’origine anthropique ou naturelle, c’est aussi l’action qui occasionne la disparition permanente de forêt. Si une forêt repousse après une coupe,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47756354" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">La déforestation est le phénomène de régression des surfaces couvertes de forêts qu’il soit d’origine anthropique ou naturelle, c’est aussi l’action qui occasionne la disparition permanente de forêt. Si une forêt repousse après une coupe, une attaque d’insectes xylophage ou un feu, on ne parle pas de déforestation. Le phénomène de déforestation est souvent évoqué en lien avec celui de dégradation (fonctionnelle ou biologique) de la forêt. La perte de couvert forestier fait référence à la perte de surface forestière brute, elle est souvent observée par satellite. I-CAUSES DE LA DEFORESTATION Dans le monde, la perte des surfaces forestières, la déforestation est causée par de multiples facteurs, certains humains et d’autres naturels. Parmi les facteurs naturels on trouve notamment les incendies de forêt, les maladies pouvant affecter les arbres ou les parasites. Mais ce sont surtout les activités humaines qui sont responsables de la déforestation au niveau mondial. D’après le rapport sur l’Etat Mondial des Forêts publié par la FAO en 2016, près de 80% de la déforestation mondiale est causée par l’agriculture, les 20% restants se répartissant entre la construction d’infrastructures (routes, barrages) d’abord, puis les activités minières et enfin l’urbanisation. Dans le détail, voici quelques causes majeures de la déforestation :  L’agriculture, qui représente 80% de la déforestation. Il peut s’agir soit d’agriculture commerciale, soit d’agriculture de subsistance (agriculture paysanne locale notamment dans les pays en développement).  L’agriculture de subsistance représenterait 30 à 35% de la déforestation mondiale  L’agriculture commerciale ou industrielle (grandes cultures et élevage) représenterait 45 à 50% de la déforestation  L’élevage serait la cause d’environ 14% de la déforestation au niveau mondial  La construction d’infrastructures représenterait environ 8% de la déforestation  Les activités minières seraient responsables d’environ 6% de la perte forestière  Et l’urbanisation autour de 5% Contrairement à ce que l’on entend souvent, les industries forestières ne sont donc pas parmi les grands responsables de la déforestation. L’explication est simple : les entreprises de l’industrie forestière exploitent le plus souvent des surfaces de forêt de culture, c’est-à-dire des forêts qui sont régulièrement replantées afin d’être exploitées de façon durables.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47756354" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3e7d1129eb0aa61603f92686e3e388de" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66698426,"asset_id":47756354,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66698426/download_file?st=MTczNjEwOTM1NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="95494597" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdamaKamagat%C3%A9">Adama Kamagaté</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="95494597" type="text/json">{"id":95494597,"first_name":"Adama","last_name":"Kamagaté","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AdamaKamagaté","display_name":"Adama Kamagaté","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AdamaKamagat%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95494597/43415640/34510381/s65_adama.kamagat_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47756354 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47756354"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47756354, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47756354", }); 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Si une forêt repousse après une coupe, une attaque d’insectes xylophage ou un feu, on ne parle pas de déforestation. Le phénomène de déforestation est souvent évoqué en lien avec celui de dégradation (fonctionnelle ou biologique) de la forêt. La perte de couvert forestier fait référence à la perte de surface forestière brute, elle est souvent observée par satellite. I-CAUSES DE LA DEFORESTATION Dans le monde, la perte des surfaces forestières, la déforestation est causée par de multiples facteurs, certains humains et d’autres naturels. Parmi les facteurs naturels on trouve notamment les incendies de forêt, les maladies pouvant affecter les arbres ou les parasites. Mais ce sont surtout les activités humaines qui sont responsables de la déforestation au niveau mondial. D’après le rapport sur l’Etat Mondial des Forêts publié par la FAO en 2016, près de 80% de la déforestation mondiale est causée par l’agriculture, les 20% restants se répartissant entre la construction d’infrastructures (routes, barrages) d’abord, puis les activités minières et enfin l’urbanisation. Dans le détail, voici quelques causes majeures de la déforestation :  L’agriculture, qui représente 80% de la déforestation. Il peut s’agir soit d’agriculture commerciale, soit d’agriculture de subsistance (agriculture paysanne locale notamment dans les pays en développement).  L’agriculture de subsistance représenterait 30 à 35% de la déforestation mondiale  L’agriculture commerciale ou industrielle (grandes cultures et élevage) représenterait 45 à 50% de la déforestation  L’élevage serait la cause d’environ 14% de la déforestation au niveau mondial  La construction d’infrastructures représenterait environ 8% de la déforestation  Les activités minières seraient responsables d’environ 6% de la perte forestière  Et l’urbanisation autour de 5% Contrairement à ce que l’on entend souvent, les industries forestières ne sont donc pas parmi les grands responsables de la déforestation. L’explication est simple : les entreprises de l’industrie forestière exploitent le plus souvent des surfaces de forêt de culture, c’est-à-dire des forêts qui sont régulièrement replantées afin d’être exploitées de façon durables.