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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dervish_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dervish_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Dervish movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dervish_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Post-colonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercantilism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercantilism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mercantilism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercantilism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isaaq_sub-clans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isaaq_sub-clans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Isaaq sub-clans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isaaq_sub-clans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable figures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_figures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable figures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royalty_and_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royalty_and_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Royalty and rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royalty_and_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Poets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Economists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_leaders_and_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_leaders_and_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Military leaders and personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_leaders_and_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writers_and_musicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers_and_musicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Writers and musicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers_and_musicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_leaders_and_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_leaders_and_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Religious leaders and scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_leaders_and_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entrepreneurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrepreneurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Entrepreneurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrepreneurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Activists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Athletes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Journalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaaq</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_(%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="إسحاق (قبيلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسحاق (قبيلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issaq" title="Issaq – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Issaq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isaaq" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isakoj" title="Isakoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Isakoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isaaq" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC%ED%81%AC%EC%A1%B1" title="이사크족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이사크족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waishaak" title="Waishaak – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waishaak" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaka_(vahoaka)" title="Isaaka (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Isaaka (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="اسحاق (مجموعه عرقيه فى ارض الصومال) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسحاق (مجموعه عرقيه فى ارض الصومال)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isaaq" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="イサック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イサック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isaaq" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Исаак (клан) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исаак (клан)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Isaaq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isaaq" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0shak_(kabile)" title="İshak (kabile) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İshak (kabile)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%97%8F" title="伊萨克族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊萨克族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1854254#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="View the content page 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Somali clan. For the Sultanate, see <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a Somali clan. For an overview of all Somali clans, see <a href="/wiki/Somali_clans" title="Somali clans">Somali clans</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Isaaq<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">Reer Sheekh Isxaaq</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">بنو إسحاق</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid;">Somali clan</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg/220px-Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg/330px-Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg/440px-Sheekh_Isaaq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The tomb of Ishaaq, the father of the Isaaq clan, in <a href="/wiki/Maydh" title="Maydh">Maydh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/40px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/60px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descended from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed" title="Ishaaq bin Ahmed">Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">3-4 million<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branches</th><td class="infobox-data"><br /><b>Habr Magaadle:</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habar_Awal" class="mw-redirect" title="Habar Awal">Abdirahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Muhammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Ismail</a></li> <li>Ayub</li></ul> <p><b>Habr Habuusheed:</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbur" title="Sanbur">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibran" title="Ibran">Muhammed</a></li> <li>Ahmed</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Isaaq</b> (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Reer Sheekh Isxaaq</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بنو إسحاق</span>, <i>Banu Ishaq</i>) is a major <a href="/wiki/Somali_clans" title="Somali clans">Somali clan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobility_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobility-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the largest Somali clan families in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, with a large and densely populated traditional territory. </p><p>The Isaaq people claim in a traditional legend to have descended from <a href="/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed" title="Ishaaq bin Ahmed">Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholar</a> who purportedly traveled to <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> in the 12th or 13th century and married two women; one from the local <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir clan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is said to have sired eight sons who are the common ancestors of the clans of the Isaaq clan-family. He remained in <a href="/wiki/Maydh" title="Maydh">Maydh</a> until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed" title="Ishaaq bin Ahmed">Ishaaq bin Ahmed</a></div> <p>Somali genealogical tradition places the origin of the Isaaq tribe in the 12th or 13th century with the arrival of the Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed" title="Ishaaq bin Ahmed">Ishaaq Bin Ahmed</a> (Sheikh Ishaaq) from <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGown_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheikh Ishaaq settled in the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Maydh" title="Maydh">Maydh</a> in modern-day northeastern <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>. Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland, which left him with eight.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also numerous existing hagiographies in Arabic which describe Sheikh Ishaaq's travels, works and overall life in modern Somaliland, as well as his movements in Arabia before his arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-RolandAnthony_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RolandAnthony-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides historical sources, one of the more recent printed biographies of Sheikh Ishaaq is the <i>Amjaad</i> of Sheikh Husseen bin Ahmed Darwiish al-Isaaqi as-Soomaali, which was printed in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheikh Ishaaq's tomb is in <a href="/wiki/Maydh" title="Maydh">Maydh</a>, and is the scene of frequent pilgrimages.<sup id="cite_ref-RolandAnthony_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RolandAnthony-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheikh Ishaaq's <i><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">mawlid</a></i> (birthday) is also celebrated every Thursday with a public reading of his <i>manaaqib</i> (a collection of glorious deeds).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Siyaara or pilgrimage is performed annually both within Somaliland and in the diaspora particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> among Isaaq expatriates.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> language that the Isaaq speak has the highest prestige of any other Somali dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaaq_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Isaaq_Flag.svg/250px-Isaaq_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Isaaq_Flag.svg/330px-Isaaq_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Isaaq_Flag.svg/440px-Isaaq_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> banner derived from an <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> flag with the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Isaaq are estimated to number 3-4 million according to a 2015 estimate,<sup id="cite_ref-SN_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and roughly comprise around 22% of all Somalis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/250px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/330px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/500px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image" style="background-color:white;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Somalia" title="Category:Somalia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Somali_clans" title="Somali clans">Somali clans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marehan" title="Marehan">Marehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Absame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_(clan)" title="Ogaden (clan)">Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidwaq_(clan)" title="Jidwaq (clan)">Jidwaq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaskuul" title="Abaskuul">Abaskuul</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harti" title="Harti">Harti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhulbahante" title="Dhulbahante">Dhulbahante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majerten" class="mw-redirect" title="Majerten">Majerten</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Mohamoud" title="Omar Mohamoud">Omar Mohamoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Mohamoud_(clan)" title="Osman Mohamoud (clan)">Osman Mohamoud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishiishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishiishe">Dishiishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsangali" title="Warsangali">Warsangali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailkase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lailkase">Lailkase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awrtable" title="Awrtable">Awrtable</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isaaq</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_Musa" title="Sa'ad Musa">Sa'ad Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa Musa">Issa Musa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habr Yunis">Habr Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abokor" title="Mohamed Abokor">Mohamed Abokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Abokor" title="Musa Abokor">Musa Abokor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanbuur">Sanbuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimraan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimraan">Cimraan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tol Je'lo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akisho" title="Akisho">Akisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursuuk" title="Bursuuk">Bursuuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgura" title="Gurgura">Gurgura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurre" title="Gurre">Gurre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaarso" title="Jaarso">Jaarso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi" title="Gadabuursi">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(clan)" title="Issa (clan)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surre_(clan)" title="Surre (clan)">Surre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qubeys" title="Qubeys">Qubeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaal" title="Bimaal">Bimaal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaadsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaadsen">Gaadsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garre" title="Garre">Garre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garre" title="Garre">Quranyow</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hawiye" title="Hawiye">Hawiye</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karanle" title="Karanle">Karanle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murusade" title="Murusade">Murusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabti" title="Sabti">Sabti</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degoodi" title="Degoodi">Degoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaalje%27el" title="Gaalje'el">Gaalje'el</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badi_Ade" title="Badi Ade">Badi Ade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraab" title="Hiraab">Hiraab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habar_Gidir" title="Habar Gidir">Habar Gidir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgaal" title="Abgaal">Abgaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduble" title="Duduble">Duduble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%27daan" title="Wa'daan">Wa'daan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikhaal">Sheikhaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udejeen" title="Udejeen">Udejeen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawadle" title="Hawadle">Hawadle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_(clan)" title="Ajuran (clan)">Ajuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhiban" title="Madhiban">Muhammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murule" title="Murule">Murule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silcis" title="Silcis">Silcis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:white;;height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#dcf5dc;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rahanweyn" title="Rahanweyn">Rahanweyn</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digil" class="mw-redirect" title="Digil">Digil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geledi" title="Geledi">Geledi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunni" title="Tunni">Tunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garre" title="Garre">Garre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirifle">Mirifle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somalia" title="Portal:Somalia">Somalia portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="background:black; padding:0 5px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somali_clans" title="Template:Somali clans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somali_clans" title="Template talk:Somali clans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somali_clans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somali clans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The Isaaq have a very wide and densely populated traditional territory and make up 80% of Somaliland's population,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Internationalist_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Internationalist-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and live in all of its six regions (<a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Marodi Jeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sool,_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sool, Somalia">Sool</a>). The Isaaq have large settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a> of Ethiopia, mainly on the eastern side of Somali Region also known as the <a href="/wiki/Hawd" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawd">Hawd</a> and formerly Reserve Area which is mainly inhabited by the Isaaq residents. A subclan of the Habr Yunis, the Damal Muse (also known as the Dir Rooble<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Mudug" title="Mudug">Mudug</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Habarnoosa, a clan of the <a href="/wiki/Hadiya_people" title="Hadiya people">Hadiya</a> people in the <a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Zone" title="Hadiya Zone">Hadiya</a> Zone claim descent from the <a href="/wiki/Habar_Yoonis" title="Habar Yoonis">Habr Yunis</a> subclan of Isaaq.