CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Turkification - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f24c24b4-226d-4734-9b85-f95f4870c299","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Turkification","wgTitle":"Turkification","wgCurRevisionId":1259286034,"wgRevisionId":1259286034,"wgArticleId":4445638,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2018","All articles with style issues","Articles that may contain original research from July 2018", "All articles that may contain original research","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Use dmy dates from June 2021","Articles containing Turkish-language text","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from March 2021","Turkish nationalism","Cultural assimilation"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Turkification","wgRelevantArticleId":4445638,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q756921","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Turkification - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Turkification rootpage-Turkification skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Turkification" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Turkification" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Turkification" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Turkification" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_examples_of_Turkification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_examples_of_Turkification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early examples of Turkification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_examples_of_Turkification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkification_of_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkification_of_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Turkification of Central Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkification_of_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkification_of_Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkification_of_Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Turkification of Azerbaijan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkification_of_Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkification_of_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkification_of_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Turkification of Anatolia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkification_of_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_pastoralists_of_Turkic_origin_in_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_pastoralists_of_Turkic_origin_in_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Number of pastoralists of Turkic origin in Anatolia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_pastoralists_of_Turkic_origin_in_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devşirme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devşirme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Devşirme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devşirme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Late Ottoman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Modern Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnonational_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnonational_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Ethnonational identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnonational_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprecise_meaning_of_Türk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprecise_meaning_of_Türk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Imprecise meaning of Türk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprecise_meaning_of_Türk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Genetic testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Turkification</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="تتريك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تتريك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkl%C9%99%C5%9Fdirm%C9%99" title="Türkləşdirmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkləşdirmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Атурэчванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атурэчванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Турцизация по българските земи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турцизация по българските земи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkisierung_der_T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkisierung der Türkei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Türkisierung der Türkei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ترک‌سازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترک‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquisation" title="Turquisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turquisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Թյուրքացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թյուրքացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkizacija" title="Turkizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turkizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkifikasi" title="Turkifikasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turkifikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchizzazione" title="Turchizzazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turchizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="თურქიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkkirin" title="Tirkkirin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkkirin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="تتريك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تتريك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ترک‌ سازی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترک‌ سازی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тюркизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тюркизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqizimi" title="Turqizimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turqizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkification" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="تورکاندن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکاندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Туркификација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туркификација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkizacija" title="Turkizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turkizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkifikasi" title="Turkifikasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Turkifikasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkle%C5%9Ftirme" title="Türkleştirme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkleştirme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Отурчення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Отурчення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ترک‌ سازی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترک‌ سازی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3_h%C3%B3a" title="Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkkerd%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Tırkkerdış – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkkerdış" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E5%8C%96" title="突厥化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="突厥化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q756921#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Turkification" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkification">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkification">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Turkification" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Turkification" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&oldid=1259286034" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Turkification&id=1259286034&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurkification">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurkification">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Turkification&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q756921" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Adoption of a Turkic culture by a non-Turkic population</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkification" title="Special:EditPage/Turkification">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Turkification" title="Talk:Turkification">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>. (July 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places receive or adopt <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic</a> attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity. However, often this term is more narrowly applied to mean specifically Turkish rather than merely Turkic, meaning that it refers more frequently to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s policies or the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish nationalist">Turkish nationalist</a> policies of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in Turkey">ethnic minorities in Turkey</a>. As the Turkic states developed and grew, there were many instances of this cultural shift. The earliest instance of Turkification took place in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, when by the 6th century AD migration of Turkic tribes from <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> caused a language shift among the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> of the area.<a href="#cite_note-peimani-1">[1]</a> By the 8th century AD, the Turkification of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> was completed by <a href="/wiki/Qarluq_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarluq Turks">Qarluq Turks</a>, who also <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamized</a> the population.<a href="#cite_note-dickens-2">[2]</a> The Turkification of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> occurred in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>, when Anatolia had been a diverse and largely Greek-speaking region after previously being <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_history_of_Islam-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the 20th century, Anatolian, <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> regions were said to undergo <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanization</a>. "Turkification" started being used interchangeably with "Ottomanization" after the rise of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a> in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The term has been used in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> since the 1300s or late-Byzantine era as "εκτουρκισμός", or "τούρκεμα". It literally translates to "becoming a Turk". Apart from people, it may refer also to cities that were conquered by Turks or churches that were converted to mosques. It is more frequently used in the verb form "τουρκεύω" (to Turkify, to become Muslim or Turk).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_examples_of_Turkification">Early examples of Turkification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early examples of Turkification">edit</a>]</div> By 750, the Turkification of Kashgar by the Qarluq Turks was underway. The Qarluqs were ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Karakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanids">Karakhanids</a>, who also Islamized the population.<a href="#cite_note-dickens-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Iranian</a> language of <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> oasis region, eventually died out as a result of Turkification.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkification_of_Central_Asia">Turkification of Central Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Turkification of Central Asia">edit</a>]</div> The current population of Central Asia is the result of the long and complex process that started at least 1,400 years ago. Today this region consists of mainly Turkic ethnic groups, barring <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, although centuries ago its native inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-peimani-1">[1]</a> Turkification of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">native Iranian population of Central Asia</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[note 1]</a> began by the 6th century A.D. partly due to migration of Turkic tribes from Inner Asia. The process of Turkification of Central Asia, besides those parts that constitute the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> with a majority Tajik population, accelerated with the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol conquest of Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a> writes that the people who lived between Bukhara and Samarkand were Turkified <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdian people">Sogdians</a>, whom he refers to as “Sogdak”.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Tajiks are considered to be the only ethnic group to have survived the process of Turkification in Central Asia. Despite their clear Iranian ethnicity, there are arguments that attempt to denounce Tajiks' Iranian identity, and instead link them with the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> raised in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iran</a> or Turks who have lost their language under the influence of Persian civilization.<a href="#cite_note-peimani-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkification_of_Azerbaijan">Turkification of Azerbaijan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Turkification of Azerbaijan">edit</a>]</div> Turkification of the non-Turkic population derives from the Turkic settlements in the area now known as Azerbaijan, which began and accelerated during the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Turks">Seljuq</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-golden-15">[13]</a> The migration of Oghuz Turks from present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, which is attested by linguistic similarity, remained high through the Mongol period, since the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> troops were Turkic. By the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> period, the Turkic nature of Azerbaijan increased with the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>, an association of the <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkmen</a> nomadic tribes that was the backbone of the Safavid Empire.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet</a> scholars, the Turkification of Azerbaijan was largely completed during the Ilkhanate period. Turkish scholar Faruk Sumer notes three distinct periods in which Turkification took place: Seljuq, Mongol and Post-Mongol (<a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> and Safavid). In the first two, Oghuz Turkic tribes advanced or were driven to Anatolia and <a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran</a>. In the last period, the Turkic elements in Iran (Oghuz, with lesser admixtures of <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Qipchaq</a>, Qarluq as well as Turkified Mongols) were joined now by Anatolian Turks migrating back to Iran. This marked the final stage of Turkification.<a href="#cite_note-golden-15">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkification_of_Anatolia">Turkification of Anatolia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Turkification of Anatolia">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg/220px-Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg/330px-Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg/440px-Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the registration of Christian boys for the devşirme. Ottoman miniature painting, 1558.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> Anatolia was home to many different peoples in ancient times who were either natives or settlers and invaders. These different people included the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchian" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchian">Colchians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberians_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberians of the Caucasus">Iberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduenes</a>, and scores of others. During the Mycenaean and Classical periods of Greek history, Greeks colonised the Western, Northern and Southern Coasts of Anatolia. Over the course of many centuries a process of <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> occurred throughout the interior Anatolia which was aided by the fact that Koine Greek was the lingua franca in political circles and also later became the primary liturgical language, and the similarity of some of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">native languages of Anatolia</a> to Greek (cf. <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a>). By the 5th century the native people of Asia Minor were entirely <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> in their language and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> in religion.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> These Greek-speaking Christian inhabitants of Asia Minor are known as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a>, although at the time they would have considered themselves to be Romans (Rhomaioi), and they formed the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>'s Greek-speaking population for one thousand years, from the 5th century until the fall of the Byzantine state in the 15th century. In the northeast along the Black Sea these peoples eventually formed their own state known as the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>, which gave rise to the modern <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greek</a> population. In the east, near the borderlands with the Persian Empire, other native languages remained, specifically <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian Aramaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> authorities routinely conducted large-scale population transfers in an effort to impose religious uniformity and quell rebellions. After the subordination of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> in 1018, for instance, much of its army was resettled in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">Eastern Anatolia</a>. The Byzantines were particularly keen to assimilate the large Armenian population. To that end, in the eleventh century, the Armenian nobility were removed from their lands and resettled throughout western Anatolia with prominent families subsumed into the Byzantine nobility, leading to numerous Byzantine generals and emperors of Armenian extraction. These resettlements spread the Armenian-speaking community deep into Asia Minor, but an unintended consequence was the loss of local military leadership along the eastern Byzantine frontier, opening the path for the inroads of Turkish invaders.