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66698426,"asset_id":47756354,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":95494597,"first_name":"Adama","last_name":"Kamagaté","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AdamaKamagaté","display_name":"Adama Kamagaté","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AdamaKamagat%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95494597/43415640/34510381/s65_adama.kamagat_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":690709,"name":"Exposé","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36760122" data-work_id="36760122" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36760122/De_la_parole_spontan%C3%A9e_vers_l_expos%C3%A9_scolaire">De la parole spontanée vers l’exposé scolaire</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Voir : <a href="https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01679611v1" rel="nofollow">https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01679611v1</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36760122" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e3d26608454dcc602b1774eba6fdb929" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56706730,"asset_id":36760122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56706730/download_file?st=MTczNjEwOTM1NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25966434" href="https://univ-paris3.academia.edu/IngridSiousarram">Ingrid Siousarram</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25966434" type="text/json">{"id":25966434,"first_name":"Ingrid","last_name":"Siousarram","domain_name":"univ-paris3","page_name":"IngridSiousarram","display_name":"Ingrid Siousarram","profile_url":"https://univ-paris3.academia.edu/IngridSiousarram?f_ri=690709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36760122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36760122"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36760122, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36760122", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36760122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36760122").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36760122").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36760122"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106154" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Litt%C3%A9rature_Fran%C3%A7aise">Littérature Française</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106154" type="text/json">{"id":106154,"name":"Littérature Française","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Litt%C3%A9rature_Fran%C3%A7aise?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="107669" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parole">Parole</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="107669" type="text/json">{"id":107669,"name":"Parole","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parole?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="284776" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Didactique">Didactique</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="284776" type="text/json">{"id":284776,"name":"Didactique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Didactique?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="690709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9">Exposé</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="690709" type="text/json">{"id":690709,"name":"Exposé","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36760122]'), work: {"id":36760122,"title":"De la parole spontanée vers l’exposé scolaire","created_at":"2018-06-01T08:33:35.764-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36760122/De_la_parole_spontan%C3%A9e_vers_l_expos%C3%A9_scolaire?f_ri=690709","dom_id":"work_36760122","summary":"Voir : https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01679611v1","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56706730,"asset_id":36760122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25966434,"first_name":"Ingrid","last_name":"Siousarram","domain_name":"univ-paris3","page_name":"IngridSiousarram","display_name":"Ingrid Siousarram","profile_url":"https://univ-paris3.academia.edu/IngridSiousarram?f_ri=690709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106154,"name":"Littérature Française","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Litt%C3%A9rature_Fran%C3%A7aise?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false},{"id":107669,"name":"Parole","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parole?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false},{"id":284776,"name":"Didactique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Didactique?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false},{"id":690709,"name":"Exposé","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10730320" data-work_id="10730320" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10730320/J%C4%99zyk_polskiej_polityki_Politologiczno_semantyczna_analiza_expose_premier%C3%B3w_Polski_w_latach_1919_2004_Rzesz%C3%B3w_2006">Język polskiej polityki. Politologiczno-semantyczna analiza expose premierów Polski w latach 1919-2004, Rzeszów 2006</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10730320" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9209050bfd8f9f80faa3a1a20e871017" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36609466,"asset_id":10730320,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36609466/download_file?st=MTczNjEwOTM1NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22390235" href="https://rzeszow.academia.edu/AnnaSiewierskaChmaj">Anna Siewierska-Chmaj</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22390235" type="text/json">{"id":22390235,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Siewierska-Chmaj","domain_name":"rzeszow","page_name":"AnnaSiewierskaChmaj","display_name":"Anna Siewierska-Chmaj","profile_url":"https://rzeszow.academia.edu/AnnaSiewierskaChmaj?f_ri=690709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22390235/6116280/54562213/s65_anna.siewierska-chmaj.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10730320 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10730320"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10730320, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10730320", }); 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How the Mind Works. New York: WW Norton &amp;amp; Co. Riordan, Teresa. 2004. Inventing beauty: A history of the innovations that have made us beautiful. ... New York: MacMillan. 