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Isaaqs also have large settlements in <a href="/wiki/Naivasha" title="Naivasha">Naivasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, where the Ishaakia make up a large percentage of the Kenyan population, and in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, where the Isaaq account for 20% of Djibouti's population.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Isaaq tribe are the largest group in <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>. The populations of five largest cities in Somaliland – <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erigavo" title="Erigavo">Erigavo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabiley" title="Gabiley">Gabiley</a> – are all predominantly Isaaq.<sup id="cite_ref-SOM23518.E_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOM23518.E-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They exclusively dominate the <a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Marodi Jeh</a> region, and the <a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a> region, and form a majority of the population inhabiting the western and central areas of <a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a> region, including the regional capital <a href="/wiki/Erigavo" title="Erigavo">Erigavo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Isaaq also have a large presence in the western and northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Sool,_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sool, Somalia">Sool</a> region as well,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> sub-clan of Isaaq living in the <a href="/wiki/Aynabo_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Aynabo District">Aynabo district</a> whilst the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habr Yunis">Habr Yunis</a> subclan of <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a> lives in the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Xudun_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xudun District">Xudun district</a> and the very western part of <a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_District" title="Las Anod District">Las Anod district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also live in the northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a> region, with <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Saad Muse</a> sub-clan being centered around <a href="/wiki/Lughaya" title="Lughaya">Lughaya</a> and its environs. The <a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a> live Somalia <a href="/wiki/Bakool" title="Bakool">Bakool</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabdhure_District" title="Rabdhure District">Rabdhure District</a> the live also <a href="/wiki/Fafan_Zone" title="Fafan Zone">Fafan Zone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baligubadle" title="Baligubadle">Baligubadle</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Isaaq also has a sizable diaspora around the world, mainly residing in Western Europe, the Middle East, North America, and several other African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Isaaq were among the first Somalis to arrive in the United Kingdom in the 1880s, and have since then formed large communities across the country, especially in Cardiff,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheffield,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bristol and eastern London boroughs like <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada the Isaaq form large communities in the <a href="/wiki/North_York" title="North York">North York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Ontario" title="Scarborough, Ontario">Scarborough</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_Isaaq_Somali_women,_1870.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Illustration_of_Isaaq_Somali_women%2C_1870.png/250px-Illustration_of_Isaaq_Somali_women%2C_1870.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Illustration_of_Isaaq_Somali_women%2C_1870.png/330px-Illustration_of_Isaaq_Somali_women%2C_1870.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Illustration_of_Isaaq_Somali_women%2C_1870.png/500px-Illustration_of_Isaaq_Somali_women%2C_1870.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>An illustration depicting a Somali woman of the Isaaq clan published in Bilder-Atlas in 1870</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3></div> <p>As the Isaaq grew in size and numbers during the 12th century, the clan-family migrated and spread from their core area in Mait (Maydh) and the wider Sanaag region in a southwestward expansion over a wide portion of present-day Somaliland by the 15th and 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1300s the Isaaq clans united to defend their inhabited territories and resources during clan conflicts against migrating clans.<sup id="cite_ref-SN_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Isaaq played a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian-Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian-Adal war">Ethiopian-Adal War</a> (1529–1543, referred to as the "Conquest of Abyssinia") in the army of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Habr Magadle division (Ayoub, Garhajis, Habr Awal and Arap) of the Isaaq were mentioned in chronicles of that war written by Shihab Al-Din Ahmad Al-Gizany known as Futuh <i>Al Habash.</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/250px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/330px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/500px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Habr Garhajis</a> (right) chiefs photographed in <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></figcaption></figure><p> I. M. Lewis states:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>The Marrehan and the Habr Magadle [Magādi] also play a very prominent role (...) The text refers to two Ahmads's with the nickname 'Left-handed'. One is regularly presented as 'Ahmad Guray, the Somali' (...) identified as Ahmad Guray Xuseyn, chief of the Habr Magadle. Another reference, however, appears to link the Habr Magadle with the Marrehan. The other Ahmad is simply referred to as 'Imam Ahmad' or simply the 'Imam'.This Ahmad is not qualified by the adjective Somali (...) The two Ahmad's have been conflated into one figure, the heroic <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Guray" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Guray">Ahmed Guray</a> (...)</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XaajiSuudicropped2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/XaajiSuudicropped2.png/220px-XaajiSuudicropped2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/XaajiSuudicropped2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Dervish Commander <a href="/wiki/Haji_Sudi" title="Haji Sudi">Haji Sudi</a> on the left with his brother-in-law Duale Idris (1892)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_migrations" title="Isaaq migrations">Isaaq migrations</a></div> <p>Long after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>, the Isaaq established successor states, the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two Sultanates possessed some of the organs and trappings of a traditional integrated state: a functioning bureaucracy, regular taxation in the form of livestock, as well as an army (chiefly consisting of mounted light cavalry).<sup id="cite_ref-HOA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NEAS_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEAS-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Ssarif_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ssarif-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Isaaq Sultanate ruled parts of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> during the 18th and 19th centuries and spanned the territories of the Isaaq clan in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. The sultanate was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Guled_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Guled Dynasty">Rer Guled</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a> clan and is the pre-colonial predecessor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Genealogies_of_the_Somal_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogies_of_the_Somal-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Guled_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Guled Dynasty">Guled Dynasty</a> of the Isaaq Sultanate was established in the middle of the 18th century by Sultan Guled of the <a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a> line of the <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a> clan. His coronation took place after the victorious battle of Lafaruug in which his father, a religious mullah Abdi Eisa successfully led the Isaaq in battle and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Absame" class="mw-redirect" title="Absame">Absame</a> tribes near Berbera where a century earlier the Isaaq clan expanded into. After witnessing his leadership and courage, the Isaaq chiefs recognized his father Abdi who refused the position instead relegating the title to his underage son Guled while the father acted as the regent till the son come of age. Guled was crowned the as the first Sultan of the Isaaq clan in July 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan Guled thus ruled the Isaaq up until his death in 1839, where he was succeeded by his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Farah_Guled" title="Farah Guled">Farah</a> full brother of Yuusuf and Du'ale, all from Guled's fourth wife Ambaro Me'ad Gadid.<sup id="cite_ref-Genealogies_of_the_Somal_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogies_of_the_Somal-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1880s the Isaaq Sultanate had been reduced to the <i>Ciidangale</i> confederation with the Eidagale, and Ishaaq Arreh subclan of the Habr Yunis remaining. In 1884–1886 the British signed treaties with the coastal subclans and had not yet penetrated the interior in any significant way.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Deria_Hassan" title="Deria Hassan">Deria Hassan</a> remained <i>de facto</i> master of Hargeisa and its environs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dervish_movement">Dervish movement</h4></div> <p>The Isaaq also played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Nur_Ahmed_Aman" title="Nur Ahmed Aman">Sultan Nur Aman</a> of the Habr Yunis being fundamental in the inception of the movement. Sultan Nur was the principle agitator that rallied the dervish behind his anti-French <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic Mission</a> campaign that would become the cause of the dervish uprise.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haji_Sudi" title="Haji Sudi">Haji Sudi</a> of the Habr Je'lo was the highest ranking Dervish after <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</a>, he died valiantly defending the <a href="/wiki/Taleh" title="Taleh">Taleh</a> fort during the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland campaign (1920)">RAF bombing campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Isaaq tribes most well known for joining the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a> were from the eastern tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habr Yunis">Habr Yunis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a>. These two sub-tribes were able to purchase advanced weapons and successfully resist both <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth Isaaq Grand Sultan <a href="/wiki/Deria_Hassan" title="Deria Hassan">Deria Hassan</a> exchanged letters with <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Muhammad Abdullah Hassan</a> in the first year of the movement's foundation, with the sultan inciting an insurrection in Hargeisa in 1900 as well as supplying the Mullah with vital information.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-colonial">Post-colonial</h4></div> <p>The Isaaq people along with other northern Somali tribes were under <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> protectorate administration from 1884 to 1960. On gaining independence, the Somaliland protectorate decided to form a union with Italian Somalia. The Isaaq clan spearheaded the greater Somalia quest from 1960 to 1991. </p><p>The Isaaq played a massive role to push for unification and independence. They selected to join the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>. During the civilian government from 1960 to 1969, they held dominant positions. <a href="/wiki/Jama_Mohamed_Ghalib" title="Jama Mohamed Ghalib">Jama Mohamed Ghalib</a> (1960-4) and <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohamed_Obsiye" title="Ahmed Mohamed Obsiye">Ahmed Mohamed Obsiye</a> (1964-6), both belonging to the Isaaq clan, served as the president of the National Assembly, while a notable Isaaq member named <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> served as the prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> from 1967 to 1969. Furthermore, when English became one of the official languages, the ministries of Foreign Trade, Foreign Affairs, Education, and Information were mainly held by the Isaaq members. They were still powerful in the early years of the military dictatorship (1969–91). However, from the late 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Marehan" title="Marehan">Marehan</a> became politically powerful under the leadership of the military dictator <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a>. The Isaaq began to face political and economic marginalization and in response, they organized the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">Somali National Movement</a> to over his regime. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a> began and this struggle movement forced the Isaaq clan to become a victim to a <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">genocidal campaign</a> by <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a>'s troops (which also included armed Somali refugees from Ethiopia); the death toll has been estimated to be between 50,000 and 250,000. After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> in 1991 the Isaaq-dominated <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> declared independence from Somalia as a separate nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Dictionary_of_Somalia_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Dictionary_of_Somalia-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</h2></div> <p>Historically (and presently to a degree), the wider Isaaq clan were relatively more disposed to trade than their tribal counterparts due in part to their centuries-old trade links with the Arabian Peninsula. In view of this imbalance in mercantile experience, other major Somali clans tended to resort to tribal slang terms such as "iidoor", an enviable pejorative roughly meaning trader/exchanger: </p> <blockquote><p>Somalis bandied about numerous stereotypes of clan behavior that mirrored these emerging social inequalities. The pejorative slang terms iidoor or kabadhe iidoora (loosely meaning "exchange") reflect Somali disdain for the go-between, the person who amasses wealth through persistence and mercantile skills without firm commitments to anyone else. As the Isaaq became more international and cosmopolitan, their commercial success and <a href="/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">achievement ideology</a> aroused suspicion and jealousy, notably among rural Darod who disliked Isaaq self-confidence and made them the target of stereotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> clan of the Isaaq have a rich mercantile history largely due to their possession of the major Somali port of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>, which was the chief port and settlement of Habr Awal clan during the early modern period.