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class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Allies_and_Axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allies_and_Axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Allies and Axis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allies_and_Axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Course of the war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Course of the war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_breaks_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_breaks_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 War breaks out </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_breaks_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_early_victories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_early_victories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Axis early victories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_early_victories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_becomes_global" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_becomes_global"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 War becomes global </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_becomes_global-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allies_advance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allies_advance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Allies advance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allies_advance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_ends_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_ends_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 War ends in Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_ends_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_ends_in_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_ends_in_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 War ends in Pacific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_ends_in_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_and_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Death and war crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentration_camps_and_slave_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration_camps_and_slave_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Concentration camps and slave work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concentration_camps_and_slave_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_fronts_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_fronts_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Home fronts and production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_fronts_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_in_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_in_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Developments in technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_in_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Losses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Losses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Losses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Military losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Civilian losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Related pages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Other websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">World War II</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 231 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-231" aria-hidden="true" > 231 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D" title="ЕтӀуанэ дунейпсо зауэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЕтӀуанэ дунейпсо зауэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg" title="Zweiter Weltkrieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zweiter Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="2ኛው ዓለማዊ ጦርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="2ኛው ዓለማዊ ጦርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubbe_maailmsu%C3%A1ti" title="Nubbe maailmsuáti – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Nubbe maailmsuáti" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8C%C3%B0ru_Woruldg%C5%AB%C3%BE" title="Ōðru Woruldgūþ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ōðru Woruldgūþ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Երկրորդ Համաշխարհային Պատերազմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երկրորդ Համաշխարհային Պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Gu%C3%A8rra_mondi%C3%A2la" title="Seconda Guèrra mondiâla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Seconda Guèrra mondiâla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91orair%C3%B5_Guasu_Mok%C3%B5iha" title="Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñorairõ Guasu Mokõiha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="КӀиабилеб дунялалъулаб рагъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_D%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İkinci Dünya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci Dünya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی دونیا ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی دونیا ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuda_Jagat_II" title="Yuda Jagat II – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yuda Jagat II" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-j%C4%AB-chh%C3%B9_S%C3%A8-k%C3%A0i_T%C4%81i-chi%C3%A0n" title="Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Donya_II" title="Perang Donya II – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Perang Donya II" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Икенсе донъя һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Икенсе донъя һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Другая сусветная вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Другая сусветная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Другая сусьветная вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Другая сусьветная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दुसरा बिस्व जुद्ध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दुसरा बिस्व जुद्ध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduwang_Gerang_Pankinaban" title="Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ikaduwang Gerang Pankinaban" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_Wo_Tu" title="Wol Wo Tu – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Wol Wo Tu" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора световна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора световна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwoata_W%C3%B6dkriag" title="Zwoata Wödkriag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zwoata Wödkriag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="འཛམ་གླིང་འཁྲུག་ཆེན་གཉིས་པ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཛམ་གླིང་འཁྲུག་ཆེན་གཉིས་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Drugi svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_Brezel-bed" title="Eil Brezel-bed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil Brezel-bed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дэлхэйн хоёрдугаар дайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дэлхэйн хоёрдугаар дайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segona Guerra Mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Иккĕмĕш Тĕнче вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иккĕмĕш Тĕнче вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduhang_Gubat_Kalibotanon" title="Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ikaduhang Gubat Kalibotanon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Druhá světová válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá světová válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhondo_Yachiwiri_Yadziko_Lonse" title="Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo_yePasirose_yeChipiri" title="Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Guerra_Mundiale" title="Seconda Guerra Mundiale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Seconda Guerra Mundiale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ail_Ryfel_Byd" title="Yr Ail Ryfel Byd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ail Ryfel Byd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._verdenskrig" title="2. verdenskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="2. verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="لحرب لعالمية الجاوجة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لحرب لعالمية الجاوجة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubbi_m%C3%A1ilmmisoahti" title="Nubbi máilmmisoahti – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nubbi máilmmisoahti" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwette_Weltgrieg" title="Zwette Weltgrieg – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Zwette Weltgrieg" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg" title="Zweiter Weltkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiter Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%AC%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%A6_%DE%84%DE%AE%DE%91%DE%AA_%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A6" title="ދެވަނަ ބޮޑު ހަނގުރާމަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދެވަނަ ބޮޑު ހަނގުރާމަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaki_g%C3%B3ne%CA%BC_y%C3%A9igo_da%CA%BCahijoog%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BC" title="Naaki góneʼ yéigo daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naaki góneʼ yéigo daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna" title="Druga swětowa wójna – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Druga swětowa wójna" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_maailmas%C3%B5da" title="Teine maailmasõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teine maailmasõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Β΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Β΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sec%C3%A5nda_gu%C3%A8ra_mundi%C3%A8l" title="Secånda guèra mundièl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Secånda guèra mundièl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="World War II" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Mondmilito" title="Dua Mondmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua Mondmilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Guerra_Mundial" title="II Guerra Mundial – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="II Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="World War II" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinni_heimsbardagi" title="Seinni heimsbardagi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Seinni heimsbardagi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twadde_Wr%C3%A2ldkriich" title="Twadde Wrâldkriich – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Twadde Wrâldkriich" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_vuere_mondi%C3%A2l" title="Seconde vuere mondiâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Seconde vuere mondiâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Dara_Cogadh_Domhanda" title="An Dara Cogadh Domhanda – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Dara Cogadh Domhanda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Nah_Chaggey_Dowanagh" title="Yn Nah Chaggey Dowanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Nah Chaggey Dowanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_D%C3%A0rna_Cogadh" title="An Dàrna Cogadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Dàrna Cogadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_guerra_mundial" title="Segunda guerra mundial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Segunda guerra mundial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="第二次世界大戰" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7" title="બીજું વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બીજું વિશ્વ યુદ્ધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-ngi-chh%E1%B9%B3_S%E1%B9%B3-kie_Thai-chan" title="Thi-ngi-chhṳ Sṳ-kie Thai-chan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-ngi-chhṳ Sṳ-kie Thai-chan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84" title="제2차 세계 대전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 세계 대전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in_Duniya_na_II" title="Yaƙin Duniya na II – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaƙin Duniya na II" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druha_sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna" title="Druha swětowa wójna – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Druha swětowa wójna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drugi svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesma_mondomilito" title="Duesma mondomilito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Duesma mondomilito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="World War II" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maikadua_a_Sangalubongan_a_Gubat" title="Maikadua a Sangalubongan a Gubat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Maikadua a Sangalubongan a Gubat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Dunia II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunde_Guerra_Mundial" title="Secunde Guerra Mundial – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Secunde Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duesim_Guerre_Mundal" title="Duesim Guerre Mundal – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Duesim Guerre Mundal" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Дыккаг дунеон хæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дыккаг дунеон хæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinni_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Seinni heimsstyrjöldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Seinni heimsstyrjöldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Donya_II" title="Perang Donya II – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Donya II" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kede%C5%8Ba_kpeekpe_you_k%C9%A9l%C9%9Bl%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kedeŋa kpeekpe you kɩlɛlʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಎರಡನೇ ಮಹಾಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎರಡನೇ ಮಹಾಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Экинчи дуния къазауат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Экинчи дуния къазауат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მეორე მსოფლიო ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეორე მსოფლიო ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%9A%DB%8C%D9%90%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%94%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF" title="دوٚیِم عٔظیٖم جَنٛگ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دوٚیِم عٔظیٖم جَنٛگ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyl_Bresel_an_Bys" title="Eyl Bresel an Bys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eyl Bresel an Bys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Kuu_ya_Pili_ya_Dunia" title="Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezy%C3%A8m_G%C3%A8_mondyal" title="Dezyèm Gè mondyal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dezyèm Gè mondyal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gonn_Lag%C3%A8r_mondyal" title="Ségonn Lagèr mondyal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ségonn Lagèr mondyal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_C%C3%AEhan%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_Duyem" title="Şerê Cîhanî yê Duyem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Cîhanî yê Duyem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88" title="Экинчи дүйнөлүк согуш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экинчи дүйнөлүк согуш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunda_Vera_Mondiala" title="Secunda Vera Mondiala – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Secunda Vera Mondiala" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosena_Gerra_Mondiala" title="Dosena Gerra Mondiala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Dosena Gerra Mondiala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="2-мур дунияллул дяъви – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="2-мур дунияллул дяъви" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ສົງຄາມໂລກຄັ້ງທີສອງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສົງຄາມໂລກຄັ້ງທີສອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundum_bellum_mundanum" title="Secundum bellum mundanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Secundum bellum mundanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrais_pasaules_kar%C5%A1" title="Otrais pasaules karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Otrais pasaules karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweete_Weltkrich" title="Zweete Weltkrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zweete Weltkrich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Дуьньядин кьведлагьай дяве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дуьньядин кьведлагьай дяве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasis_pasaulinis_karas" title="Antrasis pasaulinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antrasis pasaulinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A6ra_Mondi%C3%A2" title="Segonda Guæra Mondiâ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Segonda Guæra Mondiâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiede_Wereldoorlog" title="Twiede Wereldoorlog – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Twiede Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera_Mundal_Du" title="Gera Mundal Du – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gera Mundal Du" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toine_muailmanvoinu" title="Toine muailmanvoinu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Toine muailmanvoinu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/remoi_ke_terdi_nunjamna" title="remoi ke terdi nunjamna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="remoi ke terdi nunjamna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seg%C3%B3nda_gu%C3%A8ra_mondi%C3%A0l" title="Segónda guèra mondiàl – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Segónda guèra mondiàl" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Második világháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második világháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора светска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втора светска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_Lehibe_Faharoa" title="Ady Lehibe Faharoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady Lehibe Faharoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It-Tieni_Gwerra_Dinjija" title="It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="It-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakanga_Tuarua_o_te_Ao" title="Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दुसरे महायुद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुसरे महायुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="მაჟირა მოსოფელიშ ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაჟირა მოსოფელიშ ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الحرب العالميه التانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحرب العالميه التانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87" title="جئونی دیمین الجه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جئونی دیمین الجه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Dunia Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang_Dunia_II" title="Parang Dunia II – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parang Dunia II" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2%CC%A4-n%C3%AA-ch%C3%A9%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3_Si%C3%A9-g%C3%A1i_D%C3%A2i-ci%C3%A9ng" title="Dâ̤-nê-ché̤ṳ Sié-gái Dâi-ciéng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâ̤-nê-ché̤ṳ Sié-gái Dâi-ciéng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Омбоце масторлангонь торпингесь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Омбоце масторлангонь торпингесь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဒုတိယ ကမ္ဘာစစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒုတိယ ကမ္ဘာစစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tweede Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8" title="तःहताः २ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तःहताः २" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6" title="第二次世界大戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次世界大戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconna_Uerra_Munniale" title="Seconna Uerra Munniale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Seconna Uerra Munniale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AF%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%9E%DF%9F%DF%8D%DF%AB_%DF%9D%DF%8C%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%B2" title="ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="ШолгӀа дуьненан тӀом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ШолгӀа дуьненан тӀом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naist_W%C3%A4%C3%A4ltkrich" title="Naist Wäältkrich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Naist Wäältkrich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werl_War_II" title="Werl War II – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Werl War II" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_verdenskrig" title="Andre verdenskrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andre verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_verdskrigen" title="Andre verdskrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Andre verdskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D3%B1%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кокымшо Тӱнямбалсе сар – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кокымшо Тӱнямбалсе