172. Wolf, Naomi. 1991. The beauty myth: how... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2346350" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">... 1997. How the Mind Works. New York: WW Norton &amp;amp; Co. Riordan, Teresa. 2004. Inventing beauty: A history of the innovations that have made us beautiful. ... New York: MacMillan. 172. Wolf, Naomi. 1991. The beauty myth: how images of beauty are used against women. ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2346350" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2996377" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/EliseLiu">Elise Liu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2996377" type="text/json">{"id":2996377,"first_name":"Elise","last_name":"Liu","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"EliseLiu","display_name":"Elise Liu","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/EliseLiu?f_ri=690709","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/3fe9883fdbc32b3477e100bf9822a56d?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2346350 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2346350"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2346350, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2346350", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2346350 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2346350; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2346350"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2346350 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2346350"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2346350; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2346350]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2346350").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2346350").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2346350"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="690709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9">Exposé</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="690709" type="text/json">{"id":690709,"name":"Exposé","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2346350]'), work: {"id":2346350,"title":"The Infamous Hourglass: Constructing the Perfect Female Figure","created_at":"2013-01-01T03:32:51.871-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2346350/The_Infamous_Hourglass_Constructing_the_Perfect_Female_Figure?f_ri=690709","dom_id":"work_2346350","summary":"... 1997. How the Mind Works. New York: WW Norton \u0026amp;amp; Co. Riordan, Teresa. 2004. Inventing beauty: A history of the innovations that have made us beautiful. ... New York: MacMillan. 172. Wolf, Naomi. 1991. The beauty myth: how images of beauty are used against women. ...","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2996377,"first_name":"Elise","last_name":"Liu","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"EliseLiu","display_name":"Elise Liu","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/EliseLiu?f_ri=690709","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/3fe9883fdbc32b3477e100bf9822a56d?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":690709,"name":"Exposé","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expos%C3%A9?f_ri=690709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42766498" data-work_id="42766498" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42766498/General_Problems_of_Public_Policy_Making_in_Poland_Qualitative_Content_Analysis_of_the_Expose_Speeches_Made_by_Polish_Prime_Ministers_Beata_Szyd%C5%82o_2015_and_Mateusz_Morawiecki_2017">General Problems of Public Policy Making in Poland - Qualitative Content Analysis of the Expose Speeches Made by Polish Prime Ministers: Beata Szydło (2015) and Mateusz Morawiecki (2017</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Article presents the conclusions resulting from a qualitative analysis of speeches given by the Prime Ministers of Poland: Beata Szydło (2015) and Mateusz Morawiecki (2017). The aim of the study was to reconstruct the assumptions... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42766498" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Article presents the conclusions resulting from a qualitative analysis of speeches given by the Prime Ministers of Poland: Beata Szydło (2015) and Mateusz Morawiecki (2017). The aim of the study was to reconstruct the assumptions concerning public policy, including legal policy and issues related to the state system. The application of qualitative content analysis made it possible to determine, i.a. the main autotel-ic and instrumental values of the Polish legal system, as well as to identify the most important social objectives and ways of their implementation. The analysis of the speeches shows the dilemmas and challenges currently faced by decision-makers in Poland: political and social conflicts, legislative inflation, the need to increase efficiency in public governance, supporting social capital. The main instruments for achieving social goals are: adoption of legal acts (laws and regulations) and the use of economic incentives.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42766498" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2fa24fcd0de2d4d5c3d21fc29a7a4beb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62989009,"asset_id":42766498,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62989009/download_file?st=MTczNjEwOTM1NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5561905" href="https://ignatianum1.academia.edu/MateuszP%C4%99kala">Mateusz Pękala</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5561905" type="text/json">{"id":5561905,"first_name":"Mateusz","last_name":"Pękala","domain_name":"ignatianum1","page_name":"MateuszPękala","display_name":"Mateusz Pękala","profile_url":"https://ignatianum1.academia.edu/MateuszP%C4%99kala?f_ri=690709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5561905/2701459/11780959/s65_mateusz.p_kala.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42766498 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42766498"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42766498, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42766498", }); 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