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clan had strong ties to the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Harar" title="Emirate of Harar">Emirate of Harar</a> and Emirs would hold Habr Awal merchants in their court with high esteem with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Burton</a> noting their influence in Emir <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_III_ibn_Abu_Bakr" title="Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr">Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr</a>'s court and discussions with the <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Vizier</a> Mohammed.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Habr Awal merchants had extensive trade relations with Arab and Indian merchants from <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also conducted trade missions on their own vessels to the Arabian ports.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbera, in addition to Berbera being described as “the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Merchants'_Magazine_and_Commercial_Review_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Merchants'_Magazine_and_Commercial_Review-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also the main marketplace in the entire Somali seaboard for various goods procured from the interior, such as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia_gum" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia gum">acacia gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathers">feathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hide (skin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> clan of the Isaaq derived a large supply of frankincense from the trees south in the mountains near port town of <a href="/wiki/Heis_(town)" title="Heis (town)">Heis</a>. This trade was lucrative and with gum and skins being traded in high quantity, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Indian</a> merchants would visit Habr Je'lo ports early in the season to get these goods cheaper than at <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zeyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeyla">Zeyla</a> before continuing westwards along the Somali coast.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heis, in addition to being a leading exporter of tanned skins also exported a large quantity of skins and sheep to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> as well as imported a significant amount of goods from both the Arabian coast and western Somali ports, reaching nearly 2 million rupees by 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Habr Je’lo coastal settlements and ports, stretching from near <a href="/wiki/Siyara" title="Siyara">Siyara</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Heis_(town)" title="Heis (town)">Heis</a> (Xiis) in the east, were important to trade and communication with the Somali interior, with Kurrum (<a href="/wiki/Karin,_Sahil" title="Karin, Sahil">Karin</a>), the principle Habr Je’lo port, being a major market for livestock and frankincense procured from the interior,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a favorite for livestock traders due to the close proximity of the port to Aden. The <a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur Dhaab</a> range in <a href="/wiki/Sool" title="Sool">Sool</a> region has also historically acted as a junction for trade caravans coming from the east on their way to <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> port,<sup id="cite_ref-SP_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passing through the Laba Gardai or Bah Lardis pass located within the range.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The powerful Habr Je'lo clan has historically acted as the guardians of this pass, receiving dues in exchange for guaranteed safety through Buur Dhaab:<sup id="cite_ref-SP_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Habr Toljaala are a powerful tribe, and make it a point of honour that caravans shall have safe passage through their country, and they receive a part of the dues for this purpose.</p></blockquote> <p>Starting in the middle of the 19th century, Isaaq clans became more connected to the European commercial world as historic ties between southern Somali towns along the <a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Benadir</a> coast with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> were being reoriented southward toward <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MH_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MH-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaaq trade and migration patterns were skewed by British imperial control of Aden more toward Europe and colonies like India, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and the Sudan, enabling the Isaaq to maintain a variety of contacts across the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-MH_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MH-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Isaaq clan-family became the first Somalis to actually reside abroad, in western Europe or its colonial outposts, where they socialized in two different cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-MH_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MH-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Isaaq affinity for mercantilism was not lost on the sole president and dictator of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> (1969–1991), <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a>, who disliked the Isaaq clan-family due to their financial independence, thus making it harder to control them: </p> <blockquote><p>Siyaad had a deep and personal dislike for the clan. The real reasons can only be guessed at, but in part it was due to his inability to control them. As accomplished business operatives, they had built a society that was not dependent on government largesse. The Isaaq had traditional trade relationships with the nations of the Arabian Peninsula that continued despite the attempts of the government to center all economic activity in Mogadishu. Siyaad did what he could, however, and Isaaq traders were forced to make the long trip to Mogadishu for permits and licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nevertheless, in the 1970s and 1980s, nearly all of the <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> exports went out through the port of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> via Isaaq livestock traders, with the towns of <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yirowe" title="Yirowe">Yirowe</a> in the interior being home to the largest livestock markets in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire livestock exports accounted to upwards of 90% of the Somali Republic's entire export figures in a given year, and Berbera's exports alone provided over 75% of the nation's recorded foreign currency income at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isaaq_sub-clans">Isaaq sub-clans</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Abdulrahman_Deria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sultan_Abdulrahman_Deria.png/250px-Sultan_Abdulrahman_Deria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sultan_Abdulrahman_Deria.png/330px-Sultan_Abdulrahman_Deria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sultan_Abdulrahman_Deria.png/440px-Sultan_Abdulrahman_Deria.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulrahman_Deria" title="Abdulrahman Deria">Abdurahman Deria</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_Musa" title="Sa'ad Musa">Sa'ad Musa</a> Isaaq in London 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Isaaq clan, component sub-clans are divided into two uterine divisions, as shown in the genealogy. The first division is between those lineages descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> woman – the Habr Habuusheed – and those descended from sons of Sheikh Ishaaq by a <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> woman of the Magaadle sub-tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a> – the Habr Magaadle. Indeed, most of the largest subtribes of the tribal-ethnic group are in fact uterine alliances hence the matronymic "Habr" which in archaic <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> means "mother".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is illustrated in the following clan structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewisapd_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewisapd-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habr_Awal_Warriors.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Habr_Awal_Warriors.png/250px-Habr_Awal_Warriors.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Habr_Awal_Warriors.png/330px-Habr_Awal_Warriors.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Habr_Awal_Warriors.png/500px-Habr_Awal_Warriors.png 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Warriors of the Habr Awal subtribe</figcaption></figure> <p><i>A. Habr Magaadle</i> </p> <ul><li>Abdirahman (<a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isamusa" title="Isamusa">Isamusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_Musa" title="Sa'ad Musa">Sa'ad Musa</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muhammad (<a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a>) <ul><li>Muuse celi <a href="/wiki/Barsuug" class="mw-redirect" title="Barsuug">Barsuug</a></li> <li>Maxamed celi</li> <li>Subeer celi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed" title="Ishaaq bin Ahmed">Ayub</a></li> <li>Ismail (<a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Habr Garhajis</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habr Yunis">Habr Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>B. Habr Habuusheed</i> </p> <ul><li>Ahmed (Tol Je’lo)</li> <li>Muuse (<a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abokor" title="Mohamed Abokor">Mohamed Abokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Abokor" title="Musa Abokor">Musa Abokor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ibrahiim (<a href="/wiki/Sanbur" title="Sanbur">Sanbuur</a>)</li> <li>Muhammad (<a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Ibraan" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Ibraan">‘Ibraan</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duale_Abdi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Duale_Abdi.png/250px-Duale_Abdi.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Duale_Abdi.png/330px-Duale_Abdi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Duale_Abdi.png/500px-Duale_Abdi.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Dualeh Abdi of the <a href="/wiki/Musa_Abokor" title="Musa Abokor">Musa Abokor</a> <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> tribe photographed in 1890</figcaption></figure><p>There is clear agreement on the tribe and sub-tribe structures that has not changed for a long time. The oldest recorded genealogy of a Somali in Western literature was by Sir Richard Burton in the mid–19th century regarding his Isaaq (Habr Yunis) host and the governor of <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharmarke_Ali_Saleh" title="Sharmarke Ali Saleh">Sharmarke Ali Saleh</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following listing is taken from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s <i>Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics</i> from 2005 and the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> publication, <i>Somalia Assessment 2001</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-worldbank55_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbank55-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ind01b_somalia_ca_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind01b_somalia_ca-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Isaaq</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa Musa">Issa Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacad_Muuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacad Muuse">Sa'ad Musa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a> <ul><li>Muuse celi <a href="/wiki/Barsuug" class="mw-redirect" title="Barsuug">Barsuug</a></li> <li>Maxamed celi</li> <li>Subeer celi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed" title="Ishaaq bin Ahmed">Ayub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habar_Yoonis" title="Habar Yoonis">Habr Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidagale" title="Eidagale">Eidagale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Abokor" title="Musa Abokor">Muuse Abokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abokor" title="Mohamed Abokor">Mohamed Abokor</a></li> <li>Samane Abokor</li></ul></li> <li>Tol Je'lo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbur" title="Sanbur">Sanbuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibran" title="Ibran">Imraan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Stereotypes among the Isaaq subtribes go a long way to explaining each subtribes role in Somaliland.<sup id="cite_ref-GP_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one exemplified folklore tale, Sheikh Ishaaq's three eldest sons split their father's inheritance among themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-GP_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garhajis receives his <i><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">imama</a></i>, a symbol of leadership; Awal receives the sheikh's wealth; and Ahmed (Tolja'ele) inherits his sword.<sup id="cite_ref-GP_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story is intended to depict the Garhajis's proclivity for politics, the Habr Awal's mercantile prowess, and the Habr Je'lo's bellicosity.<sup id="cite_ref-GP_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To strengthen these tribal stereotypes, historical anecdotes have been used: The Garhajis were dominant leaders before and during the colonial period, and thus acquired intellectual and political superiority; Habr Awal dominance of the trade via Djibouti and Berbera is practically uncontested; and Habr Je’lo military prowess is cited in accounts of previous conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-GP_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_figures">Notable figures</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hadrawi.jpg/250px-Hadrawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hadrawi.jpg/330px-Hadrawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hadrawi.jpg/500px-Hadrawi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hadraawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadraawi">Hadraawi</a>, notable contemporary Somali poet</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royalty_and_rulers">Royalty and rulers</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deria_Hassan" title="Deria Hassan">Deria Hassan</a>, 4th Grand Sultan of the Isaaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Deria" title="Abdillahi Deria">Abdillahi Deria</a>, 5th Grand Sultan of the Isaaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guled_Abdi_(Sultan)" title="Guled Abdi (Sultan)">Guled Abdi</a>, 1st Grand Sultan of the Isaaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awad_Deria" title="Awad Deria">Awad Deria</a>, 5th Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Garhajis#Habr_Yunis" title="Garhajis">Habr Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deria_Sugulleh_Ainashe" class="mw-redirect" title="Deria Sugulleh Ainashe">Deria Sugulleh Ainashe</a>, 2nd Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Garhajis#Habr_Yunis" title="Garhajis">Habr Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersi_Aman" title="Hersi Aman">Hersi Aman</a>, 3rd Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Garhajis#Habr_Yunis" title="Garhajis">Habr Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharmarke_Ali_Saleh" title="Sharmarke Ali Saleh">Sharmarke Ali Saleh</a>, major trader and governor of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah_Guled" title="Farah Guled">Farah Guled</a>, 2nd Grand Sultan of the Isaaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mohamed_Sultan_Farah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mohamed Sultan Farah">Sultan Mohamed Sultan Farah</a> - Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a> clan and commander of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">SNM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_San%27ani_Brigade" title="Sheikh San'ani Brigade">10th