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id="toc-Seljuq_rugs:_Travelers'_reports_and_the_Konya_fragments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuq_rugs:_Travelers'_reports_and_the_Konya_fragments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Seljuq rugs: Travelers' reports and the Konya fragments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuq_rugs:_Travelers'_reports_and_the_Konya_fragments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugs_of_the_Anatolian_Beyliks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugs_of_the_Anatolian_Beyliks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rugs of the Anatolian Beyliks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugs_of_the_Anatolian_Beyliks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ottoman carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-15th_century_"animal"_rugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century_"animal"_rugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>15th century "animal" rugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century_"animal"_rugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holbein_and_Lotto_carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holbein_and_Lotto_carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Holbein and Lotto carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holbein_and_Lotto_carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ushak_carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ushak_carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Ushak carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ushak_carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_ground_(Selendi)_rugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_ground_(Selendi)_rugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>White ground (Selendi) rugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_ground_(Selendi)_rugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Cairene_rugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Cairene_rugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Ottoman Cairene rugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Cairene_rugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Transylvanian"_rugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Transylvanian"_rugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>"Transylvanian" rugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Transylvanian"_rugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century:_"Mecidi"_style,_and_the_Hereke_court_manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century:_"Mecidi"_style,_and_the_Hereke_court_manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.7</span> <span>19th century: "<i>Mecidi</i>" style, and the Hereke court manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century:_"Mecidi"_style,_and_the_Hereke_court_manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history:_Decline_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history:_Decline_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern history: Decline and revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history:_Decline_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carpet_weaving:_Materials,_technique,_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpet_weaving:_Materials,_technique,_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Carpet weaving: Materials, technique, processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Carpet_weaving:_Materials,_technique,_processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Carpet weaving: Materials, technique, processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Carpet_weaving:_Materials,_technique,_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyes_and_dyeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyes_and_dyeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dyes and dyeing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyes_and_dyeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaving_and_finishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaving_and_finishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Weaving and finishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaving_and_finishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_traditions_of_Anatolian_rug_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_traditions_of_Anatolian_rug_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins and traditions of Anatolian rug design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_and_traditions_of_Anatolian_rug_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins and traditions of Anatolian rug design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_traditions_of_Anatolian_rug_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Asian_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asian_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Central Asian traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asian_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romano-Hellenistic_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romano-Hellenistic_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Romano-Hellenistic traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romano-Hellenistic_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Islamic traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cultural_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cultural_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other cultural influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cultural_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_context:_Court_and_town,_village_and_nomadic_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_context:_Court_and_town,_village_and_nomadic_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Social context: Court and town, village and nomadic production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_context:_Court_and_town,_village_and_nomadic_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court_manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Court manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Town_and_village_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_and_village_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Town and village production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town_and_village_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomadic_and_tribal_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomadic_and_tribal_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Nomadic and tribal production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomadic_and_tribal_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_technical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_technical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Regional technical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_technical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Western Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Central Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Eastern Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thematic_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thematic_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Thematic galleries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thematic_galleries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Thematic galleries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Thematic_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patterns_of_Central_Asian_origin:_cloud_band,_lotus_seat,_cloud_collar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns_of_Central_Asian_origin:_cloud_band,_lotus_seat,_cloud_collar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Patterns of Central Asian origin: cloud band, lotus seat, cloud collar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns_of_Central_Asian_origin:_cloud_band,_lotus_seat,_cloud_collar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patterns_of_Islamic_origin:_Calligraphic_borders,_infinite_repeat_field,_prayer_niche_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns_of_Islamic_origin:_Calligraphic_borders,_infinite_repeat_field,_prayer_niche_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Patterns of Islamic origin: Calligraphic borders, infinite repeat field, prayer niche design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns_of_Islamic_origin:_Calligraphic_borders,_infinite_repeat_field,_prayer_niche_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_related_rugs_and_carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_related_rugs_and_carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other related rugs and carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_related_rugs_and_carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatolian rug</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A" title="سجاد تركي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سجاد تركي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_xal%C3%A7as%C4%B1" title="Türk xalçası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türk xalçası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Төрөк келәмдәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төрөк келәмдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Турэцкі дыван – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турэцкі дыван" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catifa_turca" title="Catifa turca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catifa turca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolischer_Teppich" title="Anatolischer Teppich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anatolischer Teppich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfombra_turca" title="Alfombra turca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfombra turca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="قالی ترکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قالی ترکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolijski_tepih" title="Anatolijski tepih – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anatolijski tepih" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappeto_anatolico" title="Tappeto anatolico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tappeto anatolico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99" title="שטיח טורקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שטיח טורקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B3liai_sz%C5%91nyeg" title="Anatóliai szőnyeg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anatóliai szőnyeg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Анадолски килим – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анадолски килим" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetes_turcos" title="Tapetes turcos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tapetes turcos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covor_turcesc" title="Covor turcesc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Covor turcesc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80" title="Турецкий ковёр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турецкий ковёр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolisk_matta" title="Anatolisk matta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anatolisk matta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term commonly used to denote rugs woven in Anatolia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about pile-woven Anatolian rugs. For flat-woven rugs, see <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9Double-Niche_Carpet_LACMA_M.2004.32_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/9Double-Niche_Carpet_LACMA_M.2004.32_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-9Double-Niche_Carpet_LACMA_M.2004.32_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/9Double-Niche_Carpet_LACMA_M.2004.32_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-9Double-Niche_Carpet_LACMA_M.2004.32_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/9Double-Niche_Carpet_LACMA_M.2004.32_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-9Double-Niche_Carpet_LACMA_M.2004.32_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>Anatolian double-niche rug, Konya region, circa 1750–1800. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">LACMA</a> M.2004.32</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergama_rug_18th_C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bergama_rug_18th_C.JPG/170px-Bergama_rug_18th_C.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bergama_rug_18th_C.JPG/255px-Bergama_rug_18th_C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bergama_rug_18th_C.JPG/340px-Bergama_rug_18th_C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>Bergama rug, west Anatolia, first half of 18th century.</figcaption></figure><p><b>Anatolian rug</b> or <b>Turkish carpet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i>Türk Halısı</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a term of convenience, commonly used today to denote rugs and carpets woven in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and its adjacent regions. Geographically, its area of production can be compared to the territories which were historically dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. It denotes a knotted, pile-woven floor or wall covering which is produced for home use, local sale, and export, and religious purpose. Together with the flat-woven <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilim</a>, Anatolian rugs represent an essential part of the regional culture, which is officially understood as the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture of Turkey</a> today, and derives from the ethnic, religious and cultural pluralism of one of the most ancient centres of human civilisation. </p><p>Rug weaving represents a traditional craft dating back to prehistoric times. Rugs were woven much earlier than even the oldest surviving rugs like the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazyryk rug">Pazyryk rug</a> would suggest. During its long history, the art and craft of the woven carpet has absorbed and integrated different cultural traditions. Traces of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine design</a> can be observed in Anatolian rugs; <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> migrating from Central Asia, as well as Armenian people, Caucasian and Kurdic tribes either living in, or migrating to Anatolia at different times in history contributed their traditional motifs and ornaments. The arrival of Islam and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> has profoundly influenced the Anatolian rug design. Its ornaments and patterns thus reflect the political history and social diversity of the area. Since rug export was so popular within Iran, the cultural motives and display on the Anatolian rugs vary. </p><p>Within the group of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental carpet">oriental carpets</a>, the Anatolian rug is distinguished by particular characteristics of its dyes and colours, motifs, textures and techniques. Examples range in size from small pillows (<i>yastik</i>) to large, room-sized carpets. The earliest surviving examples of Anatolian rugs known today date from the thirteenth century. Distinct types of rugs have been woven ever since in court manufactures and provincial workshops, village homes, tribal settlements, or in the nomad's tent. Rugs were simultaneously produced at all different levels of society, mainly using sheep wool, cotton and <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dyes</a>. Anatolian rugs are most often tied with <a href="/wiki/Ghiordes_knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiordes knot">symmetrical knots</a>, which were so widely used in the area that Western rug dealers in the early 20th century adopted the term "Turkish" or "Ghiordes" knot for the technique. From the 1870s onwards, the Ottoman court manufactures also produced silk-piled rugs, sometimes with inwoven threads of gold or silver, but the traditional material of the majority of Anatolian rugs was <a href="/wiki/Hand_spinning" title="Hand spinning">hand-spun</a>, naturally-dyed wool. </p><p>In Europe, Anatolian rugs were frequently depicted in <a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Renaissance paintings</a>, often in a context of dignity, prestige and luxury. Political contacts and trade intensified between Western Europe and the Islamic world after the 13th century AD. When direct trade was established with the Ottoman Empire during the 14th century, all kinds of carpets were at first indiscriminately given the trade name of "Turkish" carpets, regardless of their actual place of manufacture. Since the late nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">oriental</a> rugs have been subject to art historic and scientific interest in the Western world. The richness and cultural diversity of rug weaving were gradually better understood. More recently, also flat woven carpets (<a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soumak_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Soumak rug">Soumak</a>, Cicim, Zili) have attracted the interest of collectors and scientists. </p><p> The art and craft of the Anatolian rug underwent serious changes by the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_colorant" title="Synthetic colorant">synthetic dyes</a> from the last third of the 19th century onwards. The mass production of cheap rugs designed for commercial success had brought the ancient tradition close to extinction. In the late twentieth century, projects like the <a href="/wiki/DOBAG_Carpet_Initiative" title="DOBAG Carpet Initiative">DOBAG Carpet Initiative</a> have successfully revived the tradition of Anatolian rug weaving using hand-spun, naturally-dyed wool and traditional designs<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/150px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/200px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a 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mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Turkey">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Turkey" title="Public holidays in Turkey">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Turkey">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottoman_cover.jpg/170px-Ottoman_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ottoman_cover.jpg/255px-Ottoman_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Ottoman_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>17th-century Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a> cushion cover, with stylized <a href="/wiki/Carnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnation">carnation</a> motifs. Floral motifs were common in Ottoman art.</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of carpet weaving remains unknown, as carpets are subject to use, wear, and destruction by insects and rodents. Controversy arose over the accuracy of the claim<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the oldest records of flat woven <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilims</a> come from the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> excavations, dated to circa 7000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Çatalhöyük.com:_Ancient_Civilization_and_Excavation_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Çatalhöyük.com:_Ancient_Civilization_and_Excavation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavators' report<sup id="cite_ref-Kilims_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilims-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remained unconfirmed, as it states that the wall paintings depicting kilim motifs had disintegrated shortly after their exposure. </p><p>The history of rug weaving in Anatolia must be understood in the context of the country's political and social history. Anatolia was home to ancient civilizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Ancient Persians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Rug weaving is assumed to already exist in Anatolia during this time, however there are no examples of pre-Turkic migration rugs in Anatolia. In 1071 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuq</a> <a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a> defeated the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos IV">Romanos IV</a> Diogenes at <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Seljuq_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Seljuq wars">Manzikert</a>. This is regarded as the beginning of the ascendancy of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Turks">Seljuq Turks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seljuq_rugs:_Travelers'_reports_and_the_Konya_fragments"><span id="Seljuq_rugs:_Travelers.27_reports_and_the_Konya_fragments"></span>Seljuq rugs: Travelers' reports and the Konya fragments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seljuq rugs: Travelers' reports and the Konya fragments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early fourteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> wrote in the account of his <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">travels</a>: </p> <blockquote><p><i>...</i>In Turcomania there are three classes of people. First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own. They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping. Excellent horses, known as <i>Turquans</i>, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules. The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts. They weave the finest and handsomest carpets in the world, and also a great quantity of fine and rich silks of cramoisy and other colours, and plenty of other stuffs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Coming from Persia, Polo travelled from Sivas to Kayseri. <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a>, citing <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27id_al-Maghribi" title="Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi">Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi</a> refers to rug export from Anatolian cities in the late 13th century: "That's where Turkoman carpets are made, which are exported to all other countries". He and the Moroccan merchant <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> mention Aksaray as a major rug weaving center in the early-to-mid-14th century. </p><p>The earliest surviving woven rugs were found in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bey%C5%9Fehir" title="Beyşehir">Beyşehir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostat">Fostat</a>, and were dated to the 13th century. These carpets from the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Anatolian Seljuq Period</a> (1243–1302) are regarded as the first group of Anatolian rugs. Eight fragments were found in 1905 by F.R. Martin<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaeddin Mosque">Alaeddin Mosque</a> in Konya, four in the <a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Frefo%C4%9Flu_Mosque" title="Eşrefoğlu Mosque">Eşrefoğlu Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bey%C5%9Fehir" title="Beyşehir">Beyşehir</a> in Konya province by R.M. Riefstahl in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyshehir_fragments_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyshehir_fragments-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More fragments were found in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fostat</a>, today a suburb of the city of Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamm,_1937_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamm,_1937-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judging by their original size (Riefstahl reports a carpet up to 6 m long), the Konya carpets must have been produced in town manufactories, as looms of this size can hardly have been set up in a nomadic or village home. Where exactly these carpets were woven is unknown. The field patterns of the Konya rugs are mostly geometric, and small in relation to the carpet size. Similar patterns are arranged in diagonal rows: Hexagons with plain, or hooked outlines; squares filled with stars, with interposed <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">kufic</a>-like ornaments; hexagons in diamonds composed of rhomboids filled with stylized flowers and leaves. Their main borders often contain kufic ornaments. The corners are not "resolved", which means that the border design is cut off, and does not continue diagonally around the corners. The colours (blue, red, green, to a lesser extent also white, brown, yellow) are subdued, frequently two shades of the same colour are opposed to each other. Nearly all carpet fragments show different patterns and ornaments. </p><p>The Beyşehir rugs are closely related to the Konya specimen in design and colour.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann,_Seven_Hundred_Years_of_Oriental_Carpets,_1970_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann,_Seven_Hundred_Years_of_Oriental_Carpets,_1970-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the "<a href="/wiki/Early_Anatolian_Animal_carpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Anatolian Animal carpets">animal carpets</a>" of the following period, depictions of animals are rarely seen in the Seljuq fragments. Rows of horned quadrupeds placed opposite to each other, or birds beside a tree can be recognized on some fragments. </p><p>The style of the Seljuq rugs has parallels amongst the architectural decoration of contemporaneous mosques such as those at <a href="/wiki/Divri%C4%9Fi_Great_Mosque_and_Hospital" title="Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital">Divriği</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>, and may be related to Byzantine art.