сар" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7" title="ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikkinchi_Jahon_urushi" title="Ikkinchi Jahon urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ikkinchi Jahon urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਦੂਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੂਜੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Weltkrieg" title="Zweiter Weltkrieg – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Zweiter Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دوجی وڈی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دوجی وڈی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%EA%A9%BB" title="ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာႏစဲ့ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒုတိယကမ္ဘာႏစဲ့ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Dos_Guera_Mundial" title="Di Dos Guera Mundial – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Di Dos Guera Mundial" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="دويمه نړېواله جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دويمه نړېواله جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wol_Waar_II" title="Wol Waar II – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wol Waar II" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A2" title="សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgonde_Djerre_Mondiale" title="Sgonde Djerre Mondiale – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sgonde Djerre Mondiale" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sconda_gu%C3%A8ra_mondial" title="Sconda guèra mondial – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sconda guèra mondial" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweete_Weltkrieg" title="Tweete Weltkrieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tweete Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa" title="II wojna światowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II wojna światowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekinshi_j%C3%A1h%C3%A1n_ur%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Ekinshi jáhán urısı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ekinshi jáhán urısı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekinci_Cian_cenki" title="Ekinci Cian cenki – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ekinci Cian cenki" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweide_Weltkresch" title="Zweide Weltkresch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Zweide Weltkresch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al Doilea Război Mondial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_mundiala" title="Segunda Guerra mundiala – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Segunda Guerra mundiala" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskay_%C3%B1iqin_pachantin_maqanakuy" title="Iskay ñiqin pachantin maqanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iskay ñiqin pachantin maqanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Друга світова война – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Друга світова война" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вторая мировая война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая мировая война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Аан дойду иккис сэриитэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан дойду иккис сэриитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sakatusaay_nu_kitakit_satabakiay_masasungayaw" title="sakatusaay nu kitakit satabakiay masasungayaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sakatusaay nu kitakit satabakiay masasungayaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="द्वितीयविश्वयुद्धम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="द्वितीयविश्वयुद्धम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱰᱷᱟᱹᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_gherra_mundiale" title="Segunda gherra mundiale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Segunda gherra mundiale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warld_War_II" title="Warld War II – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Warld War II" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tw%C3%A4iden_Waareldkriech" title="Twäiden Waareldkriech – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Twäiden Waareldkriech" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Dyt%C3%AB_Bot%C3%ABrore" title="Lufta e Dytë Botërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Dytë Botërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunna_guerra_munniali" title="Secunna guerra munniali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Secunna guerra munniali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_svetov%C3%A1_vojna" title="Druhá svetová vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druhá svetová vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_svetovna_vojna" title="Druga svetovna vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Druga svetovna vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%A7_%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%A7_%E2%80%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%E2%80%8B" title="Втораѧ всєлєнскаѧ воина – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Втораѧ всєлєнскаѧ воина" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_%C5%9Bwjatowo" title="II wojna śwjatowo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="II wojna śwjatowo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Labaad_ee_Aduunka" title="Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85" title="جەنگی جیھانیی دووەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەنگی جیھانیی دووەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Други светски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Други светски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drugi svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunya_II" title="Perang Dunya II – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perang Dunya II" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_maailmansota" title="Toinen maailmansota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen maailmansota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Andra världskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra världskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இரண்டாம் உலகப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் உலகப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imn%C9%A3i_Ama%E1%B8%8Dlan_Wis_Sin" title="Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADra%E1%B8%8D_Ama%E1%B8%8Dlan_Wis_Sin" title="Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_uerre_mundiale" title="Seconda uerre mundiale – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Seconda uerre mundiale" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Икенче бөтендөнья сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Икенче бөтендөнья сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="రెండవ ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రెండవ ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94%C5%8B_Pinynhom_de_R%C3%B6u" title="Tɔŋ Pinynhom de Röu – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Tɔŋ Pinynhom de Röu" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ҷанги ҷаҳонии дувум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷанги ҷаҳонии дувум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="II. Dünya Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Dünya Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikinji_Jahan_Ur%C5%9Fy" title="Ikinji Jahan Urşy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ikinji Jahan Urşy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwang_Swanta_II" title="Zwang Swanta II – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwang Swanta II" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ийиги Делегей дайыны – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ийиги Делегей дайыны" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Друга світова війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друга світова війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="دوسری جنگ عظیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوسری جنگ عظیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83%D9%83%D9%89%D9%86%DA%86%D9%89_%D8%AF%DB%87%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%89" title="ئىككىنچى دۇنيا ئۇرۇشى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىككىنچى دۇنيا ئۇرۇشى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihngeih_Baez_Seiqgyaiq_Dacan" title="Daihngeih Baez Seiqgyaiq Dacan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Daihngeih Baez Seiqgyaiq Dacan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guera_mondia%C5%82e" title="Seconda guera mondiałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Seconda guera mondiałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toine_mail%27man_soda" title="Toine mail'man soda – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Toine mail'man soda" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_th%E1%BB%A9_hai" title="Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volakrig_telid" title="Volakrig telid – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Volakrig telid" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5%C3%B5n%C3%B5_ilmas%C3%B5da" title="Tõõnõ ilmasõda – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tõõnõ ilmasõda" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deujhinme_guere_daegnrece" title="Deujhinme guere daegnrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Deujhinme guere daegnrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="第二次世界大戰" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiddn_Weireld%C3%B4orloge" title="Twiddn Weireldôorloge – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Twiddn Weireldôorloge" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaduha_nga_Gera_han_Kalibotan" title="Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91aareelu_Xareb_%C3%80dduna" title="Ñaareelu Xareb Àdduna – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ñaareelu Xareb Àdduna" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第二次世界大战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98-%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94" title="צווייטע וועלט-מלחמה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צווייטע וועלט-מלחמה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_%C3%80gb%C3%A1y%C3%A9_%E1%BA%B8l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80kej%C3%AC" title="Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="第二次世界大戰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="第二次世界大戰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb%C3%AA_D%C4%B1nyay%C3%AA_D%C4%B1y%C4%B1ne" title="Herbê Dınyayê Dıyıne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Herbê Dınyayê Dıyıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twidde_Weareldo%C3%B4rlog" title="Twidde Weareldoôrlog – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Twidde Weareldoôrlog" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontra_svieta_vaina" title="Ontra svieta vaina – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ontra svieta vaina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二次世界大战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porang_Dunia_pa_2" title="Porang Dunia pa 2 – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Porang Dunia pa 2" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Dunya_Kedua" title="Perang Dunya Kedua – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Perang Dunya Kedua" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" 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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">World War II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG/300px-Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG/450px-Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Infobox_collage_for_WWII.PNG 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="600" /></a> (clockwise from top left)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122542">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Chinese forces in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wanjialing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Wanjialing (not yet started)">Battle of Wanjialing</a></li> <li>Australian <a href="/w/index.php?title=25-pounder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25-pounder (not yet started)">25-pounder</a> guns during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li>German <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Stuka</a> dive bombers on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> in December 1943</li> <li>US naval force in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf (not yet started)">Lingayen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li>Soviet troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 (1939-09-01 – 1945-09-02)</li><li>(6 years and 1 day)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Major <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater (warfare)">theaters</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacific War (not yet started)">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Ocean in World War II (not yet started)">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II (not yet started)">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_raids_on_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air raids on Japan (not yet started)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East Theatre of World War II">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Theatre of World War II">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East African campaign (World War II) (not yet started)">Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gabon (not yet started)">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attacks on Australia during World War II (not yet started)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Caribbean (not yet started)">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Theater_(World_War_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Theater (World War II) (not yet started)">North and South America</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li>Collapse of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li>Fall of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Colonial_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Colonial Empire">Italian Empires</a></li> <li>Allied occupations of <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Japan</a> and foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a></li> <li>Beginning of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_Age&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic Age (not yet started)">Atomic Age</a></li> <li>Dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li>Emergence of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as rival <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a> and beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aftermath_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aftermath of World War II (not yet started)">more...</a>)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II by Country">Participants</a></th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Main Allied leaders<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Main Axis leaders<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Military dead:</li> <li>Over 16,000,000</li> <li>Civilian dead:</li> <li>Over 45,000,000</li> <li>Total dead:</li> <li>Over 61,000,000</li> <li>(1937–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II casualties">...further details</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Military dead:</li> <li>Over 8,000,000</li> <li>Civilian dead:</li> <li>Over 4,000,000</li> <li>Total dead:</li> <li>Over 12,000,000</li> <li>(1937–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II casualties">...further details</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="overflow:hidden;margin:1px"><div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Campaigns_of_World_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122447">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War II (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Campaigns of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_Campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwegian Campaign (not yet started)">Denmark & Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France & Benelux</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkan_Campaign_(World_War_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkan Campaign (World War II) (not yet started)">Balkans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front (1944–45)</a></dd></dl> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacific War (not yet started)">Pacific War</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II (not yet started)">Pacific Ocean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II (not yet started)">South-East Asia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II (not yet started)">South West Pacific</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan campaign (not yet started)">Japan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet–Japanese War (not yet started)">Manchuria (1945)</a></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatres_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatres of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East African Campaign (World War II) (not yet started)">East Africa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adriatic_Campaign_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adriatic Campaign of World War II (not yet started)">Adriatic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Malta (World War II) (not yet started)">Malta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Iraqi_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Iraqi War (not yet started)">Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign (not yet started)">Syria–Lebanon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (not yet started)">Iran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodecanese_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dodecanese campaign (not yet started)">Dodecanese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Dragoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Dragoon (not yet started)">Southern France</a></dd></dl> Other campaigns <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II (not yet started)">Arctic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strategic bombing during World War II (not yet started)">Strategic bombing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Theater_(World_War_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Theater (World War II) (not yet started)">America</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French West Africa in World War II (not yet started)">French West Africa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Ocean in World War II (not yet started)">Indian Ocean</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Madagascar (not yet started)">Madagascar</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> Contemporaneous wars <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts (not yet started)">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Thai_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franco-Thai War (not yet started)">Franco-Thai War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ili_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ili Rebellion (not yet started)">Ili Rebellion</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> World War II (WWII), or the Second World War, was a global war involving all continents of the world, except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. It involved fighting in most of the world from 1939 to 1945. Some fighting started in 1937, when <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japanese</a> forces started the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. Most of the world's countries, including all of the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>, fought as part of two <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliances</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Powers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>. The war involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war; 73 million people died,<a href="#cite_note-authoritative-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-dead-4">[2]</a> most of whom were <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a>. The war included <a href="/wiki/Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre">massacres</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> called <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a>, starvation, and disease. This was the only time a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> was used in war. The two sides were the Allies (at first <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, joined by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and others) and the Axis (at first <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and others). The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937.<a href="#cite_note-The_Second_World_War1-5">[3]</a> Combat in Europe began when <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Reich">The Third Reich</a> of Germany invaded <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> on September 1, 1939. France and the United Kingdom reacted by declaring war on Germany. By 1941, most of Europe was under German control, including France, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary,</a> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, and Poland. Only the British remained fighting against the Axis in <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">the Atlantic</a>. Germany gave up plans to invade Britain after losing the air <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. In June 1941, Germany <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a>, starting the largest <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">land invasion</a> in history. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> and invaded British and French colonies in Asia, and two fronts developed: the Western Theatre and the Pacific Theatre. The Japanese victories were stopped in 1942, and the Soviets won the huge <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in early 1943. Then, the Allies started to win in multiple areas. The Axis were forced back from the Soviet Union, weakening in the <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched Earth</a> tactic. German leaders had not expecting the invasion to last till the hard Russian winter. The Axis also lost <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a>. Starting in 1943, they were forced to defend Italy. Allied forces had a hard time pushing into Italy from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> due to its strong defenses.<a href="#cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-6">[4]</a> In 1944, the Allies <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">invaded France</a>. The invasion was called D-Day, held in June 6th, 1944. They came into Germany itself from the West, while the Soviets came in from the East. Germany surrendered on May 8 1945, ending the war in Europe. Japan formally surrendered on September 2 1945, after the Soviets beat the Japanese in <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a> and the United States dropped two <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bomb">nuclear bombs</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>," had been dropped on <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, respectively. This was the only time a nuclear weapon has been used in a real war. As of the present day, the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been the only instances in which nuclear weaponry has been used in wartime.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> After the war, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> was set up to develop support between countries and to prevent future wars. After World War I, the League of Nations had been built, but it proved ineffective. The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> by the major winners soon started, but they did not fight each other in an actual war. The <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> of Asia and Africa (where many places controlled by European countries were given their <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/independence" class="extiw" title="wikt:independence">independence</a>) happened as well since <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> had been weakened by the war. Economic <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/recovery" class="extiw" title="wikt:recovery">recovery</a> and political integration (the process of uniting countries) were among other results of the war. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allies_and_Axis">Allies and Axis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Allies and Axis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Allies and Axis">change source</a>]</div> The countries that joined the war were on one of two sides: the Axis and the Allies. The <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> at the start of the war were <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. There were many meetings to create an alliance between those countries.<a href="#cite_note-diplomatic-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-civilization-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-university-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-university2-11">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (though they never signed the Tripartite pact like other axis members), <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> joined the Axis later. As the war continued, some Axis countries like Italy changed sides to join the Allies instead. The <a href="/wiki/Allied_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Powers">Allied Powers</a> were the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, Denmark, Norway, various south and Central American nations after the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbour, and Finland after September 1944 the Netherlands Belgium and Luxembourg and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, the last of which had been fighting a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>. In June 1941, Germany attacked the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, which made the Soviets join the Allies. In December 1941 came the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, which then also joined the Allies (The Finns joined the war against the axis in September 1944). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Background" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Background">change source</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> had greatly changed the way of <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> in Asia, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and Africa with the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. The empires that had sided with the Central Powers were destroyed. Even the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, which was on the Allied side, broke up and became the USSR (Soviet Union) after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. The war also changed the borders in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, with many new countries being born. Germany was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-university3-12">[10]</a> The Germans also lost 13% of their homeland area and all of their colonies, and they had to pay back a large sum of money to the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-Reparations_and_post-war_Germany-13">[11]</a> The size of their army and navy was also limited,<a href="#cite_note-kantowicz-14">[12]</a> and its air force was banned, except for the 100 airplanes working for the coalmines. In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalists</a> were unhappy with the Versailles Treaty since they thought that their victory as an Ally in WWI should have gained them far more territory from the defeated Austria. The <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> movement in the 1920s brought <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> to the leadership of the country. He promised to make Italy a great power by adding to its colonial empire.<a href="#cite_note-World_War_II_day_by_day-15">[13]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), the governing party of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, unified the country in the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> between it and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party of China</a> began.<a href="#cite_note-introduction-16">[14]</a> In 1931, Japan used the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> as a excuse to take <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and set up a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-google28-17">[15]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> failed to do anything to stop it. The <a href="/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>, was signed in 1933. In 1936, the Kuomintang and the communists agreed to stop fighting against each other and to fight Japan instead.<a href="#cite_note-communism-18">[16]</a> In 1937, Japan started the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> to take the rest of China.<a href="#cite_note-feuerwerker-19">[17]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Reichsparteitag,_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Nazi rally at Nuremberg, 1934</figcaption></figure> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> was set up. There were disagreements among Germans that involved many political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>, ranging from nationalism to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. The fascist movement in Germany rose because of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, became the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">German chancellor</a> in 1933. After the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>, Hitler created a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> state in which there was only one party by law.<a href="#cite_note-Hitler:_A_study_in_tyranny-20">[18]</a> Hitler wanted to change the world order and quickly rebuilt the army, navy, and air force,<a href="#cite_note-transaction-21">[19]</a> especially after <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> voted to return to Germany in 1935. In March 1936, Hitler sent the army to <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> began in July 1936. The war ended in 1939 with the Nationalist victory because of support from Italy and Germany. In March 1938, Germany sent its army into <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, which had little reaction from European countries<a href="#cite_note-heinemann-22">[20]</a> since many Austrians wanted to be part of Germany. Soon, Western Europe <a href="/wiki/Munich_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich agreement">agreed to give</a> <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, the part of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> that was mostly German, to Germany if Hitler promised to stop taking land.<a href="#cite_note-kershaw-23">[21]</a> However, the rest of the country had been forced to surrender<a href="#cite_note-kershaw4-24">[22]</a> or be invaded by March 1939.<a href="#cite_note-victory-25">[23]</a> The Allies now tried to stop him by promising to help <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> if it was attacked.<a href="#cite_note-crozier-26">[24]</a> Just before the war, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the Soviet Union signed a <a href="/wiki/Molotov-Ribbentrop_pact" title="Molotov-Ribbentrop pact">peace agreement</a> that openly stated that they would not attack each other for ten years.<a href="#cite_note-information-27">[25]</a> Secretly, they also agreed to divide <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> between them.<a href="#cite_note-consultant-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Course of the war" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Course of the war">change source</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of World War II">Timeline of World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_breaks_out">War breaks out</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: War breaks out" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: War breaks out">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png/200px-Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png/300px-Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png/400px-Invasion_of_Poland-1939.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the beginning of World War II in Europe, September 1939.</figcaption></figure> World War II began in Europe on September 1, 1939, as Germany <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">invaded Poland</a>. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. They did not do much to help Poland but sent only a small French attack on Germany from the west.<a href="#cite_note-google93-29">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> soon invaded eastern Poland, on September 17.<a href="#cite_note-google83-30">[28]</a> Finally, all of Poland was divided. Germany then signed an agreement to work together with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries to allow it to keep Soviet soldiers in their countries.<a href="#cite_note-google24-31">[29]</a> Finland did not accept the Soviet call, and so <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">it was attacked</a> in November 1939.<a href="#cite_note-jstor1986-32">[30]</a> With peace, the world war broke out.<a href="#cite_note-google12-33">[31]</a> France and Britain thought that the Soviet Union might enter the war for Germany and the Soviets were expelled from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-murray55-34">[32]</a> After Poland was defeated, the "<a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>" began in Western Europe. British soldiers were sent to the Continent, but no large battles were fought between the two sides.<a href="#cite_note-university5-35">[33]</a> Then, in April 1940, Germany decided to attack <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> so that it would be safer to transport iron ore from Sweden. The British and the French sent an army to disrupt the German occupation, but had to leave when Germany invaded France.<a href="#cite_note-williamson-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> as British prime minister in May 1940 because of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-From_World_War_to_Cold_War:_Churchill,_Roosevelt,_and_the_International_History_of_the_1940s-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis_early_victories">Axis early victories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Axis early victories" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Axis early victories">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png/200px-Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png/300px-Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png/400px-Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>German troops in Paris after the fall of France.</figcaption></figure> On 10 May, Germany <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">invaded France</a>, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg and quickly defeated them using massive force tactics.<a href="#cite_note-google68-38">[36]</a> The British were forced to <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">leave mainland Europe at Dunkirk</a>. On June 10, Italy invaded France and declared war on it and the United Kingdom. Soon, France was divided into occupation zones. Some were directly controlled by Germany and Italy,<a href="#cite_note-google311-39">[37]</a> and the other was the zone of unoccupied <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>. By June 1940, the Soviet Union moved its soldiers into the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and took them,<a href="#cite_note-google9-40">[38]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> in Romania. Although there had been some collaboration between the Soviet Union and Germany earlier, that event made it serious.<a href="#cite_note-barbarossa-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-stalinswars56-42">[40]</a> Later, when both countries could not agree to work more closely together, relationships between them became worse to the point of the war.<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars59-43">[41]</a> Germany began an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">air battle over Britain</a> to prepare for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">a landing on the island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-twentieth-44">[42]</a> but the plan was canceled in September when they failed to gain the upper hand. The German Navy destroyed many British ships transporting goods in the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-World_War_II-45">[43]</a> Italy had begun its operation in the Mediterranean. The United States remained <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutral</a> but started to help the Allies. By helping to protect British ships in the Atlantic, the United States found itself fighting German ships by October 1941 but was not officially at war.<a href="#cite_note-williamson6-46">[44]</a> In September 1940, Italy began to invade British-held Egypt. In October, Italy invaded <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, but that resulted in only an Italian retreat to Italian-occupied <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-university7-47">[45]</a> Again, in early 1941, an Italian army was pushed from Egypt to Libya in Africa, but Germany soon helped Italy. Under <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a>'s command, by the end of April 1941, the British were pushed back to Egypt again.<a href="#cite_note-williamson8-48">[46]</a> Germany also successfully invaded Greece, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> by May.<a href="#cite_note-university9-49">[47]</a> Despite the victories, Hitler decided to cancel the bombing of Britain after 11 May.<a href="#cite_note-eyewitnesstohistory1940-50">[48]</a> Meanwhile, Japan's progress in China was still not much, although the nationalist and communist Chinese began fighting each other again.<a href="#cite_note-China:_A_New_History-51">[49]</a> Japan was planning to take over European colonies in Asia while they were weak, and the Soviet Union could feel a danger from Germany and so a non-aggression pact between the Soviets and the Japanese was signed in April 1941.<a href="#cite_note-nationalism-52">[50]</a> Germany kept preparing to attack the Soviet Union by moving its soldiers close to the Soviet border.<a href="#cite_note-university10-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_becomes_global">War becomes global</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: War becomes global" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: War becomes global">change source</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1941-06_to_1941-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Eastern_Front_1941-06_to_1941-12.png/300px-Eastern_Front_1941-06_to_1941-12.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Eastern_Front_1941-06_to_1941-12.png/450px-Eastern_Front_1941-06_to_1941-12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Eastern_Front_1941-06_to_1941-12.png/600px-Eastern_Front_1941-06_to_1941-12.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>The Axis in the Eastern Front: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7263850">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> to July 9, 1941</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend">  to September 1, 1941</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend">  to September 9, 1941 (operations around Kiev)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend">  to December 5, 1941</div></figcaption></figure> On June 22, 1941, the European Axis countries <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">attacked the Soviet Union</a>. This opened a new <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a>. During the summer, the Axis quickly captured Ukraine and the Baltic regions, which caused huge damage to the Soviets. Britain and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance in July.<a href="#cite_note-Soviet-British_Relations_Since_the_1970s-54">[52]</a> Although there was great progress in the last two months, when winter arrived, the tired German army was forced to delay its attack <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">just outside Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reinhardt-55">[53]</a> That showed that the Axis had failed its main targets, and the Soviet army was still not weakened. This marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> stage of the war.<a href="#cite_note-blitzkrieg-56">[54]</a> By December, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> facing the Axis army had received more soldiers from the east since it no longer feared the Japanese. The Soviets began a counterattack and pushed the German army to the west.<a href="#cite_note-documentary-57">[55]</a> The Axis lost a lot of soldiers but still had most of the land that it already controlled.<a href="#cite_note-clemson31-58">[56]</a> By November 1941, the British counterattacked the Axis in North Africa and got all the land back that it had lost.<a href="#cite_note-Stealing_Secrets,_Telling_Lies:_How_Spies_and_Codebreakers_Helped_Shape_the_Twentieth_Century-59">[57]</a> However, the Axis pushed the Allies back again until it was stopped at El Alamein.<a href="#cite_note-Hitler's_War_Aims:_Ideology,_the_Nazi_State,_and_the_Course_of_Expansion-60">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/200px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/300px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/400px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Arizona">USS Arizona</a> burning after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.</figcaption></figure> In Asia, German successes encouraged <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> to call for oil supplies from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-review-61">[59]</a> Many Western countries reacted to the occupation of French Indochina by banning oil trading with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-62">[60]</a> Plans to take over European colonies in Asia to create a great defensive area in the Pacific was made by Japan to give it more resources.<a href="#cite_note-A_World_At_Arms-63">[61]</a> However, before any future invasion, Japan first had to destroy the American Pacific Fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-opportunities-64">[62]</a> On December 7, 1941, it <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked Pearl Harbor</a> as well as many harbors in several <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asian</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-wohlstetter-65">[63]</a> That event led the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and the Western Allies to declare war on Japan, but the Soviet Union remained neutral.