division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulrahman_Deria" title="Abdulrahman Deria">Sultan Abdulrahman Deria</a>, Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a> clan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Deria" title="Abdillahi Deria">Sultan Abdillahi Deria</a>, prominent anti-colonial figure and 5th Grand <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of the Isaaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamed_Abdiqadir" title="Mahamed Abdiqadir">Mahamed Abdiqadir</a> – 8th Grand Sultan of the Isaaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madar_Hersi" title="Madar Hersi">Madar Hersi</a>, 7th Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daud_Mahamed" title="Daud Mahamed">Daud Mahamed</a>, 9th and current Grand Sultan of the Isaaq</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Osman_Sultan_Ali_Koshin" title="Sultan Osman Sultan Ali Koshin">Sultan Osman Sultan Ali Koshin</a>, the current Grand sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Issa_Musse" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa Musse">Issa Musse</a> clans</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabdilaahi_qarshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Cabdilaahi_qarshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Qarshe" title="Abdullahi Qarshe">Abdullahi Qarshe</a>, Somali musician, poet and playwright; known as the "Father of Somali music"</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugulle_Ainanshe" title="Sugulle Ainanshe">Sugulle Ainanshe</a>, 1st Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Garhajis#Habr_Yunis" title="Garhajis">Habr Yunis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohamed_Mohamoud" title="Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud">Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud</a>, former president of Somaliland from June 2010 to December 2017, fourth and longest-serving chairman of the Somali National Movement, and former chairman of the Kulmiye Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muse_Bihi_Abdi" title="Muse Bihi Abdi">Muse Bihi Abdi</a>, fifth <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somaliland" title="President of Somaliland">president</a> of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Ahmed_Ali_Tuur" title="Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur">Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur</a>, last Somali National Movement chairman and first president of Somaliland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Mohamed_Abdullahi" title="Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi">Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi</a>, Speaker of the House of Representatives of Somaliland and the chairman of Wadani political party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yusuf_Yasin" title="Ahmed Yusuf Yasin">Ahmed Yusuf Yasin</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Somaliland">vice-president of Somaliland</a> from 2002 until 2010. and the second chairman of <a href="/wiki/UDUB" class="mw-redirect" title="UDUB">UDUB</a> party.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mahmoud_Aidiid" title="Abdurrahman Mahmoud Aidiid">Abdurrahman Mahmoud Aidiid</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Hargeisa" title="Mayor of Hargeisa">mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdikarim_Ahmed_Mooge" title="Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge">Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge</a>, former mayor of Hargeisa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdi_Farah" title="Ali Abdi Farah">Ali Abdi Farah</a>, former minister of communication and culture in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ismail_Yacqub" title="Ali Ismail Yacqub">Ali Ismail Yacqub</a> - first minister of defence for the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirahim_Abbey_Farah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdirahim Abbey Farah">Abdirahim Abbey Farah</a>, former United Nations under-secretary general<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edna_Adan_Ismail_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Edna_Adan_Ismail_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Ismail" title="Edna Adan Ismail">Edna Adan Ismail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurse_midwife" title="Nurse midwife">nurse midwife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">activist</a> and the first female <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Somaliland)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Somaliland)">foreign minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> from 2003 to 2006</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Arteh_Ghalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar Arteh Ghalib">Umar Arteh Ghalib</a>, former prime minister of Somalia 1991–1993. Brought Somalia into the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> in 1974 during his term Foreign Minister of Somalia from 1969 to 1977. Former president of UN Security Council, teacher and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Arab_Isse" title="Hussein Arab Isse">Hussein Arab Isse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Somalia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (Somalia)">Minister of Defence</a> and the deputy prime minister of Somalia from 20 July 2011 to 4 November 2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Mahmud_Hurre" title="Ismail Mahmud Hurre">Ismail Mahmud Hurre</a>, foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia from mid-2006 to early 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ali_Abokor" title="Ismail Ali Abokor">Ismail Ali Abokor</a>, former vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Slrdf_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slrdf-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faysal_Ali_Warabe" title="Faysal Ali Warabe">Faysal Ali Warabe</a>, chairman of the For Justice and Development party of Somaliland (UCID).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowsiyo_Yusuf_Haji_Adan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowsiyo Yusuf Haji Adan">Fowsiyo Yusuf Haji Adan</a>, former foreign minister of Somalia and MP in Federal Parliament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" title="Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">prime minister of Somalia</a> July 1960, July 1967– November 1969; former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somaliland" title="President of Somaliland">president of Somaliland</a> from May 1993 to May 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Omaar" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Omaar">Mohamed Abdullahi Omaar</a>, former foreign minister of Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Omar_Arte" title="Mohamed Omar Arte">Mohamed Omar Arte</a>, former deputy prime minister of Somalia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdishakur_Iddin" title="Abdishakur Iddin">Abdishakur Iddin</a>, current <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Berbera" title="Mayor of Berbera">mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdirisaq_Ibrahim_Abdi" title="Abdirisaq Ibrahim Abdi">Abdirisaq Ibrahim Abdi</a>, current <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Burao" title="Mayor of Burao">mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Mohamed_Ghalib" title="Jama Mohamed Ghalib">Jama Mohamed Ghalib</a>, former Police Commissioner of the Somali Democratic Republic, Secretary of Interior, Minister of Labor and Social Affairs, Minister of Local Government and Rural Development, Minister of Transportation, and Minister of Interior.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Dubbe" title="Osman Dubbe">Osman Dubbe</a> – Minister of Information, Culture and Tourism of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ainanshe_Guled" title="Mohamed Ainanshe Guled">Mohamed Ainanshe Guled</a>, former military officer and vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hawadle_Madar" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Hawadle Madar">Muhammad Hawadle Madar</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">prime minister of Somalia</a> from 3 September 1990 to 24 January 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ali_Abokor" title="Ismail Ali Abokor">Ismail Ali Abokor</a> – Vice President of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> 1971–1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdilahi_Husein_Iman_Darawal" title="Abdilahi Husein Iman Darawal">Abdilahi Husein Iman Darawal</a> - Somaliland politician and former <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">SNM</a> commander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Abdi_Omar" title="Abdullahi Abdi Omar">Abdullahi Abdi Omar "Jawaan"</a> - Somaliland politician and introducer of the <a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Somaliland" title="National emblem of Somaliland">National emblem of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Omaar" title="Mohamed Abdullahi Omaar">Mohamed Abdullahi Omaar</a>, served twice as the Foreign Minister of Somalia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Jama_Ali" title="Osman Jama Ali">Osman Jama Ali</a> - Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_National_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional National Government">Transitional National Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Ahmed_Jama" class="mw-redirect" title="Salah Ahmed Jama">Salah Ahmed Jama</a> - Current Deputy Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Mohamed_Bashe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein Mohamed Bashe">Hussein Mohamed Bashe</a> - Current <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tanzania" title="Cabinet of Tanzania">Minister of Agriculture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poets">Poets</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaan_Carrabey" title="Salaan Carrabey">Salaan Carrabey</a> – legendary poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Nur_Fadal" title="Mohamed Nur Fadal">Mohamed Nur Fadal</a> - famous poet, WWI veteran and entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Suldaan_Mohammed_Timacade" title="Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade">Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade</a>, known as 'Timacade', a famous poet during the pre- and post-colonial periods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaariye" title="Gaariye">Mohamed Hashi Dhamac (Gaarriye)</a>, legendary Somali poet and political activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrawi" title="Hadrawi">Hadrawi</a>, poet and philosopher; author of <i>Halkaraan</i>; also known as the "Somali Shakespeare"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurre_Walanwal" title="Hurre Walanwal">Hurre Walanwal</a> — renowned Somali poet and songwriter<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmi_Boodhari" title="Elmi Boodhari">Elmi Boodhari</a>, legendary and beloved poet and pioneer for many Somali poetry/music genres, specifically romance and is dubbed the "King of Romance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Hasan" title="Hussein Hasan">Hussein Hasan</a> - legendary warrior and poet and was the grandson of the 1st Isaaq Sultan Guled Abdi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah_Nur" title="Farah Nur">Farah Nur</a>, a famous warrior, poet and sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a> subclan<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Hasan" title="Hussein Hasan">Hussein Hasan</a> - legendary warrior and poet and was the grandson of the 1st Isaaq Sultan Guled Abdi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_Fiqi" title="Kite Fiqi">Kite Fiqi</a> – legendary <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> warrior and poet</li> <li>Aden Ahmed Dube of the Isaaq, Habr-Yonis tribe, great poems aroused envy in Raage Ugaz, and infrequently, bloody wars and irreconcilable enmity.</li> <li>Mohammed Liban from the Isaaq tribe of <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a>, was an eloquent and witty improviser, and even better known under the name of Mohammed Liban Giader.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aden Ahmed Dube "Gabay Xoog" circa 1821 –1916, poet.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abdiwaasa' Hasan Ali Araale Guleid, wellknown poet</li> <li>Abdi Iidan Farah, 20th century Somali poet who wrote about Somali independence and camels</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economists">Economists</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Hussein" title="Abdul Majid Hussein">Abdul Majid Hussein</a>, Economist, former permanent representative of Ethiopia to the United Nations, 2001–2004. Leader of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Somali_Democratic_League" title="Ethiopian Somali Democratic League">Ethiopian Somali Democratic League</a> (ESDL) party in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> from 1995 to 2001</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_Ali_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamal Ali Hussein (page does not exist)">Jamal Ali Hussein</a>, Somali politician and economists expert. He was former presidential candidate of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> <a href="/wiki/UCID" class="mw-redirect" title="UCID">UCID</a> party<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_Ali_Shire" title="Saad Ali Shire">Dr. Saad Ali Shire</a>, British-Somali politician, agronomist and economist, who is currently serving as the Minister of Finance of Somaliland. Shire formerly served as the Foreign Minister of Somaliland. He also served as the Minister of Planning and National Development of Somaliland.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_leaders_and_personnel">Military leaders and personnel</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Farah_Dalmar_Yusuf" title="Mohamed Farah Dalmar Yusuf">Mohamed Dalmar Yusuf Ali</a>, more commonly known as "Mohamed Ali", high-ranking commander of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">WSLF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">SNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hurre_Haariye" title="Ahmed Hurre Haariye">Ahmed Hurre Haariye</a> - Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Coast_Guard" title="Somaliland Coast Guard">Somaliland Coast Guard</a><sup id="cite_ref-:23_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimcaan_Yusuf_Osman" title="Nimcaan Yusuf Osman">Nimcaan Yusuf Osman</a>, current chief of staff of the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deria_Hassan" title="Deria Hassan">Deria Hassan</a>, fourth Grand Sultan of Isaaq, recognised for being a wise and astute leader.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kahin_Ahmed" title="Mohamed Kahin Ahmed">Mohamed Kahin Ahmed</a>, high-ranking SNM commander and current <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Somaliland)" title="Ministry of Interior (Somaliland)">Minister of Interior</a> of Somaliland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guled_Haji" title="Guled Haji">Guled Haji</a>, wise sage and commander of the Habr Yunis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hasan_Abdullahi" title="Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi">Mohamed Hasan Abdullahi</a>, former chief of staff of the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Boghol" title="Ibrahim Boghol">Ibrahim Boghol</a>, high-ranking commander of the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ismail_Tani" title="Nuh Ismail Tani">Nuh Ismail Tani</a>, former chief of staff of the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hashi_Lihle" title="Mohamed Hashi Lihle">Mohamed Hashi Lihle</a> - colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Army" title="Somali National Army">SNA</a> and later the commander of the military wing of the Somali National Movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bullaleh" title="Mohamed Bullaleh">Mohamed Bullaleh</a> - prominent 20th-century tribal chief and commander of the Hagoogane raid that destroyed <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musa_Galal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Musa_Galal.png/250px-Musa_Galal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Musa_Galal.png/330px-Musa_Galal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Musa_Galal.png/500px-Musa_Galal.