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Beginning in the eleventh century, war between the Turks and Byzantines led to the deaths of many in Asia Minor, while others were enslaved and removed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVryonis1971172-22">[20]</a> As areas became depopulated, Turkic nomads moved in with their herds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVryonis1971184–194-23">[21]</a> However, despite the suffering of the local Christian populations at the hands of the Turks and in particular the Turkoman tribesmen, they were still an overwhelming majority of the population 50 years after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The Turks seem to have been aware of their numerical inferiority during this time period as evidenced by the fact many Turkish rulers went to lengths to disarm their Christian subjects. There is also evidence that the Turks resorted to kidnapping Christian children and raising them as Turks, as attested by contemporary chronicler <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Edessa" title="Matthew of Edessa">Matthew of Edessa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Intermarriage between Turks and Greek, Armenian and Georgian natives of Anatolia was not unheard of, although the majority of these unions were between Turkish men and Christian women. The children of these unions, known as 'Mixovarvaroi', were raised as Turks and were of the Muslim faith (although there were some cases of Mixovarvaroi defecting to the Byzantines). It is likely that these unions played a role in the eventual diminishment of the Christian population in Anatolia and its transition from Greek/Christian to Turkish/Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_of_pastoralists_of_Turkic_origin_in_Anatolia">Number of pastoralists of Turkic origin in Anatolia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Number of pastoralists of Turkic origin in Anatolia">edit</a>]</div> The number of nomads of Turkic origin that migrated to Anatolia is a matter of discussion. According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27id_al-Maghribi" title="Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi">Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi</a>, there were 200,000 Turkmen tents in <a href="/wiki/Denizli" title="Denizli">Denizli</a> and its surrounding areas, 30,000 in <a href="/wiki/Bolu" title="Bolu">Bolu</a> and its surrounding areas, and 100,000 in <a href="/wiki/Kastamonu" title="Kastamonu">Kastamonu</a> and its surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> According to a Latin source, at the end of the 12th century, there were 100,000 nomadic tents in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Denizli" title="Denizli">Denizli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isparta" title="Isparta">Isparta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> According to Ottoman tax archives, in modern-day Anatolia, in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaman_Eyalet" title="Karaman Eyalet">Karaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dulkadir_Eyalet" title="Dulkadir Eyalet">Dulkadir</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet" title="Rûm Eyalet">Rûm</a>, there were about 872,610 households in the 1520s and 1530s; 160,564 of those households were nomadic, and the remainder were sedentary. Of the four provinces, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a> (which does not include the whole of geographic Anatolia but only its western and some of its northwestern parts) had the largest nomadic population with 77,268 households. Between 1570 and 1580, 220,217 households of the overall 1,360,474 households in the four provinces were nomadic, which means that at least 20% of Anatolia was still nomadic in the 16th century. The province of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a>, which had the largest nomadic population with 77,268 households, saw an increase of its nomadic population to 116,219 households in those years.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Devşirme">Devşirme</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Devşirme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme" class="mw-redirect" title="Devşirme">Devşirme</a></div> Devşirme<a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a> (literally "collecting" in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>), also known as the blood tax, was chiefly the annual practice by which the Ottoman Empire sent military to press second or third sons of their Christian subjects (<a href="/wiki/Rum_millet" title="Rum millet">Rum millet</a>) in the villages of the Balkans into military training as <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> They were then taught to speak <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> with the primary objective of selecting and training the ablest children of the Empire for military or civil service, mostly into the ranks of the Janissaries.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Started by <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a> as a means to counteract the growing power of the Turkish nobility, the practice itself violated Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze2011-34">[32]</a> By 1648, the practice drew to an end. An attempt to re-institute it in 1703 was resisted by its Ottoman members who coveted its military and civilian posts, and in the early part of <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet III">Ahmet III</a>'s reign, the practice was abolished. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Ottoman_era">Late Ottoman era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late Ottoman era">edit</a>]</div> The late Ottoman government sought to create "a core identity with a single Turkish religion, language, history, tradition, culture and set of customs", replacing earlier Ottoman traditions that had not sought to assimilate different religions or ethnic groups. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> had an ethnically diverse population that included Turks, Arabs, Albanians, Bosniaks, Greeks, Persians, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, Armenians, Kurds, <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a>, Circassians, Assyrians, Jews and Laz people. <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish nationalist">Turkish nationalists</a> claimed that only Turks were loyal to the state. Ideological support for Turkification was not widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> One of its main supporters was sociologist and political activist <a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a> who believed that a modern state must become homogeneous in terms of culture, religion, and national identity.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> This conception of national identity was augmented by his belief in the primacy of Turkishness as a unifying virtue. As part of this belief, it was necessary to purge from the territories of the state those national groups who could threaten the integrity of a modern Turkish nation state.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The 18th article of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman Constitution of 1876</a> declared Turkish the sole official language,<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> and that only Turkish speaking people could be employed in the government.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> assumed power in 1909, the policy of Turkification received several new layers and it was sought to impose Turkish in the administration, the courts, and education in the areas where the Arabic-speaking population was the majority. Another aim was to loosen ties between the Empire's Turk and ethnically non-Turkish populations through efforts to purify the Turkish language of Arabic influences. In this nationalist vision of Turkish identity, language was supreme, and religion was relegated to a subordinate role. Arabs responded by asserting the superiority of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>, describing Turkish as a "mongrel" language that had borrowed heavily from the Persian and Arabic languages. Through the policy of Turkification, the Young Turk government suppressed the Arabic language. Turkish teachers were hired to replace Arabic teachers at schools. The Ottoman postal service was administrated in Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-suleiman-41">[39]</a> Those who supported Turkification were accused of harming Islam. <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> was an advocate who supported Arabic against Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-suleiman-41">[39]</a> Even before the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> of 1908, the Syrian Reformer Tahrir al-Jazairi had convinced <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a> to adopt Arabic as the official language of instruction at state schools. The language of instruction was only changed to Turkish in 1885 under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulhamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulhamid">Abdulhamid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Though writers like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Dawn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Dawn (page does not exist)">Ernest Dawn</a> have noted that the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a> "Arabism" predate 1908, the prevailing view still holds that Arab nationalism emerged as a response to the Ottoman Empire's Turkification policies.<a href="#cite_note-kayali-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> One historian of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> wrote that: "the Unionists introduced a grave provocation by opposing the Arab language and adopting a policy of Turkification", but not all scholars agree about the contribution of Turkification policies to Arab nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-kayali-43">[41]</a> European critics who accused the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">CUP</a> of depriving non-Turks of their rights through Turkification saw Turk, Ottoman and Muslim as synonymous, and believed Young Turk "Ottomanism" posed a threat to <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Christians</a>. The British ambassador <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gerard_Lowther,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Gerard Lowther, 1st Baronet">Gerard Lowther</a> said it was like "pounding non-Turkish elements in a Turkish mortar", while another contemporary European source complained that the CUP plan would reduce "the various races and regions of the empire to one dead level of Turkish uniformity." Rifa'at 'Ali Abou-El-Haj has written that "some Ottoman cultural elements and Islamic elements were abandoned in favor of Turkism, a more potent device based on ethnic identity and dependent on a language based nationalism".<a href="#cite_note-kayali-43">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Turk">Young Turk</a> government launched a series of initiatives that included forced assimilation. <a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" class="mw-redirect" title="Uğur Üngör">Uğur Üngör</a> writes that "Muslim Kurds and Sephardi Jews were considered slightly more 'Turkifiable' than others", noting that many of these nationalist era "social engineering" policies perpetuated persecution "with little regard for proclaimed and real loyalties." These policies culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ungor-45">[43]</a> During World War I, the Ottoman government established orphanages throughout the empire which included Armenian, Kurdish, and Turkish children. Armenian orphans were given Arabic and Turkish names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201651-46">[44]</a> In 1916 a Turkification campaign began in which whole <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a> were to be resettled in areas where they were not to exceed more than 10% of the local population. <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a> ordered that Kurds in the eastern areas be relocated in western areas. He also demanded information regarding if the Kurds Turkified in their new settlements and if they got along with their Turkish population.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Additionally, non-Kurdish immigrants from Greece, Albania, Bosnia and Bulgaria were to be settled in the Diyarbakır province, where the deported Kurds had lived before.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> By October 1918, with the Ottoman army retreating from Lebanon, a Father Sarlout sent the Turkish and Kurdish orphans to Damascus, while keeping the Armenian orphans in Antoura. He began the process of reversing the Turkification process by having the Armenian orphans recall their original names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201653-49">[47]</a> It is believed by various scholars that at least two million Turks have at least one Armenian grandparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201653-49">[47]</a> Around 1.5 million Ottoman Greeks remained in the Ottoman Empire after losses of 550,000 during WWI. Almost all, 1,250,000, except for those in Constantinople, had fled before or were forced to go to Greece in 1923 in the population exchanges mandated by the League of Nations after the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> The lingual Turkification of Greek-speakers in 19th-century Anatolia is well documented. According to <a href="/wiki/Speros_Vryonis" title="Speros Vryonis">Speros Vryonis</a> the <a href="/wiki/Karamanlides" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlides</a> are the result of partial Turkification that occurred earlier, during the Ottoman period.<a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[24]</a> Fewer than 300,000 Armenians remained of 1.2 million before the war; fewer than 100,000 of 400,000 Assyrians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Turkey">Modern Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #ED1C24"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataturk1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/75px-Ataturk1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/113px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ataturk1930s.jpg/150px-Ataturk1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="987" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_International_Peace_Prize" title="Atatürk International Peace Prize">Atatürk International Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Centennial" title="Atatürk Centennial">Atatürk Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted assassination of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Attempted assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Death and state funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Mausoleum</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition of the sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey#History" title="Education in Turkey">Educational reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Turkish language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Modern_Turkey">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" title="State Art and Sculpture Museum">State Art and Sculpture Museum</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home,_Peace_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace at Home, Peace in the World">Peace at Home, Peace in the World</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Historiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutuk" title="Nutuk">Nutuk</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's signature"><img alt="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/90px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/135px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/180px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="205" /></a></div> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Template:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Template talk:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Thessaloniki_Fire_of_1917" title="Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917">Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917</a> displaced many of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Salonikan Jews</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a>, the rebuilding of these places by the post-Ottoman Turkish and Greek nation-states devastated and erased the past of non-Turkish (and non-Hellenistic) habitation.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> According to historian Talin Suciyan, for non-Muslims in the Republic of Turkey, Turkification resulted in "de-identification, in which a person loses all references to his or her own grandparents, socialisation, culture and history, but cannot fully become part of the society, culture, and politics of the imposed system". There continues to be state-organized discrimination, such as keeping files of citizens of non-Muslim descent.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Ottoman Turkish classical music was banned from the school curriculum. Ottoman archival documents were sold to Bulgaria as recycled paper. Sunday was made the official rest day instead of Friday (the traditional rest day in the Muslim religion).<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Political elites in the early Republic were divided: the modernist agenda, which promoted radical transformation, erasing all vestiges of the Ottoman past, and moderate nationalists, who preferred a softer transition that retained some elements of Ottoman heritage.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnonational_identity">Ethnonational identity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethnonational identity">edit</a>]</div> When the modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> was founded in 1923, nationalism and secularism were two of the founding principles.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, the leader of the early years of the Republic, aimed to create a nation-state (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Ulus) from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Ministry_of_National_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Ministry of National Education">Turkish Ministry of National Education</a> in 2008 defines the "Turkish People" as "those who protect and promote the moral, spiritual, cultural and humanistic values of the Turkish Nation."<a href="#cite_note-TurkishNational-56">[54]</a> One of the goals of the establishment of the new Turkish state was to ensure "the domination of Turkish ethnic identity in every aspect of social life from the language that people speak in the streets to the language to be taught at schools, from the education to the industrial life, from the trade to the cadres of state officials, from the civil law to the settlement of citizens to particular regions."<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> In 2008, the then <a href="/wiki/Defense_Minister_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Minister of Turkey">Defense Minister of Turkey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vecdi_G%C3%B6n%C3%BCl" title="Vecdi Gönül">Vecdi Gönül</a> remarked defending the actions of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> regarding the Turkification of Anatolia: "Could Turkey be the same national country had the Greek community still lived in the Aegean or Armenians lived in many parts of Turkey?"<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> The process of unification through Turkification continued within modern Turkey with such policies as: <ul><li>According to Art. 12 of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1924" title="Turkish Constitution of 1924">Turkish Constitution of 1924</a>, citizens who could not speak and read Turkish were not allowed to become members of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a></li> <li>A law from December 1925 demanded that clothes worn by employees in all companies must be of Turkish production.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[58]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/1925_Report_for_Reform_in_the_East_(Turkey)" title="1925 Report for Reform in the East (Turkey)">Report for Reform in the East</a> was released in September 1925 according to which non-Turkish languages shall be forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a></li> <li>On 18 March 1926 a Civil Servants Law came into effect, which allowed only Turks to become civil servants and explicitly excluded Armenians and Greeks to become such.