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the rugs are kept at the <a href="/wiki/Mevlana_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlana Museum">Mevlana Museum</a> in Konya, and at the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a> in Istanbul. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177px; height: 177px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konya_Ethnographical_Museum_-_Carpet_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rug fragment from Eşrefoğlu Mosque, Beysehir, Turkey. Seljuq Period, 13th century."><img alt="Rug fragment from Eşrefoğlu Mosque, Beysehir, Turkey. Seljuq Period, 13th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Konya_Ethnographical_Museum_-_Carpet_1.png/147px-Konya_Ethnographical_Museum_-_Carpet_1.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Konya_Ethnographical_Museum_-_Carpet_1.png/221px-Konya_Ethnographical_Museum_-_Carpet_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Konya_Ethnographical_Museum_-_Carpet_1.png/294px-Konya_Ethnographical_Museum_-_Carpet_1.png 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1668" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rug fragment from <a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Frefo%C4%9Flu_Mosque" title="Eşrefoğlu Mosque">Eşrefoğlu Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beysehir" class="mw-redirect" title="Beysehir">Beysehir</a>, Turkey. Seljuq Period, 13th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177px; height: 177px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seljuk_Carpet_Fragment_13th_Century..png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seljuq carpet, 320 x 240 cm, from Alaeddin Mosque, Konya, 13th century[11]"><img alt="Seljuq carpet, 320 x 240 cm, from Alaeddin Mosque, Konya, 13th century[11]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Seljuk_Carpet_Fragment_13th_Century..png/109px-Seljuk_Carpet_Fragment_13th_Century..png" decoding="async" width="109" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Seljuk_Carpet_Fragment_13th_Century..png/164px-Seljuk_Carpet_Fragment_13th_Century..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Seljuk_Carpet_Fragment_13th_Century..png/219px-Seljuk_Carpet_Fragment_13th_Century..png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seljuq carpet, 320 x 240 cm, from Alaeddin Mosque, Konya, 13th century<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177px; height: 177px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown,_Turkey,_11th-13th_Century_-_Carpet_with_Animal_Design_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Animal carpet, dated to the 11th–13th century, Museum of Islamic Art, Doha"><img alt="Animal carpet, dated to the 11th–13th century, Museum of Islamic Art, Doha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Unknown%2C_Turkey%2C_11th-13th_Century_-_Carpet_with_Animal_Design_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/88px-Unknown%2C_Turkey%2C_11th-13th_Century_-_Carpet_with_Animal_Design_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Unknown%2C_Turkey%2C_11th-13th_Century_-_Carpet_with_Animal_Design_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/132px-Unknown%2C_Turkey%2C_11th-13th_Century_-_Carpet_with_Animal_Design_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Unknown%2C_Turkey%2C_11th-13th_Century_-_Carpet_with_Animal_Design_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/176px-Unknown%2C_Turkey%2C_11th-13th_Century_-_Carpet_with_Animal_Design_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4801" data-file-height="8001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animal carpet, dated to the 11th–13th century, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Museum of Islamic Art, Doha</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugs_of_the_Anatolian_Beyliks">Rugs of the Anatolian Beyliks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rugs of the Anatolian Beyliks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the thirteenth century, the territory of Anatolia was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions of Anatolia">Mongols</a>. The weakening of Seljuq rule allowed Turkmen tribes known as the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> to organize themselves into independent sovereignties, the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a>. These were later integrated into the Ottoman Empire by the sultans <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a> (1389-1402), <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> (1421-1481), <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> (1451-1481), and <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (1512-1520). </p><p>Literary sources like the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a> confirm that the Turkoman tribes produced carpets in Anatolia. What types of carpets were woven by the Turkoman Beyliks remains unknown, since we are unable to identify them. One of the Turkoman tribes of the Beylik group, the <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Teke" title="Beylik of Teke">Tekke</a> settled in South-western Anatolia in the eleventh century, and moved back to the Caspian sea later. The Tekke tribes of Turkmenistan, living around Merv and the Amu Darya during the 19th century and earlier, wove a distinct type of carpet characterized by stylized floral motifs called <a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">guls</a> in repeating rows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_carpets">Ottoman carpets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ottoman carpets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1300 AD, a group of Turkmen tribes under Suleiman and Ertugrul moved westward. Under <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a>, they founded the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>; in 1326, the Ottomans conquered Bursa, which became the first capital of the Ottoman state. By the late 15th century, the Ottoman state had become a major power. In 1517, the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Sultanate of the Mamluks</a> was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)">Ottoman–Mamluk war</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, the tenth <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> (1520-1566), invaded Persia and forced the Persian Shah <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp</a> (1524–1576) to move his capital from <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> to <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>, until the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Peace of Amasya</a> was agreed upon in 1555. </p><p>As the political and economical influence grew of the Ottoman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> became a meeting point of diplomats, merchants and artists. During Suleiman I.'s reign, artists and artisans of different specialities worked together in court manufactures (<i>Ehl-i Hiref</i>). <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature painting</a> were performed in the calligraphy workshops, or <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">nakkaşhane</i></span></i>, and influenced carpet weaving. Besides Istanbul, Bursa, Iznik, Kütahya and Ushak were homes to manufactories of different specializations. <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> became known for its silk cloths and brocades, <a href="/wiki/Iznik" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik">Iznik</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a> were famous for ceramics and <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak" title="Uşak">Uşak</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rdes" title="Gördes">Gördes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ladik" title="Ladik">Ladik</a> for their carpets. The Ushak region, one of the centers of Ottoman "court" production, <a href="/wiki/Holbein_carpet" title="Holbein carpet">Holbein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotto_carpet" title="Lotto carpet">Lotto carpets</a> were woven here. Gold-brocaded silk velvet carpets known as <i>Çatma</i> are associated with the old Ottoman capital of Bursa, in Western Anatolia near the Sea of Marmara.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15th_century_"animal"_rugs"><span id="15th_century_.22animal.22_rugs"></span>15th century "animal" rugs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 15th century "animal" rugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Anatolian_Animal_carpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Anatolian Animal carpets">Early Anatolian Animal carpets</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:373px;max-width:373px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_and_dragon_carpet_Anatolia_first_half_or_middle_15th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Phoenix_and_dragon_carpet_Anatolia_first_half_or_middle_15th_century.jpg/165px-Phoenix_and_dragon_carpet_Anatolia_first_half_or_middle_15th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Phoenix_and_dragon_carpet_Anatolia_first_half_or_middle_15th_century.jpg/248px-Phoenix_and_dragon_carpet_Anatolia_first_half_or_middle_15th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Phoenix_and_dragon_carpet_Anatolia_first_half_or_middle_15th_century.jpg/330px-Phoenix_and_dragon_carpet_Anatolia_first_half_or_middle_15th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marby_carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marby_carpet.jpg/200px-Marby_carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marby_carpet.jpg/300px-Marby_carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Marby_carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="607" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><i>Left image</i>: Phoenix and Dragon carpet, 164 x 91 cm, Anatolia, circa 1500, <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a>, Berlin<br /> <i>Right image</i>: Animal carpet, around 1500, found in Marby Church, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. Wool, 160 cm x 112 cm, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_History_Museum" title="Swedish History Museum">Swedish History Museum</a>, Stockholm</div></div></div></div> <p>Very few carpets still exist today which represent the transition between the late Seljuq and early Ottoman period. A traditional Chinese motif, the fight between phoenix and dragon, is seen in an Anatolian rug today at the <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a>, Berlin. Radiocarbon dating confirmed that the "Dragon and Phoenix" carpet was woven in the mid 15th century, during the early Ottoman Empire. It is knotted with symmetric knots. The Chinese motif was probably introduced into Islamic art by the Mongols during the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragon_and_Phoenix_carpet_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragon_and_Phoenix_carpet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another carpet showing two medallions with two birds besides a tree was found in the Swedish church of Marby. More fragments were found in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fostat</a>, today a suburb of the city of Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamm,_1937_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamm,_1937-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A carpet with serial bird-and-tree medallions is shown in <a href="/wiki/Sano_di_Pietro" title="Sano di Pietro">Sano di Pietro</a>'s painting "Marriage of the Virgin" (1448–52). </p><p>The "Dragon and Phoenix" and the "Marby" rugs were the only existing examples of Anatolian animal carpets known until 1988. Since then, seven more carpets of this type have been found. They survived in Tibetan monasteries and were removed by monks fleeing to Nepal during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Chinese cultural revolution</a>. One of these carpets was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art<sup id="cite_ref-MET_animal_carpet_Acc.Nr._1990.61_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MET_animal_carpet_Acc.Nr._1990.61-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which parallels a painting by the Sienese artist <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_di_Cecco" title="Gregorio di Cecco">Gregorio di Cecco</a>: "The Marriage of the Virgin", 1423.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shows large confronted animals, each with a smaller animal inside. </p><p>More animal carpets were depicted in Italian paintings of the 14th and 15th century, and thus represent the earliest Oriental carpets shown in Renaissance paintings. Although only few examples for early Anatolian carpets have survived, European paintings inform the knowledge about late Seljuk and early Ottoman carpets. By the end of the 15th century, geometrical ornaments became more frequent. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holbein_and_Lotto_carpets">Holbein and Lotto carpets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Holbein and Lotto carpets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the distribution and size of their geometric medallions, a distinction is made between "large" and "small" <a href="/wiki/Holbein_carpet" title="Holbein carpet">Holbein carpets</a>. The small Holbein type is characterized by small octagons, frequently including a star, which are distributed over the field in a regular pattern, surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesques</a>. The large Holbein type show two or three large medallions, often including eight-pointed stars. Their field is often covered in minute floral ornaments. These "Ushak" carpets can be found in places such as the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Applied_Arts,_Vienna" title="Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna">MAK</a> in Vienna, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in Paris, and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lotto_carpet" title="Lotto carpet">Lotto carpets</a> show a yellow grid of geometric arabesques, with interchanging cruciform, octagonal, or diamond shaped elements. The oldest examples have "kufic" borders. The field is always red, and is covered with bright yellow leaves on an underlying rapport of octagonal or rhombiform elements. Carpets of various sizes up to 6 meters square are known. Ellis distinguishes three principal design groups for Lotto carpets: the Anatolian-style, kilim-style, and ornamental style.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis,_Lotto_carpet_styles_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_Lotto_carpet_styles-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holbein and Lotto carpets have little in common with decorations and ornaments seen on Ottoman art objects other than carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Briggs demonstrated similarities between both types of carpets, and Timurid carpets depicted in miniature paintings. The Holbein and Lotto carpets may represent a design tradition dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs,_Timurid_carpets_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs,_Timurid_carpets-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177px; height: 177px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Type I small-pattern Holbein carpet, Anatolia, 16th century."><img alt="Type I small-pattern Holbein carpet, Anatolia, 16th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg/76px-Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg/114px-Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg/152px-Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Type I small-pattern Holbein carpet, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, 16th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177px; height: 177px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_Harem,_Topkapi_Palace,_Istanbul,_Turkey_(Nov_2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Harem Room, Topkapi Palace, carpet with a small-pattern "Holbein" design"><img alt="The Harem Room, Topkapi Palace, carpet with a small-pattern "Holbein" design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Inside_the_Harem%2C_Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_%28Nov_2009%29.jpg/98px-Inside_the_Harem%2C_Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_%28Nov_2009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Inside_the_Harem%2C_Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_%28Nov_2009%29.jpg/147px-Inside_the_Harem%2C_Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_%28Nov_2009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Inside_the_Harem%2C_Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_%28Nov_2009%29.jpg/195px-Inside_the_Harem%2C_Topkapi_Palace%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_%28Nov_2009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Harem Room, <a href="/wiki/Topkapi_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Topkapi Palace">Topkapi Palace</a>, carpet with a small-pattern "Holbein" design</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177px; height: 177px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holbein_carpet_with_large_medallions_16th_century_Central_Anatolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Type IV large-pattern Holbein carpet, 16th century, Central Anatolia."><img alt="Type IV large-pattern Holbein carpet, 16th century, Central Anatolia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Holbein_carpet_with_large_medallions_16th_century_Central_Anatolia.jpg/121px-Holbein_carpet_with_large_medallions_16th_century_Central_Anatolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Holbein_carpet_with_large_medallions_16th_century_Central_Anatolia.jpg/182px-Holbein_carpet_with_large_medallions_16th_century_Central_Anatolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Holbein_carpet_with_large_medallions_16th_century_Central_Anatolia.jpg/242px-Holbein_carpet_with_large_medallions_16th_century_Central_Anatolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="2395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Type IV large-pattern Holbein carpet, 16th century, Central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177px; height: 177px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern,_16th_century,_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Anatolian ‘Lotto’-rug, 16th century, Saint Louis Art Museum"><img alt="Western Anatolian ‘Lotto’-rug, 16th century, Saint Louis Art Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/147px-Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/221px-Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/294px-Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Western Anatolian ‘Lotto’-rug, 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">Saint Louis Art Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ushak_carpets">Ushak carpets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ushak carpets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Star Ushak</b> carpets were woven in large formats. They are characterized by large dark blue star shaped primary medallions in infinite repeat on a red ground field containing a secondary floral scroll. The design was likely influenced by northwest Persian book design, or by Persian carpet medallions.<sup id="cite_ref-Star_Ushak_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_Ushak-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As compared to the medallion Ushak carpets, the concept of the infinite repeat in star Ushak carpets is more accentuated and in keeping with the early Turkish design tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Star_Ushak_-_Turkish_design_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_Ushak_-_Turkish_design-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their strong allusion to the infinite repeat, the star Ushak design can be used on carpets of various size and in many varying dimensions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIK_-_Medaillon-Uschak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MIK_-_Medaillon-Uschak.jpg/220px-MIK_-_Medaillon-Uschak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MIK_-_Medaillon-Uschak.jpg/330px-MIK_-_Medaillon-Uschak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MIK_-_Medaillon-Uschak.jpg/440px-MIK_-_Medaillon-Uschak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a Medallion Ushak carpet, ca. 1600. <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Medallion Ushak</b> carpets usually have a red or blue field decorated with a floral trellis or leaf tendrils, ovoid primary medallions alternating with smaller eight-lobed stars, or lobed medallions, intertwined with floral tracery. Their border frequently contains palmettes on a floral and leaf scroll, and pseudo-kufic characters.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medallion Ushak carpets with their curvilinear patterns significantly depart from the designs of earlier Turkish carpets. Their emergence in the sixteenth century hints at a potential impact of Persian designs. Since the Ottoman Turks occupied the former Persian capital of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> in the first half of the sixteenth century, they would have knowledge of, and access to Persian medallion carpets. Several examples are known to have been in Turkey at an early date, such as the carpet that Erdmann found in the Topkapı Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ushak carpet medallion, however, conceived as part of an endless repeat, represents a specific Turkish idea, and is different from the Persian understanding of a self-contained central medallion.<sup id="cite_ref-Denny,_Ottoman_court_carpet_designs_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denny,_Ottoman_court_carpet_designs-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Star and medallion Ushaks represent an important innovation, as in them, floral ornaments appear in Turkish carpets for the first time. The replacement of floral and foliate ornaments by geometrical designs, and the substitution of the infinite repeat by large, centered compositions of ornaments, was termed by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Erdmann" title="Kurt Erdmann">Kurt Erdmann</a> the "pattern revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann,_Design_revolution_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann,_Design_revolution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another small group of Ushak carpets is called <b>Double-niche Ushaks</b>. In their design, the corner medallions have been moved closely together, so that they form a niche on both ends of the carpet. This has been understood as a prayer rug design, because a pendant resembling a mosque lamp is suspended from one of the niches. The resulting design scheme resembles the classical Persian medallion design. Counterintuitive to the prayer rug design, some of the double niche Ushaks have central medallions as well. Double niche Ushaks thus may provide an example for the integration of Persian patterns into an older Anatolian design tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann,_Seven_Hundred_Years_of_Oriental_Carpets,_1970_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann,_Seven_Hundred_Years_of_Oriental_Carpets,_1970-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann,_Early_Turkish_Carpet_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann,_Early_Turkish_Carpet-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_ground_(Selendi)_rugs"><span id="White_ground_.28Selendi.29_rugs"></span>White ground (Selendi) rugs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: White ground (Selendi) rugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird_Rug_Sighisoara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bird_Rug_Sighisoara.jpg/220px-Bird_Rug_Sighisoara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bird_Rug_Sighisoara.jpg/330px-Bird_Rug_Sighisoara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bird_Rug_Sighisoara.jpg/440px-Bird_Rug_Sighisoara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="2724" /></a><figcaption>White-ground "Selendi" rug with bird-like ornaments. Monastery Church of Sighișoara, Romania.</figcaption></figure> <p>Examples are also known of rugs woven in the Ushak area whose fields are covered by ornaments like the <b><a href="/wiki/Cintamani" title="Cintamani">Cintamani</a></b> motif, made of three coloured orbs arranged in triangles, often with two wavy bands positioned under each triangle. This motiv usually appears on a white ground. Together with the <b>bird</b> and a very small group of so-called <b>scorpion</b> rugs, they form a group of known as <b>"white ground rugs"</b>. Bird rugs have an allover geometrical field design of repeating quatrefoils enclosing a rosette. Although geometric in design, the pattern has similarities to birds. The rugs of the white ground group have been attributed to the nearby town of <b>Selendi</b>, based on an Ottoman official price list <i>(narh defter)</i> of 1640 which mentions a "white carpet with leopard design".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Cairene_rugs">Ottoman Cairene rugs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ottoman Cairene rugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 1517 Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt, two different cultures merged. The earlier tradition of the Mamluk carpet used "S" (clockwise) spun and "Z" (anti-clockwise)-plied wool, and a limited palette of colours and shades. After the conquest, the Cairene weavers adopted an Ottoman Turkish design.