<a href="#cite_note-Caught_Between_Roosevelt_&_Stalin:_America's_Ambassadors_to_Moscow-66">[64]</a> Most of the Axis nations reacted by declaring war on the United States. By April 1942 the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_strategy" title="Singapore strategy">Singapore strategy</a> had failed and many southeast Asian countries (Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and Singapore) had almost fallen to the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-harbor-67">[65]</a> In May 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> fell. The Japanese Navy had many quick victories, but in June 1942, Japan was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">defeated at Midway</a>. Japan could no longer take the land because a large part of its navy was destroyed during the Battle of Midway. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allies_advance">Allies advance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Allies advance" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Allies advance">change source</a>]</div> Japan then began its plan to take over <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> again,<a href="#cite_note-university11-68">[66]</a> and the United States planned to attack the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">The fight at Guadalcanal</a> began in September 1942 and involved many troops and ships from both sides. It ended with a Japanese defeat in early 1943.<a href="#cite_note-historical-69">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/250px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/375px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/500px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Soviet soldiers in Stalingrad</figcaption></figure> On the Eastern Front, the Axis defeated Soviet attacks during summer and began its own main offensive to southern Russia along <a href="/wiki/Don_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River">Don</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga Rivers</a> in June 1942 to try to take over <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" title="Oil field">oil fields</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, which were critical to the Axis for fuelling their war effort, and as well as a great <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a> (now Volgograd) was in the path of the Axis army, and the Soviets decided to defend the city. By November, the Germans had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">nearly taken Stalingrad</a>, but the Soviets surrounded the Germans in the winter<a href="#cite_note-hutchinson-70">[68]</a> After heavy losses, the German army was forced to surrender the city in February 1943.<a href="#cite_note-macmillan-71">[69]</a> Even though the front was pushed back farther than it was before the summer attacks, the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German Arm</a>y still had become dangerous to an area around Kursk.<a href="#cite_note-generals-72">[70]</a> Hitler devoted almost two-thirds of his armies to The Battle of Stalingrad, which was the largest and deadliest battle at the time. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg/200px-El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg/300px-El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg/400px-El_Alamein_1942_-_British_infantry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>British infantry attacks at <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a></figcaption></figure> In August 1942, because of the Allied defense at <a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a>, the Axis army failed to take the town. A new <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Allied offensive</a> drove the Axis west across Libya a few months later,<a href="#cite_note-publishing-73">[71]</a> just after the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa forced it to join the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-american-74">[72]</a> That led to Axis defeat during the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> in May 1943.<a href="#cite_note-mediterranean-75">[73]</a> In the Soviet Union, on July 4, 1943, Germany started an attack around Kursk. Many German soldiers were lost because of the Soviets' well-created defenses.<a href="#cite_note-army1986-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-deception-77">[75]</a> Hitler cancelled the attack before it had any clear outcome.<a href="#cite_note-kershaw12-78">[76]</a> The Soviets then started their counterattack, which was one of the war's turning points. The Soviets, instead of the Germans, then became the attacking force on the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-liberation-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-publishing13-80">[78]</a> On July 9, 1943, affected by the earlier Soviet victories, the Western <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allies landed on Sicily</a>, which resulted in the arrest of Mussolini in the same month.<a href="#cite_note-liberation14-81">[79]</a> In September 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allies invaded mainland Italy</a>, following the Italian <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> with the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-amphibious-82">[80]</a> Germany then took control of Italy, disarmed its army,<a href="#cite_note-richard-83">[81]</a> and built many defensive lines to slow the Allied invasion.<a href="#cite_note-publishing15-84">[82]</a> German special forces rescued Mussolini and created the German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blinkhorn-85">[83]</a> In late 1943, Japan conquered some islands in India and began an invasion of the mainland of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> and other forces expelled it in early 1944. In early 1944, the Soviet army drove off the German army from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a><a href="#cite_note-leningrad-86">[84]</a> (now Saint Petersburg) and ended the longest and deadliest <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> in history. After that, the Soviets began a large counterattack. By May, the Soviets had retaken <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. With the attacks in Italy from September 1943, the Allies succeeded in capturing <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on June 4, 1944, and made the German forces fall back.<a href="#cite_note-havighurst-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_ends_in_Europe">War ends in Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: War ends in Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: War ends in Europe">change source</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9496804/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Approaching_Omaha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/200px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/300px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Approaching_Omaha.jpg/400px-Approaching_Omaha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2147" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Allied forces arriving <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France, on D-Day (June 6, 1944)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg/200px-AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg/300px-AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">American and Soviet soldiers meeting east of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> river, Germany (April 25, 1945)</div></div></div></div></div> On <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>, on June 6, 1944, the Allies began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Normandy">invasion of Normandy, France</a>. The codename for the invasion was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>. The successful invasion led to the defeat of the German forces in France. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> was freed in August 1944, and the Allies continued eastward while the German front collapsed. Operation Market Garden was the combined aerial invasion of the Netherlands and was launched on September 17, 1944. The purpose was to seize a series of bridges that included a bridge in <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, which spanned the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" title="Rhine River">Rhine River</a>. The airborne invasion was called Market. The ground invasion, named Garden, reached the Rhine but could not take the bridge. On June 22, the Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front codenamed Operation Bagration, destroyed almost all of the German Army Group Centre.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[86]</a> Soon, the Germans were forced to retreat and to defend Ukraine and Poland. The arriving Soviet troops caused uprisings against the German government in Eastern European countries, but they failed to succeed unless they were helped by the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-:1-89">[87]</a> Another Soviet offensive forced Romania and Bulgaria to join the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-:2-90">[88]</a> Communist Serbian <a href="/wiki/Partisan" title="Partisan">partisans</a> under <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> retook <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. By early 1945, the Soviets had attacked many German-occupied countries: Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. The Soviets made Finland switch to the Allies. On December 16, 1944, the Germans tried one last time to take the Western Front by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">attacking the Allies in Ardennes, Belgium</a>, in a battle known as the Battle of the Bulge. It was the last major German war attack, and the Germans were unsuccessful in their attack.<a href="#cite_note-offensive-91">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWII,_Europe,_France,_%22German_POWs_-_Captured_Nazi_General%22_-_NARA_-_195471.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_%22German_POWs_-_Captured_Nazi_General%22_-_NARA_-_195471.jpg/220px-WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_%22German_POWs_-_Captured_Nazi_General%22_-_NARA_-_195471.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_%22German_POWs_-_Captured_Nazi_General%22_-_NARA_-_195471.jpg/330px-WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_%22German_POWs_-_Captured_Nazi_General%22_-_NARA_-_195471.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_%22German_POWs_-_Captured_Nazi_General%22_-_NARA_-_195471.jpg/440px-WWII%2C_Europe%2C_France%2C_%22German_POWs_-_Captured_Nazi_General%22_-_NARA_-_195471.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A German <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> with American <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military police (not yet started)">military police</a></figcaption></figure> By March 1945, the Soviets had moved quickly from <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula River</a> in Poland to <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, and the Western Allies had crossed the Rhine. In Italy, the Allies pushed forward while the Soviets <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">attacked Berlin</a>. The Western Allies eventually met up with the Soviets at the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe River</a> on April 25, 1945. Hitler committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> on April 30, 1945, two days after Mussolini had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-liberation16-92">[90]</a> In his will, Hitler appointed his navy commander, Grand Admiral <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Donitz</a>, to be his successor.<a href="#cite_note-kershaw17-93">[91]</a> Donitz surrendered to the allies, and opposed Hitler for wanting Germany to continue fighting. German forces in Italy surrendered on April 29, 1945. Germany surrendered to the Western Allies on May 7, 1945, known as V-E Day, and was forced to surrender to the Soviets on May 8, 1945. The final battle in Europe ended in Italy, on May 11, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-university18-94">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/220px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/330px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/440px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a><figcaption>A nuclear bomb over <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_ends_in_Pacific">War ends in Pacific</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: War ends in Pacific" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: War ends in Pacific">change source</a>]</div> In the Pacific, American forces arrived in the Philippines in June 1944. By April 1945, American and Philippine forces had cleared many of the Japanese forces, but fighting continued in some parts of the Philippines until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia19-95">[93]</a> British and Chinese forces had advanced in Northern Burma and captured <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a> by May 3, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-university20-96">[94]</a> American forces had taken <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a> by March and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a> by June 1945.<a href="#cite_note-publishing21-97">[95]</a> Many Japanese cities were destroyed by Allied bombings, and Japanese imports were cut off by American submarines. The Allies wanted Japan to surrender without conditions, but Japan refused to do so. The United States dropped two <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bomb">atomic bombs</a> over <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> (August 6, 1945) and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> (August 9, 1945). On August 8, 1945, the Soviets entered the war against Japan and invaded <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and quickly defeated the primary <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> there.<a href="#cite_note-August_Storm:_The_Soviet_Strategic_Offensive_in_Manchuria-98">[96]</a> On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies. The surrender documents were formally signed on board the USS Missouri on September 2, 1945, which ended the war.<a href="#cite_note-routledge-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Aftermath" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Aftermath">change source</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> managed to occupy <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Germany was divided into four. The Soviets controlled the east, and the United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled the west. The Allies began denazification, removing <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> ideas from public life in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-BBCDeN-100">[98]</a> and most high-ranking Nazis were captured and brought to a <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" title="Nuremberg Trials">special court</a>. Germany lost a quarter of its land in 1937, mostly to Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviets also took some parts of Poland<a href="#cite_note-stalinswars43-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-stalinswars55-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-shirer794-103">[101]</a> and Finland<a href="#cite_note-ckpipe-104">[102]</a> as well as the three Baltic countries.<a href="#cite_note-wettig20-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-senn-106">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg/220px-News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg/330px-News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg/440px-News._V.E._Day_BAnQ_P48S1P12270.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Montreal Daily Star: "Germany Quit", May 7, 1945</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> was formed on October 24, 1945<a href="#cite_note-www-107">[105]</a> to keep peace between countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-evolution-108">[106]</a> However, the relationship between the Western Allies and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had worsened during the war<a href="#cite_note-Coming_Apart,_Coming_Together-109">[107]</a> and, soon after it, each power quickly built up their power over the controlled area. In Western Europe and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, it was the United States, while in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> and Eastern Europe, it was the Soviet Union, which turned many countries into <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> led to the formation of the American-led <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the Soviet-led <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Origins_of_the_Cold_War:_An_International_History-110">[108]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, Japan was put under American occupation. In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> was divided into <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, each claiming to be the legal representative of the Koreans, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-The_Koreas-111">[109]</a> The civil war in China continued from 1946 and resulted in the KMT retreating to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 1949<a href="#cite_note-lynch12-112">[110]</a> after the communists had won the mainland. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, the Arabs' disagreed with the United Nations plan to create <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which marked the beginning of conflicts between the Arabs and Israel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9496804/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png/200px-Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png/300px-Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png/400px-Cold_war_europe_military_alliances_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Military alliances in Europe after the war</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonization_1945.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/200px-Colonization_1945.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/300px-Colonization_1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colonization_1945.png/400px-Colonization_1945.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="638" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Colonies around the world in 1945. However, many countries in Asia and Africa would become free later.</div></div></div></div></div> After the war, <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> took place in many European colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Decolonization-113">[111]</a> Bad economies and people wanting to rule themselves were the main reasons. In most cases, that happened peacefully, except in some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Indochina" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collective_Political_Violence:_An_Introduction_to_the_Theories_and_Cases_of_Violent_Conflicts-114">[112]</a> In many regions, European withdrawal caused divisions among the people who had different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AP_World_History:_The_Best_Preparation_for_the_AP_World_History_Exam-115">[113]</a> Economic recovery was different in many parts of the world, but in general, it was quite positive. The United States became richer than any other country; by 1950, it had taken over the world's economy.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economics_of_World_War_II:_Six_great_powers_in_international_comparison-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Oxford_Companion_to_World_War_II-117">[115]</a> It also decided on the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> (1948–1951) to help European countries. The German,<a href="#cite_note-reconstruction-118">[116]</a> Italian,<a href="#cite_note-Italian_Politics:_Adjustment_Under_Duress-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Italian_Politics:_Adjustment_Under_Duress22-120">[118]</a> and French economies recovered.<a href="#cite_note-Power_and_Policy_in_Liberal_Democracies-121">[119]</a> However, the British economy was badly harmed<a href="#cite_note-Postwar_Economic_Reconstruction_and_Lessons_for_the_East_Today-122">[120]</a> and continued to worsen for more than ten years.<a href="#cite_note-Rethinking_International_Organization:_Deregulation_and_Global_Governance-123">[121]</a> The Soviet economy grew very fast after the war was over.<a href="#cite_note-Russia_And_the_World_Economy:_Problems_of_Integration-124">[122]</a> That also happened with the Japanese economy, which became one of the largest economies in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Power_and_Policy_in_Liberal_Democracies23-125">[123]</a> China returned to the same production level as before the war by 1952.<a href="#cite_note-China_Business:_The_Portable_Encyclopedia_for_Doing_Business_with_China-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Effects" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Effects">change source</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_war_crimes">Death and war crimes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Death and war crimes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Death and war crimes">change source</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Casualties.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World War II death"><img alt="World War II death" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svg/450px-World_War_II_Casualties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svg/675px-World_War_II_Casualties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svg/900px-World_War_II_Casualties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>World War II death</figcaption></figure> There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people,<a href="#cite_note-google242-127">[125]</a> almost half of the recorded number of deaths,<a href="#cite_note-Leaders_mourn_Soviet_wartime_dead-128">[126]</a> which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war.