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Musa_Haji_Ismail_Galal" title="Musa Haji Ismail Galal">Musa Haji Ismail Galal</a>, Somali linguist and historian who reformed the Somali Wadaad script and immensely contributed to the creation of the Somali Latin script</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writers_and_musicians">Writers and musicians</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Qarshe" title="Abdullahi Qarshe">Abdullahi Qarshe</a>, Somali musician, poet and playwright; known as the "Father of Somali music"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Feiruz" title="Ali Feiruz">Ali Feiruz</a>, popular musician in Djibouti, Somaliland and Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Mooge_Liibaan" title="Mohamed Mooge Liibaan">Mohamed Mooge Liibaan</a>, highly renowned <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> instrumentalist and vocalist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mooge_Liibaan" title="Ahmed Mooge Liibaan">Ahmed Mooge Liibaan</a>, prominent <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> instrumentalist and vocalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadifa_Mohamed" title="Nadifa Mohamed">Nadifa Mohamed</a> – Somali novelist. Winner of the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Betty_Trask_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty Trask Prize">Betty Trask Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkz" title="Chunkz">Chunkz</a> – English YouTuber, musician, host and entertainer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Gacayte" title="Ahmed Gacayte">Ahmed Gacayte</a> – famous Somali singer, songwriter and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Halgan" title="Sahra Halgan">Sahra Halgan</a>, Somali singer and cultural activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduuda_%27Arwo" title="Guduuda 'Arwo">Shamis Abokor Ismail (Guduudo Carwo)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> singer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholars">Scholars</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Haji_Ismail_Galal" title="Musa Haji Ismail Galal">Musa Haji Ismail Galal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> writer, scholar, linguist, historian and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdillahi_Diiriye_Guled" title="Abdillahi Diiriye Guled">Abdillahi Diiriye Guled</a> - Literary scholar and discoverer of the Somali prosodic system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Musse_Jama" title="Jama Musse Jama">Jama Musse Jama</a>, prominent Somali ethnomathematician and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_M._Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein M. Adam">Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania)</a> - foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohamed_Farah_Dalmar_Yusuf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Mohamed_Farah_Dalmar_Yusuf.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Mohamed Farah Dalmar Yusuf "Mohamed Ali", Somali military commander and revolutionary known for his leadership within <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afraad" title="Afraad">Afraad</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">Somali National Movement</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_leaders_and_scholars">Religious leaders and scholars</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bashir" title="Sheikh Bashir">Sheikh Bashir</a>, Somali religious leader who waged the <a href="/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion">1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ali_Warsame" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Ali Warsame">Sheikh Ali Warsame</a> – prominent Somali Islamic cleric and preacher, founder of AIAI (1939–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sheikh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafe_Haji_Ismail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafe Haji Ismail (page does not exist)">Mustafe Haji Ismail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a>-<a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> Muslim cleric, scholar, and Islamic philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Madar" title="Sheikh Madar">Sheikh Madar</a> – head of <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> tariqa and influential figure in the early growth and expansion of <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Shihiri" title="Abdallah Shihiri">Abdallah Shihiri</a>, senior advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mullah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deria_Arale" title="Deria Arale">Deria Arale</a>, senior advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mullah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Sudi" title="Haji Sudi">Haji Sudi</a>, one of the founders of the Somali <a href="/wiki/Dervish_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish state">Dervish movement</a></li> <li>Sheikh Mohamed Sheikh Omar Dirir - prominent religious scholar and businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Ahmed_Aman" title="Nur Ahmed Aman">Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman</a>, Sultan of the Habr Yunis and one of the founders of the Somali <a href="/wiki/Dervish_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish state">Dervish movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridwan_Hirsi_Mohamed" title="Ridwan Hirsi Mohamed">Ridwan Hirsi Mohamed</a> – Former deputy prime minister of Somalia and former minister of religious affairs of Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_Handule_Wais" title="Yasin Handule Wais">Yasin Handule Wais</a> religious scholar and founder of Somaliland's first Islamic party in the mid-20th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entrepreneurs">Entrepreneurs</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdirashid_Duale" title="Abdirashid Duale">Abdirashid Duale</a>, Somali entrepreneur and the CEO of <a href="/wiki/Dahabshiil" title="Dahabshiil">Dahabshiil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Awad_Ali" title="Abdi Awad Ali">Abdi Awad Ali</a> (<i>Indhadeero</i>) – renowned Somali entrepreneur and founder and former CEO of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indhadeero_Group_of_Companies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indhadeero Group of Companies (page does not exist)">Indhadeero Group of Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Moghe_Hersi" title="Amina Moghe Hersi">Amina Moghe Hersi</a> (b. 1963), Award-winning Somali entrepreneur who has launched several multimillion-dollar projects in Kampala, Uganda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ahmed_(businessman)" title="Ismail Ahmed (businessman)">Ismail Ahmed</a>, owner and CEO of <a href="/wiki/WorldRemit" title="WorldRemit">WorldRemit</a> which is one of the fastest growing money transfer company in the world and he's considered 7th most influential man in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Ismael_Ahmed_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ismael_Ahmed-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmood_Hussein_Mattan" title="Mahmood Hussein Mattan">Mahmood Hussein Mattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> former <a href="/wiki/Merchant_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant shipping">merchant seaman</a> who was wrongfully convicted of the <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> of Lily Volpert on 6 March 1952</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Dheere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim Dheere (page does not exist)">Ibrahim Dheere</a>, considered to be the first Somali billionaire and richest <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> person in the world with an estimated net worth of 1.8 billion US Dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim_Dheere_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_Dheere-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Abdillahi_Kahin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Abdillahi Kahin (page does not exist)">Mohammed Abdillahi Kahin</a> 'Ogsadey', Somali business tycoon based in Ethiopia, where he established MAO Harar Horse, the first African corporation to export coffee and amassed a net worth of approximately $3 Billion <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Birr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Birr">Ethiopian Birr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HIGP_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIGP-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdirashid_duale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Abdirashid_duale.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="126" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>Abdirashid Duale, Somali entrepreneur and the CEO of <a href="/wiki/Dahabshiil" title="Dahabshiil">Dahabshiil</a>, an international <a href="/wiki/Wire_transfer" title="Wire transfer">funds transfer</a> company</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activists">Activists</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Ismail" title="Edna Adan Ismail">Edna Adan Ismail</a>, first female Foreign Minister of Somaliland, has been called "The Muslim Mother Teresa" for her charity work and activism for women and girls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mariano" title="Michael Mariano">Michael Mariano</a> – legendary Somali politician, lawyer and key figure in independence struggle and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Youth_League" title="Somali Youth League">Somali Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah_Omar" title="Farah Omar">Farah Omar</a> – anti-colonial ideologue and founder of the first Somali Association</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Isse_Jama" title="Hassan Isse Jama">Hassan Isse Jama</a>, one of the founding fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">SNM</a> in London, former deputy chairman of SNM, first vice president of Somaliland.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Adan_Wadadid" title="Hassan Adan Wadadid">Hassan Adan Wadadid</a>- One of the original founders of the Somali National Movement and served as the movement's first vice-chairman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Ibrahim" title="Hanan Ibrahim">Hanan Ibrahim</a>, gender activist and first Somali British to be awarded Member of British Empire (MBE) for community work in UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimco_Ali" title="Nimco Ali">Nimco Ali</a>, British social activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid Magid</a> – Somali-British activist and politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sheffield" title="List of mayors of Sheffield">Lord Mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> from May 2018 to May 2019</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletes">Athletes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mo_Farah3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mo_Farah3a.jpg/220px-Mo_Farah3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mo_Farah3a.jpg/330px-Mo_Farah3a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Mo_Farah3a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><i>Sir</i> <a href="/wiki/Mo_Farah" title="Mo Farah">Mo Farah</a>, British long-distance runner and the most successful British track athlete in modern Olympic Games history</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Farah" title="Mo Farah">Mo Farah</a>, British 4 time Olympic gold medalist and the most decorated athlete in British athletics history.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Aden" title="Jama Aden">Jama Mohamed Aden</a> — Somali former middle-distance runner and coach<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ahmed_(athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ahmed (athlete)">Mohammed Ahmed</a>, Somali-Canadian <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_runner" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-distance runner">long-distance runner</a> and Olympian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ahamed" title="Mohammed Ahamed">Mohammed Ahamed</a>, Norwegian-Somalian association footballer currently playing in the Tippeligaen for Tromsø IL. He plays as a Center Forward</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Said_Ahmed" title="Ahmed Said Ahmed">Ahmed Said Ahmed</a>, an international <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">footballer</a> who plays for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantaan_Jalkapalloseura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vantaan Jalkapalloseura (page does not exist)">VJS</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantaan_Jalkapalloseura" class="extiw" title="fi:Vantaan Jalkapalloseura">fi</a>]</span> as a <a href="/wiki/Defender_(association_football)" title="Defender (association football)">defender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Abdi" title="Bashir Abdi">Bashir Abdi</a>, Somali-Belgian athlete</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_hamse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheikh hamse (page does not exist)">Sheikh Hamse</a> - notorious <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalists">Journalists</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rageh_Omaar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rageh_Omaar.jpg/250px-Rageh_Omaar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rageh_Omaar.jpg/330px-Rageh_Omaar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rageh_Omaar.jpg/500px-Rageh_Omaar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rageh_Omaar" title="Rageh Omaar">Rageh Omaar</a>, British-Somali journalist and writer</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_Awke" title="Ahmed Hassan Awke">Ahmed Hassan Awke</a>, Somali journalist and broadcaster, veteran of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_National_TV" title="Somaliland National TV">Somaliland National TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_Cable_Television" title="Horn Cable Television">Horn Cable Television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mogadishu" title="Radio Mogadishu">Radio Mogadishu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Television_(Somalia)" title="Universal Television (Somalia)">Universal TV</a>, former presidential spokesman of <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Military_Junta" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Junta">military junta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rageh_Omaar" title="Rageh Omaar">Rageh Omaar</a>, Somali-British journalist and writer. He used to be a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> world affairs correspondent, In September 2006, he moved to a new post at <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>, and as of 2017 is currently with <a href="/wiki/ITV_News" title="ITV News">ITV News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Kosar_Abdi" title="Mona Kosar Abdi">Mona Kosar Abdi</a> – news anchor for ABC's Good Morning America</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Bisad" title="Hussain Bisad">Hussain Bisad</a>, is one of the tallest men in the world, at 2.32 m (7 ft 7 1⁄2 in). He has the largest hand span of anyone alive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sada_Mire" title="Sada Mire">Sada Mire</a>, Swedish-Somali <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a>, art historian and presenter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Haybe_Lambad" title="Abdi Haybe Lambad">Abdi Haybe Lambad</a>, famous Somali stand-up comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buurmadow" title="Buurmadow">Buurmadow</a> – well known clan elder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Mohamed_Adam" title="Hussein Mohamed Adam">Hussein Mohammed Adam "Tanzania"</a>, Somali professor, journalist and documentary maker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooraan" title="Sooraan">Sooraan</a>, famous actor and comedian<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRenders2012" class="citation book cs1">Renders, Marleen (27 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfgxAQAAQBAJ&q=saudi&pg=PA134"><i>Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22254-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22254-0"><bdi>978-90-04-22254-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consider+Somaliland%3A+State-Building+with+Traditional+Leaders+and+Institutions&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22254-0&rft.aulast=Renders&rft.aufirst=Marleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfgxAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsaudi%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2016" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwTHEAAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. <span class="nowrap">184–</span>185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-14892-0" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-14892-0"><bdi>979-8-216-14892-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+around+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.isbn=979-8-216-14892-0&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwTHEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobility-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobility_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodbonecallofk00ioan"><i>Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society</i></a></span>. The Red Sea Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodbonecallofk00ioan/page/102">102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932415936" title="Special:BookSources/9780932415936"><bdi>9780932415936</bdi></a>. <q>isaaq noble.