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoman_Cairene_carpet_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_Cairene_carpet-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of these carpets continued in Egypt, and probably also in Anatolia, into the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottoman_Cairene_carpets_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottoman_Cairene_carpets-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Transylvanian"_rugs"><span id=".22Transylvanian.22_rugs"></span>"Transylvanian" rugs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "Transylvanian" rugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_rugs" title="Transylvanian rugs">Transylvanian rugs</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1526-1699. It was an important center for the carpet trade with Europe. Carpets were also valued in Transylvania, and Turkish carpets were used as decorative wall furnishings in Christian Protestant churches. Amongst others, the <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Neagr%C4%83" title="Biserica Neagră">Black Church</a> still shelters a variety of Anatolian carpets, called by convenience "Transylvanian carpets".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By their preservation in Christian churches, unusual as the setting may be, the carpets were protected from wear and the changes of history, and often remained in excellent condition. Amongst these carpets are well-preserved Holbein, Lotto, and Bird Ushak carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-Ionescu_2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ionescu_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The carpets termed "Transsylvanian carpets" by convenience today are of Ottoman origin, and were woven in Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ionescu_2013_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ionescu_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually their format is small, with borders of oblong, angular cartouches whose centers are filled with stylized, counterchanging vegetal motifs, sometimes interspersed with shorter stellated rosettes or cartouches. Their field often has a prayer niche design, with two pairs of vases with flowering branches symmetrically arranged towards the horizontal axis. In other examples, the field decor is condensed into medallions of concentric lozenges and rows of flowers. The spandrels of the prayer niche contain stiff arabesques or geometrical rosettes and leaves. The ground colour is yellow, red, or dark blue. The Transylvanian church records, as well as Netherlandish paintings from the seventeenth century which depict in detail carpets with this design, allow for precise dating.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmutzler,_Transsylvanian_Carpets_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmutzler,_Transsylvanian_Carpets-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_rugs_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_rugs-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:376px;max-width:376px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_de_Hooch_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pieter_de_Hooch_019.jpg/221px-Pieter_de_Hooch_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pieter_de_Hooch_019.jpg/332px-Pieter_de_Hooch_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pieter_de_Hooch_019.jpg/442px-Pieter_de_Hooch_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg/147px-Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg/221px-Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg/294px-Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="893" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><i>Left image</i>: Pieter de Hooch: Portrait of a family making music, 1663, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a><br /> <i>Right image</i>: "Transylvanian" type prayer rug, 17th century, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum, Warsaw</a></div></div></div></div> <p>By the time "Transylvanian" carpets appear in Western paintings for the first time, royal and aristocratic subjects had mostly progressed to sit for portraits which depict Persian carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less wealthy sitters are still shown with the Turkish types: The 1620 <i><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Grapheus_-_Cornelis_de_Vos_1620-Antwerpen.JPG" title="File:Abraham Grapheus - Cornelis de Vos 1620-Antwerpen.JPG">Portrait of Abraham Grapheus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Vos" title="Cornelis de Vos">Cornelis de Vos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Keyser" title="Thomas de Keyser">Thomas de Keyser</a>'s "Portrait of an unknown man" (1626) and "Portrait of Constantijn Huyghens and his clerk" (1627) are amongst the earliest paintings depicting the "Transylvanian" types of Ottoman Turkish manufactory carpets. Transylvanian vigesimal accounts, customs bills, and other archived documents provide evidence that these carpets were exported to Europe in large quantities. Probably the increase in production reflects the increasing demand by an upper middle class who now could afford to buy these carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-Ydema_1991_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ydema_1991-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_Hooch" title="Pieter de Hooch">Pieter de Hoochs</a> 1663 painting "Portrait of a family making music" depicts an Ottoman prayer rug of the "Transylvanian" type.<sup id="cite_ref-Ydema_1991_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ydema_1991-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anatolian carpets of the "Transylvanian" type were also kept in other European churches in Hungary, Poland, Italy and Germany, whence they were sold, and reached European and American museums and private collections. Aside from the Transylvanian churches, the <a href="/wiki/Brukenthal_National_Museum" title="Brukenthal National Museum">Brukenthal National Museum</a> in Sibiu, Romania,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Brukenthal_Museum:_The_extraordinary_value_of_the_Anatolian_Carpet_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Brukenthal_Museum:_The_extraordinary_value_of_the_Anatolian_Carpet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Budapest)" title="Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)">Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Skokloster_Castle" title="Skokloster Castle">Skokloster Castle</a> near Stockholm in Sweden keep important collections of "Transylvanian" carpets. </p><p>Carpets are rarely found in Anatolia itself from the transitional period between the classical Ottoman era and the nineteenth century. The reason for this remains unclear. Carpets which can be reliably dated to the eighteenth century are of a small format. At the same time, western European residences were more sparely equipped with Oriental carpets. It seems likely that carpets were not exported in large scale during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century:_"Mecidi"_style,_and_the_Hereke_court_manufacture"><span id="19th_century:_.22Mecidi.22_style.2C_and_the_Hereke_court_manufacture"></span>19th century: "<i>Mecidi</i>" style, and the Hereke court manufacture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 19th century: "Mecidi" style, and the Hereke court manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmabahce_Palacasdfe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dolmabahce_Palacasdfe.jpg/220px-Dolmabahce_Palacasdfe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dolmabahce_Palacasdfe.jpg/330px-Dolmabahce_Palacasdfe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dolmabahce_Palacasdfe.jpg/440px-Dolmabahce_Palacasdfe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>, Pink Hall, with typical <i>"mecidi"</i>-style carpet</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the eighteenth century, the "turkish baroque" or "<i>mecidi</i>" style developed out of French baroque designs. Carpets were woven after the patterns of French <a href="/wiki/Savonnerie_manufactory" title="Savonnerie manufactory">Savonnerie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry" title="Aubusson tapestry">Aubusson tapestry</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a> (1839–1861) built the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>, modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>. </p><p>A weaving workshop was established in 1843 in Hereke that supplied the royal palaces with silk brocades and other textiles. The Hereke Imperial Factory included looms that produced cotton fabric, in 1850 the cotton looms were moved to a factory in Bakirkoy, west of Istanbul, being replaced by Jacquard looms. Within its early years of production, it had only produced textiles exclusively for the Ottoman palaces, and in 1878, a fire had caused extensive damage and had closed production until 1882. Carpet production had begun in Hereke in 1891 and became a center for expert carpet weavers. </p><p>Hereke carpets are known primarily for their fine weave. Silk thread or fine wool yarn and occasionally gold, silver and cotton thread are used in their production. Wool carpets produced for the palace had 60–65 knots per square centimeter, while silk carpets had 80–100 knots.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest Hereke carpets, now exhibited in <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı</a> and other palaces in Istanbul, contain a wide variety of colours and designs. The typical "palace carpet" features intricate floral designs, including the tulip, daisy, carnation, crocus, rose, lilac, and hyacinth. It often has quarter medallions in the corners. The medallion designs of earlier Ushak carpets was widely used at the Hereke factory. These medallions are curved on the horizontal axis and taper to points on the vertical axis. Hereke prayer rugs feature patterns of geometric motifs, tendrils and lamps as background designs within the representation of a <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> (prayer niche). Once referring solely to carpets woven at Hereke, the term "Hereke carpet" now refers to any high quality carpet woven using similar techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history:_Decline_and_revival">Modern history: Decline and revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern history: Decline and revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:385px;max-width:385px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pile_Rug,_ca_1875;_Southwestern_Anatolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pile_Rug%2C_ca_1875%3B_Southwestern_Anatolia.jpg/190px-Pile_Rug%2C_ca_1875%3B_Southwestern_Anatolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pile_Rug%2C_ca_1875%3B_Southwestern_Anatolia.jpg/285px-Pile_Rug%2C_ca_1875%3B_Southwestern_Anatolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Pile_Rug%2C_ca_1875%3B_Southwestern_Anatolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rare_Eastern_Anatolian_Tribal_Kurdish_Cuval_Circa_1880_Private_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rare_Eastern_Anatolian_Tribal_Kurdish_Cuval_Circa_1880_Private_Collection.jpg/187px-Rare_Eastern_Anatolian_Tribal_Kurdish_Cuval_Circa_1880_Private_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rare_Eastern_Anatolian_Tribal_Kurdish_Cuval_Circa_1880_Private_Collection.jpg/281px-Rare_Eastern_Anatolian_Tribal_Kurdish_Cuval_Circa_1880_Private_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rare_Eastern_Anatolian_Tribal_Kurdish_Cuval_Circa_1880_Private_Collection.jpg/374px-Rare_Eastern_Anatolian_Tribal_Kurdish_Cuval_Circa_1880_Private_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><i>Left image</i>: <a href="/wiki/Pile_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pile rug">Pile rug</a>, circa 1875; Southwestern Anatolia, with bright but harmonic natural dyes<br /> <i>Right image</i>: Tribal Kurdish Cuval, ca. 1880 in traditional design, with harsh synthetic colours.</div></div></div></div> <p>The modern history of carpets and rugs began in the nineteenth century when increasing demand for handmade carpets arose on the international market. However, the traditional, hand-woven, naturally dyed Turkish carpet is a very labour-intense product, as each step in its manufacture requires considerable time, from the preparation, spinning, dyeing of the wool to setting up the loom, knotting each knot by hand, and finishing the carpet before it goes to market. In an attempt to save on resources and cost, and maximise on profit in a competitive market environment, synthetic <a href="/wiki/Dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyes">dyes</a>, non-traditional weaving tools like the <a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">power loom</a>, and standardized designs were introduced. This led to a rapid breakdown of the tradition, resulting in the degeneration of an art which had been cultivated for centuries. The process was recognized by art historians as early as in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is hitherto unknown when exactly this process of degeneration started, but it is observed mainly since the large-scale introduction of synthetic colours took place.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late twentieth century, the loss of cultural heritage was recognized, and efforts started to revive the tradition. <a href="/wiki/DOBAG_Carpet_Initiative" title="DOBAG Carpet Initiative">Initiatives</a> were started aiming at re-establishing the ancient tradition of carpet weaving from handspun, naturally dyed wool.<sup id="cite_ref-TCF_activities_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCF_activities-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The return to traditional dyeing and weaving by the producers, and the renewed customer interest in these carpets was termed by Eilland as the "Carpet Renaissance".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carpet_weaving:_Materials,_technique,_processes"><span id="Carpet_weaving:_Materials.2C_technique.2C_processes"></span>Carpet weaving: Materials, technique, processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carpet weaving: Materials, technique, processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loomwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Loomwork.jpg/220px-Loomwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Loomwork.jpg/330px-Loomwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Loomwork.jpg/440px-Loomwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">rug</a> weaver in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In traditional households, women and girls take up carpet and kilim weaving as a hobby as well as a means of earning money. Women learn their weaving skills at an early age, taking months or even years to complete the pile rugs and flat woven kilims that were created for their use in daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Dominant_role_of_women_and_girls_in_Turkish_carpet_weaving_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Dominant_role_of_women_and_girls_in_Turkish_carpet_weaving-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition:_The_Role_of_Women_and_Girls_in_traditional_rug_and_carpet_weaving_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition:_The_Role_of_Women_and_Girls_in_traditional_rug_and_carpet_weaving-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Makers of handmade rugs use only natural fibres. The most common materials used for the pile are wool, silk and cotton. Nomadic and village weavers sometimes also use goat- and camel-hair. Traditionally, spinning is done by <a href="/wiki/Hand_spinning" title="Hand spinning">hand</a>. Several strands of yarn are then <a href="/wiki/Plying" title="Plying">plied</a> together so that the resulting yarn is strong enough to be used for weaving. </p><p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool"><b>Sheep's wool</b></a> is the most frequently used pile material in a Turkish rug because it is soft, durable, easy to work with and not too expensive. It is less susceptible to dirt than cotton, does not react electrostatically, and insulates against both heat and cold. This combination of characteristics is not found in other natural fibers. Wool comes from the coats of sheep. Natural wool comes in colors of white, brown, fawn, yellow and gray, which are sometimes used directly without going through a dyeing process, sheep's wool also takes dyes well. Traditionally, wool used for Turkish carpets is <a href="/wiki/Hand_spinning" title="Hand spinning">spun by hand</a>. Before the yarn can be used for weaving, several strands have to be twisted together for additional strength. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></b> is used primarily in the foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warp_and_woof" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp and woof"> wefts</a> of rugs. Cotton is stronger than wool, and, when used for the foundation, makes a carpet lie flat on the ground, as it is not as easily distorted as woolen strings. Some weavers, such as Turkomans, also use cotton for weaving small white details into the rug in order to create contrast. </p><p>Wool-on-wool (wool pile on wool warp and weft): This is the most traditional type of Anatolian rug. Wool-on-wool carpet weaving dates back further and utilizes more traditional design-motifs than its counterparts. Because wool cannot be spun extra finely, the <a href="/wiki/Knot_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Knot count">knot count</a> is often not as high as seen in a "wool-on-cotton" or "silk-on-silk" rug. Wool-on-wool carpets are more frequently attributed to tribal or nomadic production. </p><p>Wool-on-<a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> (wool pile on cotton warp and weft): This particular combination facilitates a more intricate design-pattern than a "wool-on-wool carpet", as cotton can be finely spun which allows for a higher knot-count. A "wool-on-cotton" rug is often indicative of a town weaver. Due to their higher pile density, wool-on-cotton carpets are heavier than wool-on-wool rugs. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></b>-on-silk (silk pile on silk warp and weft): This is the most intricate type of carpet, featuring a very fine weave. Knot counts on some superior-quality "silk-on-silk" rugs can be as high as 28×28 knots/cm<sup>2</sup>. Knot counts for silk carpets intended for floor coverings should<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> be no greater than 100 knots per square cm, or 10×10 knots/cm<sup>2</sup>. Carpets woven with a knot count greater than 10×10 knots/cm<sup>2</sup> are intended to be used as a wall or pillow tapestry, because their fabric is less resistant to mechanical stress. These very fine, intricately-woven rugs and carpets are usually no larger than 3×3 m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyes_and_dyeing">Dyes and dyeing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dyes and dyeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpet_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Carpet_factory.jpg/150px-Carpet_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Carpet_factory.jpg/225px-Carpet_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Carpet_factory.jpg/300px-Carpet_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Naturally dyed wool in a Turkish carpet manufacture</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional dyes used for Anatolian carpets are obtained from plants, insects and minerals. In 1856, the English chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin" title="William Henry Perkin">William Henry Perkin</a> invented the first <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> dye, <a href="/wiki/Mauveine" title="Mauveine">mauveine</a>. A variety of other synthetic <a href="/wiki/Dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyes">dyes</a> were invented thereafter. Cheap, readily prepared and easy to use as they were compared to natural dyes, their use is documented in Ushak carpets already by the mid 1860s. The tradition of natural dyeing was recently revived, based on chemical analyses of natural dyes from antique wool samples, and experimental re-creation of dyeing recipes and processes, in the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to these analyses, natural dyes used in Anatolian rugs include: </p> <ul><li><i>Red</i> from <a href="/wiki/Rubia_tinctorum" title="Rubia tinctorum">Madder (Rubia tinctorum)</a> roots,</li> <li><i>Yellow</i> from plants, including <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion (Allium cepa)</a>, several chamomile species (<a href="/wiki/Anthemis" title="Anthemis">Anthemis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matricaria_chamomilla" title="Matricaria chamomilla">Matricaria chamomilla</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia">Euphorbia</a>,</li> <li><i>Black</i>: <a href="/wiki/Oak_apple" title="Oak apple">Oak apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak acorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhus_coriaria" title="Rhus coriaria">Tanner's sumach</a>,</li> <li><i>Green</i> by double dyeing with <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">Indigo</a> and yellow dye,</li> <li><i>Orange</i> by double dyeing with madder red and yellow dye,</li> <li><i>Blue</i>: <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">Indigo</a> gained from <a href="/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria" title="Indigofera tinctoria">Indigofera tinctoria</a>.</li></ul> <p>The dyeing process involves the preparation of the yarn in order to make it susceptible for the proper dyes by immersion in a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a>, immersing the yarn in the dyeing solution, and leaving it to dry exposed to air and sunlight. Some colours, especially dark brown, require iron mordants, which can damage or fade the fabric. This often results in faster pile wear in areas dyed in dark brown colours, and may create a relief effect in antique Turkish carpets. </p><p>With modern synthetic <a href="/wiki/Dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyes">dyes</a>, nearly every colour and shade can be obtained so that it is nearly impossible to identify, in a finished carpet, whether natural or artificial dyes were used. Modern carpets can be woven with carefully selected synthetic colours, and provide artistic and utilitarian value.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anatolian rug is distinct from carpets of other provenience in that it makes more pronounced use of primary colours. Western Anatolian carpets prefer red and blue colours, whereas Central Anatolian use more red and yellow, with sharp contrasts set in white.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaving_and_finishing">Weaving and finishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Weaving and finishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_loom_and_weavers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Turkish_loom_and_weavers.jpg/300px-Turkish_loom_and_weavers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Turkish_loom_and_weavers.jpg/450px-Turkish_loom_and_weavers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Turkish_loom_and_weavers.jpg/600px-Turkish_loom_and_weavers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Turkish (roller beam) loom and weavers (1908).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knopen_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Knopen_001.jpg/100px-Knopen_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Knopen_001.jpg/150px-Knopen_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Knopen_001.jpg/200px-Knopen_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Turkish (symmetric) knot</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knopen_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Knopen_002.jpg/100px-Knopen_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Knopen_002.jpg/150px-Knopen_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Knopen_002.jpg/200px-Knopen_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Persian (asymmetric) knot, open to the right</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpet_fringes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carpet_fringes.jpg/100px-Carpet_fringes.