<a href="#cite_note-google204-129">[127]</a> About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">sick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">hungry to death</a>, bombed, or <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">the wrong ethnicity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>. They killed <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roma_people" title="Roma people">Roma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation (not yet started)">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexuals</a>, and other groups.<a href="#cite_note-The_Modern_World-130">[128]</a> Around 11 million<a href="#cite_note-Victims-131">[129]</a> to 17 million<a href="#cite_note-Niewyk45-132">[130]</a> civilians died. Around 7.5 million people were killed in China by the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion_to_World_War_II-133">[131]</a> The most well-known Japanese crime is the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking massacre">Nanking massacre</a>, in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murdered</a>. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapon" title="Biological weapon">biological weapons</a> against civilians<a href="#cite_note-Nanking_1937:_Memory_and_Healing-134">[132]</a> and against <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners-of-war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Japan_tested_chemical_weapons_on_Aussie_POW:_new_evidence-135">[133]</a> Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court,<a href="#cite_note-Implementing_International_Humanitarian_Law:_From_the_Ad_Hoc_Tribunals_to_a_Permanent_International_Criminal_Court-136">[134]</a> no Allied war crimes were. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concentration_camps_and_slave_work">Concentration camps and slave work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Concentration camps and slave work" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Concentration camps and slave work">change source</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg/225px-Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg/338px-Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg/450px-Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3515" data-file-height="2484" /></a><figcaption>Polish civilians that would be sent to Germany for forced labor.</figcaption></figure> Other than the Holocaust, about 12 million people, mostly Eastern Europeans, were forced to work for the German economy.<a href="#cite_note-compensation-137">[135]</a> German <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulags</a> caused many deaths. Both sides treated prisoners of war badly. That was the case even for Soviet soldiers who survived and returned home. Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labor camps, also caused many deaths. The death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1%,<a href="#cite_note-Japanese_Atrocities_in_the_Philippines-138">[136]</a> seven times that of prisoners under Germans and Italians.<a href="#cite_note-Hidden_Horrors:_Japanese_War_Crimes_in_World_War_II-139">[137]</a> More than 10 million Chinese civilians were made slaves and had to work in mines and war factories.<a href="#cite_note-zhifen2002-140">[138]</a> Between 4 and 10 million people were forced to work in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indonesiaww2-141">[139]</a> Between 1942 and 1945, US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevel</a>t signed an order that made <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" title="Japanese American internment">Japanese Americans go to internment camps</a> since he feared them helping an invasion. Some Germans and Italians were included as well. The Allies agreed that the Soviet Union could use prisoners of war and civilians for forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-occupation-142">[140]</a> Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955.<a href="#cite_note-stark1944-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_fronts_and_production">Home fronts and production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Home fronts and production" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Home fronts and production">change source</a>]</div> Before the war in Europe, the Allies had a larger population and economy than the Axis. If colonies were included, the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of the Allies would be twice that of the Axis.<a href="#cite_note-6Econ3-144">[142]</a> In Asia, however, China had a GDP only 38% higher than Japan if colonies were counted.<a href="#cite_note-6Econ3-144">[142]</a> The Allied economy and population compared with the Axis lessened with the early Axis victories. However, that was no longer the case after the United States and the Soviet Union joined the Allies in 1941. The Allies had a higher production level than the Axis because of more natural resources. Also, Germany and Japan did not plan for a long war and even had no ability to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-,_Green-_and_Blue-Water_Fleets:_the_Influence_of_Geography_on_Naval_Warfare,_1861_to_the_Present-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-cox84-146">[144]</a> Both tried to improve their economies by using slave laborers.<a href="#cite_note-World_Economic_And_Social_Survey_2004:_International_Migration-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Women" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Women">change source</a>]</div> As men went off to fight, women took over many of the jobs that they left behind. At factories, women were employed to make bombs, guns, aircraft, and other equipment. In Britain, thousands of women were sent to work on farms as part of the Land Army. Others formed the Women's Royal Naval Service to help with building and repairing ships. Even Princess Elizabeth, who later became <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, worked as a mechanic to aid the war effort. By 1945, some weapons were being made almost entirely by women. In the beginning, women were rarely used in the labor forces in Germany and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Inside_Hitler's_Germany:_Life_Under_the_Third_Reich-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-bernstein267-149">[147]</a> However, Allied bombings<a href="#cite_note-Inside_Hitler's_Germany:_Life_Under_the_Third_Reich24-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Quest:_Haywood_Hansell_and_American_Strategic_Bombing_in_World_War_II-151">[149]</a> and the German change to a war economy made women take a greater part.<a href="#cite_note-War_and_Economy_in_the_Third_Reich-152">[150]</a> In Britain, women also worked in gathering <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">intelligence</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> and other places. The mass <a href="/wiki/Evacuation" title="Evacuation">evacuation</a> of children also had a major impact on the lives of mothers during the war years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation">Occupation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: Occupation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Occupation">change source</a>]</div> Germany had two different ideas of how it would occupy countries. In Western, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, Germany set economic policies that would make it rich. During the war, the policies brought as much as 40% of total German income.<a href="#cite_note-milward138-153">[151]</a> In the east, the war against the Soviet Union meant Germany could not use the land to gain resources. The Nazis used their racial policy and murdered a lot of people they thought were non-human. The Resistance, the group of people secretly fighting Germany, could not harm Germany much until 1943.<a href="#cite_note-hill5-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-France_During_World_War_II:_From_Defeat_to_Liberation-155">[153]</a> Japan claimed to free colonized Asian countries from European colonial powers in Asia. Although it was welcomed at first in many territories, its cruel actions soon turned people against it.<a href="#cite_note-GSWW6_266-156">[154]</a> During the occupation, Japan used 4 million <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">barrels</a> of oil that had been left behind by the Allies. By 1943, Japan produced up to 50 million barrels of oil in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, was 76% of its 1940 rate.<a href="#cite_note-GSWW6_266-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_in_technology">Developments in technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Developments in technology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Developments in technology">change source</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg/200px-Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg/300px-Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg/400px-Ohain_USAF_He_178_page61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Heinkel He 178, the world's first turbojet-power aircraft.</figcaption></figure> The war brought new methods for future wars. The air forces improved greatly in fields such as air transport,<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_76-157">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> to use bombs to destroy industry and morale,<a href="#cite_note-levine217-158">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, and weapons for destroying aircraft. <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">Jet aircraft</a> were developed and were used worldwide in air forces.<a href="#cite_note-Key_Themes_of_the_Twentieth_Century:_Teacher's_Guide-159">[157]</a> At sea, the war focused on using <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>. Aircraft carriers soon replaced <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_163-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aircraft_Carriers:_The_World's_Greatest_Naval_Vessels_and_Their_Aircraft-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Semper_Fi:_The_Definitive_Illustrated_History_of_the_U.S._Marines-162">[160]</a> mainly for being cheaper.<a href="#cite_note-Carriers_in_Combat:_The_Air_War_at_Sea-163">[161]</a> Submarines, a deadly weapon since World War I,<a href="#cite_note-Concepts_in_Submarine_Design-164">[162]</a> also played an important part in the war. The British improved weapons for destroying submarines, such as <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, while the Germans improved submarine tactics.<a href="#cite_note-Concepts_in_Submarine_Design25-165">[163]</a> The style of war on the land had changed from World War I to be more mobile. <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">Tanks</a>, which had been used to support <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, changed to being primary weapons.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_125-166">[164]</a> The tank was improved in speed and firepower during the war. At the start of the war, most commanders thought that using better tanks was the best way to fight enemy tanks.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_108-167">[165]</a> However, early tanks could harm armour only a little. The German idea to avoid letting tanks fight each other meant tanks facing tanks rarely happened. That was a successful tactic in Poland and France.<a href="#cite_note-EncWWII_125-166">[164]</a> Ways to destroy tanks also improved. Vehicles became more used in the war, infantry remained the main part of the army. <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine guns</a> became widely used, especially in cities and jungles.<a href="#cite_note-Comp_221-168">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifle</a>, a German development combining <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/feature" class="extiw" title="wikt:feature">features</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine gun</a>, became the main weapon for most armies after the war.<a href="#cite_note-The_AK-47:_the_worlds_favourite_killing_machine-169">[167]</a> Other developments included better <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> for secret messages, such as the German <a href="/wiki/Enigma_(machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigma (machine)">Enigma</a>. Another feature of military <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/intelligence" class="extiw" title="wikt:intelligence">intelligence</a> was the use of <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/deception" class="extiw" title="wikt:deception">deception</a>, especially by the Allies. Others include the first programmable <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bombs</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Losses">Losses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: Losses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Losses">change source</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_losses">Military losses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change section: Military losses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Military losses">change source</a>]</div> Most authorities now agree that of the 30 million Soviets who fought, there were 13.6 million military deaths. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Killed </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>13,600,000* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>3,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>1,324,516 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>1,140,429 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>** </td> <td>357,116 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>350,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>320,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td>305,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>292,131 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>279,800 </td></tr></tbody></table> *Total of which 7,800,000 were battlefield deaths **Including Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_losses">Civilian losses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change section: Civilian losses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Civilian losses">change source</a>]</div> Deaths among civilians during this war, many of which resulted from famine and internal purges, such as in China and the Soviet Union, were colossal but less well documented than those by the fighting forces. Although the figures are the best available from authoritative sources and present a broad picture of the scale of civilian losses, the precise numbers will never be known. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Killed </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>8,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>12,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>5,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>2,350,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td>1,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>470,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>415,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>393,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>340,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td>300,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> Axis Powers Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Thailand, Croatia Allied Powers United States, British Empire, France, Soviet Union, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people, almost half of the recorded number of deaths, which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war. About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">sick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">hungry to death</a>, bombed, or <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">the wrong ethnicity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>. They killed <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roma_people" title="Roma people">Roma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation (not yet started)">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexuals</a>, and other groups. Around 11 million to 17 million civilians died. Around 7.5 million people were killed in China by the Japanese. The most well-known Japanese crime is the <a href="/wiki/Nanking_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking massacre">Nanking massacre</a>, in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murdered</a>. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapon" title="Biological weapon">biological weapons</a> against civilians and against <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners-of-war</a>. Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court, no Allied war crimes were. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages">change source</a>]</div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><div style="clear:both;">Find more about World War II at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Sister projects">sister projects</a> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" title="Search Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/World War II">Media</a> from Commons </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="Search Wikinews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/World War II">News stories</a> from Wikinews </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/World War II">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/World War II">Source texts</a> from Wikisource </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="Search Wikibooks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/World War II">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="Search Wikiversity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/World_War_II" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/World War II">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" title="Japanese American internment">Japanese American internment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Notes">change source</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the time span that is most frequently cited. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> The war in China began on 7 July 1937, while the war in the Pacific began on 7 December 1941, with 1 September 1939 being the start of the war in Europe. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: References">change source</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-authoritative-3"><a href="#cite_ref-authoritative_3-0">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSommerville2008" class="citation book cs1">Sommerville, Donald (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm">The Complete Illustrated History of World War II: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflicts in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm/page/n8">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7548-1898-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7548-1898-4"><bdi>978-0-7548-1898-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Illustrated+History+of+World+War+II%3A+An+Authoritative+Account+of+the+Deadliest+Conflicts+in+Human+History+with+Analysis+of+Decisive+Encounters+and+Landmark+Engagements&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7548-1898-4&rft.aulast=Sommerville&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteillustra0000somm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dead-4"><a href="#cite_ref-dead_4-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second">source list and detailed death tolls for the twentieth century hemoclysm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170723/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second">Archived</a> 2018-12-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Second_World_War1-5"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_World_War1_5-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2012" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (2012). The Second World War. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84497-6"><bdi>978-0-297-84497-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84497-6&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_6-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007301">"Holocaust Encyclopedia"</a>. Military Operations in North Africa. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. January 29, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130112553/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007301">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Operations+in+North+Africa&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/nuclear/#:~:text=Although%20nuclear%20weapons%20have%20only,nuclear%20tests%20conducted%20to%20date.">"Nuclear Weapons – UNODA"</a>. Retrieved August 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Weapons+%E2%80%93+UNODA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdisarmament.unoda.org%2Fwmd%2Fnuclear%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAlthough%2520nuclear%2520weapons%2520have%2520only%2Cnuclear%2520tests%2520conducted%2520to%2520date.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diplomatic-8"><a href="#cite_ref-diplomatic_8-0">↑</a> Gerhard Weinberg 1970. The foreign policy of Hitler's Germany diplomatic revolution in Europe 1933-36, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-civilization-9"><a href="#cite_ref-civilization_9-0">↑</a> Robert Melvin Spector. World without civilization: mass murder and the Holocaust, history, and analysis, pg. 