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayir2013122-63">[61]</a></li> <li>On 28 May 1927 it was decided that business correspondence must be in Turkish language, and foreign assurance companies must employ Turks, except for the director and the deputy director.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[58]</a></li> <li>The Law 1164 from September 1927 <a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> enabled the creation of regional administrative areas called <a href="/wiki/Inspectorates-General_(Turkey)" title="Inspectorates-General (Turkey)">Inspectorates-General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Umumi Müfettişlikler), where extensive policies of Turkification were applied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayir2016139–141-65">[63]</a> The Inspectorates Generals existed until 1952.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a> (Turkish: Vatandaş Türkçe konuş!) – An initiative created by law students but sponsored by the Turkish government which aimed to put pressure on non-Turkish speakers to speak Turkish in public in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser200645-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toktas2005p400-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> In some municipalities, fines were given to those speaking in any language other than Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-Tormented_by_history:_nationalism_in_Greece_and_Turkey-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Otuzlarda_Türk_Milliyetçiliğinde_Irk,_Dil_ve_Etnisite-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cumhuriyet_yıllarında_Türkiye_Yahudleri_bir_türkleştirme_serüveni;_(1923–1945)-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></li> <li>The Law 2007 of 11 June 1932 reserved a wide number of professions like lawyer, construction worker, artisan, hairdresser, messenger, etc. to Turkish citizens and forbade foreigners also to open shops in rural areas. Most affected by the Law were the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law" title="1934 Turkish Resettlement Law">1934 Resettlement Law</a> (also known as Law no. 2510) – A policy adopted by the Turkish government which set forth the basic principles of immigration.<a href="#cite_note-:0-76">[74]</a> The law was issued to impose a policy of forceful assimilation of non-Turkish minorities through a forced and collective resettlement.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJongerden2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-77">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a> – The surname law forbade certain surnames that contained connotations of foreign cultures, nations, tribes, and religions.<a href="#cite_note-Toktas2005p400-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Basak-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> As a result, many ethnic Armenians, Greeks, and Kurds were forced to adopt last names of Turkish rendition.<a href="#cite_note-Basak-79">[77]</a> Names ending with "yan, of, ef, viç, is, dis, poulos, aki, zade, shvili, madumu, veled, bin" (names that denote Armenian, Slavic, Greek, Albanian, Arabic, Georgian, Kurdish, and other origins) could not be registered, and they had to be replaced by "-oğlu."<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></li> <li>From 1932 on, it was implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Religious Affairs">Diyanet</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Adhan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a> shall be called in Turkish. Imams who delivered the Adhan in Arabic were prosecuted according to the article 526 of the Turkish Criminal Code for "being opposed to the command of officials maintaining public order and safety".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAydar200659-82">[80]</a> 1941 a new paragraph was added to Article 526 of the Turkish Criminal Code and from then on Imams who refused to deliver the Adhan in Turkish could be imprisoned for up to 3 months or be fined with between 10 and 300 Turkish Lira.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAydar200660-83">[81]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_1946%E2%80%9361)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–61)">Democrat Party</a> won the elections in 1950, on 17 June 1950 it was decided that the prayers could be given in Arabic again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAydar200661-84">[82]</a></li> <li>The conscription of the <a href="/wiki/The_Twenty_Classes" title="The Twenty Classes">20 Classes working battalions</a> in the years 1941–1942. Only non-Muslims, mainly Jews, Greeks and Armenians were conscripted to work under difficult conditions.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">Varlık Vergisi</a> ("Wealth tax" or "Capital tax") – A Turkish tax levied on the wealthy citizens of Turkey in 1942, with the stated aim of raising funds for the country's defense in case of an eventual entry into World War II. Those who suffered most severely were non-Muslims like the Jews, Greeks, Armenians, and Levantines, who controlled a large portion of the economy;<a href="#cite_note-dilek-87">[85]</a> the Armenians who were most heavily taxed.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> According to Klaus Kreiser for President <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">Inönü</a> the aim of the tax was to evict the foreigners who control the Turkish economy and move the economy to the Turks<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></li> <li>Article 16 of the Population Law from 1972 prohibited to give newborns names that were contrary to the national culture.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Animal name changes in Turkey">Animal name changes in Turkey</a> – An initiative by the Turkish government to remove any reference to <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> names of animals.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sari_Gelin_Case-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shahrzad-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscated_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey">Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey</a> – An initiative by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> governments which involved seizure of the assets, properties and land of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Armenians">Armenian community of Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Confiscation_and_Destruction:_The_Young_Turk_Seizure_of_Armenian_Property-99">[97]</a> The policy is considered a nationalization and Turkification of the country's economy by eliminating ownership of non-Turkish minorities which in this case would be of the Armenian community.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical name changes in Turkey">Geographical name changes in Turkey</a> – An initiative by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish government">Turkish government</a> to replace non-Turkish geographical and topographic names within the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> names,<a href="#cite_note-Nişanyan2010-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jongerden2012-103">[101]</a> as part of a policy of Turkification.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simonian2007-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJongerden2007354-106">[104]</a> The main proponent of the initiative has been a Turkish homogenization social-engineering campaign which aimed to assimilate or obliterate geographical or topographical names that were deemed foreign and divisive against Turkish unity. The names that were considered foreign were usually of Armenian, Greek, Laz, Slavic, Kurdish, Assyrian, or Arabic origin.<a href="#cite_note-Nişanyan2010-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jongerden2012-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simonian2007-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJongerden2007354-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> For example, words such as Armenia were banned in 1880 from use in the press, schoolbooks, and governmental establishments and was subsequently replaced with words like Anatolia or Kurdistan.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Assyrians have increased their protest regarding the forced Turkification of historically Aramaic-named cities and localities and they see this process as continuing the cultural genocide of their identity and history (as part of the wider erasure of Assyrian, Kurdish and Armenian cultures).<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-76">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)</a> – An article of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Penal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Code">Penal Code</a> which makes it illegal to insult Turkey, the Turkish nation, or Turkish government institutions. It took effect on 1 June 2005, and was introduced as part of a package of penal-law reform in the process preceding the opening of negotiations for <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkish membership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), in order to bring Turkey up to the Union standards.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></li> <li>Turkification was also prevalent in the educational system of Turkey. Measures were adopted making Turkish classes mandatory in minority schools and making use of the Turkish language mandatory in economic institutions.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprecise_meaning_of_Türk">Imprecise meaning of Türk</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Imprecise meaning of Türk">edit</a>]</div> The Ottoman elite identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>, not as Turks, due to the term being associated mainly with <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner1997219-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeker1971322-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Ottomans, like <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, firstly identified themselves via <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal descent</a> and secondly viewed the various peoples under their <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic rule">dynastic rule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawla">devlet</a>) as part of a unique <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>, while viewing other Turkic peoples as more alien; seeing as they claimed <a href="/wiki/Kayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayi">Kayi</a> ancestry through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_osman" class="mw-redirect" title="House of osman">House of Osman</a>, the modern notion of "Turk" as a uniquely inter-ethnic label would not be communicable.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In the late 19th century, while "Turk" was still a pejorative for poor <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörük</a>-<a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> farmers and pastoralists of ignoble origins, European ideas of nationalism were adopted by the Ottoman elite, and when it became clear that the local Turkish-speakers of Anatolia were the most loyal supporters of Ottoman rule, the term Türk took on a much more positive connotation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner1997220–221-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The imprecision of the appellation Türk can also be seen with other ethnic names, such as Kürt, which is often applied by western Anatolians to anyone east of Adana, even those who speak only Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeker1971322-119">[117]</a> Thus, the category Türk, like other ethnic categories popularly used in Turkey, does not have a uniform usage. In recent years, centrist Turkish politicians have attempted to redefine this category in a more multicultural way, emphasizing that a Türk is anyone who is a citizen of the Republic of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner1997230-124">[122]</a> After 1982, article 66 of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Constitution">Turkish Constitution</a> defines a "Turk" as anyone who is "bound to the Turkish state through the bond of <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayir2016144-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_testing">Genetic testing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Genetic testing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Turkish_people" title="Genetic studies on Turkish people">Genetic studies on Turkish people</a></div> The population of Asia Minor (<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> including Greece was estimated at 10.7 million in 600 AD whereas Asia Minor was probably around 8 million during the early part of Middle Ages (950 to 1348 AD). The estimated population for Asia Minor around 1204 AD was 6 million, including 3 million in Seljuk territory.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Turkish genomic variation, along with several other <a href="/wiki/Western_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asian">Western Asian</a> populations, looks most similar to genomic variation of <a href="/wiki/South_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="South Europe">South European</a> populations such as southern Italians.<a href="#cite_note-Taskent_et_al_2017-127">[125]</a> Data from ancient DNA – covering the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> periods – showed that Western Asian genomes, including Turkish ones, have been greatly influenced by early agricultural populations in the area; later population movements, such as those of Turkic speakers, also contributed.<a href="#cite_note-Taskent_et_al_2017-127">[125]</a> The first and only (as of 2017) <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequencing</a> study in Turkey was done in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Taskent_et_al_2017-127">[125]</a> Moreover, the genetic variation of various populations in Central Asia "has been poorly characterized"; Western Asian populations may also be "closely related to populations in the east".<a href="#cite_note-Taskent_et_al_2017-127">[125]</a> An earlier 2011 review had suggested that "small-scale, irregular punctuated migration events" caused changes in language and culture "among Anatolia's diverse autochthonous inhabitants," which explains Anatolian populations' profile today.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1925_Report_for_Reform_in_the_East_(Turkey)" title="1925 Report for Reform in the East (Turkey)">1925 Report for Reform in the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_origins_of_the_Turkish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic origins of the Turkish people">Genetic origins of the Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenisation">Hellenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification_and_Islamification_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkification and Islamification of Xinjiang">Turkification and Islamification of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekisation" title="Uzbekisation">Uzbekisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Mainly the territories of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Though Mongols were not Turks or Turkic-speaking people, their army consisted mostly of Turkic warriors by the end of the conquest of Central Asia </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-peimani-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peimani_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peimani_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peimani_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeimani1998" class="citation book cs1">Peimani, Hooman (1998). Regional Security and the Future of Central Asia. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96021-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96021-8"><bdi>0-275-96021-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Security+and+the+Future+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-275-96021-8&rft.aulast=Peimani&rft.aufirst=Hooman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dickens-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dickens_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dickens_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens2018" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, Mark (2018-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2617">"Kashgar"</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2018-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashgar&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-2617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Cambridge_history_of_Islam-3"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_history_of_Islam_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambtonLewis1977" class="citation book cs1">Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977). "3". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C">The Cambridge history of Islam</a> (Reprint. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 231–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521291356" title="Special:BookSources/0521291356"><bdi>0521291356</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901104613/https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2016-09-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=231-233&rft.edition=Reprint.&rft.pub=Cambridge+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0521291356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4AuJvd2Tyt8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988">:"Anatolia had been the homeland of many peoples, the scene of many civilizations, and had served them as a bridge between three continents" "After the battle of Manzikert, there were swift and sudden changes in the ethnic features of Anatolia. Because the great Turkish migration and colonization were neither studied nor understood, the process of Turkification in Anatolia remained an enigma, and some historians ascribed these changes to the annihilation or mass conversion to Islam of the local population. While there were indeed conversions and losses of population on both sides, the inaccuracy of such conjectures, which fail to take about of migration and ethnic changes, is shown even by a general picture of events as drawn above." </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison2013" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Roderic H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQvUAAAAQBAJ">Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923: The Impact of the West</a>. University of Texas Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292758940" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292758940"><bdi>978-0292758940</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806173413/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQvUAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-06. Retrieved 2016-09-22. <q>So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Ottoman+and+Turkish+History%2C+1774-1923%3A+The+Impact+of+the+West&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0292758940&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Roderic+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQvUAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Leonard, Thomas M. (2006). "Turkey". Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Volume 3. Routledge. p. 1576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579583880" title="Special:BookSources/9781579583880"><bdi>9781579583880</bdi></a>. <q>Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=1576&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781579583880&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöl2015" class="citation book cs1">Göl, Ayla (2015-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pb0SDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT95">Turkey facing east: Islam, modernity and foreign policy</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0334-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0334-5"><bdi>978-1-5261-0334-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+facing+east%3A+Islam%2C+modernity+and+foreign+policy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-0334-5&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6l&rft.aufirst=Ayla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpb0SDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyzantios1856" class="citation book cs1">Vyzantios, Skarlatos D. (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00NDAAAAYAAJ&q=%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%89&pg=RA6-PA408">Skarlatos D. Vyzantios, Dictionnaire Grec-Français et Français-Grec, Athens, 1856, p. 408 (French part), under term "TURBAN"</a>. Retrieved 2014-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skarlatos+D.+Vyzantios%2C+Dictionnaire+Grec-Fran%C3%A7ais+et+Fran%C3%A7ais-Grec%2C+Athens%2C+1856%2C+p.+408+%28French+part%29%2C+under+term+%22TURBAN%22&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Vyzantios&rft.aufirst=Skarlatos+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00NDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CF%2581%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B5%25CF%258D%25CF%2589%26pg%3DRA6-PA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThumb1895" class="citation book cs1">Thumb, Albert (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0K5DAAAAIAAJ&q=%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%89">Thumb Albert, Handbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache, Trübner, 1895, p. 233</a>. Trübner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783112172148" title="Special:BookSources/9783112172148"><bdi>9783112172148</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thumb+Albert%2C+Handbuch+der+neugriechischen+Volkssprache%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner%2C+1895%2C+p.+233&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1895&rft.isbn=9783112172148&rft.aulast=Thumb&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0K5DAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CF%2581%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B5%25CF%258D%25CF%2589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chrestomathiegr00perngoog">Emile Louis Jean Legrand, Chrestomathie grecque moderne, 1899, p. 479.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718064512/http://archive.org/details/chrestomathiegr00perngoog">Archived</a> 2013-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "τουρκεύω, rendre turc, se faire turc. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens2018" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, Mark (2018-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-5745">"Khwarezmian (Chorasmian) language"</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866277-8"><bdi>978-0-19-866277-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2018-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khwarezmian+%28Chorasmian%29+language&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866277-8&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-5745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Hooman Peimani, "Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus", ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009, p.144 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMélikoff1996" class="citation journal cs1">Mélikoff, Iréne (1996-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09637499608431734">"From God of Heaven to king of men: Popular Islam among Turkic tribes from Central Asia to Anatolia"</a>. Religion, State and Society. 24 (2–3): 133–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09637499608431734">10.1080/09637499608431734</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-7494">0963-7494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion%2C+State+and+Society&rft.atitle=From+God+of+Heaven+to+king+of+men%3A+Popular+Islam+among+Turkic+tribes+from+Central+Asia+to+Anatolia&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=133-138&rft.date=1996-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09637499608431734&rft.issn=0963-7494&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9likoff&rft.aufirst=Ir%C3%A9ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09637499608431734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-golden-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golden_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden,_Peter_B.1992" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold">An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples</a>. Otto Harrasowitz. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00gold/page/n395">385</a>–386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03274-2"><bdi>978-3-447-03274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+Peoples&rft.pages=385-386&rft.pub=Otto+Harrasowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03274-2&rft.au=Golden%2C+Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlow,_David2009" class="citation book cs1">Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. I.B. Taurus. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-786-72953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-786-72953-8"><bdi>978-1-786-72953-8</bdi></a>. <q>The primary court language remained Turkish. But it was not the Turkish of Istambul. It was a Turkish dialect, the dialect of the Qizilbash Turkomans</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shah+Abbas%3A+The+Ruthless+King+Who+Became+an+Iranian+Legend&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=I.B.+Taurus&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-786-72953-8&rft.au=Blow%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasuh1588" class="citation web cs1">Nasuh, Matrakçı (1588). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203143244/http://warfare.netau.net/Ottoman/Suleymanname/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans.htm">"Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans"</a>. Süleymanname, Topkapı Sarayı Museum, Ms Hazine 1517. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.netau.net/Ottoman/Suleymanname/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans.htm">the original</a> on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2019-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCleymanname%2C+Topkap%C4%B1+Saray%C4%B1+Museum%2C+Ms+Hazine+1517&rft.atitle=Janissary+Recruitment+in+the+Balkans&rft.date=1588&rft.aulast=Nasuh&rft.aufirst=Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.netau.net%2FOttoman%2FSuleymanname%2FJanissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaditsa1983" class="citation book cs1">Raditsa, Leo (1983). "Iranians in Asia Minor". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139054942" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139054942"><bdi>978-1139054942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranians+in+Asia+Minor&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Vol.+3+%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.pages=100-115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1139054942&rft.aulast=Raditsa&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwainAdamsJanse2002" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. 246–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924506-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924506-1"><bdi>0-19-924506-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism+in+Ancient+Society%3A+Language+Contact+and+the+Written+Word&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pages=246-266&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-924506-1&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.+Maxwell&rft.au=Janse%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Mitchell, Stephen. 1993. Anatolia: land, men and gods in Asia Minor. Vol. 1, The Celts, and the impact of Roman rule. Clarendon Press. pp.172–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharanis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Charanis, Peter (2009). "The Transfer of Population as a Policy in the Byzantine Empire". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 3 (2): 140–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500012093">10.1017/S0010417500012093</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/177624">177624</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145091581">145091581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Transfer+of+Population+as+a+Policy+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=140-54&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145091581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F177624%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500012093&rft.aulast=Charanis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVryonis1971172-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVryonis1971172_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVryonis1971">Vryonis 1971</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVryonis1971184–194-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVryonis1971184–194_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVryonis1971">Vryonis 1971</a>, pp. 184–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVryonis_Jr1971" class="citation book cs1">Vryonis Jr, Speros (1971). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. California: Berkeley University Press. pp. 178–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Medieval+Hellenism+in+Asia+Minor+and+the+Process+of+Islamization+from+the+Eleventh+through+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.place=California&rft.pages=178-79&rft.pub=Berkeley+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Vryonis+Jr&rft.aufirst=Speros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_of_Edessa" class="citation book cs1">Matthew of Edessa. Chronicles. pp. 199–209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicles&rft.pages=199-209&rft.au=Matthew+of+Edessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVryonis_Jr1971" class="citation book cs1">Vryonis Jr, Speros (1971). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. California: Berkeley University Press. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Medieval+Hellenism+in+Asia+Minor+and+the+Process+of+Islamization+from+the+Eleventh+through+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.place=California&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Berkeley+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Vryonis+Jr&rft.aufirst=Speros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThonemann2011" class="citation book cs1">Thonemann, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NnGvHLvUYEoC&q=boli&pg=PA7">Peter Thonemann, The Maeander Valley: A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium, p. 7</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139499354" title="Special:BookSources/9781139499354"><bdi>9781139499354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Thonemann%2C+The+Maeander+Valley%3A+A+Historical+Geography+from+Antiquity+to+Byzantium%2C+p.+7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139499354&rft.aulast=Thonemann&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNnGvHLvUYEoC%26q%3Dboli%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindner1983" class="citation book cs1">Lindner, Rudi Paul (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xsuDwAAQBAJ&q=30%2C000+turkmen+tents+in+bolu&pg=PT34">Rudi Paul Lindner, Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134897841" title="Special:BookSources/9781134897841"><bdi>9781134897841</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudi+Paul+Lindner%2C+Nomads+and+Ottomans+in+Medieval+Anatolia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9781134897841&rft.aulast=Lindner&rft.aufirst=Rudi+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6xsuDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D30%252C000%2Bturkmen%2Btents%2Bin%2Bbolu%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/29_1007-2465-1-PB.pdf">İlhan Şahin The Oghuz Turks of Anatolia, 2004 p. 5</a> (PDF). 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729012956/http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/29_1007-2465-1-PB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-29. Retrieved 2018-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%B0lhan+%C5%9Eahin+The+Oghuz+Turks+of+Anatolia%2C+2004+p.+5&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.manas.edu.kg%2Fmjtc%2Foldarchives%2F2004%2F29_1007-2465-1-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/29_1007-2465-1-PB.pdf">İlhan Şahin The Oghuz Turks of Anatolia, 2004 p. 24</a> (PDF). 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729012956/http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/29_1007-2465-1-PB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-29. Retrieved 2018-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%B0lhan+%C5%9Eahin+The+Oghuz+Turks+of+Anatolia%2C+2004+p.+24&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.manas.edu.kg%2Fmjtc%2Foldarchives%2F2004%2F29_1007-2465-1-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry_Anderson1979" class="citation book cs1">Perry Anderson (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f7Wz4b4JTC8C&pg=PA366">Lineages of the Absolutist State</a>. Verso. pp. 366–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-710-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-710-6"><bdi>978-0-86091-710-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317093052/http://books.google.com/books?id=f7Wz4b4JTC8C&pg=PA366">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-17. Retrieved 2015-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lineages+of+the+Absolutist+State&rft.pages=366-&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-710-6&rft.au=Perry+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df7Wz4b4JTC8C%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyril_Glassé2008" class="citation book cs1">Cyril Glassé, ed. (2008). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaşgözWilson1989" class="citation journal cs1">Başgöz, I.; Wilson, H. E. (1989). "The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era". Turkish Review. 3 (16): 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Review&rft.atitle=The+educational+tradition+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+development+of+the+Turkish+educational+system+of+the+republican+era&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ba%C5%9Fg%C3%B6z&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikaberidze2011-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze2011_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Mikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Alexander Mikaberidze</a> (2011-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA273">Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 273–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-337-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-337-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617074501/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA273">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2015-10-19. <q>This effectively enslaved some of the sultan's own non-Islamic subjects and was therefore illegal under Islamic law, which stipulated that conquered non-Muslims should be demilitarized and protected</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=273-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-337-8&rft.au=Alexander+Mikaberidze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBBYD2J2oE4C%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTas2016" class="citation book cs1">Tas, Latif (2016-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuIGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Legal Pluralism in Action: Dispute Resolution and the Kurdish Peace Committee</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-10615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-10615-9"><bdi>978-1-317-10615-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Pluralism+in+Action%3A+Dispute+Resolution+and+the+Kurdish+Peace+Committee&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.isbn=978-1-317-10615-9&rft.aulast=Tas&rft.aufirst=Latif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYuIGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2005" class="citation book cs1">Bloxham, Donals (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatgameofgenoc00blox/page/150">The great game of genocide</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927356-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-927356-1"><bdi>0-19-927356-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+game+of+genocide&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-927356-1&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatgameofgenoc00blox%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene1998" class="citation journal cs1">Levene, Mark (Winter 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003213503/http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/3/393">"Creating a Modern "Zone of Genocide": The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923"</a>. Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 12 (3): 393–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F12.3.393">10.1093/hgs/12.3.393</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/3/393">the original</a> on 2006-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Creating+a+Modern+%22Zone+of+Genocide%22%3A+The+Impact+of+Nation-+and+State-Formation+on+Eastern+Anatolia%2C+1878%E2%80%931923&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-433&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F12.3.393&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhgs.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F12%2F3%2F393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoganalp-Votzi2002" class="citation book cs1">Doganalp-Votzi, Heidemarie (2002). Aspects of the political language in Turkey. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+political+language+in+Turkey&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Doganalp-Votzi&rft.aufirst=Heidemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.eu/tr/verf76.htm">"Die Verfassung des Osmanischen Reichs (1876)"</a>. www.verfassungen.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106053310/http://www.verfassungen.eu/tr/verf76.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2019-01-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.verfassungen.eu&rft.atitle=Die+Verfassung+des+Osmanischen+Reichs+%281876%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungen.eu%2Ftr%2Fverf76.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suleiman-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suleiman_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suleiman_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuleiman2004" class="citation book cs1">Suleiman, Yasir (2004-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Neu3q8Vt01sC&pg=PA18">A War of Words: Language and Conflict in the Middle East</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54656-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54656-0"><bdi>978-0-521-54656-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+War+of+Words%3A+Language+and+Conflict+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-06-10&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54656-0&rft.aulast=Suleiman&rft.aufirst=Yasir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNeu3q8Vt01sC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇiçek2015" class="citation book cs1">Çiçek, M. Talha (2015-12-14). Syria in World War I: Politics, economy, and society. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-37126-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-37126-7"><bdi>978-1-317-37126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+in+World+War+I%3A+Politics%2C+economy%2C+and+society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft.isbn=978-1-317-37126-7&rft.aulast=%C3%87i%C3%A7ek&rft.aufirst=M.+Talha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kayali-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kayali_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kayali_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kayali_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayali1997" class="citation book cs1">Kayali, Hasan (1997-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NX2fICZGh80C">Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91757-6"><bdi>978-0-520-91757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabs+and+Young+Turks%3A+Ottomanism%2C+Arabism%2C+and+Islamism+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1908-1918&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997-09-03&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91757-6&rft.aulast=Kayali&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNX2fICZGh80C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2003-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-183">"Arab Nationalism"</a>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada">The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512558-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2018-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arab+Nationalism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512558-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001%2Facref-9780195125580-e-183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ungor-45"><a href="#cite_ref-ungor_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejts.revues.org/2583">"Geographies of Nationalism and Violence: Rethinking Young Turk 'Social Engineering'"</a>. European Journal of Turkish Studies (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.2583">10.4000/ejts.2583</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424051957/http://ejts.revues.org/2583">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2013-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Turkish+Studies&rft.atitle=Geographies+of+Nationalism+and+Violence%3A+Rethinking+Young+Turk+%27Social+Engineering%27&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejts.2583&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejts.revues.org%2F2583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201651-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201651_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirdjian2016">Demirdjian 2016</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör" class="citation web cs1">Üngör, Umut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf">"Young Turk social engineering: mass violence and the nation-state in eastern Turkey, 1913-1950"</a> (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 217–220. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411205919/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Young+Turk+social+engineering%3A+mass+violence+and+the+nation-state+in+eastern+Turkey%2C+1913-1950&rft.pages=217-220&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=Umut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F867135%2F65687_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör" class="citation web cs1">Üngör, Umut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf">"Young Turk social engineering: mass violence and the nation-state in eastern Turkey, 1913-1950"</a> (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 226–227. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411205919/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/867135/65687_13.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=Young+Turk+social+engineering%3A+mass+violence+and+the+nation-state+in+eastern+Turkey%2C+1913-1950&rft.pages=226-227&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=Umut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F867135%2F65687_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201653-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201653_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemirdjian201653_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirdjian2016">Demirdjian 2016</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Peoples on the Move, Pertti Ahonen, page 8, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2020" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Christopher (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ynJDwAAQBAJ&dq=de+ottomanization&pg=PA57">Istanbul, City of the Fearless: Urban Activism. Coup D'etat, and Memory in Turkey</a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520343191" title="Special:BookSources/9780520343191"><bdi>9780520343191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istanbul%2C+City+of+the+Fearless%3A+Urban+Activism.+Coup+D%27etat%2C+and+Memory+in+Turkey&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780520343191&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ynJDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dde%2Bottomanization%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuciyan2015" class="citation book cs1">Suciyan, Talin (2015). The Armenians in Modern Turkey: Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-773-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-773-2"><bdi>978-0-85772-773-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians+in+Modern+Turkey%3A+Post-Genocide+Society%2C+Politics+and+History&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-773-2&rft.aulast=Suciyan&rft.aufirst=Talin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGul" class="citation book cs1">Gul, Murat. The Emergence of Modern Istanbul. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Istanbul&rft.pages=76&rft.aulast=Gul&rft.aufirst=Murat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGul" class="citation book cs1">Gul, Murat. The Emergence of Modern Istanbul. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Istanbul&rft.pages=78&rft.aulast=Gul&rft.aufirst=Murat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindley2010" class="citation book cs1">Findley, Carter Vaughn (2010). Turkey, Islam, nationalism, and modernity: a history, 1789–2007. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15260-9"><bdi>978-0-300-15260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+Islam%2C+nationalism%2C+and+modernity%3A+a+history%2C+1789%E2%80%932007&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15260-9&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+Vaughn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-TurkishNational-56"><a href="#cite_ref-TurkishNational_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_Of_Turkey_Ministry_Of_National_Education" class="citation web cs1">Republic Of Turkey Ministry Of National Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/apk2001ing/Section_1/1Generalprincipals.htm">"Turkish National Education System"</a>. T.C. Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207000723/http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/apk2001ing/Section_1/1Generalprincipals.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2008-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+National+Education+System&rft.pub=T.C.+Government&rft.au=Republic+Of+Turkey+Ministry+Of+National+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meb.gov.tr%2FStats%2Fapk2001ing%2FSection_1%2F1Generalprincipals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Ayhan Aktar, "Cumhuriyet’in Đlk Yıllarında Uygulanan ‘Türklestirme’ Politikaları," in Varlık Vergisi ve 'Türklestirme' Politikaları,2nd ed. (Istanbul: Iletisim, 2000), 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyol2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akyol, Mustafa (2008-11-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/the-turkification-of-turkey-10397767">"The Turkification of Turkey"</a>. www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hurriyet.com.tr&rft.atitle=The+Turkification+of+Turkey&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.aulast=Akyol&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fthe-turkification-of-turkey-10397767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungen.eu/tr/tuerkei24.htm">"Verfassungsgesetz der Republik Türkei (1924)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425130612/http://www.verfassungen.eu/tr/tuerkei24.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verfassungsgesetz+der+Republik+T%C3%BCrkei+%281924%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungen.eu%2Ftr%2Ftuerkei24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAğrı2014" class="citation book cs1">Ağrı, Ülkü (2014). Pogrom in Istanbul, 6./7. September 1955. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag GmbH. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783879974399" title="Special:BookSources/9783879974399"><bdi>9783879974399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pogrom+in+Istanbul%2C+6.%2F7.+September+1955&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Klaus+Schwarz+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783879974399&rft.aulast=A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Clk%C3%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/107183-27-mayis-kurtler-ve-sark-islahat-plani-kararnamesi">"ÜMİT FIRAT yazdı: 27 Mayıs, Kürtler ve Şark Islahat Planı Kararnamesi"</a>. Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 2021-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bianet+-+Bagimsiz+Iletisim+Agi&rft.atitle=%C3%9CM%C4%B0T+FIRAT+yazd%C4%B1%3A+27+May%C4%B1s%2C+K%C3%BCrtler+ve+%C5%9Eark+Islahat+Plan%C4%B1+Kararnamesi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bianet.org%2Fbianet%2Fsiyaset%2F107183-27-mayis-kurtler-ve-sark-islahat-plani-kararnamesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoner2017" class="citation book cs1">Goner, Ozlem (2017-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bv8nDwAAQBAJ&q=sark+islahat+raporu+and+the+kurds+s%C3%BCkr%C3%BC+kaya&pg=PA52">Turkish National Identity and Its Outsiders: Memories of State Violence in Dersim</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-46296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-46296-7"><bdi>978-1-315-46296-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+National+Identity+and+Its+Outsiders%3A+Memories+of+State+Violence+in+Dersim&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft.isbn=978-1-315-46296-7&rft.aulast=Goner&rft.aufirst=Ozlem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbv8nDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsark%2Bislahat%2Braporu%2Band%2Bthe%2Bkurds%2Bs%25C3%25BCkr%25C3%25BC%2Bkaya%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayir2013122-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayir2013122_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayir2013">Bayir 2013</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/20607">"Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri"</a>. Dergipark. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411214425/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/20607">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-04-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dergipark&rft.atitle=%C3%9C%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC+Umumi+M%C3%BCfetti%C5%9Fli%C4%9Fi%27nin+Kurulmas%C4%B1+ve+III.+Umum%C3%AE+M%C3%BCfetti%C5%9F+Tahsin+Uzer%27in+Baz%C4%B1+%C3%96nemli+Faaliyetleri&rft.pages=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F20607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayir2016139–141-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayir2016139–141_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayir2016">Bayir 2016</a>, pp. 139–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleetKuntKasabaFaroqhi2008" class="citation book cs1">Fleet, Kate; Kunt, I. Metin; Kasaba, Reşat; Faroqhi, Suraiya (2008-04-17). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62096-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62096-3"><bdi>978-0-521-62096-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Turkey&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62096-3&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Kunt%2C+I.+Metin&rft.au=Kasaba%2C+Re%C5%9Fat&rft.au=Faroqhi%2C+Suraiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser200645-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser200645_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKieser2006">Kieser 2006</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-Toktas2005p400-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toktas2005p400_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toktas2005p400_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToktas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Toktas, Sule (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/761586">"Citizenship and Minorities: A Historical Overview of Turkey's Jewish Minority"</a>. Journal of Historical Sociology. 18 (4): 394–429 [400]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6443.2005.00262.x">10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00262.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59138386">59138386</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200503083439/https://www.academia.edu/761586/Citizenship_and_Minorities_A_Historical_Overview_of_Turkey_s_Jewish_Minority">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-03. Retrieved 2013-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Sociology&rft.atitle=Citizenship+and+Minorities%3A+A+Historical+Overview+of+Turkey%27s+Jewish+Minority&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=394-429+400&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-6443.2005.00262.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59138386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Toktas&rft.aufirst=Sule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F761586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Aslan, Senem (April 2007). ""Citizen, Speak Turkish!": A Nation in the Making". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 13 (2). Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group: 245–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537110701293500">10.1080/13537110701293500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144367148">144367148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Politics&rft.atitle=%22Citizen%2C+Speak+Turkish%21%22%3A+A+Nation+in+the+Making&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-272&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537110701293500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144367148%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Senem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tormented_by_history:_nationalism_in_Greece_and_Turkey-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Tormented_by_history:_nationalism_in_Greece_and_Turkey_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofos2008" class="citation book cs1">Sofos, Umut Özkırımlı & Spyros A. (2008). Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70052-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70052-8"><bdi>978-0-231-70052-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tormented+by+history%3A+nationalism+in+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70052-8&rft.aulast=Sofos&rft.aufirst=Umut+%C3%96zk%C4%B1r%C4%B1ml%C4%B1+%26+Spyros+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otuzlarda_Türk_Milliyetçiliğinde_Irk,_Dil_ve_Etnisite-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Otuzlarda_Türk_Milliyetçiliğinde_Irk,_Dil_ve_Etnisite_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoner2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Soner, Çağaptay (2006). Otuzlarda Türk Milliyetçiliğinde Irk, Dil ve Etnisite (in Turkish). Istanbul. pp. 25–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otuzlarda+T%C3%BCrk+Milliyet%C3%A7ili%C4%9Finde+Irk%2C+Dil+ve+Etnisite&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=25-26&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Soner&rft.aufirst=%C3%87a%C4%9Faptay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cumhuriyet_yıllarında_Türkiye_Yahudleri_bir_türkleştirme_serüveni;_(1923–1945)-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Cumhuriyet_yıllarında_Türkiye_Yahudleri_bir_türkleştirme_serüveni;_(1923–1945)_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBali1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bali, Rifat N. (1999). Cumhuriyet yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri bir türkleştirme serüveni; (1923–1945) (in Turkish) (7. bs. ed.). İstanbul: İletişim. p. 604. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789754707632" title="Special:BookSources/9789754707632"><bdi>9789754707632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cumhuriyet+y%C4%B1llar%C4%B1nda+T%C3%BCrkiye+Yahudileri+bir+t%C3%BCrkle%C5%9Ftirme+ser%C3%BCveni%3B+%281923%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pages=604&rft.edition=7.+bs.&rft.pub=%C4%B0leti%C5%9Fim&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789754707632&rft.aulast=Bali&rft.aufirst=Rifat+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnce2012" class="citation book cs1">İnce, Başak (2012-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydpiawe35DwC">Citizenship and identity in Turkey: from Atatürk's republic to the present day</a>. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-026-1"><bdi>978-1-78076-026-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013031112/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ydpiawe35DwC&pg">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-13. Retrieved 2013-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+identity+in+Turkey%3A+from+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+republic+to+the+present+day&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-026-1&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nce&rft.aufirst=Ba%C5%9Fak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdpiawe35DwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBali2013" class="citation book cs1">Bali, Rifat N. (2013). Xenophobia and Protectionism - A Study of the 1932 Law Reserving Majority of Occupations in Turkey to Turkish Nationals. Istanbul: Libra. pp. 31–33, 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786054326723" title="Special:BookSources/9786054326723"><bdi>9786054326723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xenophobia+and+Protectionism+-+A+Study+of+the+1932+Law+Reserving+Majority+of+Occupations+in+Turkey+to+Turkish+Nationals&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=31-33%2C+37&rft.pub=Libra&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9786054326723&rft.aulast=Bali&rft.aufirst=Rifat+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Vryonis, Speros (2005). The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul. New York: Greekworks.com, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9747660-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9747660-3-8">0-9747660-3-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_76-1">b</a> Çağatay, Soner 2002 'Kemalist dönemde göç ve iskan politikaları: Türk kimliği üzerine bir çalışma' (Policies of migration and settlement in the Kemalist era: a study on Turkish identity), Toplum ve Bilim, no. 93, pp. 218-41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJongerden2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJongerden2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2014)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJongerden2007">Jongerden 2007</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunyGoçekNaimark2011" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor; Goçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M., eds. (2011-02-23). A question of genocide: Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539374-3"><bdi>978-0-19-539374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+question+of+genocide%3A+Armenians+and+Turks+at+the+end+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539374-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basak-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basak_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basak_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnce2012" class="citation book cs1">İnce, Başak (2012-04-26). Citizenship and identity in Turkey: from Atatürk's republic to the present day. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-026-1"><bdi>978-1-78076-026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+identity+in+Turkey%3A+from+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+republic+to+the+present+day&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-026-1&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nce&rft.aufirst=Ba%C5%9Fak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Aslan, Senem (2009-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejts.revues.org/index4142.html">"Incoherent State: The Controversy over Kurdish Naming in Turkey"</a>. European Journal of Turkish Studies (10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4142">10.4000/ejts.4142</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726111611/http://ejts.revues.org/index4142.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-26. Retrieved 2013-01-16. <q>the Surname Law was meant to foster a sense of Turkishness within society and prohibited surnames that were related to foreign ethnicities and nations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Turkish+Studies&rft.atitle=Incoherent+State%3A+The+Controversy+over+Kurdish+Naming+in+Turkey&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejts.4142&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Senem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejts.revues.org%2Findex4142.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkmekcioglu2010" class="citation book cs1">Ekmekcioglu, Lerna (2010). Improvising Turkishness: Being Armenian in post-Ottoman Istanbul (1918–1933). Ann Arbor. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-124-04442-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-124-04442-2"><bdi>978-1-124-04442-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improvising+Turkishness%3A+Being+Armenian+in+post-Ottoman+Istanbul+%281918%E2%80%931933%29&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=169&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-124-04442-2&rft.aulast=Ekmekcioglu&rft.aufirst=Lerna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAydar200659-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAydar200659_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAydar2006">Aydar 2006</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAydar200660-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAydar200660_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAydar2006">Aydar 2006</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAydar200661-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAydar200661_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAydar2006">Aydar 2006</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelkonyan" class="citation web cs1">Melkonyan, Ruben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noravank.am/upload/pdf/5.Ruben%20Melkonyan_02_2010.pdf">"On some problems of the Armenian national minority in Turkey"</a> (PDF). www.noravank.am. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112154659/http://noravank.am/upload/pdf/5.Ruben%20Melkonyan_02_2010.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-12. Retrieved 2018-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.noravank.am&rft.atitle=On+some+problems+of+the+Armenian+national+minority+in+Turkey&rft.aulast=Melkonyan&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noravank.am%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2F5.Ruben%2520Melkonyan_02_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Rifat Bali, Model Citizens of the State: The Jews of Turkey during the Multi-Party Period, Lexington Books, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1611475376" title="Special:BookSources/1611475376">1611475376</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-dilek-87"><a href="#cite_ref-dilek_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüven2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Güven, Dilek (2005-09-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=163380">"6-7 Eylül Olayları (1)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radikal" title="Radikal">Radikal</a> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721205422/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=163380">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2008-10-25. <q>Nitekim 1942 yılında yürürlüğe giren Varlık Vergisi, Ermenilerin, Rumların ve Yahudilerin ekonomideki liderliğine son vermeyi hedeflemiştir...Seçim dönemleri CHP ve DP'nin Varlık Vergisi'nin geri ödeneceği yönündeki vaatleri ise seçim propagandasından ibarettir.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radikal&rft.atitle=6-7+Eyl%C3%BCl+Olaylar%C4%B1+%281%29&rft.date=2005-09-06&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCven&rft.aufirst=Dilek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radikal.com.tr%2Fhaber.php%3Fhaberno%3D163380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation conference cs1">Smith, Thomas W. (August 29 – September 2, 2001). Constructing A Human Rights Regime in Turkey: Dilemmas of Civic Nationalism and Civil Society. p. 4. <q>One of the darkest events in Turkish history was the Wealth Tax, levied discriminatory against non-Muslims in 1942, hobbling Armenians with the most punitive rates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Constructing+A+Human+Rights+Regime+in+Turkey%3A+Dilemmas+of+Civic+Nationalism+and+Civil+Society&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2001-08-29%2F2001-09-02&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreiser2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kreiser, Klaus (2012), Geschichte der Türkei, Von Atatürk bis zur Gegenwart (in German), C.H. Beck, p. 73, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-64065-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-64065-0"><bdi>978-3-406-64065-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+T%C3%BCrkei%2C+Von+Atat%C3%BCrk+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-406-64065-0&rft.aulast=Kreiser&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeğen2011" class="citation book cs1">Yeğen, Mesut (2011). Jongerden, Joost; Casier, Marlies (eds.). Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics). Routledge. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415583459" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415583459"><bdi>978-0415583459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalisms+and+Politics+in+Turkey%3A+Political+Islam%2C+Kemalism+and+the+Kurdish+Issue+%28Routledge+Studies+in+Middle+Eastern+Politics%29&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415583459&rft.aulast=Ye%C4%9Fen&rft.aufirst=Mesut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-91"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4328285.stm">"Turkey renames 'divisive' animals"</a>. BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation. 2005-03-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203014054/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4328285.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2013-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC%3A+British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Turkey+renames+%27divisive%27+animals&rft.date=2005-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4328285.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sari_Gelin_Case-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Sari_Gelin_Case_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunaysu2009" class="citation news cs1">Gunaysu, Ayse (2009-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianweekly.com/2009/03/04/learnings-from-the-sari-gelin-case/">"Learnings from the Sari Gelin Case"</a>. Armenian Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106234112/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2009/03/04/learnings-from-the-sari-gelin-case/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-06. Retrieved 2013-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armenian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Learnings+from+the+Sari+Gelin+Case&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft.aulast=Gunaysu&rft.aufirst=Ayse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianweekly.com%2F2009%2F03%2F04%2Flearnings-from-the-sari-gelin-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shahrzad-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Shahrzad_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbaziKrebsZolghadr2005" class="citation book cs1">Shahbazi, Shirana; Krebs, Manuel; Zolghadr, Tirdad (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WBQAAAAMAAJ">Shahrzad: history</a>. JRP Ringier. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783905701500" title="Special:BookSources/9783905701500"><bdi>9783905701500</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522105801/https://books.google.com/books?id=8WBQAAAAMAAJ&q">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2013-01-26. <q>Turkey Renames Armenian Animals</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shahrzad%3A+history&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=JRP+Ringier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783905701500&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=Shirana&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Manuel&rft.au=Zolghadr%2C+Tirdad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WBQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigoriadis2009" class="citation book cs1">Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. (2009). Trials of Europeanization : Turkish political culture and the European Union (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61215-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61215-0"><bdi>978-0-230-61215-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trials+of+Europeanization+%3A+Turkish+political+culture+and+the+European+Union&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61215-0&rft.aulast=Grigoriadis&rft.aufirst=Ioannis+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2006" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Chris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newturkeyquietre0000morr_l7s3">The new Turkey : the quiet revolution on the edge of Europe</a> (Paperback ed.). London: Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-865-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-865-9"><bdi>978-1-86207-865-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Turkey+%3A+the+quiet+revolution+on+the+edge+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-865-9&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewturkeyquietre0000morr_l7s3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> "A species of red fox known as Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanica will henceforth be plain Vulpes Vulpes, while a species of wild sheep called Ovis Armeniana has been renamed Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus. Foreign scientists, the Ministry noted." </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Revue_des_deux_mondes" class="mw-redirect" title="Revue des deux mondes">Revue des deux mondes</a> 2006 "L'espèce de moutons appelée Ovis armeniana a été renommée Ovis orientalis anatolicus. De même, le chevreuil dit Capreolus caprelus armenius a été rebaptisé Capreolus caprelus capreolus. « Les noms de ces espèces animales auraient ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Recherche" title="La Recherche">La Recherche</a> Numéros 393 à 398 Société d'éditions scientifiques (Paris, France) – 2006 – Page 96 "Ovis Armeniana devient Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus, Capreolus Capreolus Armenius se transforme en Capreolus Caprelus Capreolus, et Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanicum, le renard roux du Kurdistan, s'appelle désormais en Turquie Vulpes ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2008" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, David B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBmGWaK-PfoC">Identity politics in the age of genocide: the Holocaust and historical representation</a> (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43061-6"><bdi>978-0-415-43061-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603225127/https://books.google.com/books?id=SBmGWaK-PfoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2013-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+politics+in+the+age+of+genocide%3A+the+Holocaust+and+historical+representation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=261&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43061-6&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBmGWaK-PfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> "The Ovis Armeniana (wild sheep) is now the Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus, while the roe deer, formerly known as Capreolus Capreolus Armenus, has become Capreolus Cuprelus Capreolus. These previous names have disappeared thanks to ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Confiscation_and_Destruction:_The_Young_Turk_Seizure_of_Armenian_Property-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Confiscation_and_Destruction:_The_Young_Turk_Seizure_of_Armenian_Property_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUngorPolatel2011" class="citation book cs1">Ungor, Ugur; Polatel, Mehmet (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06K7KM4s-wgC">Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3055-6"><bdi>978-1-4411-3055-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009030447/http://books.google.com/books?id=06K7KM4s-wgC&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-09. Retrieved 2012-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confiscation+and+Destruction%3A+The+Young+Turk+Seizure+of+Armenian+Property&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-3055-6&rft.aulast=Ungor&rft.aufirst=Ugur&rft.au=Polatel%2C+Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06K7KM4s-wgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/04/17/revisiting-the-turkification-of-confiscated-armenian-assets/">"Revisiting the Turkification of Confiscated Armenian Assets"</a>. Armenian Weekly. 2012-04-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106025252/http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/04/17/revisiting-the-turkification-of-confiscated-armenian-assets/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2013-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armenian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Turkification+of+Confiscated+Armenian+Assets&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianweekly.com%2F2012%2F04%2F17%2Frevisiting-the-turkification-of-confiscated-armenian-assets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nişanyan2010-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nişanyan2010_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nişanyan2010_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNişanyan2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nişanyan, Sevan (2010). Adını unutan ülke: Türkiye'de adı değiştirilen yerler sözlüğü (in Turkish) (1. basım. ed.). İstanbul: Everest Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-289-730-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-289-730-4"><bdi>978-975-289-730-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ad%C4%B1n%C4%B1+unutan+%C3%BClke%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%27de+ad%C4%B1+de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Ftirilen+yerler+s%C3%B6zl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.edition=1.+bas%C4%B1m.&rft.pub=Everest+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-975-289-730-4&rft.aulast=Ni%C5%9Fanyan&rft.aufirst=Sevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalis2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halis, Mujgan (2011-07-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabah.com.tr/Cumartesi/2011/07/30/norsinden-potamyaya-hayali-cografyalarimiz">"Norşin'den Potamya'ya hayali coğrafyalarımız"</a>. Sabah (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040226/http://www.sabah.com.tr/Cumartesi/2011/07/30/norsinden-potamyaya-hayali-cografyalarimiz">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2013-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabah&rft.atitle=Nor%C5%9Fin%27den+Potamya%27ya+hayali+co%C4%9Frafyalar%C4%B1m%C4%B1z&rft.date=2011-07-30&rft.aulast=Halis&rft.aufirst=Mujgan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2FCumartesi%2F2011%2F07%2F30%2Fnorsinden-potamyaya-hayali-cografyalarimiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jongerden2012-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jongerden2012_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jongerden2012_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerdenVerheij2012" class="citation book cs1">Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (2012-08-03). Social relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915. Leiden: Brill. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22518-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22518-3"><bdi>978-90-04-22518-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+relations+in+Ottoman+Diyarbekir%2C+1870%E2%80%931915&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012-08-03&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22518-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahakyan2010" class="citation book cs1">Sahakyan, Lusine (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ararat-center.org/upload/files/Toponym_Lusine.pdf">Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey</a> (PDF). Montreal: Arod Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9699879-7-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9699879-7-0"><bdi>978-0-9699879-7-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526060554/http://www.ararat-center.org/upload/files/Toponym_Lusine.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkification+of+the+Toponyms+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Republic+of+Turkey&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Arod+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9699879-7-0&rft.aulast=Sahakyan&rft.aufirst=Lusine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ararat-center.org%2Fupload%2Ffiles%2FToponym_Lusine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simonian2007-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simonian2007_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simonian2007_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonian2007" class="citation book cs1">Simonian, Hovann H., ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503043711/http://hemshin.org/books/TheHemshin-Full.pdf">The Hemshin: history, society and identity in the highlands of northeast Turkey</a> (PDF) (Repr. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0656-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0656-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-0656-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemshin.org/books/TheHemshin-Full.