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carpet_fringes.jpg/150px-Carpet_fringes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carpet_fringes.jpg/200px-Carpet_fringes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> end and fringes</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of tools are needed in the construction of a handmade rug. A <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a>, a horizontal or upright framework, is needed to mount the vertical <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warps</a> into which the pile nodes are knotted, and one or more shoots of horizontal <a href="/wiki/Warp_and_woof" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp and woof">wefts</a> are woven ("shot") in after each row of knots in order to further stabilize the fabric. Wefts can be either undyed or dyed, mostly in red and blue. </p><p>The pile knots are usually knotted by hand. Most rugs from Anatolia utilize the symmetrical <a href="/wiki/Ghiordes_knot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiordes knot">Turkish double knot</a>. Each knot is made on two warps. With this form of knotting, each end of the pile thread is twisted around two warp threads at regular intervals, so that both ends of the knot come up between two strands on one side of the carpet. The thread is then pulled downwards and cut with a knife. </p><p>After a row of knots has been inserted, one or two, sometimes more, rows of wefts are woven in, and the fabric is compacted by beating with a heavy comb. Once the carpet is finished, it is cut from the loom. The sides or <a href="/wiki/Selvedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Selvedge">selvages</a> are usually overcast in wool. The selvages consist of up to ten warp threads. Especially village and nomadic rugs have flat-woven <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilim</a> ends, sometimes including pile-woven tribal signs or village crests. The pile of the carpet is shorn with special knives in order to obtain an equal surface. In some carpets, a relief effect is obtained by clipping the pile unevenly. Finally, the carpet is washed before it is used, or goes to the market. </p><p>The upright pile of Turkish rugs usually falls in one direction, as knots are always pulled down before the string of pile yarn is cut off and work resumes on the next knot, piling row after row of knots on top of each other. When touching a carpet, this creates a feeling similar to stroking an animal's fur. This can be used to determine where the weaver has started knotting the pile. The pile in Turkish carpets is usually between 2 and 4 mm thick. Coarse nomadic rugs like the <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yürük">Yürük</a> rugs, can be as thick as 12 mm. A special bedding carpet called <i>yatak</i> may reach a pile thickness of 20 to 25 mm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_traditions_of_Anatolian_rug_design">Origins and traditions of Anatolian rug design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Origins and traditions of Anatolian rug design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anatolian rug design integrates different strands of traditions. Specific elements are closely related to the history of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> and their interaction with surrounding cultures, in their central Asian origin as well as during their migration, and in Anatolia itself. The most important cultural influences came from the Chinese culture, and from Islam. Carpets from the <a href="/wiki/Bergama_carpet" title="Bergama carpet">Bergama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konya_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya carpet">Konya</a> areas are considered as most closely related to earlier Anatolian rugs, and their significance in the history of the art is now better understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Eilland,_Oriental_Rugs_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eilland,_Oriental_Rugs-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asian_traditions">Central Asian traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Central Asian traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_left_corner_of_a_%22Transylvanian%22_%22Lotto%22_rug,_adorning_the_fortified_church_of_Biertan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lower_left_corner_of_a_%22Transylvanian%22_%22Lotto%22_rug%2C_adorning_the_fortified_church_of_Biertan.jpg/220px-Lower_left_corner_of_a_%22Transylvanian%22_%22Lotto%22_rug%2C_adorning_the_fortified_church_of_Biertan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lower_left_corner_of_a_%22Transylvanian%22_%22Lotto%22_rug%2C_adorning_the_fortified_church_of_Biertan.jpg/330px-Lower_left_corner_of_a_%22Transylvanian%22_%22Lotto%22_rug%2C_adorning_the_fortified_church_of_Biertan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lower_left_corner_of_a_%22Transylvanian%22_%22Lotto%22_rug%2C_adorning_the_fortified_church_of_Biertan.jpg/440px-Lower_left_corner_of_a_%22Transylvanian%22_%22Lotto%22_rug%2C_adorning_the_fortified_church_of_Biertan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a "Lotto" rug with a cloud band border. The ornament is assumed to be of Chinese origin. In most Anatolian rugs, the borders are <i>unresolved</i>, i.e., do not continue diagonally.</figcaption></figure> <p>The early history of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> in Central Asia is closely related to China. Contacts between Turks and China are documented since the early <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. </p><p>In his essay on centralized designs, Thompson<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relates the central medallion pattern, frequently found in Anatolian rugs to the "lotus pedestal" and "cloud collar (yun chien)" motifs, used in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">the art of Buddhist Asia</a>, which he dated back to <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty China</a>. Recently, Brüggemann further elaborated on the relationship between Chinese and Turkic motifs like the "cloud band" ornament, the origin of which he relates to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Anatolian "Phoenix and Dragon rug" depicts another traditional motif of Chinese mythology, the fight between the phoenix (<a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">Fenghuang</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpets_of_the_Islamic_Museum,_Berlin_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpets_of_the_Islamic_Museum,_Berlin-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romano-Hellenistic_traditions">Romano-Hellenistic traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Romano-Hellenistic traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are documentary records of carpets being used by the ancient Greeks. <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> writes in <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Ilias</a> XVII,350 that the body of Patroklos is covered with a "splendid carpet". In <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> Book VII and X "carpets" are mentioned. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> wrote (<a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">nat. VIII, 48</a>) that carpets ("polymita") were invented in Alexandria. It is unknown whether these were flatweaves or pile weaves, as no detailed technical information can be gained from the texts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus of Naucratis</a> describes luxurious carpets in his <a href="/wiki/Deipnosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deipnosophists">Deipnosophists</a>, written about 230 AD. </p> <blockquote><p>"And under these there were strewed purple carpets of the finest wool, with the carpet pattern on both sides. And there were handsomely embroidered rugs very beautifully elaborated on them." (Book V, p. 314)<br /> </p><p>"[...] to lie on a couch with silver feet, with a smooth Sardian carpet spread under it of the most expensive description." (Book VI, p. 401)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>A carpet "with the pattern on both sides" could either be a flat-woven, or pile-woven carpet. Whether "purple" refers to the colour of the fabric or to the dyestuff (either <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rubia_tinctorum" title="Rubia tinctorum">madder red</a> could have been used) remains unknown. The town of <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> lies in Western Anatolia, thus, this may be the earliest reference to carpet production in the region of Asia minor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was ruled by the Roman Empire since 133 BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">East Roman (Byzantine)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> Empires have coexisted for more than 400 years. Artistically, both empires have developed similar styles and decorative vocabulary, as exemplified by mosaics and architecture of Roman <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Masterpieces_Islamic_Art,_2012_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masterpieces_Islamic_Art,_2012-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Turkish carpet pattern depicted on <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_with_Canon_van_der_Paele" title="Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele">"Paele Madonna"</a> painting was traced back to late Roman origins and related to early Islamic floor mosaics found in the Umayyad palace of <a href="/wiki/Hisham%27s_Palace" title="Hisham's Palace">Khirbat al-Mafjar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brüggemann,_Orientteppich_2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brüggemann,_Orientteppich_2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architectural elements seen in the Khirbat al-Mafjar complex are considered exemplary for the continuation of pre-Islamic, Roman designs in early Islamic art.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_traditions">Islamic traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Islamic traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg/220px-Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg/330px-Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg/440px-Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2943" data-file-height="3890" /></a><figcaption>Bursa prayer rug, late 16th century, <a href="/wiki/James_F._Ballard" title="James F. Ballard">James F. Ballard</a> collection</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migrants</a> moved from Central Asia to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, they were migrating mainly through lands which had already adopted Islam. Depicting animals or humans is <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">prohibited</a> in the Islamic tradition, which does not distinguish between religious and profane life. Since the codification of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> by <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman Ibn Affan</a> in 651 AD/19 AH and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> reforms, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> has focused on writing and ornament. The borders of Anatolian rugs frequently contain ornaments which were derived from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>. Usually, these "kufic" borders consist of lam-alif- or alif-lam sequences in an interwoven pattern. </p><p>The main fields of Anatolian rugs are frequently filled with redundant, interwoven patterns in "infinite repeat". Thus, the rug represents a section of an infinite pattern, which is imagined as continuing beyond its borders and into the infinite. </p><p>A specific Islamic pattern is the mihrab pattern which defines the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer rug</a>. A prayer rug is characterized by a niche at one end, representing the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> in every mosque, a directional point to direct the <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worshipper</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. The mihrab pattern in Turkish carpets is often modified and may consist of a single, double, or vertically or horizontally multiplied niche. Thus the niche pattern can range from a concrete, architectural to a more ornamental understanding of the design. Prayer rugs are often woven "upside down", as becomes apparent when the direction of the pile is felt by touching the carpet. This has both technical (the weaver can focus on the more complicated niche design first), and practical reasons (the pile inclines in the direction of the worshipper's prostration). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cultural_influences">Other cultural influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other cultural influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg/150px-Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg/225px-Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg/300px-Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Anatolian kilim with a geometric pattern</figcaption></figure> <p>Large, geometric shapes are considered to be of Caucasian or <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> origin. The Caucasian tradition may have been integrated either by migrating Turkish tribes, or by contact with Turkmen people already living in Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central medallion consisting of large, concentrically reduced rhomboid patterns with latch-hook ornaments is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörük nomads</a> of Anatolia. The name Yürük is usually given to nomads whose way of life has changed least from its central Asian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Eilland,_Oriental_Carpets_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eilland,_Oriental_Carpets-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Anatolia, several ethnic minorities have maintained separate traditions, e.g., the Greek, Armenians, and Kurds. Whilst Greeks and Armenians were involved in carpet weaving and trading in the past, no design motifs have been clearly associated with their distinct, Christian culture. <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rugs" title="Kurdish rugs">Kurdish rug design</a> differs from Anatolian. Kurdish rugs are more often discussed together with <a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian carpets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eilland,_Oriental_Carpets_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eilland,_Oriental_Carpets-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_context:_Court_and_town,_village_and_nomadic_production"><span id="Social_context:_Court_and_town.2C_village_and_nomadic_production"></span>Social context: Court and town, village and nomadic production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Social context: Court and town, village and nomadic production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TownVillageNomads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TownVillageNomads.jpg/220px-TownVillageNomads.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TownVillageNomads.jpg/330px-TownVillageNomads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TownVillageNomads.jpg/440px-TownVillageNomads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Cultural interactions in traditional carpet production</figcaption></figure> <p>Carpets and rugs were simultaneously produced by and for the four different social levels of court, town, rural village, and tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann,_Early_Turkish_Carpet_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann,_Early_Turkish_Carpet-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of town design were often reproduced in rural production, and integrated by the village weavers into their own artistic tradition by a process called stylization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Court_manufacture">Court manufacture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Court manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Representative "court" rugs were woven by special workshops, often founded and protected by the sovereign, with the intention to represent power and status. As such, representative carpets have developed a specific design tradition influenced by the courts of the surrounding empires.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rugs were produced in the court manufactures as special commissions or gifts. Their elaborate design required a division of work between an artist who created a design plan (termed "cartoon") on paper, and a weaver who was given the plan for execution on the loom. Thus, artist and weaver were separated.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann,_Seven_Hundred_Years_of_Oriental_Carpets,_1970_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann,_Seven_Hundred_Years_of_Oriental_Carpets,_1970-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann,_Early_Turkish_Carpet_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann,_Early_Turkish_Carpet-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Town_and_village_production">Town and village production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Town and village production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carpets were woven in town manufactures by organized manufactories. Usually, town manufactures have a larger range of patterns and ornaments and more artistically developed designs which can be executed by the weavers, the palette of colours is rich, and the weaving technique may be finer due to their access to high-quality wool, and the employment of specialized weavers. Larger formats can be produced on the larger, stationary looms. Carpets are woven from cartoons, using material provided by the manufacturer. The town manufactories may accept commissions even from foreign countries, and produce carpets for export.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdmann,_Early_Turkish_Carpet_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdmann,_Early_Turkish_Carpet-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rugs produced in villages are often produced in individual homes, but at least partly commissioned and supervised by guilds or manufacturers. Home production may not require full-time labour, but could be performed when time allows, besides other household tasks. Village carpets as essential household items were part of a tradition that was at times influenced by, but essentially distinct from the invented designs of the workshop production. Frequently, mosques had acquired rural carpets as <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">charitable gifts</a>, which provided material for studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Balpinar,_Vakiflar_Museum_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balpinar,_Vakiflar_Museum-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural carpets rarely include cotton for warps and wefts, and almost never silk, as these materials had to be purchased on the market by the individual weaver. </p><p>Patterns and ornaments from court manufactory rugs were reproduced by smaller (town or village) workshops. This process is well documented for Ottoman prayer rugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Denny,_Islamic_carpets,_2014_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denny,_Islamic_carpets,_2014-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As prototypical court designs were passed on to smaller workshops, and from one generation to the next, the design underwent a process termed stylization, comprizing series of small, incremental changes either in the overall design, or in details of smaller patterns and ornaments, over time. As a result, the prototype may be modified to an extent as to be barely recognizable. Initially misunderstood as the "degeneration" of a design, the process of stylization is now regarded as a genuine creative process within a distinct design tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Denny,_Islamic_carpets,_2014_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denny,_Islamic_carpets,_2014-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Stylization in Anatolian prayer rug design</b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177px; height: 177px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman court prayer rug, Bursa, late 16th century (James Ballard collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art)"><img alt="Ottoman court prayer rug, Bursa, late 16th century (James Ballard collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg/111px-Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg/167px-Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg/222px-Carpet_with_Triple-arch_Design_MET_DP166876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2943" data-file-height="3890" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ottoman court prayer rug, Bursa, late 16th century (James Ballard collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177px; height: 177px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_-_Prayer_Rug_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turkish prayer rug"><img alt="Turkish prayer rug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Turkish_-_Prayer_Rug_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/104px-Turkish_-_Prayer_Rug_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Turkish_-_Prayer_Rug_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/157px-Turkish_-_Prayer_Rug_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Turkish_-_Prayer_Rug_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/209px-Turkish_-_Prayer_Rug_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4381" data-file-height="6173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turkish prayer rug</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177px; height: 177px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prayer_rug,_Turkey,_Bergama,_late_19th_century,_wool_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04879.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bergama prayer rug, late 19th century"><img alt="Bergama prayer rug, late 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Prayer_rug%2C_Turkey%2C_Bergama%2C_late_19th_century%2C_wool_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04879.JPG/113px-Prayer_rug%2C_Turkey%2C_Bergama%2C_late_19th_century%2C_wool_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04879.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Prayer_rug%2C_Turkey%2C_Bergama%2C_late_19th_century%2C_wool_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04879.JPG/171px-Prayer_rug%2C_Turkey%2C_Bergama%2C_late_19th_century%2C_wool_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04879.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Prayer_rug%2C_Turkey%2C_Bergama%2C_late_19th_century%2C_wool_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04879.JPG/227px-Prayer_rug%2C_Turkey%2C_Bergama%2C_late_19th_century%2C_wool_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04879.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bergama prayer rug, late 19th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nomadic_and_tribal_production">Nomadic and tribal production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nomadic and tribal production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the end of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">nomadic lifestyle</a> in Anatolia, and the consequent loss of specific traditions, it has become difficult to identify a genuine "nomadic rug". Social or ethnic groups known for their nomadic lifestyle like the <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yürük">Yürük</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> in contemporary Turkey have in large parts acquired sedentary lifestyles. Some aspects of the tradition, like the use of specific materials, dyes, weaving or finishing techniques or designs may have been preserved, which can be identified as specifically nomadic or tribal. </p><p>Criteria for a nomadic production include:<sup id="cite_ref-Verlag_Kunst_und_Antiquitäten_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verlag_Kunst_und_Antiquitäten-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Unusual materials like warps made of goat's hair, or camel wool in the pile;</li> <li>high quality wool with long pile (Anatolian and Turkmen nomads);</li> <li>small format fitting for a horizontal loom;</li> <li>irregular format due to frequent re-assembly of the loom, resulting in irregular tension of the warps;</li> <li>pronounced abrash (irregularities within the same colour due to dyeing of yarn in small batches);</li> <li>inclusion of flat weaves at the ends.</li></ul> <p>Within the genre of carpet weaving, the most authentic village and nomadic products were those woven to serve the needs of the community, which were not intended for export or trade other than local. This includes specialized bags and bolster covers (<i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yastik</i></span></i>) in Anatolia, which show designs adapted from the earliest weaving traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner,_Heybe_ve_Torba_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner,_Heybe_ve_Torba-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_regions_updated.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Turkey_regions_updated.png/220px-Turkey_regions_updated.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Turkey_regions_updated.png/330px-Turkey_regions_updated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Turkey_regions_updated.png/440px-Turkey_regions_updated.png 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>Regions of Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>Anatolia can be divided into three major areas of rug production, centered around local towns and marketplaces, which often lend their names to the rugs produced in the surrounding area. Western, Central, and Eastern Anatolia have distinct weaving traditions. However, commercially produced rugs are often woven irrespective of local design traditions. Preferential use of different materials and dyes, as well as characteristic designs, sometimes allow for a more specific assignment of a carpet to one of the three regions, or to a more specific weaving place. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_technical_characteristics">Regional technical characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Regional technical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Western Anatolia</th> <th>Central Anatolia</th> <th>Eastern Anatolia<sup id="cite_ref-O'Bannon_1995_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Bannon_1995-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Warps</b></td> <td>wool, white</td> <td>wool, mostly white, sometimes brown</td> <td>wool and goat hair, white and brown </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Wefts</b></td> <td>wool, dyed red, sometimes brown and white</td> <td>wool, brown, white, dyed red or yellow</td> <td>wool, mostly brown, sometimes dyed blue </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Number of wefts</b></td> <td>2-4 or more</td> <td>2-4 or more</td> <td>2-4 or more </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Warp depression</b></td> <td>none</td> <td>sometimes</td> <td>none </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Selvages</b></td> <td>wefts doubled back, mostly red, sometimes more colours</td> <td>wefts doubled back, red, yellow, more colours</td> <td>wefts doubled back, polychrome, "zipper"-like selvage technique </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ends</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilim</a>, red, or polychrome stripes</td> <td>kilim, red, yellow, polychrome</td> <td>kilim, brown, red, blue, striped </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Colours</b></td> <td>cochineal red, blue, white accents</td> <td>no cochineal red, yellow</td> <td>cochineal red </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Anatolia">Western Anatolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Western Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bergama_carpet" title="Bergama carpet">Bergama carpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereke_carpet" title="Hereke carpet">Hereke carpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milas_carpet" title="Milas carpet">Milas carpet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ushak_carpet" title="Ushak carpet">Ushak carpet</a></div> <p>As a group, Western Anatolian rugs often show a bright brick red and lighter reddish colours. White accents are prominent, and green and yellow are more frequently seen than in rugs from other regions of Anatolia. The wefts are often dyed red. The selvages are reinforced over 3-4 warp cords. The ends of the rug are often protected by flat weave <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilims</a> containing a small ornament woven in pile. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></b> is the largest city of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. During the nineteenth century, the court manufactories of Topkapı, Üsküdar, and Kum Kapı produced silk carpets in "Safavid-Osmanic" designs modelled on those of the sixteenth century, employing Armenian (from the areas of Kayseri and Sivas), and Persian weavers. Kum Kapı was, in the nineteenth century, the Armenian quarter of Istanbul. The asymmetrical knot was used. Silk carpets produced here often were woven with silver and gold threads. Two of the most prominent designer weavers were Zareh Penyamian and Tossounian. Zareh is known for his prayer rugs, which often included the "Sultan's head" form of the mihrab, cloud bands in the prayer field, palmettes and arabesque patterns and <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> inscriptions. He often signed his carpets. Tossounian made silk rugs with high pile, glowing colours, and red kilim endings. The design was inspired by Persian animal carpets of the "Sanguszko" type. Colours are very elaborate, carmine red, jade green, yellow, and dark bright indigo.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hereke" title="Hereke">Hereke</a></b> is a coastal town 60 kilometers from Istanbul on the bay of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a>. A weaving workshop was established in 1843 by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a>. Initially, the manufactory produced exclusively for the Ottoman court, which commissioned carpets for the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>. Carpet production began in <a href="/wiki/Hereke_carpet" title="Hereke carpet">Hereke</a> in 1891 and expert carpet weavers were brought in from the carpet weaving centers of <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladik" title="Ladik">Ladik</a>. Hereke carpets are known primarily for their fine weave. Silk thread or fine wool yarn and occasionally gold, silver and cotton thread are used in their production. Hereke court carpets contain a wide variety of colours and designs. The medallion designs of earlier Ushak carpets was widely used at the Hereke factory. Once referring solely to carpets woven at Hereke, the term "Hereke carpet" is now used as a trade name for any high quality carpet woven with similar design.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bergama" title="Bergama">Bergama</a></b> is the capital town of a district in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir Province</a> of northwest Turkey. As a market place for the surrounding villages, the name of Bergama is used as a trade name. The history of carpet weaving in Bergama probably dates back to the 11th century. Bergama carpets survived which date from the early 15th century. The best known carpet type woven for export which is attributed to the Bergama region<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the so-called "large pattern <a href="/wiki/Holbein_carpet" title="Holbein carpet">Holbein Type</a>", or Holbein Type III. A late descendant of the large-pattern Holbein design is often seen in Bergama carpets, called the "4+1" or "quincunxial" design, with a large square central medallion surrounded by four smaller squares placed at its corners. Also antique Anatolian carpets found in Transylvanian churches were likely woven in Bergama.<sup id="cite_ref-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ionescu,_Transylvanian-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bergama rugs typically have large geometric patterns (the "Caucasian" type) or more floral patterns, stylized in rectilinear design (the "Turkish" type). They use typical Western Anatolian colour schemes with dark red and blue, and accents set in white. Bridal carpets ("Kiz Bergama") often show rosettes arranged in a lozenge pattern in their field panels.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Village and peasant carpets from the Bergama area often show coarser knotting with bold, highly stylized designs and bright blue, red, and white colours in sharp contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The village of <b>Kozak</b> lies north of Bergama in the İzmir Province of northwest Turkey. By structure and colours they belong to the Bergama group. Small format rugs show geometrical designs, often adorned with latched hooks, which closely resembles Caucasian designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Yagcibedir</b> is not a town name, but a label for a carpet type woven in the <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a> province in the <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Region">Marmara</a> region. These carpets are characterized by their high knot density (1000-1400 per square meter), and subdued colours. They show geometrical patterns in dark red, brown, and black-blue. By their fine weaving, colours and design they resemble Caucasian designs, and are mainly woven by people of <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> descent who migrated into this area.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale" title="Çanakkale">Çanakkale</a></b> lies on the eastern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> near ancient <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>. Carpets are mainly woven in smaller villages to the south of Çanakkale. They show large squares, rhombi or polygons in their fields and strong colours like brick red, bright dark blue, saffron yellow and white. <b><a href="/wiki/Ayvac%C4%B1k,_%C3%87anakkale" title="Ayvacık, Çanakkale">Ayvacık</a></b> is a village south of Çanakkale and <a href="/wiki/Ezine,_%C3%87anakkale" title="Ezine, Çanakkale">Ezine</a> near the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>. The carpets are of the Bergama type. Since 1981, the <a href="/wiki/DOBAG_Carpet_Initiative" title="DOBAG Carpet Initiative">DOBAG</a> initiative runs workshops in the small hamlets around Ayvacık, which produce rugs in traditional designs and with natural dyes. The initiative also has workshops in the Yuntdağ area near Bergama, where people of Turkmen descent weave robust, thick carpets in largely geometric designs. Floral or prayer rug designs are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The area between <b>Balikesir</b> and <b>Eskisehir</b> is inhabited mainly by a Turkish tribe called Karakecili. The rugs are often smaller, with cheerful bright red, light blue, white and pale green. The use of goats's hair for the warps hints at the nomadic origins of the tribe. The design is geometric, often combined with stylized floral motifs. The borders sometimes contain rows of lozenges, as also seen in more elaborate form in "Transylvanian" carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Band%C4%B1rma" title="Bandırma">Bandırma</a></b> is the capital town of the province to which it has given its name. The town lies on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Marmara</a> coast. Since the nineteenth century, intricately woven carpets are produced mainly in prayer rug design. The cotton foundation and finely knotted pile of wool and silk characterizes the Bandırma carpet as a product of town manufacture. Production declined during the late nineteenth century, with inferior or artificial silk and mercerized cotton being used. The name of the town and region is nowadays often used for cheap imitations sold by other manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rdes" title="Gördes">Gördes</a></b> lies about 100 km north-east of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>. Carpets were already produced there in the 16th century. Their largely floral, stylized patterns can be traced back to Ottoman floral designs of the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The main border is often composed of rows of three pomegranates, arranged like flowers in groups of three, held together by their stems. Typical is also a broad border of seven stripes (<i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">sobokli</i></span></i>). Gördes is mostly famous for its bridal and prayer carpets. The shapes of the mihrab niches vary from simple stepped arches to artistic architectural pillars, with a horizontal rectangular crossbar above the mihrab niche. Typical colours are cherry red, pastel pink, blue and green together with dark indigo blue. Early carpets of the Gördes type have a more lively colour. Since the 19th century, some pieces show spacious accents in white cotton, and the colours, overall, become more subdued.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spuhler,_1978_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spuhler,_1978-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kula,_Manisa" title="Kula, Manisa">Kula</a></b> is the capital town of the <a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa Province</a>, and lies about 100 km east of İzmir on the road to Ușak. Together with Ușak, Gördes, Lâdik and Bergama it belongs to the most important rug weaving centers of Anatolia. Prayer rug designs are common, with straight-lined mihrab niches. Another specific design is called "<i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">mazarlik</i></span></i>", or graveyard design, which is a subtype of the garden design. The particularly gloomy yet brilliant colour scheme caused one type of rugs from this area to be called "Kömürcü ("charcoal burner") Kula". A combination with predominantly yellow borders is characteristic for Kula carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-Spuhler,_1978_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spuhler,_1978-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusual for Anatolian, and even for Oriental rugs, the rug type called "Kendirli" Kula makes use of hemp in its foundation. A number of "Transylvanian" rugs are attributed to the Kula area.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ionescu,_Transylvanian-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak" title="Uşak">Uşak</a></b> lies north of <a href="/wiki/Denizli" title="Denizli">Denizli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Aegean Region</a>. It is one of the most renowned and important carpet centres. According to their structure and patterns there are several types of carpets called "star", "medallion" and "white-ground" Ușak carpets. Frequently depicted by European painters during the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Renaissance</a> era, they are often given, as a term of convenience, the name of the painter on whose paintings corresponding carpets have been identified. The best known are <a href="/wiki/Holbein_carpet" title="Holbein carpet">Holbein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotto_carpet" title="Lotto carpet">Lotto carpets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></b> carpets are woven in the surrounding of the town today known as <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>. Their more elaborate, curvilinear "town designs" distinguish Smyrna carpets from the products of other Anatolian centers. Single ornaments are directly related to Ottoman "court" carpets. In particular, the main borders often contain elongated cartouches like those seen in "Transylvanian" carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spuhler,_1978_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spuhler,_1978-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Milas" title="Milas">Milas</a></b> lies on the south-western coast of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Region">Aegean Region</a>. Since the 18th century, predominantly carpets with a "prayer rug" design and characteristic "gathered" mihrabs are woven here. Other types include the Ada (island) Milas rugs from the area of Karaova, with vertically twisted polygons in their fields, and the rare medallion Milas rug with a mostly yellow-gold medallion on a red background. Their borders often show crystalline star shaped ornaments composed by arrow-like ornaments pointing towards the center. Similar designs are also found in Caucasian carpets. Commonly used colours include pale violet, warm yellow, and pale green. The field panel ground is often a brick red.<sup id="cite_ref-Spuhler,_1978_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spuhler,_1978-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fethiye" title="Fethiye">Megri</a></b> lies on the Turkish south coast, opposite the island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. In 1923, it was renamed Fethiye. Megri rugs often show a division of the inner field into three different long fields, with floral patterns inscribed. Prayer rug designs with stepped gable bands are also seen. Typical colours are yellow, bright red, light and dark blue, and white. Megri rugs are also sold under the name of Milas, and it is sometimes difficult to differentiate these two products of town manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Isparta" title="Isparta">Isparta</a></b> in Pisidia emerged as a new centre of Anatolian rug production in the late 1880s. The city, until then renowned for its rose production, developed into a competitive carpet weaving centre with significant export activity. A major role in this development was played by the Oriental Carpet Manufacturers <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the largest companies active in this field, which bought the carpets on a monopoly-based system, whereas it also provided the weavers with primary material, such as dyed yarns, and with technical assistance, namely specialized personnel who could improve the processes and final products. Isparta carpets came in a standard quality, which enhanced their commercial value and demand. Their main feature was the cotton weft and the use of asymmetric knots.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2013_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2013-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them belonged to the prayer-rug type, with triangular patterns which remind of a mihrab. The Isparta type rug, considered by Kahramanos, a standardized product of the 19th century, is woven with double-stranded yarns and in a smaller number of knots; their initial patterns were imitating popular Asia Minor styles, particularly those of Usak, with a central medallion, decorated corners and lively colours. Soon, they turned to following Persian style, which proved much more popular in the western markets, particularly that of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the 1920s and 1930s they followed Sarouk patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2013_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2013-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially yarns were dyed with natural, plant-based dyes, but soon, as elsewhere, they changed to chemically-dyed yarns. The original wool on wool fabric was replaced by a combination of lamb's wool for the weft and cotton or linen for the warp.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carpet production in Isparta followed the technologically innovative solutions of that time such as the aforementioned replacement of natural dyes by chemical ones, which were cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemically prepared <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">anilines</a> used at first were proved to be inconsistent, but soon chemistry provided new synthetic dyes with steady and standardized colours; this made the reproduction of the same pattern over and over again possible. The use of millimetric paper for designing the patterns allowed workers to reproduce patterns exactly in all their details.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isparta carpet weaving suffered a severe blow after the expulsion of the Greek Orthodox population in 1922, however Isparta remained a centre for washing and finishing carpets until today.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Anatolia">Central Anatolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Central Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Konya_carpets" title="Konya carpets">Konya carpets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Anatolian_Konya_Prayer_Rug.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vintage_Anatolian_Konya_Prayer_Rug.JPG/170px-Vintage_Anatolian_Konya_Prayer_Rug.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vintage_Anatolian_Konya_Prayer_Rug.JPG/255px-Vintage_Anatolian_Konya_Prayer_Rug.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vintage_Anatolian_Konya_Prayer_Rug.JPG/340px-Vintage_Anatolian_Konya_Prayer_Rug.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Old Anatolian Konya Prayer Rug</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CENTRAL_ANATOLIAN_DOUBLE-NICHE_RUG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CENTRAL_ANATOLIAN_DOUBLE-NICHE_RUG.png/350px-CENTRAL_ANATOLIAN_DOUBLE-NICHE_RUG.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CENTRAL_ANATOLIAN_DOUBLE-NICHE_RUG.png/525px-CENTRAL_ANATOLIAN_DOUBLE-NICHE_RUG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CENTRAL_ANATOLIAN_DOUBLE-NICHE_RUG.png/700px-CENTRAL_ANATOLIAN_DOUBLE-NICHE_RUG.png 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>Central Anatolian double-niche rug (detail), 18th century, auctioned in 2021 </figcaption></figure> <p>Central Anatolia is one of the main areas of carpet production in Turkey. Regional weaving centers with distinct designs and traditions are: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></b> (Konya, <a href="/wiki/Derbent,_Konya" title="Derbent, Konya">Konya-Derbent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Selçuk</a>, Keçimuslu, Ladik, Innice, <a href="/wiki/Obruk,_Bor" title="Obruk, Bor">Obruk</a>)</li></ul> <p>The town of Konya is the old capital of the Seljuq Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Mevlana_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlana Museum">Mevlana Museum</a> in Konya has a large collection of Anatolian rugs, including some of the carpet fragments found in the <a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaeddin Mosque">Alaeddin</a> and <a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Frefo%C4%9Flu_Mosque" title="Eşrefoğlu Mosque">Eşrefoğlu Mosque</a>. Carpets from the Konya manufacture often show an elaborate prayer rug design, with a monochrome bright madder red field. Carpets from Konya-Derbent often have two floral medallions woven into the field below the mihrab. The Konya-Selçuk carpet tradition makes use of a lean octagonal medallion in the middle of the field, with three opposed geometrical forms crowned by tulips. Also typical is a broad ornamental main border with detailed, filigree patterns flanked by two secondary borders with meandering vines and flowers. Rugs from Keçimuslu are often sold as Konya rugs, and show a similar bright madder red field, but with prominent green colours in the main border.<sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterweck,_1986-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Konya-Ladik rugs often show prayer rug designs. Their fields are mostly in bright madder red, with stepped mihrab designs. Opposite, and sometimes above, the prayer niche are smaller gables. The gables are often arranged in groups of three, each gable decorated with a stylized, geometric tulip ornament. The tulips are frequently shown upside down at the lower end of the prayer niche. The spandrels are often in golden yellow, and show water ewer ornaments. The "Ladik sinekli" design is also specific for Ladik. On a white or cream white field, a multitude of small black ornaments is arranged, which resemble flies (Turk.: "<i>sinek</i>"). Innice rugs resemble Ladik rugs in their use of tulip ornaments, the bold red field complemented by the bright green foundation of the spandrels. Obruk rugs show the typical Konya design and colours, but their ornaments are more bold and stylized, resembling the Yürük traditions of the weavers from this village. Obruk rugs are sometimes also sold in Kayseri.<sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterweck,_1986-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a></b> (Kayseri, <a href="/wiki/Avanos" title="Avanos">Avanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Crg%C3%BCp" title="Ürgüp">Ürgüp</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir" title="Kırşehir">Kırşehir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mucur" title="Mucur">Mucur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y,_Aksaray" title="Ortaköy, Aksaray">Ortaköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ncesu,_Aksaray" title="İncesu, Aksaray">İncesu</a>)</li></ul> <p>Kayseri rugs are distinguished by their fine weaving which characterizes the manufactory production, which is prevalent in this area. The rugs are produced mainly for export, and imitate designs from other regions. Wool, silk, and artificial silk are used. The top products of the Kayseri manufactures come very close to those from Hereke and Kum-Kapı. Ürgüp, Avanos and İncesu are <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocian</a> towns.<sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterweck,_1986-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carpets from Avanos, often in prayer rug design, are distinguished by their dense weaving. Typically, an elaborate pendant representing either a <a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a> or a triangular protective amulet ("<i>mosca</i>") hanging from the prayer niche adorns the field. The prayer niches are often stepped, or drawn in at its sides in the classical "head-and-shoulders" shape. The field is often in bright red, and surrounded by golden yellow spandrels and borders. The fine weaving allows for elaborate ornamental patterns, which make the Avanos carpet easy to identify amongst other rugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterweck,_1986-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ürgüp carpets are distinguished by their colours. Brown-gold is dominant, bright orange and yellow are often seen. A medallion within a medallion frequently is set into the field, which is of a typical "Ürgüp red" colour, adorned with floral motifs. Palmettes fill the corner medallions and the main borders. The outermost secondary border often has reciprocal crenellations.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterweck,_1986-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rugs from Kırşehir, Mucur and Ortaköy are closely related, and not easily distinguished from each other. Prayer and medallion designs are woven, as well as garden ("<i>mazarlik</i>", or "graveyard") designs. Pale turquois blue, pale green and rose colours are prevalent. Rugs from Ortaköy show a hexagonal central ornament, often including a cruciform pattern. The borders show stylized carnations arranged in a row of square compartments. Mucur carpets often show a stepped "prayer niche within a prayer niche" design, with contrasting bright madder red and light indigo colours separated by yellow outlines. The borders are composed of rows of squares filled with geometric diamond or rhomboid patterns. Mucur and Kırşehir are also known for their multiple-niche prayer rugs, or <i>"saph"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterweck,_1986-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde" title="Niğde">Niğde</a></b> (Niğde, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fp%C4%B1nar,_Aksaray" title="Taşpınar, Aksaray">Taşpınar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertek" title="Fertek">Fertek</a>, Maden, <a href="/wiki/Yahyal%C4%B1" title="Yahyalı">Yahyalı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filhisar" title="Yeşilhisar">Yeşilhisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karapinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Karapinar">Karapinar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaman" title="Karaman">Karaman</a>)</li></ul> <p>Niğde is the market place for the surrounding area, and many rugs woven in the surrounding villages are sold under the trade name of Niğde. If a prayer rug design is used, the niche and spandrels are typically tall and narrow. Likewise, the central field is not substantially larger than the main border. Typical for Taşpınar are elongated, almost ogival central medallions, the dominant colours are warm red, blue, and light green. Fertek rugs are distinguished by their simple, floral ornaments. The main field is often not separated from the main border, as usual, by a smaller secondary border. The outermost secondary border often has reciprocal crenellation patterns. The colour composition often contains soft reds, dark olive greens, and blue. Maden rugs used cochineal red for their main fields, which are narrow and slim, as typical for Niğde rugs. The foundation of their main border is often dyed in corrosive brown, which caused deterioration of the carpet pile in these areas, and produces a relief effect. Yahali is a regional center and market place for its surroundings. Carpets from this region often have a hexagonal central medallion, with double-hooked ornaments in the fields and carnations in the main border.