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Bone%3A+The+Call+of+Kinship+in+Somali+Society&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780932415936&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodbonecallofk00ioan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">I.M. Lewis, <i>A Modern History of the Somali</i>, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdam1980" class="citation book cs1">Adam, Hussein M. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a1gMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22sheikh+isaaq%22"><i>Somalia and the World: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held in Mogadishu on the Tenth Anniversary of the Somali Revolution, October 15–21, 1979</i></a>. Halgan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia+and+the+World%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Symposium+Held+in+Mogadishu+on+the+Tenth+Anniversary+of+the+Somali+Revolution%2C+October+15%E2%80%9321%2C+1979&rft.pub=Halgan&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Hussein+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da1gMAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522sheikh%2Bisaaq%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGown-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGown_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerns_McGown1999" class="citation book cs1">Berns McGown, Rima (1999). <i>Muslims in the diaspora</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+the+diaspora&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Berns+McGown&rft.aufirst=Rima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (2002). <i>A Modern History of the Somali</i> (Fourth ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Somali&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGori2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gori, Alessandro (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55104439"><i>Studi sulla letteratura agiografica islamica somala in lingua araba</i></a> [<i>Studies on Somali Islamic hagiographic literature in Arabic</i>] (in Italian). Firenze: Dipartimento di linguistica, Università di Firenze. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-901340-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-901340-0-3"><bdi>88-901340-0-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55104439">55104439</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104135644/https://www.worldcat.org/title/studi-sulla-letteratura-agiografica-islamica-somala-in-lingua-araba/oclc/55104439">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studi+sulla+letteratura+agiografica+islamica+somala+in+lingua+araba&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Dipartimento+di+linguistica%2C+Universit%C3%A0+di+Firenze&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55104439&rft.isbn=88-901340-0-3&rft.aulast=Gori&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F55104439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RolandAnthony-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RolandAnthony_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RolandAnthony_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, <i>Journal of African history, Volume 3</i> (Cambridge University Press.: 1962), p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis4_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (1999). <i>A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+pastoral+democracy%3A+a+study+of+pastoralism+and+politics+among+the+Northern+Somali+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReese2018" class="citation web cs1">Reese, Scott S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1tqxt7c.10">"Claims to Community: Mosques, Cemeteries and the Universe: Claims to Community"</a>. <i>Imperial Muslims</i>. Islam, Community and Authority in the Indian Ocean, 1839–1937. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9765-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9765-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-9765-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1tqxt7c.10">10.3366/j.ctt1tqxt7c.10</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103011635/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1tqxt7c.10">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+Muslims&rft.atitle=Claims+to+Community%3A+Mosques%2C+Cemeteries+and+the+Universe%3A+Claims+to+Community&rft.pages=69&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctt1tqxt7c.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-9765-6&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Scott+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctt1tqxt7c.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPia1968" class="citation book cs1">Pia, John Joseph (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFE-AAAAIAAJ"><i>Somali Sounds and Inflections</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somali+Sounds+and+Inflections&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Pia&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFE-AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SN-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SN_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SN_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2016" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwTHEAAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a> USA. pp. <span class="nowrap">184–</span>185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-14892-0" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-14892-0"><bdi>979-8-216-14892-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+around+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.isbn=979-8-216-14892-0&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwTHEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2012" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Philip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Somaliland/M6NI2FejIuwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=somaliland+palace&pg=PA22&printsec=frontcover"><i>Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-371-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-371-9"><bdi>978-1-84162-371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somaliland%3A+With+Addis+Ababa+%26+Eastern+Ethiopia&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-371-9&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FSomaliland%2FM6NI2FejIuwC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dsomaliland%2Bpalace%26pg%3DPA22%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiafe-Amoako2018" class="citation book cs1">Wiafe-Amoako, Francis (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1050870928"><i>Africa. 2018-2019, 53rd edition</i></a>. Lanham, MD. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-4179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-4179-4"><bdi>978-1-4758-4179-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1050870928">1050870928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa.+2018-2019%2C+53rd+edition&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=238&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1050870928&rft.isbn=978-1-4758-4179-4&rft.aulast=Wiafe-Amoako&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1050870928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Internationalist-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Internationalist_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newint.org/columns/country/2017/10/01/somaliland">"Somaliland between clans and November elections"</a>. New Internationalist. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609053908/https://newint.org/columns/country/2017/10/01/somaliland">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somaliland+between+clans+and+November+elections&rft.pub=New+Internationalist&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewint.org%2Fcolumns%2Fcountry%2F2017%2F10%2F01%2Fsomaliland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=14563&abtirsiLang=1">"Abtirsi.com : Damal "Dir Roble" Muse Arre"</a>. <i>www.abtirsi.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228035448/https://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=14563&abtirsiLang=1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abtirsi.com&rft.atitle=Abtirsi.com+%3A+Damal+%22Dir+Roble%22+Muse+Arre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abtirsi.com%2Fview.php%3Fperson%3D14563%26abtirsiLang%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMataan2012" class="citation web cs1">Mataan, Asad Cabdullahi (28 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caasimada.net/qabaailka-soomaalidu-ma-isbahaysi-baa-mise-waa-dhalasho/">"Qabaa'ilka Soomaalidu ma isbahaysi baa, mise waa dhalasho?"</a>. <i>Caasimada Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027220655/https://www.caasimada.net/qabaailka-soomaalidu-ma-isbahaysi-baa-mise-waa-dhalasho/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caasimada+Online&rft.atitle=Qabaa%27ilka+Soomaalidu+ma+isbahaysi+baa%2C+mise+waa+dhalasho%3F&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft.aulast=Mataan&rft.aufirst=Asad+Cabdullahi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caasimada.net%2Fqabaailka-soomaalidu-ma-isbahaysi-baa-mise-waa-dhalasho%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XawXAQAAMAAJ&q=habarnoosa"><i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i></a> (in German). Springer-Verlag. 1957. pp. 71, 75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230818152515/https://books.google.com/books?id=XawXAQAAMAAJ&q=habarnoosa">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Ethnologie&rft.pages=71%2C+75&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXawXAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhabarnoosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab2f60.html">"Somalia: Information on the Issa and the Issaq"</a>. <i>Refworld</i>. Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada. 1 March 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216170230/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab2f60.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Somalia%3A+Information+on+the+Issa+and+the+Issaq&rft.date=1990-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3ae6ab2f60.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOM23518.E-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOM23518.E_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6ab704.html"><i>Somalia: Information on the ethnic composition in Gabiley (Gebiley) in 1987–1988</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522134019/https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230604105928mp_/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab704.html">Archived</a> 22 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 April 1996, SOM23518.E [accessed 6 October 2009]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTekle1994" class="citation book cs1">Tekle, Amare (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&q=%22second+largest+city+destruction+hargeisa%22&pg=PA152"><i>Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation</i></a>. The Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932415974" title="Special:BookSources/9780932415974"><bdi>9780932415974</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140110/https://books.google.com/books?id=xbQTEF0rd7wC&q=%22second+largest+city+destruction+hargeisa%22&pg=PA152#v=snippet&q=%22second%20largest%20city%20destruction%20hargeisa%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea+and+Ethiopia%3A+From+Conflict+to+Cooperation&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780932415974&rft.aulast=Tekle&rft.aufirst=Amare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbQTEF0rd7wC%26q%3D%2522second%2Blargest%2Bcity%2Bdestruction%2Bhargeisa%2522%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2012" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Philip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&dq=erigavo+isaaq+clan+population&pg=PA137"><i>Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-371-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-371-9"><bdi>978-1-84162-371-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425232436/https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&dq=erigavo+isaaq+clan+population&pg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somaliland%3A+With+Addis+Ababa+%26+Eastern+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-371-9&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6NI2FejIuwC%26dq%3Derigavo%2Bisaaq%2Bclan%2Bpopulation%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="citation news cs1">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=3ae6a5bf0&skip=0&query=Erigavo%20clans&coi=SOM">"Report on the Fact-finding Mission to Somalia and Kenya (27 October – 7 November 1997)"</a>. <i>Refworld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019080151/https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=3ae6a5bf0&skip=0&query=Erigavo">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Fact-finding+Mission+to+Somalia+and+Kenya+%2827+October+%E2%80%93+7+November+1997%29&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftexis%2Fvtx%2Frwmain%3Fpage%3Dsearch%26docid%3D3ae6a5bf0%26skip%3D0%26query%3DErigavo%2520clans%26coi%3DSOM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180830073753/https://www.york.ac.uk/media/prdu/documents/publications/Beyond%20Fragility-a%20conflict%20and%20education%20analysis%20of%20the%20Somali%20context.pdf">"Beyond Fragility: A Conflict and Education Analysis of the Somali Context"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/media/prdu/documents/publications/Beyond%20Fragility-a%20conflict%20and%20education%20analysis%20of%20the%20Somali%20context.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+Fragility%3A+A+Conflict+and+Education+Analysis+of+the+Somali+Context&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fprdu%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2FBeyond%2520Fragility-a%2520conflict%2520and%2520education%2520analysis%2520of%2520the%2520Somali%2520context.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615215650/http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf">"EASO Country of Origin Information Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EASO+Country+of+Origin+Information+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecoi.net%2Ffile_upload%2F1226_1457606427_easo-somalia-security-feb-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/downloads/2343.pdf">"Member Profile Somaliland: Government of Somaliland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></i>: 4. January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230916122200/https://unpo.org/downloads/2343.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft.atitle=Member+Profile+Somaliland%3A+Government+of+Somaliland&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Fdownloads%2F2343.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/20/when-is-a-nation-not-a-nation-somalilands-dream-of-independence">"When is a nation not a nation? Somaliland's dream of independence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 20 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716181432/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/20/when-is-a-nation-not-a-nation-somalilands-dream-of-independence">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=When+is+a+nation+not+a+nation%3F+Somaliland%27s+dream+of+independence&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fjul%2F20%2Fwhen-is-a-nation-not-a-nation-somalilands-dream-of-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMosalski2015" class="citation web cs1">Mosalski, Ruth (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/somaliland-recognised-by-cardiff-council-8930027">"Cardiff becomes only second UK council to recognise the Republic of Somaliland"</a>. <i>Wales Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002035118/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/somaliland-recognised-by-cardiff-council-8930027">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Cardiff+becomes+only+second+UK+council+to+recognise+the+Republic+of+Somaliland&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Mosalski&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fsomaliland-recognised-by-cardiff-council-8930027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/somaliland-hails-british-step-forward-in-independence-bid/1886918.html">"Somaliland Hails British Step Forward in Independence Bid"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>. 