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hemshin%3A+history%2C+society+and+identity+in+the+highlands+of+northeast+Turkey&rft.place=London&rft.pages=161&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0656-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemshin.org%2Fbooks%2FTheHemshin-Full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJongerden2007354-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJongerden2007354_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJongerden2007354_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJongerden2007">Jongerden 2007</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorkut2009" class="citation news cs1">Korkut, Tolga (2009-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bianet.org/english/minorities/114491-names-of-12-211-villages-were-changed-in-turkey">"Names of 12,211 Villages Were Changed in Turkey"</a>. Bianet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720005719/http://bianet.org/english/minorities/114491-names-of-12-211-villages-were-changed-in-turkey">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2013-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bianet&rft.atitle=Names+of+12%2C211+Villages+Were+Changed+in+Turkey&rft.date=2009-05-14&rft.aulast=Korkut&rft.aufirst=Tolga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bianet.org%2Fenglish%2Fminorities%2F114491-names-of-12-211-villages-were-changed-in-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Sahakyan1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">R. Sahakyan, ed. (1993). Modern History of Armenia in the Works of Foreign Authors [Novaya istoriya Armenii v trudax sovremennix zarubezhnix avtorov (in Russian). Yerevan. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+History+of+Armenia+in+the+Works+of+Foreign+Authors+%5BNovaya+istoriya+Armenii+v+trudax+sovremennix+zarubezhnix+avtorov&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Yerevan&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlundellBoar1991" class="citation book cs1">Blundell, Nigel; Boar, Roger (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crookscrimecorru0000boar">Crooks, crime and corruption</a>. New York: Dorset Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crookscrimecorru0000boar/page/232">232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-615-1"><bdi>978-0-88029-615-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crooks%2C+crime+and+corruption&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88029-615-1&rft.aulast=Blundell&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Boar%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrookscrimecorru0000boar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalakian2009" class="citation book cs1">Balakian, Peter (2009-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burningtigrisarm00bala_198">The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response</a>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burningtigrisarm00bala_198/page/n53">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-186017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-186017-1"><bdi>978-0-06-186017-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burning+Tigris%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+America%27s+Response&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-06-186017-1&rft.aulast=Balakian&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburningtigrisarm00bala_198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldinarmstimef00time">The World in arms : timeframe AD 1900–1925</a> (U.S. ed.). Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. 1989. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldinarmstimef00time/page/84">84</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-6470-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-6470-8"><bdi>978-0-8094-6470-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+in+arms+%3A+timeframe+AD+1900%E2%80%931925&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Va.&rft.pages=84&rft.edition=U.S.&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8094-6470-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldinarmstimef00time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Al-Rawi2012" class="citation book cs1">K. Al-Rawi, Ahmed (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhMoMFuO--gC&q=armenia+word+banned+abdul&pg=PA9">Media Practice in Iraq</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-35452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-35452-4"><bdi>978-0-230-35452-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231220045/http://books.google.com/books?id=AhMoMFuO--gC&lpg=PA9&dq=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2013-01-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Practice+in+Iraq.&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-35452-4&rft.aulast=K.+Al-Rawi&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhMoMFuO--gC%26q%3Darmenia%2Bword%2Bbanned%2Babdul%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115080252/http://www.todayszaman.com/_arameans-call-for-reversal-of-place-names_175906.html">"Arameans call for reversal of place names"</a>. TodaysZaman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/_arameans-call-for-reversal-of-place-names_175906.html">the original</a> on 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2015-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TodaysZaman&rft.atitle=Arameans+call+for+reversal+of+place+names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2F_arameans-call-for-reversal-of-place-names_175906.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Kara" class="citation web cs1">Maria Kara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wca-ngo.org/humanrightsfiles/the-tur-abdin-cases/373-request-to-reverse-turkification">"World Council of Arameans [Syriacs]"</a>. wca-ngo.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115085917/http://www.wca-ngo.org/humanrightsfiles/the-tur-abdin-cases/373-request-to-reverse-turkification">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2015-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wca-ngo.org&rft.atitle=World+Council+of+Arameans+%5BSyriacs%5D&rft.au=Maria+Kara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wca-ngo.org%2Fhumanrightsfiles%2Fthe-tur-abdin-cases%2F373-request-to-reverse-turkification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625201939/http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266">"Turkey's new penal code touches raw nerves"</a>. EurActiv. 2005-06-02 [updated November 14, 2005]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/turkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves/article-140266">the original</a> on 2017-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EurActiv&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+new+penal+code+touches+raw+nerves&rft.date=2005-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fen%2Fenlargement%2Fturkey-new-penal-code-touches-raw-nerves%2Farticle-140266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeicht2006" class="citation web cs1">Leicht, Justus (2006-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/feb2006/turk-f06.shtml">"Turkey: Court drops prosecution of writer Orhan Pamuk"</a>. World Socialist Web site. <a href="/wiki/ICFI" class="mw-redirect" title="ICFI">ICFI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725062252/http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/feb2006/turk-f06.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+site&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+Court+drops+prosecution+of+writer+Orhan+Pamuk&rft.date=2006-02-06&rft.aulast=Leicht&rft.aufirst=Justus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Farticles%2F2006%2Ffeb2006%2Fturk-f06.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadioglu2011" class="citation book cs1">Kadioglu, Ayse Keyman (2011). Utah Series in Turkish and Islamic Studies : Symbiotic Antagonisms : Competing Nationalisms in Turkey. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-979-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-979-0"><bdi>978-1-60781-979-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utah+Series+in+Turkish+and+Islamic+Studies+%3A+Symbiotic+Antagonisms+%3A+Competing+Nationalisms+in+Turkey&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60781-979-0&rft.aulast=Kadioglu&rft.aufirst=Ayse+Keyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner1997219-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushner1997219_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKushner1997">Kushner 1997</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeker1971322-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeker1971322_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeker1971322_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeeker1971">Meeker 1971</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Ch. 3 (Shifting Social Boundaries and Identities in the Modern Middle East); Beyond Islam by Sami Zubaida (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Ch. 5 (Nationalism Confronts Islam); Islamic Identity and Development by Ozay Mehmet (1991) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner1997220–221-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushner1997220–221_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKushner1997">Kushner 1997</a>, pp. 220–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇetin2015" class="citation book cs1">Çetin, Berfin Emre Çetin (2015). The Paramilitary Hero on Turkish Television: A Case Study on Valley of the Wolves. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443875233" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443875233"><bdi>978-1443875233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paramilitary+Hero+on+Turkish+Television%3A+A+Case+Study+on+Valley+of+the+Wolves&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1443875233&rft.aulast=%C3%87etin&rft.aufirst=Berfin+Emre+%C3%87etin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner1997230-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushner1997230_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKushner1997">Kushner 1997</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayir2016144-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayir2016144_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBayir2016">Bayir 2016</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1958" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, J. C. (1958). "Late Ancient and Medieval Population". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 48 (3): 93–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1005708">10.2307/1005708</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005708">1005708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Late+Ancient+and+Medieval+Population&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=93-99&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1005708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1005708%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taskent_et_al_2017-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taskent_et_al_2017_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taskent_et_al_2017_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taskent_et_al_2017_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taskent_et_al_2017_127-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaskent_RO,_Gokcumen_O2017" class="citation journal cs1">Taskent RO, Gokcumen O (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29299965">"The Multiple Histories of Western Asia: Perspectives from Ancient and Modern Genomes"</a>. Hum Biol. 89 (2): 107–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13110%2Fhumanbiology.89.2.01">10.13110/humanbiology.89.2.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29299965">29299965</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6871226">6871226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hum+Biol&rft.atitle=The+Multiple+Histories+of+Western+Asia%3A+Perspectives+from+Ancient+and+Modern+Genomes.&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-117&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6871226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29299965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13110%2Fhumanbiology.89.2.01&rft.au=Taskent+RO%2C+Gokcumen+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F29299965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurrYardumian2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schurr, Theodore G.; Yardumian, Aram (2011). "Who Are the Anatolian Turks?". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 50 (1): 6–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2FAAE1061-1959500101">10.2753/AAE1061-1959500101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142580885">142580885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+%26+Archeology+of+Eurasia&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Anatolian+Turks%3F&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-42&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2FAAE1061-1959500101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142580885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schurr&rft.aufirst=Theodore+G.&rft.au=Yardumian%2C+Aram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkification&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydar2006" class="citation web cs1">Aydar, Hidayet (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/10182">"The issue of chanting the Adhan in languages other than Arabic and related social reactions against it in Turkey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195037/http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/10182">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+issue+of+chanting+the+Adhan+in+languages+other+than+Arabic+and+related+social+reactions+against+it+in+Turkey&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Aydar&rft.aufirst=Hidayet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.gov.tr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F10182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayir2013" class="citation book cs1">Bayir, Derya (2013). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-409-42007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-409-42007-1"><bdi>978-1-409-42007-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+and+Nationalism+in+Turkish+Law&rft.place=Surrey%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-409-42007-1&rft.aulast=Bayir&rft.aufirst=Derya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayir2016" class="citation book cs1">Bayir, Derya (2016). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09579-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-09579-8"><bdi>978-1-317-09579-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+and+Nationalism+in+Turkish+Law&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-09579-8&rft.aulast=Bayir&rft.aufirst=Derya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemirdjian2016" class="citation book cs1">Demirdjian, Alexis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1L3tCwAAQBAJ">The Armenian Genocide Legacy</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137561633" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137561633"><bdi>978-1137561633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+Legacy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1137561633&rft.aulast=Demirdjian&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1L3tCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerden2007" class="citation book cs1">Jongerden, Joost (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ME5oLvCd088C">The settlement issue in Turkey and the Kurds: an analysis of spatial policies, modernity and war</a>. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15557-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15557-2"><bdi>978-90-04-15557-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+settlement+issue+in+Turkey+and+the+Kurds%3A+an+analysis+of+spatial+policies%2C+modernity+and+war&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15557-2&rft.aulast=Jongerden&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DME5oLvCd088C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2006" class="citation book cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKVSHjjUT2UC">Turkey Beyond Nationalism towards Post-Nationalist Identities</a>. International Library of Twentieth Century History. Vol. 8. London: Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-141-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-141-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-141-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+Beyond+Nationalism+towards+Post-Nationalist+Identities&rft.place=London&rft.series=International+Library+of+Twentieth+Century+History&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-141-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKVSHjjUT2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kushner, David (April 1997). "Self-Perception and Identity in Contemporary Turkey". Journal of Contemporary History. 32 (2): 219–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949703200206">10.1177/002200949703200206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/261242">261242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159374632">159374632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Self-Perception+and+Identity+in+Contemporary+Turkey&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-33&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159374632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F261242%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949703200206&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeker1971" class="citation journal cs1">Meeker, Michael E. (1971). "The Black Sea Turks: Some Aspects of Their Ethnic and Cultural Background". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2 (4): 318–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002074380000129X">10.1017/S002074380000129X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/162721">162721</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162611158">162611158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Black+Sea+Turks%3A+Some+Aspects+of+Their+Ethnic+and+Cultural+Background&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=318-45&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162611158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F162721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002074380000129X&rft.aulast=Meeker&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVryonis1971" class="citation book cs1">Vryonis, Speros (1971). The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the process of Islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+decline+of+medieval+Hellenism+in+Asia+Minor+and+the+process+of+Islamization+from+the+eleventh+through+the+fifteenth+century&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Vryonis&rft.aufirst=Speros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkification" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template talk:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16_Great_Turkic_Empires" title="16 Great Turkic Empires">16 Great Turkic Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Atatürk personality cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Idealism (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamokemalism" title="Islamokemalism">Islamokemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism" title="İttihadism">İttihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Nine Lights Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism and discrimination in Turkey">Racism in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Left" title="Turkish Left">Turkish Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-Islamic_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Islamic synthesis">Turkish-Islamic synthesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulusalc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulusalcılık">Ulusalcılık</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_September_Front" title="9 September Front">9 September Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Association for Defence of National Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alperen_Hearths" title="Alperen Hearths">Alperen Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1z_Youth" title="Atsız Youth">Atsız Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)" title="Black Gang (organisation)">Black Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla" title="Counter-Guerrilla">Counter-Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey" title="Deep state in Turkey">Deep State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hearths" title="Ottoman Hearths">Ottoman Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home_Council" title="Peace at Home Council">Peace at Home Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Revenge_Brigade" title="Turkish Revenge Brigade">Turkish Revenge Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hearths" title="Turkish Hearths">Turkish Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation" title="Turkish Resistance Organisation">Turkish Resistance Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkists_of_Gebze" title="Turkists of Gebze">Turkists of Gebze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurkHackTeam" title="TurkHackTeam">TurkHackTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Union_of_Turkey" title="Youth Union of Turkey">Youth Union of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Unit" title="Wind Unit">Wind Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> (Ottoman Empire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (Ottoman Empire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> (1923–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1948)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)">Nation Party (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Villagers_Nation_Party" title="Republican Villagers Nation Party">Republican Villagers Nation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1962)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1962)">Nation Party (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1992)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1992)">Nation Party (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Turkey)" title="Workers' Party (Turkey)">Workers' Party</a> (left-wing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity_Party" title="Great Unity Party">Great Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Turkey_Party" title="Bright Turkey Party">Bright Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Turkey_Party" title="Independent Turkey Party">Independent Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Homeland Party (Turkey)">Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Ascent_Party" title="People's Ascent Party">People's Ascent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Conservative_Party" title="Nationalist and Conservative Party">Nationalist and Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Equality_Party" title="Rights and Equality Party">Rights and Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Turkey)" title="National Party (Turkey)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Patriotic Party (Turkey)">Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Suavi" title="Ali Suavi">Ali Suavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Seyfettin" title="Ömer Seyfettin">Ömer Seyfettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan" title="Noman Çelebicihan">Noman Çelebicihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Yurdakul" title="Mehmet Emin Yurdakul">Mehmet Emin Yurdakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7ura" title="Yusuf Akçura">Yusuf Akçura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_bey_Huseynzade" title="Ali bey Huseynzade">Ali bey Huseynzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_A%C4%9Fao%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Ağaoğlu">Ahmet Ağaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Nur" title="Rıza Nur">Rıza Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Eftim_I" title="Papa Eftim I">Papa Eftim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nejdet_San%C3%A7ar" title="Nejdet Sançar">Nejdet Sançar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyami_Safa" title="Peyami Safa">Peyami Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Esat_Bozkurt" title="Mahmut Esat Bozkurt">Mahmut Esat Bozkurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Yaz%C4%B1c%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu">Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCn_Sazak" title="Gün Sazak">Gün Sazak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attil%C3%A2_%C4%B0lhan" title="Attilâ İlhan">Attilâ İlhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e_F%C4%B1rat_%C3%87ulhao%C4%9Flu" title="Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu">Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Kerin%C3%A7siz" title="Kemal Kerinçsiz">Kemal Kerinçsiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meral_Ak%C5%9Fener" title="Meral Akşener">Meral Akşener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hala%C3%A7o%C4%9Flu" title="Yusuf Halaçoğlu">Yusuf Halaçoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_%C3%96zda%C4%9F" title="Ümit Özdağ">Ümit Özdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_O%C4%9Fan" title="Sinan Oğan">Sinan Oğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Deportations of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elza_Niego_affair" title="Elza Niego affair">Elza Niego affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilan_massacre" title="Zilan massacre">Zilan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">1934 Thrace pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_massacre" title="Dersim massacre">Dersim massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism-Turanism_trials" title="Racism-Turanism trials">Racism-Turanism trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tillyria" title="Battle of Tillyria">Battle of Tillyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)#History" title="Black Gang (organisation)">1957 arson attack at Tahtakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_massacre" title="Sivas massacre">Sivas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Greeks_from_Istanbul" title="Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul">Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_massacre" title="Beyazıt massacre">Beyazıt massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_T%C3%BCrkler" title="Kemal Türkler">Assassination of Kemal Türkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt">1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirve_Publishing_House_murders" title="Zirve Publishing House murders">Zirve Publishing House murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">Assassination of Hrant Dink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfortville_Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_bombings" title="Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings">Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom#2005_exhibition_assault" title="Istanbul pogrom">2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Deniz_Poyraz" title="Murder of Deniz Poyraz">Murder of Deniz Poyraz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">Place name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e" class="mw-redirect" title="Öztürkçe">Öztürkçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Animal name changes in Turkey">Animal name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law" title="1934 Turkish Resettlement Law">1934 Resettlement Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">Varlık Vergisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty_Classes" title="The Twenty Classes">The Twenty Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" title="Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey">Confiscation of Armenian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds by Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_happy_is_the_one_who_says_I_am_a_Turk" title="How happy is the one who says I am a Turk">How happy is the one who says I am a Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_unconditionally_belongs_to_the_Nation" title="Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation">Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehitler_%C3%B6lmez_vatan_b%C3%B6l%C3%BCnmez!" title="Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!">Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div>1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_assimilation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template talk:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_assimilation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabized Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Belarusization" title="Soft Belarusization">soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_places_in_Bangladesh" title="List of renamed places in Bangladesh">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniakisation" title="Bosniakisation">Bosniakisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadianization_movement" title="Canadianization movement">Canadianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenization_of_Tacna,_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombianization_of_Leticia,_Putumayo_and_Caquet%C3%A1" title="Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá">Colombianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">Creolisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonianization" title="Estonianization">Estonianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnicization" title="Finnicization">Finnicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgification" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgification">Georgification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicisation</a> or Castilianisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelization" title="Israelization">Israelisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanisation" title="Javanisation">Javanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhization (page does not exist)">Kazakhisation</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Казахизация">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanization" title="Koreanization">Koreanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvianization" title="Latvianization">Latvianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarisation</a> or Hungarisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonianisation">Macedonianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolization" title="Mongolization">Mongolisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrinisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanism" title="Pakistanism">Pakistanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">Northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanisation</a> or Latinisation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalisation" title="Sinhalisation">Sinhalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahilization" title="Swahilization">Swahilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenization" title="Turkmenization">Turkmenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekisation" title="Uzbekisation">Uzbekisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization_(cultural_assimilation)" title="Vietnamization (cultural assimilation)">Vietnamisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernisation">Westernisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofization" title="Wolofization">Wolofisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticit%C3%A9_(Zaire)" title="Authenticité (Zaire)">Zairianisation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduisation">Hinduisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanisation of the writings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposite trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-arabisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-arabisation">De-arabisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">De-communisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-stalinisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">De-nazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification" title="Derussification">De-russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-sinicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_religious_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversion">Forced religious conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkification&oldid=1259286034">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkification&oldid=1259286034</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_nationalism" title="Category:Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_assimilation" title="Category:Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_July_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2018">Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from July 2018">Articles that may contain original research from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2021">Use dmy dates from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2021">Articles lacking reliable references from March 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 09:55 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkification&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-l5lf5","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.452","walltime":"1.767","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9259,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":328798,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16741,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":435509,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1462.095 1 -total"," 44.52% 650.955 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.71% 375.965 68 Template:Cite_book"," 10.73% 156.895 20 Template:Sfn"," 8.96% 131.034 1 Template:Atatürk_sidebar"," 8.71% 127.349 1 Template:Sidebar_person"," 6.92% 101.113 3 Template:Langx"," 6.22% 91.012 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 6.19% 90.566 7 Template:Navbox"," 5.76% 84.284 13 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.912","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18359246,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAkyol2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander_Mikaberidze2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAslan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAslan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAydar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAğrı2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalakian2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBali1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBali2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayir2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayir2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaşgözWilson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlow,_David2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloxham2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlundellBoar1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharanis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyril_Glassé2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemirdjian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickens2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDoganalp-Votzi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkmekcioglu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFindley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleetKuntKasabaFaroqhi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden,_Peter_B.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigoriadis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGul\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGunaysu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöl2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGüven2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouston2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJongerden2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJongerdenVerheij2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Al-Rawi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKadioglu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayali1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieser2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorkut2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreiser2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambtonLewis1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeicht2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevene1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindner1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Kara\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_of_Edessa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeeker1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelkonyan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMélikoff1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasuh1588\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNişanyan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeimani1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry_Anderson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Sahakyan1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaditsa1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepublic_Of_Turkey_Ministry_Of_National_Education\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahakyan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurrYardumian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahbaziKrebsZolghadr2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSofos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuciyan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuleiman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunyGoçekNaimark2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwainAdamsJanse2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaskent_RO,_Gokcumen_O2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThonemann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThumb1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToktas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUngorPolatel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVryonis1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVryonis_Jr1971\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVyzantios1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeğen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇetin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇiçek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÜngör\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFÜngör2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFİnce2012\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Atatürk sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 16,\n [\"Cref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Cultural assimilation\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Essay-like\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 2,\n [\"Original research\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkic topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkish nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f2wr6","timestamp":"20241124163430","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Turkification","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkification","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q756921","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q756921","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-19T17:46:51Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T09:55:36Z","headline":"cultural shift whereby populations or states adopted a historical Turkic culture"}</script> </body> </html>