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterweck,_1986-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carpets from Karapinar and Karaman geographically belong to the Konya area, but their design is more similar to the rugs woven in the Niğde area. The design of some Karapinar rugs shows similarities, but is not related, to Turkmen door rugs (<i>"ensi"</i>), as three columns crowned by double hooks ("<i>kotchak</i>") frequently form the prayer niche. Opposed "double hook" ornaments fill the columns both in Karapinar and Karaman rugs. Another type of design often seen in Karapinar runners is composed of geometric hexagonal primary motifs arranged on top of each other, in subdued red, yellow, green, and white.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterweck,_1986-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a></b> (Sivas, <a href="/wiki/Zara,_Turkey" title="Zara, Turkey">Zara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangal" title="Kangal">Kangal</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Anatolian_rug_(detail),_%C5%9Earki%C5%9Fla-Sivas_region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/East_Anatolian_rug_%28detail%29%2C_%C5%9Earki%C5%9Fla-Sivas_region.jpg/220px-East_Anatolian_rug_%28detail%29%2C_%C5%9Earki%C5%9Fla-Sivas_region.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/East_Anatolian_rug_%28detail%29%2C_%C5%9Earki%C5%9Fla-Sivas_region.jpg/330px-East_Anatolian_rug_%28detail%29%2C_%C5%9Earki%C5%9Fla-Sivas_region.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/East_Anatolian_rug_%28detail%29%2C_%C5%9Earki%C5%9Fla-Sivas_region.jpg/440px-East_Anatolian_rug_%28detail%29%2C_%C5%9Earki%C5%9Fla-Sivas_region.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>East Anatolian rug (detail), Şarkişla-Sivas region, ca. 1800 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>State-owned manufactories, some of them organized as weaving schools, produce rugs in Sivas. The design imitates carpets from other regions, especially Persian designs. Traditional Sivas carpets were distinguished by their dense and short, velvet-like pile in elaborate designs which are characteristic for a "town manufactory". The main border is typically composed of rows of three carnations, held together by a stem. Zara, 70 km east of Sivas, has an Armenian colony which produces rugs in a characteristic design composed of row after row of vertical stripes extending over the entire field. Each stripe is filled with elaborate floral arabesques. The pile is clipped very short so that the detailed patterns can be clearly seen.<sup id="cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterweck,_1986-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Anatolia">Eastern Anatolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Eastern Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>We are currently unable to recognize specific local designs in east Anatolian carpets. Until the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> in 1915, East Anatolia had a large Armenian population, and sometimes carpets are identified as of Armenian production by their inscriptions. Information is also lacking with regard to the Kurdish and Turkish carpet production. Research in the 1980s has come to the conclusion that the tradition of weaving has almost vanished, and more specific information may be lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Verlag_Kunst_und_Antiquitäten_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verlag_Kunst_und_Antiquitäten-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a></b> is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars Province</a> in northeastern Anatolia. Carpets produced around the town are similar to Caucasian rugs, with their colours more subdued. Kars is also used as a trade name, related to the quality of the weaving. Carpets of lower quality woven in the Kars region are sometimes called "Hudut" (i.e., frontier) carpets, which are woven in the frontier area between Turkey, Iran, Armenia and Georgia. Typical designs closely resemble the neighbouring Caucasian regions. Kars rugs often show "Kasak" designs as seen in Fachralo, Gendje, and Akstafa rugs, but their structure and materials are different. Kars or Hudut rugs often have goat's hair in pile and foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other East Anatolian rugs are usually not attributed to a specific location, but are classified according to their tribal provenience. As the <b>Kurdish</b> and <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCk_rug" title="Yürük rug"><b>Yürük</b></a> tribes were living as nomads for most of their history, they tended to weave traditional tribal, rather than any local, design. If a rug with an overall Yürük design can be attributed to a specific region (as Yürüks also live in other regions of Anatolia), the name "Yürük" sometimes precedes the regional name. The region around the towns of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_(city)" title="Hakkâri (city)">Hakkâri</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Van_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Van province">Van province</a> has a large Kurdish population. The towns of Hakkâri and <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> were market places for Kurdish kilims, rugs and smaller weavings like cradles, bags (<i>heybe</i>) and tent decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thematic_galleries">Thematic galleries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Thematic galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patterns_of_Central_Asian_origin:_cloud_band,_lotus_seat,_cloud_collar"><span id="Patterns_of_Central_Asian_origin:_cloud_band.2C_lotus_seat.2C_cloud_collar"></span>Patterns of Central Asian origin: cloud band, lotus seat, cloud collar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Patterns of Central Asian origin: cloud band, lotus seat, cloud collar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique_Red_Turkish_Oushak_Carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ushak carpet with a "cloud band" border and field, Mecidi period design"><img alt="Ushak carpet with a "cloud band" border and field, Mecidi period design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antique_Red_Turkish_Oushak_Carpet.jpg/95px-Antique_Red_Turkish_Oushak_Carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antique_Red_Turkish_Oushak_Carpet.jpg/143px-Antique_Red_Turkish_Oushak_Carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antique_Red_Turkish_Oushak_Carpet.jpg/191px-Antique_Red_Turkish_Oushak_Carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1636" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ushak carpet with a <i>"cloud band" border and field</i>, Mecidi period design</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transylvanian_carpet_Met_22.100.91.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Transylvanian" double-niche carpet with a central medallion"><img alt=""Transylvanian" double-niche carpet with a central medallion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Transylvanian_carpet_Met_22.100.91.jpg/90px-Transylvanian_carpet_Met_22.100.91.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Transylvanian_carpet_Met_22.100.91.jpg/135px-Transylvanian_carpet_Met_22.100.91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Transylvanian_carpet_Met_22.100.91.jpg/180px-Transylvanian_carpet_Met_22.100.91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="3408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_rugs" title="Transylvanian rugs">"Transylvanian"</a> double-niche carpet with a <i>central medallion</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patterns_of_Islamic_origin:_Calligraphic_borders,_infinite_repeat_field,_prayer_niche_design"><span id="Patterns_of_Islamic_origin:_Calligraphic_borders.2C_infinite_repeat_field.2C_prayer_niche_design"></span>Patterns of Islamic origin: Calligraphic borders, infinite repeat field, prayer niche design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Patterns of Islamic origin: Calligraphic borders, infinite repeat field, prayer niche design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Type I small-pattern Holbein carpet with "kufic" main border and "infinite repeat" field pattern, Anatolia, 16th century."><img alt="Type I small-pattern Holbein carpet with "kufic" main border and "infinite repeat" field pattern, Anatolia, 16th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg/62px-Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg/93px-Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg/124px-Small_pattern_Holbein_carpet_Anatolia_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Type I small-pattern Holbein carpet with <i>"kufic" main border and "infinite repeat" field pattern</i>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, 16th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern,_16th_century,_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Anatolian ‘Lotto carpet’ with "kufic" main border and "infinite repeat" field pattern, 16th century, Saint Louis Art Museum."><img alt="Western Anatolian ‘Lotto carpet’ with "kufic" main border and "infinite repeat" field pattern, 16th century, Saint Louis Art Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/120px-Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/180px-Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/240px-Western_Anatolian_knotted_woll_carpet_with_%27Lotto%27_patern%2C_16th_century%2C_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> ‘Lotto carpet’ with <i>"kufic" main border and "infinite repeat" field pattern</i>, 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">Saint Louis Art Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urgup_Region_Rug_with_Kufic_inner_border._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urgup rug with "kufic" inner border"><img alt="Urgup rug with "kufic" inner border" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Urgup_Region_Rug_with_Kufic_inner_border._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg/120px-Urgup_Region_Rug_with_Kufic_inner_border._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Urgup_Region_Rug_with_Kufic_inner_border._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg/180px-Urgup_Region_Rug_with_Kufic_inner_border._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Urgup_Region_Rug_with_Kufic_inner_border._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg/240px-Urgup_Region_Rug_with_Kufic_inner_border._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urgup rug with <i>"kufic" inner border</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="17th-century Turkish prayer rug with a single niche; National Museum, Warsaw"><img alt="17th-century Turkish prayer rug with a single niche; National Museum, Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg/95px-Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg/142px-Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg/190px-Turkey_Prayer_rug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">17th-century Turkish prayer rug with a <i>single niche</i>; <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum, Warsaw</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey.Konya004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kirşehir single niche prayer rug, Tilavet room, Mevlâna Mausoleum, Konya"><img alt="Kirşehir single niche prayer rug, Tilavet room, Mevlâna Mausoleum, Konya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Turkey.Konya004.jpg/90px-Turkey.Konya004.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Turkey.Konya004.jpg/135px-Turkey.Konya004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Turkey.Konya004.jpg/180px-Turkey.Konya004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kirşehir <i>single niche</i> prayer rug, Tilavet room, Mevlâna Mausoleum, Konya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey.Konya031.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kirşehir single niche prayer rug, 18th century, Mevlâna Mausoleum, Konya"><img alt="Kirşehir single niche prayer rug, 18th century, Mevlâna Mausoleum, Konya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Turkey.Konya031.jpg/90px-Turkey.Konya031.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Turkey.Konya031.jpg/135px-Turkey.Konya031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Turkey.Konya031.jpg/180px-Turkey.Konya031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kirşehir <i>single niche</i> prayer rug, 18th century, Mevlâna Mausoleum, Konya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Konya_Prayer_Seccade._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Konya single niche prayer rug"><img alt="Konya single niche prayer rug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vintage_Konya_Prayer_Seccade._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg/103px-Vintage_Konya_Prayer_Seccade._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vintage_Konya_Prayer_Seccade._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg/155px-Vintage_Konya_Prayer_Seccade._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vintage_Konya_Prayer_Seccade._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg/206px-Vintage_Konya_Prayer_Seccade._CL_Lane_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Konya <i>single niche</i> prayer rug</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique_Gaziantep_Double_Prayer_Rug.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaziantep double-niche prayer rug"><img alt="Gaziantep double-niche prayer rug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Antique_Gaziantep_Double_Prayer_Rug.jpg/86px-Antique_Gaziantep_Double_Prayer_Rug.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Antique_Gaziantep_Double_Prayer_Rug.jpg/129px-Antique_Gaziantep_Double_Prayer_Rug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Antique_Gaziantep_Double_Prayer_Rug.jpg/172px-Antique_Gaziantep_Double_Prayer_Rug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gaziantep <i>double-niche</i> prayer rug</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Central_Anatolian_Tribal_Rug.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Anatolian double-niche prayer rug"><img alt="Central Anatolian double-niche prayer rug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vintage_Central_Anatolian_Tribal_Rug.JPG/90px-Vintage_Central_Anatolian_Tribal_Rug.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vintage_Central_Anatolian_Tribal_Rug.JPG/135px-Vintage_Central_Anatolian_Tribal_Rug.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vintage_Central_Anatolian_Tribal_Rug.JPG/180px-Vintage_Central_Anatolian_Tribal_Rug.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central Anatolian <i>double-niche</i> prayer rug</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_world,_Aichi_prefecture_-_Turkish_culture_exhibition_-_Turkish_carpet_-_Made_in_Nuzumla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prayer rug with multiplied niches"><img alt="Prayer rug with multiplied niches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Turkish_culture_exhibition_-_Turkish_carpet_-_Made_in_Nuzumla.jpg/90px-Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Turkish_culture_exhibition_-_Turkish_carpet_-_Made_in_Nuzumla.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Turkish_culture_exhibition_-_Turkish_carpet_-_Made_in_Nuzumla.jpg/135px-Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Turkish_culture_exhibition_-_Turkish_carpet_-_Made_in_Nuzumla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Turkish_culture_exhibition_-_Turkish_carpet_-_Made_in_Nuzumla.jpg/180px-Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Turkish_culture_exhibition_-_Turkish_carpet_-_Made_in_Nuzumla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prayer rug with <i>multiplied niches</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selimiye-Mosque-interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edirne Selimiye Mosque interior with multiple-niche prayer rug (saph)"><img alt="Edirne Selimiye Mosque interior with multiple-niche prayer rug (saph)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Selimiye-Mosque-interior.jpg/120px-Selimiye-Mosque-interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Selimiye-Mosque-interior.jpg/180px-Selimiye-Mosque-interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Selimiye-Mosque-interior.jpg/240px-Selimiye-Mosque-interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Edirne Selimiye Mosque interior with <i>multiple-niche</i> prayer rug (saph)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TheSultanAhmetCamiiPrayerRugSaphThe_Blue_Mosque_Istanbul2006creditjancadoret.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sultan Ahmed Mosque multiple-niche prayer rug (saph)."><img alt="The Sultan Ahmed Mosque multiple-niche prayer rug (saph)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TheSultanAhmetCamiiPrayerRugSaphThe_Blue_Mosque_Istanbul2006creditjancadoret.jpg/90px-TheSultanAhmetCamiiPrayerRugSaphThe_Blue_Mosque_Istanbul2006creditjancadoret.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TheSultanAhmetCamiiPrayerRugSaphThe_Blue_Mosque_Istanbul2006creditjancadoret.jpg/135px-TheSultanAhmetCamiiPrayerRugSaphThe_Blue_Mosque_Istanbul2006creditjancadoret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TheSultanAhmetCamiiPrayerRugSaphThe_Blue_Mosque_Istanbul2006creditjancadoret.jpg/180px-TheSultanAhmetCamiiPrayerRugSaphThe_Blue_Mosque_Istanbul2006creditjancadoret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a> <i>multiple-niche</i> prayer rug (saph).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_weaving_in_Isparta" title="Carpet weaving in Isparta">Carpet weaving in Isparta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergama_carpet" title="Bergama carpet">Bergama carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereke_carpet" title="Hereke carpet">Hereke carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Carpets_and_Rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya Carpets and Rugs">Konya Carpets and Rugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milas_carpet" title="Milas carpet">Milas carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushak_carpet" title="Ushak carpet">Ushak carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCk_rug" title="Yürük rug">Yürük rug</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_related_rugs_and_carpets">Other related rugs and carpets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other related rugs and carpets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental carpet">Oriental carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_carpet" title="Armenian carpet">Armenian carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rugs" title="Kurdish rugs">Kurdish rugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian rug">Persian rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_rug" title="Turkmen rug">Turkmen rug</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://johschool.com/index.jsp?mod=tammetin&makaleadi=&makaleurl=d075fa1e-459d-4a0b-8bf1-d3b5e7991cd9.pdf&key=51975">"Journal of History School - MOTIF-ORIENTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TURKISH CARPETS ILLUSTRATED IN ENGLISH ARISTOCRATIC PORTRAYS OF RENAISSANCE AND EFFECTS OF THE CARPETS ON BRITISH CARPET PRODUCTION"</a>. <i>johschool.com</i>. 30 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=johschool.com&rft.atitle=Journal+of+History+School+-+MOTIF-ORIENTED+CHARACTERISTICS+OF+THE+TURKISH+CARPETS+ILLUSTRATED+IN+ENGLISH+ARISTOCRATIC+PORTRAYS+OF+RENAISSANCE+AND+EFFECTS+OF+THE+CARPETS+ON+BRITISH+CARPET+PRODUCTION&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohschool.com%2Findex.jsp%3Fmod%3Dtammetin%26makaleadi%3D%26makaleurl%3Dd075fa1e-459d-4a0b-8bf1-d3b5e7991cd9.pdf%26key%3D51975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marlamallett.com/ch.htm">Oriental Rug Review, August/September 1990 (Vol. 10, No. 6)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Çatalhöyük.com:_Ancient_Civilization_and_Excavation-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Çatalhöyük.com:_Ancient_Civilization_and_Excavation_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101144734/http://www.catalhoyuk.com/mission.html">"Mission Statement"</a>. <i>Çatalhöyük: Excavations of a Neolithic Anatolian Höyük</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalhoyuk.com/mission.html">the original</a> on 2016-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk%3A+Excavations+of+a+Neolithic+Anatolian+H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk&rft.atitle=Mission+Statement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalhoyuk.com%2Fmission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilims-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kilims_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishculture.org/tapestry-61.htm">Evidence for ancient kilim patterns found in Çatalhöyük</a>. Turkishculture.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden2010" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, William (2010). Wright, Thomas (ed.). <i>Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian: the translation of Marsden revised</i>. [S.l.]: Bibliobazaar, Llc. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1142126261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1142126261"><bdi>978-1142126261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+of+Marco+Polo%2C+the+Venetian%3A+the+translation+of+Marsden+revised.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Bibliobazaar%2C+Llc&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1142126261&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1908" class="citation book cs1">Martin, F.R. (1908). <i>A History of Oriental Carpets before 1800</i> (1 ed.). Vienna: The I. and R. State and Court Print.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Oriental+Carpets+before+1800&rft.place=Vienna&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=The+I.+and+R.+State+and+Court+Print&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=F.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyshehir_fragments-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beyshehir_fragments_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiefstahl1931" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Meyer_Riefstahl" title="Rudolf Meyer Riefstahl">Riefstahl, Rudolf Meyer</a> (December 1931). "Primitive Rugs of the "Konya" type in the Mosque of Beyshehir". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 177–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Primitive+Rugs+of+the+%22Konya%22+type+in+the+Mosque+of+Beyshehir&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=177-220&rft.date=1931-12&rft.aulast=Riefstahl&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamm,_1937-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lamm,_1937_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamm,_1937_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamm1985" class="citation book cs1">Lamm, C.J. (1985). <i>Carpet fragments: The Marby rug and some fragments of carpets found in Egypt (Nationalmuseums skriftserie)</i> (1937 reprint ed.). Swedish National Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9171002914" title="Special:BookSources/978-9171002914"><bdi>978-9171002914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpet+fragments%3A+The+Marby+rug+and+some+fragments+of+carpets+found+in+Egypt+%28Nationalmuseums+skriftserie%29&rft.edition=1937+reprint&rft.pub=Swedish+National+Museum&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-9171002914&rft.aulast=Lamm&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdmann,_Seven_Hundred_Years_of_Oriental_Carpets,_1970-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erdmann,_Seven_Hundred_Years_of_Oriental_Carpets,_1970_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdmann,_Seven_Hundred_Years_of_Oriental_Carpets,_1970_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erdmann,_Seven_Hundred_Years_of_Oriental_Carpets,_1970_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdmann,_Kurt1970" class="citation book cs1">Erdmann, Kurt (1970). <i>Seven Hundred Years of Oriental Carpets</i>. 