5 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203052610/https://www.voanews.com/a/somaliland-hails-british-step-forward-in-independence-bid/1886918.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Somaliland+Hails+British+Step+Forward+in+Independence+Bid&rft.date=2014-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsomaliland-hails-british-step-forward-in-independence-bid%2F1886918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalipo2018" class="citation book cs1">Galipo, Adele (8 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_OV3DwAAQBAJ&q=isaaq+diaspora"><i>Return Migration and Nation Building in Africa: Reframing the Somali Diaspora</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-95713-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-95713-0"><bdi>978-0-429-95713-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140109/https://books.google.com/books?id=_OV3DwAAQBAJ&q=isaaq+diaspora#v=snippet&q=isaaq%20diaspora&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+Migration+and+Nation+Building+in+Africa%3A+Reframing+the+Somali+Diaspora&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft.isbn=978-0-429-95713-0&rft.aulast=Galipo&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_OV3DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaaq%2Bdiaspora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiberatore2017" class="citation book cs1">Liberatore, Giulia (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQjTDgAAQBAJ&dq=habar+jeclo+tower+hamlets&pg=PA106"><i>Somali, Muslim, British: Striving in Securitized Britain</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-02773-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-02773-2"><bdi>978-1-350-02773-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140020/https://books.google.com/books?id=qQjTDgAAQBAJ&dq=habar+jeclo+tower+hamlets&pg=PA106#v=onepage&q=habar%20jeclo%20tower%20hamlets&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somali%2C+Muslim%2C+British%3A+Striving+in+Securitized+Britain&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.isbn=978-1-350-02773-2&rft.aulast=Liberatore&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQjTDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhabar%2Bjeclo%2Btower%2Bhamlets%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerns_MacGown1999" class="citation book cs1">Berns MacGown, Rima (1999). <i>Muslims in the diaspora: the Somali communities of London and Toronto</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8281-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8281-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-8281-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+the+diaspora%3A+the+Somali+communities+of+London+and+Toronto&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8281-7&rft.aulast=Berns+MacGown&rft.aufirst=Rima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdi2022" class="citation book cs1">Abdi, Mohameddeq Ali (19 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erprEAAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+clan+expansion&pg=PA25"><i>Why Somalia does not get the right direction</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7543-5218-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7543-5218-2"><bdi>978-3-7543-5218-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Somalia+does+not+get+the+right+direction&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.isbn=978-3-7543-5218-2&rft.aulast=Abdi&rft.aufirst=Mohameddeq+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DerprEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Disaaq%2Bclan%2Bexpansion%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1995" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Ali J., ed. (1995). <i>The invention of Somalia</i> (1. print ed.). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-99-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-99-8"><bdi>978-0-932415-99-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+invention+of+Somalia&rft.place=Lawrenceville%2C+NJ&rft.pages=251&rft.edition=1.+print&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-99-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/The-great-Somali-migrations">"The great Somali migrations"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225232716/https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia/The-great-Somali-migrations">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=The+great+Somali+migrations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSomalia%2FThe-great-Somali-migrations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1998" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&dq=isaaq+clan+expansion&pg=PA94"><i>Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society</i></a>. The Red Sea Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-103-3"><bdi>978-1-56902-103-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Somalis%3A+Popular+Islam+in+a+Clan-based+Society&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-103-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5AZyEhMtbkC%26dq%3Disaaq%2Bclan%2Bexpansion%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&q=%22as+did+also+the+habar+magaadle%22"><i>A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</i></a>. James Currey Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852552803" title="Special:BookSources/9780852552803"><bdi>9780852552803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pastoral+Democracy%3A+A+Study+of+Pastoralism+and+Politics+Among+the+Northern+Somali+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780852552803&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeK6SBJIckIsC%26q%3D%2522as%2Bdid%2Balso%2Bthe%2Bhabar%2Bmagaadle%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1959" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, I. M. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299539">"The Galla in Northern Somaliland"</a>. <i>Rassegna di Studi Etiopici</i>. <b>15</b>. Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299539">41299539</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428082817/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299539">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+di+Studi+Etiopici&rft.atitle=The+Galla+in+Northern+Somaliland&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41299539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41299539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorin2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Morin, Didier (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZFhQneTR7wC&q=%22The+text+refers+to+two+Ahmad%27s+with+the+nickname%22&pg=PA42"><i>Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288–1982</i></a> [<i>Historic dictionary of Afar: 1288–1982</i>] (in French). KARTHALA Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782845864924" title="Special:BookSources/9782845864924"><bdi>9782845864924</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522141732/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZFhQneTR7wC&q=%22The+text+refers+to+two+Ahmad%27s+with+the+nickname%22&pg=PA42#v=snippet&q=%22The%20text%20refers%20to%20two%20Ahmad's%20with%20the%20nickname%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique+afar%3A+1288%E2%80%931982&rft.pub=KARTHALA+Editions&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782845864924&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Didier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZFhQneTR7wC%26q%3D%2522The%2Btext%2Brefers%2Bto%2Btwo%2BAhmad%2527s%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bnickname%2522%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYlönen" class="citation book cs1">Ylönen, Aleksi Ylönen. <i>The Horn Engaging the Gulf Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations</i>. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755635191" title="Special:BookSources/9780755635191"><bdi>9780755635191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horn+Engaging+the+Gulf+Economic+Diplomacy+and+Statecraft+in+Regional+Relations&rft.pages=113&rft.isbn=9780755635191&rft.aulast=Yl%C3%B6nen&rft.aufirst=Aleksi+Yl%C3%B6nen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOA-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HOA_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Horn of Africa</i>, Volume 15, Issues 1–4, (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horn_of_Africa_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horn of Africa Journal (page does not exist)">Horn of Africa Journal</a>: 1997), p.130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEAS-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NEAS_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michigan State University. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11–12, (<a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Press" title="Michigan State University Press">Michigan State University Press</a>: 1989), p.32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Journal of The anthropological institute of Great Britain and Ireland| Vol.21 p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society: Official Publication of the Coryndon Memorial Museum Vol.17 p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ssarif-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ssarif_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FlEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57–67</i></a>. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522141721/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FlEAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sub-Saharan+Africa+Report%2C+Issues+57%E2%80%9367&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Foreign+Broadcast+Information+Service&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FlEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qurbejoog.com/taariikhda-beerta-suldaan-cabdilaahi-ee-hargeysa/">"Taariikhda Beerta Suldaan Cabdilaahi ee Hargeysa | Somalidiasporanews.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219181303/http://www.qurbejoog.com/taariikhda-beerta-suldaan-cabdilaahi-ee-hargeysa/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taariikhda+Beerta+Suldaan+Cabdilaahi+ee+Hargeysa+%7C+Somalidiasporanews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qurbejoog.com%2Ftaariikhda-beerta-suldaan-cabdilaahi-ee-hargeysa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genealogies_of_the_Somal-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genealogies_of_the_Somal_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genealogies_of_the_Somal_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Genealogies of the Somal</i>. Eyre and Spottiswoode (London). 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogies+of+the+Somal&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode+%28London%29&rft.date=1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuure_(Aboor)" class="citation web cs1">Guure (Aboor), Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020220/http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/">"Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland"</a>. <i>Togdheer News Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/">the original</a> on 11 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Togdheer+News+Network&rft.atitle=Taariikhda+Saldanada+Reer+Guuleed+Ee+Somaliland&rft.aulast=Guure+%28Aboor%29&rft.aufirst=Ibraahim-rashiid+Cismaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftogdheernews.com%2Farticles%2F31%2F05%2F2016%2Ftaariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://somalilandpost.net/maxaad-ka-taqaana-saldanada-ugu-faca-weyn-beesha-isaaq-oo-tirsata-300-sanno-ku-dhawaad">"Maxaad ka taqaana Saldanada Ugu Faca Weyn Beesha Isaaq oo Tirsata 300 sanno ku dhawaad?"</a>. 13 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407064639/https://somalilandpost.net/maxaad-ka-taqaana-saldanada-ugu-faca-weyn-beesha-isaaq-oo-tirsata-300-sanno-ku-dhawaad/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maxaad+ka+taqaana+Saldanada+Ugu+Faca+Weyn+Beesha+Isaaq+oo+Tirsata+300+sanno+ku+dhawaad%3F&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsomalilandpost.net%2Fmaxaad-ka-taqaana-saldanada-ugu-faca-weyn-beesha-isaaq-oo-tirsata-300-sanno-ku-dhawaad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Chisholm (ed.), <i>The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information</i>, Volume 25, (At the University press: 1911), p.383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreign Department-External-B, August 1899, N. 33-234, NAI, New Delhi, Inclosure 2 in No. 1. And inclosure 3 in No. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun, Sand and Somals – Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner.By H. Rayne,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Correspondence respecting the Rising of Mullah Muhammed Abdullah in Somaliland, and consequent military operations,1899–1901.pp.4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official history of the operations in Somaliland, 1901–04 by Great Britain. War Office. General Staff Published 1907.p.56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, Volume 1. p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Parliamentary Papers: 1850-1908, Volume 48</i>. H.M. Stationery Office. 1901. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Papers%3A+1850-1908%2C+Volume+48&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Dictionary_of_Somalia-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Dictionary_of_Somalia_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMukhtar2003" class="citation book cs1">Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC"><i>Historical Dictionary of Somalia</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810866041" title="Special:BookSources/9780810866041"><bdi>9780810866041</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135353/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Somalia&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003-02-25&rft.isbn=9780810866041&rft.aulast=Mukhtar&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Haji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDPwOsOcNy5YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820181036/http://recognition.somalilandgov.com/history/">"History"</a>. 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Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Footsteps+in+East+Africa&rft.pages=238&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstfootstepsi00burtgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1965" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I.M. (1965). <i>The Modern History of Somaliland: from Nation to State</i>. 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(1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JLHQAACAAJ"><i>Somali Maritime History and Regional Sub-cultures: A Neglected Theme of the Somali Crisis</i></a>. AAMH. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522141722/https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JLHQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somali+Maritime+History+and+Regional+Sub-cultures%3A+A+Neglected+Theme+of+the+Somali+Crisis&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=AAMH&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Geshekter&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3JLHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaren2009" class="citation book cs1">Maren, Michael (2009). <i>The road to hell: the ravaging effects of foreign aid and international charity</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulating+the+Livestock+Economy+of+Somaliland&rft.pub=Academy+for+Peace+and+Development&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwDweAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyirowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWar-torn_Societies_ProjectWSP_Transition_Programme2005" class="citation book cs1">War-torn Societies Project; WSP Transition Programme (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTtyAAAAMAAJ&q=yiroowe"><i>Rebuilding Somaliland: Issues and Possibilities</i></a>. Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-228-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-228-3"><bdi>978-1-56902-228-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522141628/https://books.google.com/books?id=cTtyAAAAMAAJ&q=yiroowe">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebuilding+Somaliland%3A+Issues+and+Possibilities&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-228-3&rft.au=War-torn+Societies+Project&rft.au=WSP+Transition+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTtyAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dyiroowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2EwAQAAIAAJ&q=yiroowe"><i>A Self-portrait of Somaliland: Rebuilding from the Ruins</i></a>. Somaliland Centre for Peace and Development. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522141625/https://books.google.com/books?id=d2EwAQAAIAAJ&q=yiroowe">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Self-portrait+of+Somaliland%3A+Rebuilding+from+the+Ruins&rft.pub=Somaliland+Centre+for+Peace+and+Development&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2EwAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dyiroowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal" class="citation web cs1">de Waal, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238101910">"CLASS AND POWER IN A STATELESS SOMALIA"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316145513/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238101910_CLASS_AND_POWER_IN_A_STATELESS_SOMALIA">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=CLASS+AND+POWER+IN+A+STATELESS+SOMALIA&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F238101910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/africa_watch_somalia_a_government_at_war_with_ibook4you.pdf"><i>Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Human Rights Watch. 1990. p. 213. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217070406/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/africa_watch_somalia_a_government_at_war_with_ibook4you.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+A+Government+at+War+with+Its+Own+People&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2520uploads%2520%2Fafrica_watch_somalia_a_government_at_war_with_ibook4you.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, I. M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC"><i>A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825830847" title="Special:BookSources/9783825830847"><bdi>9783825830847</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522141725/https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pastoral+Democracy%3A+A+Study+of+Pastoralism+and+Politics+Among+the+Northern+Somali+of+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9783825830847&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoMBQCr4LysC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewisapd-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewisapd_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. M. Lewis, <i>A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</i>, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton._F.1856" class="citation book cs1">Burton. F., Richard (1856). <i>First Footsteps in East Africa</i>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Footsteps+in+East+Africa&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Burton.+F.&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank55-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank55_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worldbank, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf">Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215085758/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf">Archived</a> 15 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p. 55 Figure A-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind01b_somalia_ca-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ind01b_somalia_ca_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf">Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081350/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GP-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GP_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GP_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GP_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GP_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GP_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDr._Ahmed_Yusuf_Farah" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Ahmed Yusuf Farah, Matt Bryden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/somrev96.htm">"Case Study of a Grassroots Peace Making Initiative"</a>. <i>www.africa.upenn.edu</i>. UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120081923/https://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/somrev96.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.africa.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Case+Study+of+a+Grassroots+Peace+Making+Initiative&rft.aulast=Dr.+Ahmed+Yusuf+Farah&rft.aufirst=Matt+Bryden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa.upenn.edu%2Feue_web%2Fsomrev96.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKluijver" class="citation journal cs1">Kluijver, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44590322">"The State in Somaliland"</a>. <i>Sciences Po Paris</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527143053/https://www.academia.edu/44590322">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span> – via 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sciences+Po+Paris&rft.atitle=The+State+in+Somaliland&rft.aulast=Kluijver&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44590322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slrdf-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slrdf_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohamed_Yusuf_Hassan1993" class="citation book cs1">Mohamed Yusuf Hassan, Roberto Balducci, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7A0OAQAAMAAJ"><i>Somalia: le radici del futuro</i></a>. Il passaggio. p. 33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326233413/https://books.google.com/books?id=7A0OAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+le+radici+del+futuro&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Il+passaggio&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7A0OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mogadishu memoir</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey of China Mainland Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Dec/194232/renowned_somali_poet_hurre_walanwal_brother_of_hadrawi_passes_away_at_75.aspx">"Renowned Somali poet Hurre Walanwal, brother of Hadrawi, passes away at 75"</a>. <i>www.hiiraan.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hiiraan.com&rft.atitle=Renowned+Somali+poet+Hurre+Walanwal%2C+brother+of+Hadrawi%2C+passes+away+at+75&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhiiraan.com%2Fnews4%2F2023%2FDec%2F194232%2Frenowned_somali_poet_hurre_walanwal_brother_of_hadrawi_passes_away_at_75.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1965" class="citation journal cs1">Middleton, John (October 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1157666">"The Oxford Library of African Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964. A Selection of African Prose. I. Traditional Oral Texts; II. Written Prose. Compiled by W. H. Whiteley. Pp. xv, 200; viii, 185. 21s. each. - The Oxford Library of African Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964. Somali Poetry: an Introduction. By B. W. Andrzejewski and I. M. Lewis. Pp. viii, 167. 30s. - The Oxford Library of African Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964. The Heroic Recitations of the Bahima of Ankole. By H. F. Morris. Pp. xii, 142. 30s"</a>. <i>Africa</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">441–</span>443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1157666">10.2307/1157666</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9720">0001-9720</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1157666">1157666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Library+of+African+Literature.+Oxford%3A+Clarendon+Press%2C+1964.+A+Selection+of+African+Prose.+I.+Traditional+Oral+Texts%3B+II.+Written+Prose.+Compiled+by+W.+H.+Whiteley.+Pp.+xv%2C+200%3B+viii%2C+185.+21s.+each.+-+The+Oxford+Library+of+African+Literature.+Oxford%3A+Clarendon+Press%2C+1964.+Somali+Poetry%3A+an+Introduction.+By+B.+W.+Andrzejewski+and+I.+M.+Lewis.+Pp.+viii%2C+167.+30s.+-+The+Oxford+Library+of+African+Literature.+Oxford%3A+Clarendon+Press%2C+1964.+The+Heroic+Recitations+of+the+Bahima+of+Ankole.+By+H.+F.+Morris.+Pp.+xii%2C+142.+30s.&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.date=1965-10&rft.issn=0001-9720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1157666%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1157666&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1157666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bollettino della Società geografica italiana. ... 1893 (ser.3, vol. 5). p.372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bollettino della Società geografica italiana By Società geografica italiana. 1893.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somalia e Benadir: viaggio di esplorazione nell'Africa orientale. Prima traversata della Somalia, compiuta per incarico della Societá geografica italiana. Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti. 1899. The Somalis in general have a great inclination to poetry; a particular passion for the stories, the stories and songs of love.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1066&context=bildhaan">"Somalia: Education in Transition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222095638/https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1066&context=bildhaan">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+Education+in+Transition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.macalester.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1066%26context%3Dbildhaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDHAAYOMAAL_TV2023" class="citation audio-visual cs1">DHAAYOMAAL TV (22 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0kZipPxAWg"><i>Waa Kuma Jeneraal Axmed Hure Haariye Taliyaha Ciidmada Badda Somaliland?</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waa+Kuma+Jeneraal+Axmed+Hure+Haariye+Taliyaha+Ciidmada+Badda+Somaliland%3F&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft.au=DHAAYOMAAL+TV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DN0kZipPxAWg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://munamerebai22.wordpress.com/page/18/">"Laaleysnews.com"</a>. <i>Laaleysnews.com</i>. 19 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laaleysnews.com&rft.atitle=Laaleysnews.com&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmunamerebai22.wordpress.com%2Fpage%2F18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIfiye2022" class="citation web cs1">Ifiye, Khadar (28 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://horseedmedia.net/akhriso-taariikh-nololeedka-ahun-sheekh-cali-warsame-oo-geeriyooday-367119">"AKHRISO: Taariikh nololeedka AHUN Sheekh Cali Warsame oo geeriyooday"</a>. <i>Horseed Media</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/somali/war-50824562">the original</a> on 6 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+of+directors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldremit.com%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fmanagement-team&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibrahim_Dheere-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim_Dheere_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124005650/http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/breaking-ibrahim-dheere-tycoon-passes-away-in-djibouti/">"BREAKING: Ibrahim Dheere Tycoon passes away in Djibouti | SomalilandInformer"</a>. <i>www.somalilandinformer.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salaan+Media&rft.atitle=Somali+Entrepreneurs&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsalaanmedia.com%2F%3Fp%3D24470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoldemariam2018" class="citation book cs1">Woldemariam, Michael (15 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1000445166"><i>Insurgent fragmentation in the Horn of Africa : rebellion and its discontents</i></a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42325-0"><bdi>978-1-108-42325-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1000445166">1000445166</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710112825/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1000445166">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgent+fragmentation+in+the+Horn+of+Africa+%3A+rebellion+and+its+discontents&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1000445166&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42325-0&rft.aulast=Woldemariam&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1000445166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/10/mo-farah-mother-somaliland">"Mo Farah's family cheers him on from Somaliland village"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 10 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102170310/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/10/mo-farah-mother-somaliland">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mo+Farah%27s+family+cheers+him+on+from+Somaliland+village&rft.date=2012-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2012%2Faug%2F10%2Fmo-farah-mother-somaliland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/75661">"Olympedia – Jama Aden"</a>. <i>www.olympedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.olympedia.org&rft.atitle=Olympedia+%E2%80%93+Jama+Aden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympedia.org%2Fathletes%2F75661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328202202/https://www.palloliitto.fi/pelaaja/93194">"Ahmed Said Ahmed"</a> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Finland" title="Football Association of Finland">Football Association of Finland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palloliitto.fi/pelaaja/93194">the original</a> on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>Kansallisuus: Suomi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmed+Said+Ahmed&rft.pub=Football+Association+of+Finland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palloliitto.fi%2Fpelaaja%2F93194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veikkausliiga.com/pelaajat/93194/said-ahmed-ahmed">"#80 Said Ahmed, Ahmed"</a> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Veikkausliiga" title="Veikkausliiga">Veikkausliiga</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209132303/http://www.veikkausliiga.com/pelaajat/93194/said-ahmed-ahmed">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>Kansalaisuus FI</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%2380+Said+Ahmed%2C+Ahmed&rft.pub=Veikkausliiga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veikkausliiga.com%2Fpelaajat%2F93194%2Fsaid-ahmed-ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216030219/http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/somaliland-prominent-somali-journalist-ahmed-hasan-awke-passes-away-in-jigjiga/">"Somaliland: Prominent Somali Journalist, Ahmed Hasan Awke Passes Away in Jigjiga | SomalilandInformer"</a>. <i>www.somalilandinformer.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/somaliland-prominent-somali-journalist-ahmed-hasan-awke-passes-away-in-jigjiga/">the original</a> on 16 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.somalilandinformer.com&rft.atitle=Somaliland%3A+Prominent+Somali+Journalist%2C+Ahmed+Hasan+Awke+Passes+Away+in+Jigjiga+%7C+SomalilandInformer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somalilandinformer.com%2Fsomaliland%2Fsomaliland-prominent-somali-journalist-ahmed-hasan-awke-passes-away-in-jigjiga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/somali/war-57261590">"Afar arrimood ka ogow marxuum majaajileyste Sooraan"</a>. <i>BBC News Somali</i> (in Somali). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211031004629/https://www.bbc.com/somali/war-57261590">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Somali&rft.atitle=Afar+arrimood+ka+ogow+marxuum+majaajileyste+Sooraan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsomali%2Fwar-57261590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsaaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaaq&oldid=1280240358">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaaq&oldid=1280240358</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Somali_clans" title="Category:Somali clans">Somali clans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Somali_clans_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:Somali clans in Ethiopia">Somali clans in Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Issa_Musa" title="Category:Issa Musa">Issa Musa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Somali-language_sources_(so)" title="Category:CS1 Somali-language sources (so)">CS1 Somali-language sources (so)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" title="Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)">CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_July_2022" title="Category:EngvarB from July 2022">EngvarB from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Somali-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Somali-language text">Articles containing Somali-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 March 2025, at 12:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>17 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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