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Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520018167" title="Special:BookSources/9780520018167"><bdi>9780520018167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Hundred+Years+of+Oriental+Carpets&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780520018167&rft.au=Erdmann%2C+Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrüggemann2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brüggemann, Werner (2007). <i>Der Orientteppich</i> [<i>The Oriental Carpet</i>] (in German) (1st ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 87–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-563-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-563-3"><bdi>978-3-89500-563-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Orientteppich&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.pages=87-176&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dr+Ludwig+Reichert+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89500-563-3&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCggemann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdmann1966" class="citation book cs1">Erdmann, Kurt (1966). <i>Siebenhundert Jahre Orientteppich</i> (1st ed.). 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"East Mediterranean carpets in the Victoria and Albert Museum". <i>Hali</i>. <b>IV</b> (1): 39–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hali&rft.atitle=East+Mediterranean+carpets+in+the+Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-40&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Pinner&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Franses%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_BodeKühnel1985" class="citation book cs1">von Bode, Wilhelm; Kühnel, Ernst (1985). <i>Vorderasiatische Knüpfteppiche / Antique Rugs from the Near East, tra. C. G. Ellis, 1970</i> (5th ed.). München: Klinkhardt & Biermann. pp. 48–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7814-0247-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7814-0247-9"><bdi>3-7814-0247-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vorderasiatische+Kn%C3%BCpfteppiche+%2F+Antique+Rugs+from+the+Near+East%2C+tra.+C.+G.+Ellis%2C+1970&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=48-51&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Klinkhardt+%26+Biermann&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-7814-0247-9&rft.aulast=von+Bode&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=K%C3%BChnel%2C+Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ionescu_2013-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ionescu_2013_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ionescu_2013_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIonescuBiedrońska-Słota2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ionescu, Stefano; Biedrońska-Słota, Beata, eds. (2013). <i>Kobierce anatolijskie z kolekcji Muzeum Narodowego Brukenthala w Sibiu</i> [<i>Anatolian carpets from the collection of the Brukenthal National Museum in Sibiu</i>] (in Polish and English). Gdańsk: Muzeum Narodowe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788363185640" title="Special:BookSources/9788363185640"><bdi>9788363185640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kobierce+anatolijskie+z+kolekcji+Muzeum+Narodowego+Brukenthala+w+Sibiu&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pub=Muzeum+Narodowe&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788363185640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpuhler2012" class="citation book cs1">Spuhler, Friedrich (2012). <i>Carpets from Islamic Lands</i> (1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-97043-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-97043-0"><bdi>978-0-500-97043-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpets+from+Islamic+Lands&rft.place=London&rft.pages=72&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-500-97043-0&rft.aulast=Spuhler&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmutzler,_Transsylvanian_Carpets-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmutzler,_Transsylvanian_Carpets_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmutzler1933" class="citation book cs1">Schmutzler, Emil (1933). <i>Altorientalische Teppiche in Siebenbürgen, 2010 reprint</i> (1st ed.). Leipzig: Anton Hiersemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3777210155" title="Special:BookSources/978-3777210155"><bdi>978-3777210155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altorientalische+Teppiche+in+Siebenb%C3%BCrgen%2C+2010+reprint&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Anton+Hiersemann&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=978-3777210155&rft.aulast=Schmutzler&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_rugs-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_rugs_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIonescu2005" class="citation book cs1">Ionescu, Stefano (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transylvanianrugs.com/pdf/01.pdf"><i>Antique Ottoman Rugs in Transylvania</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). Rome: Verduci Editore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antique+Ottoman+Rugs+in+Transylvania&rft.place=Rome&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Verduci+Editore&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ionescu&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transylvanianrugs.com%2Fpdf%2F01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimand and Mailey 1973, p 67, illustrating floral Herat rugs in <i>A Visit to the Nursery</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Metsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Metsu">Gabriel Metsu</a> (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17.190.20), p. 67, fig. 94; <i>Portrait of Omer Talon</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne" title="Philippe de Champaigne">Philippe de Champaigne</a>, 1649 (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Art, Washington">National Gallery of Art, Washington</a>, p.70, fig. 98); <i>Woman with a Water Jug</i>, by Jan Vermeer (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 89.15.21, p.71, fig. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ydema_1991-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ydema_1991_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ydema_1991_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYdema1991" class="citation book cs1">Ydema, Onno (1991). <i>Carpets and their datings in Netherlandish paintings : 1540-1700</i>. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors' Club. pp. 48–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851491511" title="Special:BookSources/1851491511"><bdi>1851491511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpets+and+their+datings+in+Netherlandish+paintings+%3A+1540-1700&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=48-51&rft.pub=Antique+Collectors%27+Club&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1851491511&rft.aulast=Ydema&rft.aufirst=Onno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Brukenthal_Museum:_The_extraordinary_value_of_the_Anatolian_Carpet-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Brukenthal_Museum:_The_extraordinary_value_of_the_Anatolian_Carpet_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054127/http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro/europeana_en/etajI/05.htm">"The Anatolian Rugs of Brukenthal National Museum Collection"</a>. <i>Brukenthal National Museum</i>. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brukenthal+National+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Anatolian+Rugs+of+Brukenthal+National+Museum+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brukenthalmuseum.ro%2Feuropeana_en%2FetajI%2F05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpuhler2012" class="citation book cs1">Spuhler, Friedrich (2012). <i>Carpets from Islamic Lands</i> (1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-97043-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-97043-0"><bdi>978-0-500-97043-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpets+from+Islamic+Lands&rft.place=London&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-500-97043-0&rft.aulast=Spuhler&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/oriental-rug-weaving">"Oriental Rug-Weaving"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>52</b> (1343supp): 21530–21530. 1901-09-28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican09281901-21530asupp">10.1038/scientificamerican09281901-21530asupp</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Oriental+Rug-Weaving&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1343supp&rft.pages=21530-21530&rft.date=1901-09-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican09281901-21530asupp&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Foriental-rug-weaving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Bode1902" class="citation book cs1">von Bode, Wilhelm (1902). <i>Vorderasiatische Knüpfteppiche aus alter Zeit</i> (5th ed.). Munich: Klinkhardt & Biermann. p. 158 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7814-0247-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7814-0247-9"><bdi>3-7814-0247-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vorderasiatische+Kn%C3%BCpfteppiche+aus+alter+Zeit&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=158+ff&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Klinkhardt+%26+Biermann&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=3-7814-0247-9&rft.aulast=von+Bode&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrüggemannBoehmer1982" class="citation book cs1">Brüggemann, W.; Boehmer, H. (1982). <i>Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien</i> (2 ed.). Munich: Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten. p. 58 f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-921811-20-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-921811-20-1"><bdi>3-921811-20-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teppiche+der+Bauern+und+Nomaden+in+Anatolien&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=58+f&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Verlag+Kunst+und+Antiquit%C3%A4ten&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=3-921811-20-1&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCggemann&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Boehmer%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCF_activities-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TCF_activities_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcfdatu.org/en/activities/activities/publications-25.htm">"TCF Natural Dyes Lab"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TCF+Natural+Dyes+Lab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcfdatu.org%2Fen%2Factivities%2Factivities%2Fpublications-25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilland2003" class="citation book cs1">Eilland, Emmett (2003). <i>Oriental Rugs Today</i> (2nd ed.). Albany, CA: Berkeley Hills Books. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893163-46-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-893163-46-6"><bdi>1-893163-46-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Rugs+Today&rft.place=Albany%2C+CA&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Berkeley+Hills+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-893163-46-6&rft.aulast=Eilland&rft.aufirst=Emmett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Dominant_role_of_women_and_girls_in_Turkish_carpet_weaving-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Dominant_role_of_women_and_girls_in_Turkish_carpet_weaving_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kilims.org/kilim-rugs-timeless-beauty/">"Kilim Rugs: Timeless Beauty"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809225723/https://kilims.org/kilim-rugs-timeless-beauty/">Archived</a> 2020-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. kilims.org. Retrieved 2016-01-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition:_The_Role_of_Women_and_Girls_in_traditional_rug_and_carpet_weaving-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition:_The_Role_of_Women_and_Girls_in_traditional_rug_and_carpet_weaving_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeissler,_CABrun,_TAMirbagheri,_ISoheli,_A1981" class="citation journal cs1">Geissler, CA; Brun, TA; Mirbagheri, I; Soheli, A; Naghibi, A; Hedayat, H (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/content/34/12/2776.full.pdf">"The Role of Women and Girls in traditional rug and carpet weaving"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>34</b> (12): 2776–2783. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F34.12.2776">10.1093/ajcn/34.12.2776</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7315779">7315779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Women+and+Girls+in+traditional+rug+and+carpet+weaving&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2776-2783&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F34.12.2776&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7315779&rft.au=Geissler%2C+CA&rft.au=Brun%2C+TA&rft.au=Mirbagheri%2C+I&rft.au=Soheli%2C+A&rft.au=Naghibi%2C+A&rft.au=Hedayat%2C+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcontent%2F34%2F12%2F2776.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehmer1983" class="citation journal cs1">Boehmer, Harald (1983). "The Revival of Natural Dyeing in Two Traditional Weaving Areas of Anatolia". <i>Oriental Rug Review</i>. <b>3</b> (9): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Rug+Review&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+Natural+Dyeing+in+Two+Traditional+Weaving+Areas+of+Anatolia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Boehmer&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtlihan1993" class="citation journal cs1">Atlihan, Serife (1993). "Traditional Weaving in One Village of Settled Nomads in Northwest Anatolia". <i>Oriental Carpet and Textile Studies</i>. <b>4</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Carpet+and+Textile+Studies&rft.atitle=Traditional+Weaving+in+One+Village+of+Settled+Nomads+in+Northwest+Anatolia&rft.volume=4&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Atlihan&rft.aufirst=Serife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilland2003" class="citation book cs1">Eilland, Emmett (2003). <i>Oriental Rugs Today</i> (2nd ed.). Albany, CA: Berkeley Hills Books. pp. 50–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893163-46-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-893163-46-6"><bdi>1-893163-46-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Rugs+Today&rft.place=Albany%2C+CA&rft.pages=50-59&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Berkeley+Hills+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-893163-46-6&rft.aulast=Eilland&rft.aufirst=Emmett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullan1965" class="citation book cs1">McMullan, Joseph V. (1965). <i>Islamic Carpets</i> (1st ed.). New York: Near Eastern Art Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Carpets&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Near+Eastern+Art+Research+Center&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=McMullan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eilland,_Oriental_Rugs-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eilland,_Oriental_Rugs_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilland1981" class="citation book cs1">Eilland, Murray L. (1981). <i>Oriental Rugs - A New Comprehensive Guide</i> (3rd ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Co. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-1127-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-1127-7"><bdi>0-8212-1127-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Rugs+-+A+New+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=139&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8212-1127-7&rft.aulast=Eilland&rft.aufirst=Murray+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann1982" class="citation book cs1">Herrmann, Eberhart (1982). <i>From Konya to Kokand - Rare Oriental Carpets III</i>. Munich: Eberhart Herrmann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Konya+to+Kokand+-+Rare+Oriental+Carpets+III&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Eberhart+Herrmann&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=Eberhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrüggemann2007" class="citation book cs1">Brüggemann, Werner (2007). <i>Der Orientteppich</i> [<i>The Oriental Carpet</i>] (1st ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 51–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-563-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-563-3"><bdi>978-3-89500-563-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Orientteppich&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.pages=51-60&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dr+Ludwig+Reichert+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89500-563-3&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCggemann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carpets_of_the_Islamic_Museum,_Berlin-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carpets_of_the_Islamic_Museum,_Berlin_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeselin2011" class="citation book cs1">Beselin, Anna (2011). <i>Geknüpfte Kunst: Teppiche des Museums für Islamische Kunst / Museum für Islamische Kunst, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin</i> (1st ed.). Munich: Ed. Minerva. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938832-80-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938832-80-6"><bdi>978-3-938832-80-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gekn%C3%BCpfte+Kunst%3A+Teppiche+des+Museums+f%C3%BCr+Islamische+Kunst+%2F+Museum+f%C3%BCr+Islamische+Kunst%2C+Staatliche+Museen+zu+Berlin&rft.place=Munich&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ed.+Minerva&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-938832-80-6&rft.aulast=Beselin&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Naucratis" class="citation web cs1">of Naucratis, Athenaeus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?id=Literature.AthV1">"The deipnosophists, or, Banquet of the learned of Athenæus"</a>. <i>The Literature collection</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Literature+collection&rft.atitle=The+deipnosophists%2C+or%2C+Banquet+of+the+learned+of+Athen%C3%A6us&rft.aulast=of+Naucratis&rft.aufirst=Athenaeus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FLiterature%2FLiterature-idx%3Fid%3DLiterature.AthV1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masterpieces_Islamic_Art,_2012-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masterpieces_Islamic_Art,_2012_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkthiarSoucekCanbyHaidar2012" class="citation book cs1">Ekthiar, MD; Soucek, PP; Canby, SR; Haidar, NN (2012). <i>Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Yale University Press. pp. 20–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-434-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-434-7"><bdi>978-1-58839-434-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterpieces+from+the+Department+of+Islamic+Art+in+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20-24&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-434-7&rft.aulast=Ekthiar&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Soucek%2C+PP&rft.au=Canby%2C+SR&rft.au=Haidar%2C+NN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brüggemann,_Orientteppich_2007-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brüggemann,_Orientteppich_2007_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrüggemann2007" class="citation book cs1">Brüggemann, Werner (2007). <i>Der Orientteppich</i> [<i>The Oriental Carpet</i>] (1st ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 87–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-563-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-563-3"><bdi>978-3-89500-563-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Orientteppich&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.pages=87-176&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dr+Ludwig+Reichert+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89500-563-3&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCggemann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroug2013" class="citation book cs1">Broug, Eric (2013). <i>Islamic geometric design</i> (1. publ. ed.). London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500516959" title="Special:BookSources/9780500516959"><bdi>9780500516959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+geometric+design&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780500516959&rft.aulast=Broug&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1981" class="citation book cs1">Ford, P.R.J. (1981). <i>Oriental Carpet Design</i> (1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500276648" title="Special:BookSources/9780500276648"><bdi>9780500276648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Carpet+Design&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Ltd.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780500276648&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=P.R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eilland,_Oriental_Carpets-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eilland,_Oriental_Carpets_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eilland,_Oriental_Carpets_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEilland1981" class="citation book cs1">Eilland, Murray L. (1981). <i>Oriental Rugs - A New Comprehensive Guide</i>. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. pp. 139–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8212-1127-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8212-1127-7"><bdi>0-8212-1127-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Rugs+-+A+New+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=139-143&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8212-1127-7&rft.aulast=Eilland&rft.aufirst=Murray+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1981" class="citation book cs1">Ford, P.R.J. (1981). <i>Oriental Carpet Design</i> (1st ed.). London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. pp. 273–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500276648" title="Special:BookSources/9780500276648"><bdi>9780500276648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Carpet+Design&rft.place=London&rft.pages=273-275&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Ltd.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780500276648&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=P.R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balpinar,_Vakiflar_Museum-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balpinar,_Vakiflar_Museum_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalpinarHirsch1988" class="citation book cs1">Balpinar, Belkis; Hirsch, Udo (1988). <i>Carpets of the Vakiflar Museum Istanbul</i> (German/English ed.). Wesel, Germany: U. Hülsey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783923185047" title="Special:BookSources/9783923185047"><bdi>9783923185047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpets+of+the+Vakiflar+Museum+Istanbul&rft.place=Wesel%2C+Germany&rft.edition=German%2FEnglish&rft.pub=U.+H%C3%BClsey&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9783923185047&rft.aulast=Balpinar&rft.aufirst=Belkis&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Udo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denny,_Islamic_carpets,_2014-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denny,_Islamic_carpets,_2014_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denny,_Islamic_carpets,_2014_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenny2014" class="citation book cs1">Denny, Walter B. (2014). <i>How to Read Islamic carpets</i> (1st ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 45–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-540-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-540-5"><bdi>978-1-58839-540-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Read+Islamic+carpets&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=45-&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-540-5&rft.aulast=Denny&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verlag_Kunst_und_Antiquitäten-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verlag_Kunst_und_Antiquitäten_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verlag_Kunst_und_Antiquitäten_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrüggemannBoehmer1982" class="citation book cs1">Brüggemann, W.; Boehmer, H. (1982). <i>Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien</i> (2 ed.). Munich: Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten. p. 58 f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-921811-20-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-921811-20-1"><bdi>3-921811-20-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teppiche+der+Bauern+und+Nomaden+in+Anatolien&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=58+f&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Verlag+Kunst+und+Antiquit%C3%A4ten&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=3-921811-20-1&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCggemann&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Boehmer%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steiner,_Heybe_ve_Torba-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steiner,_Heybe_ve_Torba_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinerPinkwartAmmermann2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steiner, Elisabeth; Pinkwart, Doris; Ammermann, Eberhart (2014). <i>Bergama Heybe ve Torba: Traditional bags of the Yürüks in Northwest Anatolia, Observations from 1970 to 2007 / Traditionelle Taschen der Yürüken Nordwest-Anatoliens. Beobachtungen in den Jahren zwischen 1970 bis 2007</i> (in German, English, and Turkish). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783000446191" title="Special:BookSources/9783000446191"><bdi>9783000446191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bergama+Heybe+ve+Torba%3A+Traditional+bags+of+the+Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCks+in+Northwest+Anatolia%2C+Observations+from+1970+to+2007+%2F+Traditionelle+Taschen+der+Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCken+Nordwest-Anatoliens.+Beobachtungen+in+den+Jahren+zwischen+1970+bis+2007&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783000446191&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Pinkwart%2C+Doris&rft.au=Ammermann%2C+Eberhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Bannon_1995-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Bannon_1995_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Bannon1995" class="citation book cs1">O'Bannon, George (1995). <i>Oriental rugs : the collector's guide to selecting, identifying, and enjoying new and vintage oriental rugs</i> (1st ed.). Pennsylvania, Pa.: Courage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561385287" title="Special:BookSources/9781561385287"><bdi>9781561385287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+rugs+%3A+the+collector%27s+guide+to+selecting%2C+identifying%2C+and+enjoying+new+and+vintage+oriental+rugs&rft.place=Pennsylvania%2C+Pa.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Courage+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781561385287&rft.aulast=O%27Bannon&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zipper_and_Fritzsche,_1989_65-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZipperFritzsche1989" class="citation book cs1">Zipper, Kurt; Fritzsche, Claudia (1989). <i>Oriental rugs</i> (Repr. ed.). Woodbridge: Antique Collectors' Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851490914" title="Special:BookSources/1851490914"><bdi>1851490914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+rugs&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Antique+Collectors%27+Club&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=1851490914&rft.aulast=Zipper&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Fritzsche%2C+Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iten-Maritz,_1975-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iten-Maritz,_1975_66-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIten-Maritz1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iten-Maritz, J. (1975). <i>Der Anatolische Teppich</i> [<i>The Anatolian Carpet</i>] (in German). München: Prestel Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3791303651" title="Special:BookSources/3791303651"><bdi>3791303651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Anatolische+Teppich&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Prestel+Verlag&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=3791303651&rft.aulast=Iten-Maritz&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdmann1966" class="citation book cs1">Erdmann, Kurt (1966). <i>700 Jahre Orienttepich / 700 Years of Oriental Carpets</i> (1st ed.). Herford: Bussesche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=700+Jahre+Orienttepich+%2F+700+Years+of+Oriental+Carpets&rft.place=Herford&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Bussesche+Verlagsbuchhandlung&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Erdmann&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ionescu,_Transylvanian-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIonescu" class="citation web cs1">Ionescu, Stefano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transylvanianrugs.com/pdf/HALI137.pdf">"Transsylvanian Tale"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.transsylvanian rug</i>. HALI 137, 53<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.transsylvanian+rug&rft.atitle=Transsylvanian+Tale&rft.aulast=Ionescu&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transylvanianrugs.com%2Fpdf%2FHALI137.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spuhler,_1978-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spuhler,_1978_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spuhler,_1978_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spuhler,_1978_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spuhler,_1978_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpuhlerKönigVolkmann1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spuhler, Friedrich; König, Hans; Volkmann, Martin (1978). <i>Old Eastern carpets: Masterpieces in German Private Collections = Alte Orientteppiche: Meisterstücke aus deutschen Privatsammlungen</i> (in German and English) (1st ed.). Munich: <a href="/wiki/Callwey_Verlag" title="Callwey Verlag">Callwey Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783766703637" title="Special:BookSources/9783766703637"><bdi>9783766703637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Eastern+carpets%3A+Masterpieces+in+German+Private+Collections+%3D+Alte+Orientteppiche%3A+Meisterst%C3%BCcke+aus+deutschen+Privatsammlungen&rft.place=Munich&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Callwey+Verlag&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9783766703637&rft.aulast=Spuhler&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.au=K%C3%B6nig%2C+Hans&rft.au=Volkmann%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wynn, A., Three Camels to Smyrna, Hali Publications 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2013-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2013_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2013_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2013" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Peter F. (2013). <i>Oriental Rugs: An Illustrated Lexicon of Motifs, Materials, and Origins</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804843737" title="Special:BookSources/9780804843737"><bdi>9780804843737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Rugs%3A+An+Illustrated+Lexicon+of+Motifs%2C+Materials%2C+and+Origins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780804843737&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopédie méthodique, ou, par ordre de matières, vol.2, Paris 1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoriann1977" class="citation book cs1">Gregoriann, A.T. (1977). <i>Oriental rugs and the stories they tell</i>. Scribners.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+rugs+and+the+stories+they+tell&rft.pub=Scribners&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Gregoriann&rft.aufirst=A.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoswami,_K.K.2017" class="citation book cs1">Goswami, K.K., ed. (2017). <i>Advances in Carpet Manufacture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Carpet+Manufacture&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ppapadaki, I.A., " Spartali Iordanis Styloglou (1887-1948), contribution to the development of carpet weaving in Isparta, Asia Minor", Deltion tis Etairias Meletis tis Kath Imas Anatolis, 2 (2006), 161-175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butterweck,_1986-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterweck,_1986_76-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterweckOrasch1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Butterweck, Georg; Orasch, Dieter (1986). <i>Das Standardwerk des anatolischen Knüpfteppichs: Zentralanatolien</i> [<i>Handbook of Anatolian Carpets : Central Anatolia</i>] (in German and English) (1st ed.). Wien: Eigenverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3900548005" title="Special:BookSources/3900548005"><bdi>3900548005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Standardwerk+des+anatolischen+Kn%C3%BCpfteppichs%3A+Zentralanatolien&rft.place=Wien&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Eigenverlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=3900548005&rft.aulast=Butterweck&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Orasch%2C+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolian+rug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shangrilahawaii.org/islamic-art-collection/collection-highlights/textiles-and-carpets/Ottoman-silk-velvets/">Ottoman Silk Velvets at Shangri La</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbase.com/dosseman/carpetmuseum">Over 170 pictures from Istanbul carpet museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rugs_and_carpets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rugs_and_carpets" title="Template:Rugs and carpets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rugs_and_carpets" title="Template talk:Rugs and carpets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rugs_and_carpets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rugs and carpets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rugs_and_carpets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Rugs and carpets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_carpet" title="Arabian carpet">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_rug" title="Afghan rug">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaraz_rug" title="Alcaraz rug">Alcaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rug">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absheron_carpet_weaving_school" title="Absheron carpet weaving school">Absheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghajly" title="Aghajly">Aghajly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraiolos_rug" title="Arraiolos rug">Arraiolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran_(carpet)" title="Arran (carpet)">Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borchaly_(carpet)" title="Borchaly (carpet)">Borchaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_carpets_and_rugs" title="Caucasian carpets and rugs">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chul_(carpet)" title="Chul (carpet)">Chul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demirchilar_(carpet)" title="Demirchilar (carpet)">Demirchilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja_rugs" title="Ganja rugs">Ganja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasimushaghi_carpets" title="Gasimushaghi carpets">Gasimushaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_carpets" title="Jek carpets">Jek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_carpet" title="Karabakh carpet">Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quba_rugs_and_carpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Quba rugs and carpets">Quba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabalyt_buta_carpet" title="Shabalyt buta carpet">Shabalyt-Buta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shedde" title="Shedde">Shedde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_rugs_and_carpets" title="Bessarabian rugs and carpets">Bessarabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_rug" title="Braided rug">Braided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogne_(rug)" title="Catalogne (rug)">Catalogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobi_rug" title="Chobi rug">Chobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhurrie" title="Dhurrie">Dhurrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flokati_rug" title="Flokati rug">Flokati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_rug" title="Kashmiri rug">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilihan_carpets_and_rugs" title="Lilihan carpets and rugs">Lilihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_carpets" title="Mughal carpets">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rug" title="Pakistani rug">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petate" title="Petate">Petate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadeh_rug" title="Abadeh rug">Abadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahar_rug" title="Ahar rug">Ahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_rug" title="Arak rug">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardabil_rug" title="Ardabil rug">Ardabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_rug" title="Bakhtiari rug">Bakhtiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakshaish" title="Bakshaish">Bakshaish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidjar_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidjar rug">Bidjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borujerd_rug" title="Borujerd rug">Borujerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbeh" title="Gabbeh">Gabbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriz_rug" title="Heriz rug">Heriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan_rug" title="Isfahan rug">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozan_rug" title="Jozan rug">Jozan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadagh_rug" title="Karadagh rug">Karadagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashan_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashan rug">Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmar carpet">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerman_carpet" title="Kerman carpet">Kerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rugs" title="Kurdish rugs">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashhad rug">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nain_rug" title="Nain rug">Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom_rug" title="Qom rug">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarouk_Persian_carpets" title="Sarouk Persian carpets">Sarouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraband_rug" title="Seraband rug">Seraband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan_rug" title="Shahsevan rug">Shahsevan rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_rug" title="Shiraz rug">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz_rug" title="Tabriz rug">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varamin_carpet" title="Varamin carpet">Varamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanjan_rug" title="Zanjan rug">Zanjan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rya_(rug)" title="Rya (rug)">Rya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_rugs" title="Scandinavian rugs">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychour_Rugs" title="Seychour Rugs">Seychour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_rug" title="Turkmen rug">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_carpet" title="Uzbek carpet">Uzbek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Julkhyr" title="Uzbek Julkhyr">Uzbek Julkhyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Napramach" title="Uzbek Napramach">Uzbek Napramach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCk_rug" title="Yürük rug">Yürük</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carpets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_carpet" title="Arabian carpet">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_carpet" title="Armenian carpet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axminster_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Axminster carpet">Axminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting#Bellini_carpets" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_carpet" title="Berber carpet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergama_carpet" title="Bergama carpet">Bergama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_rugs_and_carpets" title="Bessarabian rugs and carpets">Bessarabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_carpet" title="Bradford carpet">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_carpets_and_rugs" title="Caucasian carpets and rugs">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi_kilim" title="Chiprovtsi kilim">Chiprovtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crivelli_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Crivelli carpet">Crivelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersari_carpet" title="Ersari carpet">Ersari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitted_carpet" title="Fitted carpet">Fitted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbeh" title="Gabbeh">Gabbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereke_carpet" title="Hereke carpet">Hereke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_carpet" title="Karabakh carpet">Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_carpets" title="Konya carpets">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holbein_carpet" title="Holbein carpet">Holbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilihan_carpets_and_rugs" title="Lilihan carpets and rugs">Lilihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotto_carpet" title="Lotto carpet">Lotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memling_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Memling carpet">Memling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milas_carpet" title="Milas carpet">Milas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirot_carpet" title="Pirot carpet">Pirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quba_rugs_and_carpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Quba rugs and carpets">Quba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarouk_Persian_carpets" title="Sarouk Persian carpets">Sarouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_carpets_and_rugs" title="Swedish carpets and rugs">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushak_carpet" title="Ushak carpet">Ushak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomut_carpet" title="Yomut carpet">Yomut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Ballard" title="James F. Ballard">James F. Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crossley" title="Francis Crossley">Sir Francis Crossley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Erdmann" title="Kurt Erdmann">Kurt Erdmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_T._Gregorian" title="Arthur T. Gregorian">Arthur T. Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arshag_Karagheusian" title="Arshag Karagheusian">Arshag Karagheusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latif_Karimov" title="Latif Karimov">Latif Karimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Lessing" title="Julius Lessing">Julius Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hewitt_Myers" title="George Hewitt Myers">George H. Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Upham_Pope" title="Arthur Upham Pope">Arthur Upham Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Riegl" title="Alois Riegl">Alois Riegl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Sarre" title="Friedrich Sarre">Friedrich Sarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Bode" title="Wilhelm von Bode">Wilhelm von Bode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whitty" title="Thomas Whitty">Thomas Whitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yerkes" title="Charles Yerkes">Charles T. Yerkes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Carpet_Museum" title="Azerbaijan Carpet Museum">Azerbaijan Carpet Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_Museum_of_Iran" title="Carpet Museum of Iran">Carpet Museum of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al_Athar_al_Islamiyyah" title="Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah">Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brukenthal_National_Museum" title="Brukenthal National Museum">Brukenthal National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidderminster_carpet_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidderminster carpet industry">Kidderminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevlana_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlana Museum">Mevlana Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miho_Museum" title="Miho Museum">Miho Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Applied_Arts_(Budapest)" title="Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest)">Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Applied_Arts,_Vienna" title="Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna">Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Museum of Islamic Art, Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Poldi_Pezzoli" title="Museo Poldi Pezzoli">Museo Poldi Pezzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Textiles_(Lyon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Textiles (Lyon)">Museum of Textiles (Lyon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">Saint Louis Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Museum_(George_Washington_University)" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile Museum (George Washington University)">Textile Museum (George Washington University)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Carpet_Museum" title="Turkmen Carpet Museum">Turkmen Carpet Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton,_Wiltshire" title="Wilton, Wiltshire">Wilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cleaning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_cleaning" title="Carpet cleaning">Carpet cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_carpet_cleaning" title="Dry carpet cleaning">Dry carpet cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorcloth" title="Floorcloth">Floorcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_extraction" title="Hot water extraction">Hot water extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truckmount_carpet_cleaner" title="Truckmount carpet cleaner">Truckmount carpet cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">Vacuum cleaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frieze_(textile)" title="Frieze (textile)">Frieze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajim" title="Jajim">Jajim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_(fabric)" title="Shag (fabric)">Shag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and installation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knotted-pile_carpet" title="Knotted-pile carpet">Ghiordes and Senneh knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_density" title="Knot density">Knot density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">Rubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_hooking" title="Rug hooking">Rug hooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tack_strip" title="Tack strip">Tack strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underlay" title="Underlay">Underlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_and_weft" title="Warp and weft">Warp and weft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic dye">Synthetic dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubia_tinctorum" title="Rubia tinctorum">Madder (Rubia tinctorum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria" title="Indigofera tinctoria">Indigofera tinctoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cochineal" title="Armenian cochineal">Armenian cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish cochineal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_dyes_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpet dyes in Uzbekistan">Dyes in Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Carpet_manufacturing_companies" title="Category:Carpet manufacturing companies">Manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axminster_Carpets" title="Axminster Carpets">Axminster Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brintons" title="Brintons">Brintons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormar_Carpets" title="Cormar Carpets">Cormar Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilmaghani" title="Dilmaghani">Dilmaghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOBAG_Carpet_Initiative" title="DOBAG Carpet Initiative">DOBAG Carpet Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_%26_M_Karagheusian" title="A & M Karagheusian">A & M Karagheusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savonnerie_manufactory" title="Savonnerie manufactory">Savonnerie manufactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziegler_%26_Co." title="Ziegler & Co.">Ziegler & Co.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carpets in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_rug" title="Eagle rug">Eagle rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Anatolian_animal_carpets" title="Early Anatolian animal carpets">Early Anatolian animal carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Kilim motifs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elibelinde" title="Elibelinde">Elibelinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorial_carpet" title="Pictorial carpet">Pictorial carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_carpet" title="Red carpet">Red carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_rugs" title="Transylvanian rugs">Transylvanian rugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable individual<br /> carpets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardabil_Carpet" title="Ardabil Carpet">Ardabil Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Orphan_Rug" title="Armenian Orphan Rug">Armenian Orphan Rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badding_Rug" title="Badding Rug">Badding Rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharestan_Carpet" title="Baharestan Carpet">Bahar-e Kasra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Carpet" title="Coronation Carpet">Coronation Carpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&oldid=1227779095">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_rug&oldid=1227779095</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_art" title="Category:Turkish art">Turkish art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Turkey" title="Category:Culture of Turkey">Culture of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_inventions" 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