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-university-10"><a href="#cite_ref-university_10-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFIan_DearMichael_Richard_Daniell_Foot2001" class="citation book cs1">Ian Dear; Michael Richard Daniell Foot (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2">The Oxford companion to World War II</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2/page/674">674</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860446-4"><bdi>978-0-19-860446-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+World+War+II&rft.pages=674&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860446-4&rft.au=Ian+Dear&rft.au=Michael+Richard+Daniell+Foot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-university2-11"><a href="#cite_ref-university2_11-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh">A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55879-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatarmsgloba0000gerh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-university3-12"><a href="#cite_ref-university3_12-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHakim1995" class="citation book cs1">Hakim, Joy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warpeaceallthatj0000haki">War, Peace and All That Jazz</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509514-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509514-2"><bdi>978-0-19-509514-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Peace+and+All+That+Jazz&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509514-2&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarpeaceallthatj0000haki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reparations_and_post-war_Germany-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Reparations_and_post-war_Germany_13-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alphahistory.com/weimargermany/reparations/">"Reparations and post-war Germany"</a>. Alpha History. Retrieved August 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reparations+and+post-war+Germany&rft.pub=Alpha+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falphahistory.com%2Fweimargermany%2Freparations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-kantowicz-14"><a href="#cite_ref-kantowicz_14-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKantowicz1999" class="citation book cs1">Kantowicz, Edward R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rageofnations0000kant">The Rage of Nations</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rageofnations0000kant/page/149">149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4455-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-4455-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rage+of+Nations&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4455-2&rft.aulast=Kantowicz&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frageofnations0000kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_War_II_day_by_day-15"><a href="#cite_ref-World_War_II_day_by_day_15-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2000" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Anthony (2000). World War II day by day. MBI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0939-1"><bdi>978-0-7603-0939-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+day+by+day&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-0939-1&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-introduction-16"><a href="#cite_ref-introduction_16-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1998" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pacificasiainglo0000pres">Pacific Asia in the Global System: An Introduction</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pacificasiainglo0000pres/page/104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20238-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20238-7"><bdi>978-0-631-20238-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Asia+in+the+Global+System%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20238-7&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpacificasiainglo0000pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google28-17"><a href="#cite_ref-google28_17-0">↑</a> Ralph Steadman, Winston Smith 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fy1EcXEs9L4C&pg=PA28">All riot on the Western Front</a>. Last gasp, p. 28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86719-616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86719-616-0">978-0-86719-616-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-communism-18"><a href="#cite_ref-communism_18-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBusky2002" class="citation book cs1">Busky, Donald F. (2002). Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97733-7"><bdi>978-0-275-97733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+in+History+and+Theory%3A+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97733-7&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-feuerwerker-19"><a href="#cite_ref-feuerwerker_19-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFairbankTwitchettLoeweChaffee1978" class="citation book cs1">Fairbank, John King; Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Loewe, Michael; Chaffee, John W.; Smith, Paul J.; Franke, Herbert; Mote, Frederick W.; Feuerwerker, Albert; Liu, Kwang-Ching; Peterson, Willard J.; MacFarquhar, Roderick (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory1800pete">The Cambridge History of China</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory1800pete/page/n574">547</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24338-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24338-4"><bdi>978-0-521-24338-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.pages=547&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24338-4&rft.aulast=Fairbank&rft.aufirst=John+King&rft.au=Twitchett%2C+Denis+Crispin&rft.au=Loewe%2C+Michael&rft.au=Chaffee%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Franke%2C+Herbert&rft.au=Mote%2C+Frederick+W.&rft.au=Feuerwerker%2C+Albert&rft.au=Liu%2C+Kwang-Ching&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Willard+J.&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory1800pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitler:_A_study_in_tyranny-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Hitler:_A_study_in_tyranny_20-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1962" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, A. (1962). Hitler: A study in tyranny. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013564-0"><bdi>978-0-14-013564-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+study+in+tyranny&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013564-0&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-transaction-21"><a href="#cite_ref-transaction_21-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBrody1999" class="citation book cs1">Brody, J. Kenneth (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avoidablewar0000brod">The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval & the politics of reality, 1935-1936</a>. Transaction Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avoidablewar0000brod/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0622-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0622-2"><bdi>978-0-7658-0622-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Avoidable+War%3A+Pierre+Laval+%26+the+politics+of+reality%2C+1935-1936&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0622-2&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=J.+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Favoidablewar0000brod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-heinemann-22"><a href="#cite_ref-heinemann_22-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCollierPedley2000" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Martin; Pedley, Philip (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germany1919450000coll">Germany 1919–45</a>. Heinemann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germany1919450000coll/page/144">144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-32721-7"><bdi>978-0-435-32721-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+1919%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-435-32721-7&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Pedley%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermany1919450000coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kershaw-23"><a href="#cite_ref-kershaw_23-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2001" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936-45: Nemesis. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32252-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936-45%3A+Nemesis&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32252-1&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kershaw4-24"><a href="#cite_ref-kershaw4_24-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2001" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936-45: Nemesis. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32252-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936-45%3A+Nemesis&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32252-1&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-victory-25"><a href="#cite_ref-victory_25-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nosimplevictoryw0000davi">No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945</a>. Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nosimplevictoryw0000davi/page/143">143</a>-4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311409-3"><bdi>978-0-14-311409-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Simple+Victory%3A+World+War+II+in+Europe%2C+1939-1945&rft.pages=143-4&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311409-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnosimplevictoryw0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crozier-26"><a href="#cite_ref-crozier_26-0">↑</a> Andrew J. Crozier. The Causes of the Second World War, pg. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-information-27"><a href="#cite_ref-information_27-0">↑</a> Shore, Zachary 2005. What Hitler knew: the battle for information in Nazi foreign policy. Oxford University Press, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-consultant-28"><a href="#cite_ref-consultant_28-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFIan_DearMichael_Richard_Daniell_Foot2001" class="citation book cs1">Ian Dear; Michael Richard Daniell Foot (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2">The Oxford companion to World War II</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2/page/608">608</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860446-4"><bdi>978-0-19-860446-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+World+War+II&rft.pages=608&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860446-4&rft.au=Ian+Dear&rft.au=Michael+Richard+Daniell+Foot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google93-29"><a href="#cite_ref-google93_29-0">↑</a> May, Ernest R (2000) (Google books). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArNzWonLNj8C&q=Strange+Victory:+Hitler%27s+Conquest+of+France">Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of France</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 93. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-329-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-329-3">978-1-85043-329-3</a>. Retrieved November 15, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-google83-30"><a href="#cite_ref-google83_30-0">↑</a> Zaloga Steven J,, Howard Gearad (2002) (Google books). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQeAKAjlEwMC&q=poland+1939:+The+Birth+of+Blitzkrieg">Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>]. Osprey Publishing. p. 83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-408-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-408-5">978-1-84176-408-5</a>. Retrieved November 15, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-google24-31"><a href="#cite_ref-google24_31-0">↑</a> Smith, David J. (2002) (Google books). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YaYbzQQN97EC&dq=The%20Baltic%20States%3A%20Estonia%2C%20Latvia%20and%20Lithuania&pg=PA142">The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania</a>. Routledge. 1st edition. p. 24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28580-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28580-3">978-0-415-28580-3</a>. Retrieved November 15, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor1986-32"><a href="#cite_ref-jstor1986_32-0">↑</a> Spring, D. W (April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/151203">The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028044306/https://www.jstor.org/stable/151203">Archived</a> 28 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Europe-Asia Studies 38 (2): 207–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-google12-33"><a href="#cite_ref-google12_33-0">↑</a> Hanhimäki, Jussi M (1997) (Google books). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWfudYWUOt0C&dq=Containing%20Coexistence%3A%20America%2C%20Russia%2C%20and%20the%20%22Finnish%20Solution&pg=PP1">Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution"</a>. Kent State University Press. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-558-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-558-9">978-0-87338-558-9</a>. Retrieved November 15, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-murray55-34"><a href="#cite_ref-murray55_34-0">↑</a> Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5">978-0-674-00680-5</a>. p.55-6 </li> <li id="cite_note-university5-35"><a href="#cite_ref-university5_35-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh">A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/95">95</a>, 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=95%2C+121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55879-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatarmsgloba0000gerh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamson-36"><a href="#cite_ref-williamson_36-0">↑</a> Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5">978-0-674-00680-5</a>. p.57-63 </li> <li id="cite_note-From_World_War_to_Cold_War:_Churchill,_Roosevelt,_and_the_International_History_of_the_1940s-37"><a href="#cite_ref-From_World_War_to_Cold_War:_Churchill,_Roosevelt,_and_the_International_History_of_the_1940s_37-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2006" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, David (April 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_iKUGmeZqMC">From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s</a> (Google books). Oxford University Press, USA. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928411-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928411-5"><bdi>978-0-19-928411-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+World+War+to+Cold+War%3A+Churchill%2C+Roosevelt%2C+and+the+International+History+of+the+1940s&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2006-04-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928411-5&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_iKUGmeZqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google68-38"><a href="#cite_ref-google68_38-0">↑</a> Crawford, Keith; Foster, Stuart J (2007) (Google books). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zw-O7t_6GJQC&dq=War%2C%20nation%2C%20memory%3A%20international%20perspectives%20on%20World%20War%20II%20in%20school%20history%20textbooks&pg=PP1">War, nation, memory: international perspectives on World War II in school history textbooks</a>. Information Age Publishing. p. 68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59311-852-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59311-852-5">978-1-59311-852-5</a>. . Retrieved November 15, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-google311-39"><a href="#cite_ref-google311_39-0">↑</a> Klaus, Autbert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5p4tGO7-VkC&dq=Germany%20and%20the%20Second%20World%20War%20Volume%202%3A%20Germany's%20Initial%20Conquests%20in%20Europe&pg=PA1">Germany and the Second World War Volume 2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 311. Retrieved November 15, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-google9-40"><a href="#cite_ref-google9_40-0">↑</a> Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999) (Google books). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbocXztNVsUC&dq=Endgame%20in%20NATO's%20Enlargement%3A%20The%20Baltic%20States%20and%20Ukraine%7C&pg=PR3">Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96363-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96363-7">978-0-275-96363-7</a>. Retrieved November 15, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-barbarossa-41"><a href="#cite_ref-barbarossa_41-0">↑</a> H. W. Koch. Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'. The Historical Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec. 1983), pp. 891-920 </li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars56-42"><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars56_42-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe">Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953</a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11204-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11204-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalinswarsfromw0000robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars59-43"><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars59_43-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe">Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953</a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11204-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11204-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalinswarsfromw0000robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twentieth-44"><a href="#cite_ref-twentieth_44-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKellyReesShuter1998" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Nigel; Rees, Rosemary; Shuter, Jane (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000kell_b5b7">The Twentieth Century World</a>. Heinemann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000kell_b5b7/page/38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-30983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-30983-1"><bdi>978-0-435-30983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twentieth+Century+World&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-435-30983-1&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Rees%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=Shuter%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentiethcentury0000kell_b5b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_War_II-45"><a href="#cite_ref-World_War_II_45-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Margaret J (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold">World War II</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-0139-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-0139-8"><bdi>978-0-8225-0139-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-0139-8&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwariieurope0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamson6-46"><a href="#cite_ref-williamson6_46-0">↑</a> Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). A war to be won: fighting the Second World War. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5">978-0-674-00680-5</a>. p. 233-45 </li> <li id="cite_note-university7-47"><a href="#cite_ref-university7_47-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFClogg2002" class="citation book cs1">Clogg, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0">A Concise History of Greece</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0/page/118">118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80872-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80872-9"><bdi>978-0-521-80872-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Greece&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80872-9&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00clog_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamson8-48"><a href="#cite_ref-williamson8_48-0">↑</a> Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), A war to be won: fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5">978-0-674-00680-5</a>. p. 263-267. </li> <li id="cite_note-university9-49"><a href="#cite_ref-university9_49-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh">A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/229">229</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55879-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatarmsgloba0000gerh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eyewitnesstohistory1940-50"><a href="#cite_ref-eyewitnesstohistory1940_50-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/blitz.htm">The London Blitz, 1940</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121455/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/blitz.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Eyewitness to History. 2001. Retrieved March 11, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-China:_A_New_History-51"><a href="#cite_ref-China:_A_New_History_51-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFairbankGoldman1994" class="citation book cs1">Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (1994). China: A New History. Harvard University Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-11673-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-11673-3"><bdi>978-0-674-11673-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-674-11673-3&rft.aulast=Fairbank&rft.aufirst=John+King&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Merle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalism-52"><a href="#cite_ref-nationalism_52-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGarver1988" class="citation book cs1">Garver, John W. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesesovietrel00garv">Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937-1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism</a>. Oxford University Press on Demand. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesesovietrel00garv/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505432-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505432-3"><bdi>978-0-19-505432-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese-Soviet+Relations%2C+1937-1945%3A+The+Diplomacy+of+Chinese+Nationalism&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+on+Demand&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505432-3&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesesovietrel00garv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-university10-53"><a href="#cite_ref-university10_53-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh">A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/195">195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55879-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatarmsgloba0000gerh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soviet-British_Relations_Since_the_1970s-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Soviet-British_Relations_Since_the_1970s_54-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPravdaDuncan1990" class="citation book cs1">Pravda, Alex; Duncan, Peter J. S (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietbritishrel00prav">Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietbritishrel00prav/page/n40">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37494-1"><bdi>978-0-521-37494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet-British+Relations+Since+the+1970s&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37494-1&rft.aulast=Pravda&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Peter+J.+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovietbritishrel00prav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reinhardt-55"><a href="#cite_ref-reinhardt_55-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Reinhardt_(Dr._Generalmajor_i.G.)1992" class="citation book cs1">Klaus Reinhardt (Dr. Generalmajor i.G.) (1992). Moscow: The Turning Point?: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941-42. Berg Publishing Limited. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-695-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-695-0"><bdi>978-0-85496-695-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow%3A+The+Turning+Point%3F%3A+The+Failure+of+Hitler%27s+Strategy+in+the+Winter+of+1941-42&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Berg+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85496-695-0&rft.au=Klaus+Reinhardt+%28Dr.+Generalmajor+i.G.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blitzkrieg-56"><a href="#cite_ref-blitzkrieg_56-0">↑</a> Milward, A.S. (1964). The End of the Blitzkrieg. The Economic History Review. 16 (3): 499–518. </li> <li id="cite_note-documentary-57"><a href="#cite_ref-documentary_57-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWelch1999" class="citation book cs1">Welch, David (1999). Modern European History, 1871-2000: A Documentary Reader. Psychology Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21582-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21582-4"><bdi>978-0-415-21582-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+European+History%2C+1871-2000%3A+A+Documentary+Reader&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21582-4&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clemson31-58"><a href="#cite_ref-clemson31_58-0">↑</a> Glantz, David M. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf">Soviet‐German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709141048/http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf">Archived</a> July 9, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. p.31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stealing_Secrets,_Telling_Lies:_How_Spies_and_Codebreakers_Helped_Shape_the_Twentieth_Century-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Stealing_Secrets,_Telling_Lies:_How_Spies_and_Codebreakers_Helped_Shape_the_Twentieth_Century_59-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2002" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, James (2002). Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century. Brassey's. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-473-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-473-9"><bdi>978-1-57488-473-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stealing+Secrets%2C+Telling+Lies%3A+How+Spies+and+Codebreakers+Helped+Shape+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-473-9&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitler's_War_Aims:_Ideology,_the_Nazi_State,_and_the_Course_of_Expansion-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Hitler's_War_Aims:_Ideology,_the_Nazi_State,_and_the_Course_of_Expansion_60-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRich1992" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Norman (1992). Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion. Norton. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00802-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00802-9"><bdi>978-0-393-00802-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+War+Aims%3A+Ideology%2C+the+Nazi+State%2C+and+the+Course+of+Expansion&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00802-9&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-review-61"><a href="#cite_ref-review_61-0">↑</a> AFLMA Year in Review, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-62"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_62-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFNorthrup2003" class="citation book cs1">Northrup, Cynthia Clark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaneconomyh12nort">The American Economy: Essays and primary source documents</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaneconomyh12nort/page/n236">214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-866-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-866-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-866-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Economy%3A+Essays+and+primary+source+documents&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-866-2&rft.aulast=Northrup&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericaneconomyh12nort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_World_At_Arms-63"><a href="#cite_ref-A_World_At_Arms_63-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L (2005). A World at Arms. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7"><bdi>978-0-521-61826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61826-7&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-opportunities-64"><a href="#cite_ref-opportunities_64-0">↑</a> Morgan, Patrick M (1983). Strategic Military Surprise: Incentives and Opportunities. Transaction Publishers. p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-912-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-912-1">978-0-87855-912-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-wohlstetter-65"><a href="#cite_ref-wohlstetter_65-0">↑</a> Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision. Stanford University Press. pp. 341–43. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0597-4">978-0-8047-0597-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Caught_Between_Roosevelt_&_Stalin:_America's_Ambassadors_to_Moscow-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Caught_Between_Roosevelt_&_Stalin:_America's_Ambassadors_to_Moscow_66-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1998" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Dennis J (1998). Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2023-2"><bdi>978-0-8131-2023-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caught+Between+Roosevelt+%26+Stalin%3A+America%27s+Ambassadors+to+Moscow&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2023-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Dennis+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harbor-67"><a href="#cite_ref-harbor_67-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKlam2002" class="citation book cs1">Klam, Julie (2002). The Rise of Japan and Pearl Harbor. Black Rabbit Books. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-188-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-188-0"><bdi>978-1-58340-188-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Japan+and+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Black+Rabbit+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58340-188-0&rft.aulast=Klam&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-university11-68"><a href="#cite_ref-university11_68-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh">A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/339">339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55879-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatarmsgloba0000gerh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-historical-69"><a href="#cite_ref-historical_69-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHane2001" class="citation book cs1">Hane, Mikiso (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernjapanhisto00hane_0">Modern Japan: A Historical Survey</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernjapanhisto00hane_0/page/340">340</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3756-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-3756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Japan%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.pages=340&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3756-2&rft.aulast=Hane&rft.aufirst=Mikiso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernjapanhisto00hane_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hutchinson-70"><a href="#cite_ref-hutchinson_70-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBadsey2000" class="citation book cs1">Badsey, Stephen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonatlaso0000unse_x5f1">The Hutchinson Atlas of World War Two Battle Plans: Before and After</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonatlaso0000unse_x5f1/page/235">235</a>-36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-265-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-265-4"><bdi>978-1-57958-265-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hutchinson+Atlas+of+World+War+Two+Battle+Plans%3A+Before+and+After&rft.pages=235-36&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-265-4&rft.aulast=Badsey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhutchinsonatlaso0000unse_x5f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-macmillan-71"><a href="#cite_ref-macmillan_71-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2004" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarco00gilb">The Second World War: A Complete History</a>. Elsevier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarco00gilb/page/397">397</a>-400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7623-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7623-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-7623-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.pages=397-400&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7623-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondworldwarco00gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-generals-72"><a href="#cite_ref-generals_72-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFShukman2002" class="citation book cs1">Shukman, Harold (2002). Stalin's Generals. Author House. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-513-7"><bdi>978-1-84212-513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Generals&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Author+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-513-7&rft.aulast=Shukman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-publishing-73"><a href="#cite_ref-publishing_73-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1998" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (1998). The German Army 1939–45 (2): North Africa & Balkans. Osprey Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-640-8"><bdi>978-1-85532-640-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+1939%E2%80%9345+%282%29%3A+North+Africa+%26+Balkans&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-640-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-american-74"><a href="#cite_ref-american_74-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1997" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Steven T. (1997). American War Plans, 1941-1945: The Test of Battle. Psychology Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4634-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4634-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-4634-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+War+Plans%2C+1941-1945%3A+The+Test+of+Battle&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4634-3&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Steven+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mediterranean-75"><a href="#cite_ref-mediterranean_75-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2003" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Paul (2003). The Second World War (4): The Mediterranean 1940–1945. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-539-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-539-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-539-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+%284%29%3A+The+Mediterranean+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-539-6&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-army1986-76"><a href="#cite_ref-army1986_76-0">↑</a> Glantz. (1986), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp">Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp">Archived</a> 2008-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", CSI Report No. 11., OCLC 278029256. Retrieved January 25, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-deception-77"><a href="#cite_ref-deception_77-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1989" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M. (1989). Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War. Psychology Press. p. 149–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3347-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3347-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-3347-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Military+Deception+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=149-59&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3347-3&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kershaw12-78"><a href="#cite_ref-kershaw12_78-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2001" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936-45: Nemesis. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 592. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32252-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936-45%3A+Nemesis&rft.pages=592&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32252-1&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberation-79"><a href="#cite_ref-liberation_79-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2001" class="citation book cs1">O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei">Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943-1945</a>. Lexington Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei/page/n46">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-0195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Battles%3A+Italy%27s+War+of+Liberation%2C+1943-1945&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0195-7&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenbattles0000orei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-publishing13-80"><a href="#cite_ref-publishing13_80-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHealy1992" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Mark (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kursktideturnsea00heal">Kursk 1943: The tide turns in the East</a>. Osprey Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kursktideturnsea00heal/page/n46">90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-211-0"><bdi>978-1-85532-211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursk+1943%3A+The+tide+turns+in+the+East&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-211-0&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkursktideturnsea00heal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberation14-81"><a href="#cite_ref-liberation14_81-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2001" class="citation book cs1">O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei">Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943-1945</a>. Lexington Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei/page/n43">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-0195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Battles%3A+Italy%27s+War+of+Liberation%2C+1943-1945&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0195-7&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenbattles0000orei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amphibious-82"><a href="#cite_ref-amphibious_82-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowen2002" class="citation book cs1">McGowen, Tom (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo">Assault from the Sea: Amphibious Invasions in the Twentieth Century</a>. Lerner Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-1811-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-1811-8"><bdi>978-0-7613-1811-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assault+from+the+Sea%3A+Amphibious+Invasions+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7613-1811-8&rft.aulast=McGowen&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassaultfromseaam0000mcgo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-richard-83"><a href="#cite_ref-richard_83-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1996" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warinitaly1943190000lamb">War in Italy, 1943-1945: A Brutal Story</a>. Da Capo Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warinitaly1943190000lamb/page/154">154</a>-55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80688-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80688-9"><bdi>978-0-306-80688-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Italy%2C+1943-1945%3A+A+Brutal+Story&rft.pages=154-55&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80688-9&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarinitaly1943190000lamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-publishing15-84"><a href="#cite_ref-publishing15_84-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHartHartHughes2000" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Stephen; Hart, Russell; Hughes, Matthew (2000). The German Soldier in World War II. Zenith Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0846-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0846-2"><bdi>978-0-7603-0846-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Soldier+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Zenith+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-0846-2&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hart%2C+Russell&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blinkhorn-85"><a href="#cite_ref-blinkhorn_85-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBlinkhorn1994" class="citation book cs1">Blinkhorn, Martin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin">Mussolini and Fascist Italy</a>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10231-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10231-5"><bdi>978-0-415-10231-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+and+Fascist+Italy&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10231-5&rft.aulast=Blinkhorn&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmussolinifascist0000blin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leningrad-86"><a href="#cite_ref-leningrad_86-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2001" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siegeofleningrad0000glan_u9c8">The Siege of Leningrad, 1941-1944: 900 Days of Terror</a>. Zenith Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siegeofleningrad0000glan_u9c8/page/166">166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0941-4"><bdi>978-0-7603-0941-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Leningrad%2C+1941-1944%3A+900+Days+of+Terror&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Zenith+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-0941-4&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiegeofleningrad0000glan_u9c8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-havighurst-87"><a href="#cite_ref-havighurst_87-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHavighurst1985" class="citation book cs1">Havighurst, Alfred F. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pedeirkaineymab00unkngoog">Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31971-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31971-1"><bdi>978-0-226-31971-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+Transition%3A+The+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31971-1&rft.aulast=Havighurst&rft.aufirst=Alfred+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpedeirkaineymab00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-88"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga1996" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo">Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre</a>. Osprey Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo/page/n6">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-478-7"><bdi>978-1-85532-478-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bagration+1944%3A+The+Destruction+of+Army+Group+Centre&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-478-7&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbagrationdestruc00zalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-89"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_89-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBerend1996" class="citation book cs1">Berend, Ivan (1996). Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55066-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55066-6"><bdi>978-0-521-55066-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+Eastern+Europe%2C+1944-1993%3A+Detour+from+the+Periphery+to+the+Periphery&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55066-6&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-90"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_90-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm">Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001849/http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm">Archived</a> 2011-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. US Library of Congress. Retrieved November 14, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-offensive-91"><a href="#cite_ref-offensive_91-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFParker2004" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Danny (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofbulgehit0000park">Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944-1945</a>. Da Capo Press. pp. xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70 & 329–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81391-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81391-7"><bdi>978-0-306-81391-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge%3A+Hitler%27s+Ardennes+Offensive%2C+1944-1945&rft.pages=xiii-xiv%2C+6-8%2C+68-70+%26+329-330&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81391-7&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofbulgehit0000park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberation16-92"><a href="#cite_ref-liberation16_92-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2001" class="citation book cs1">O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei">Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943-1945</a>. Lexington Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei/page/n255">244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0195-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-0195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Battles%3A+Italy%27s+War+of+Liberation%2C+1943-1945&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0195-7&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenbattles0000orei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kershaw17-93"><a href="#cite_ref-kershaw17_93-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2001" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936-45: Nemesis. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 823. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32252-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936-45%3A+Nemesis&rft.pages=823&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32252-1&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-university18-94"><a href="#cite_ref-university18_94-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse1995" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0899-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-0899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0899-7&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia19-95"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia19_95-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFChant1986" class="citation book cs1">Chant, Christopher (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000chan">The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000chan/page/118">118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0718-0"><bdi>978-0-7102-0718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Codenames+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0718-0&rft.aulast=Chant&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofco0000chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-university20-96"><a href="#cite_ref-university20_96-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDrea2003" class="citation book cs1">Drea, Edward J. (2003). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. University of Nebraska Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6638-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6638-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-6638-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Service+of+the+Emperor%3A+Essays+on+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6638-4&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-publishing21-97"><a href="#cite_ref-publishing21_97-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2002" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip (2002). The Japanese Army 1931–45 (1): 1931–42. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-353-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-353-8"><bdi>978-1-84176-353-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Army+1931%E2%80%9345+%281%29%3A+1931%E2%80%9342&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-353-8&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-August_Storm:_The_Soviet_Strategic_Offensive_in_Manchuria-98"><a href="#cite_ref-August_Storm:_The_Soviet_Strategic_Offensive_in_Manchuria_98-0">↑</a> Glantz, David M (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp">"August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp">the original</a> on March 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+Storm%3A+The+Soviet+Strategic+Offensive+in+Manchuria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgsc.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Fglantz3%2Fglantz3.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988">, Leavenworth Papers (Combined Arms Research Library), OCLC 78918907. Retrieved January 25, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-routledge-99"><a href="#cite_ref-routledge_99-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly1999" class="citation book cs1">Donnelly, Mark (1999). Britain in the Second World War. Psychology Press. p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17425-1"><bdi>978-0-415-17425-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17425-1&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCDeN-100"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCDeN_100-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5">"World War Two and Germany, 1939-1945"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722205321/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+War+Two+and+Germany%2C+1939-1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzwrfj6f%2Frevision%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars43-101"><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars43_101-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe">Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953</a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11204-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11204-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalinswarsfromw0000robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars55-102"><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars55_102-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe">Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953</a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11204-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11204-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalinswarsfromw0000robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shirer794-103"><a href="#cite_ref-shirer794_103-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William L. (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. Simon and Schuster. p. 794. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72868-7"><bdi>978-0-671-72868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=794&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-671-72868-7&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ckpipe-104"><a href="#cite_ref-ckpipe_104-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy-Pipe1995" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline (1995). Stalin's Cold War. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4201-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-4201-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Cold+War&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4201-0&rft.aulast=Kennedy-Pipe&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig20-105"><a href="#cite_ref-wettig20_105-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWettig2008" class="citation book cs1">Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5542-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6&rft.aulast=Wettig&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-senn-106"><a href="#cite_ref-senn_106-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSenn2007" class="citation book cs1">Senn, Alfred Erich (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lithuania1940rev0000senn">Lithuania 1940: revolution from above</a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6"><bdi>978-90-420-2225-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithuania+1940%3A+revolution+from+above&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2225-6&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flithuania1940rev0000senn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www-107"><a href="#cite_ref-www_107-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm">History of the UN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm">Archived</a> 2010-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. United Nations. Retrieved January 25, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-evolution-108"><a href="#cite_ref-evolution_108-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFYoder1997" class="citation book cs1">Yoder, Amos (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode">The Evolution of the United Nations System</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode/page/39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56032-546-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56032-546-8"><bdi>978-1-56032-546-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+United+Nations+System&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56032-546-8&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofunite0000yode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coming_Apart,_Coming_Together-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Coming_Apart,_Coming_Together_109-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKantowicz2000" class="citation book cs1">Kantowicz, Edward R (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant">Coming Apart, Coming Together</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4456-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-4456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+Apart%2C+Coming+Together&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4456-9&rft.aulast=Kantowicz&rft.aufirst=Edward+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomingapartcomin0000kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origins_of_the_Cold_War:_An_International_History-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Origins_of_the_Cold_War:_An_International_History_110-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLefflerPainter1994" class="citation book cs1">Leffler, Melvyn P.; Painter, David S (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originscoldwarin00leff">Origins of the Cold War: An International History</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originscoldwarin00leff/page/n334">318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34109-7"><bdi>978-0-415-34109-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Cold+War%3A+An+International+History&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34109-7&rft.aulast=Leffler&rft.aufirst=Melvyn+P.&rft.au=Painter%2C+David+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginscoldwarin00leff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Koreas-111"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Koreas_111-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2009" class="citation book cs1">Connor, Mary E. (2009). "History". In Connor, Mary E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2gYgXGENM0C">The Koreas</a>. Asia in Focus. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-160-2"><bdi>978-1-59884-160-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History&rft.btitle=The+Koreas&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.series=Asia+in+Focus&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-160-2&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2gYgXGENM0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lynch12-112"><a href="#cite_ref-lynch12_112-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2010" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Michael (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945–49. Botley: Osprey Publishing. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-671-3"><bdi>978-1-84176-671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Civil+War+1945%E2%80%9349&rft.place=Botley&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-671-3&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decolonization-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Decolonization_113-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2004" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Raymond F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decolonizationse00bett">Decolonization</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decolonizationse00bett/page/n29">21</a>–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31820-4"><bdi>978-0-415-31820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization&rft.pages=21-24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31820-4&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Raymond+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecolonizationse00bett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collective_Political_Violence:_An_Introduction_to_the_Theories_and_Cases_of_Violent_Conflicts-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Collective_Political_Violence:_An_Introduction_to_the_Theories_and_Cases_of_Violent_Conflicts_114-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFConteh-Morgan2004" class="citation book cs1">Conteh-Morgan, Earl (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectivepoliti00cont">Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectivepoliti00cont/page/30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94744-2"><bdi>978-0-415-94744-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Political+Violence%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Theories+and+Cases+of+Violent+Conflicts&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94744-2&rft.aulast=Conteh-Morgan&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectivepoliti00cont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_World_History:_The_Best_Preparation_for_the_AP_World_History_Exam-115"><a href="#cite_ref-AP_World_History:_The_Best_Preparation_for_the_AP_World_History_Exam_115-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFVess2001" class="citation book cs1">Vess, Deborah (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dOLbfnYWvwC&pg=PA564">"Chapter 7, The impact on colonialism: the Middle East, Africa, and Asia in crisis following World War II"</a> (Google books). AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam. Research & Education Association. p. 564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7386-0128-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7386-0128-1"><bdi>978-0-7386-0128-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%2C+The+impact+on+colonialism%3A+the+Middle+East%2C+Africa%2C+and+Asia+in+crisis+following+World+War+II&rft.btitle=AP+World+History%3A+The+Best+Preparation+for+the+AP+World+History+Exam&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=Research+%26+Education+Association&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7386-0128-1&rft.aulast=Vess&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dOLbfnYWvwC%26pg%3DPA564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economics_of_World_War_II:_Six_great_powers_in_international_comparison-116"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Economics_of_World_War_II:_Six_great_powers_in_international_comparison_116-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1998" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Mark (1998). "The economics of World WarII: an overview". In Harrison, Mark (ed.). The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62046-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62046-8"><bdi>978-0-521-62046-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+economics+of+World+WarII%3A+an+overview&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+World+War+II%3A+Six+great+powers+in+international+comparison&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62046-8&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Oxford_Companion_to_World_War_II-117"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Oxford_Companion_to_World_War_II_117-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDear,_I.C.BFoot,_M.R.D.2005" class="citation book cs1">Dear, I.C.B; Foot, M.R.D., eds. (2005). "World trade and world economy". The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280670-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280670-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+trade+and+world+economy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1006&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280670-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reconstruction-118"><a href="#cite_ref-reconstruction_118-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRudiger_Dornbusch1993" class="citation book cs1">Rudiger Dornbusch (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse">Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today</a>. Wilhelm Nölling, Richard Layard, P. Richard G. Layard. MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse/page/29">29</a>-30, 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2"><bdi>978-0-262-04136-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar+Economic+Reconstruction+and+Lessons+for+the+East+Today&rft.pages=29-30%2C+32&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04136-2&rft.au=Rudiger+Dornbusch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpostwareconomicr0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian_Politics:_Adjustment_Under_Duress-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Italian_Politics:_Adjustment_Under_Duress_119-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBullNewell2005" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italianpoliticsa0000bull">Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress</a>. Polity. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italianpoliticsa0000bull/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1299-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1299-7"><bdi>978-0-7456-1299-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Politics%3A+Adjustment+Under+Duress&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1299-7&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=Newell%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalianpoliticsa0000bull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian_Politics:_Adjustment_Under_Duress22-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Italian_Politics:_Adjustment_Under_Duress22_120-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBullNewell2005" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italianpoliticsa0000bull">Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress</a>. Polity. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italianpoliticsa0000bull/page/21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1299-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1299-7"><bdi>978-0-7456-1299-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Politics%3A+Adjustment+Under+Duress&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1299-7&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=Newell%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalianpoliticsa0000bull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power_and_Policy_in_Liberal_Democracies-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Power_and_Policy_in_Liberal_Democracies_121-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHarrop1992" class="citation book cs1">Harrop, Martin (1992). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8"><bdi>978-0-521-34579-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Policy+in+Liberal+Democracies&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34579-8&rft.aulast=Harrop&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Postwar_Economic_Reconstruction_and_Lessons_for_the_East_Today-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Postwar_Economic_Reconstruction_and_Lessons_for_the_East_Today_122-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDornbuschNöllingLayard1993" class="citation book cs1">Dornbusch, Rüdiger; Nölling, Wilhelm; Layard, P. Richard G (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse">Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today</a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse/page/117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2"><bdi>978-0-262-04136-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar+Economic+Reconstruction+and+Lessons+for+the+East+Today&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04136-2&rft.aulast=Dornbusch&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=N%C3%B6lling%2C+Wilhelm&rft.au=Layard%2C+P.+Richard+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpostwareconomicr0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rethinking_International_Organization:_Deregulation_and_Global_Governance-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Rethinking_International_Organization:_Deregulation_and_Global_Governance_123-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFEmadi-Coffin2002" class="citation book cs1">Emadi-Coffin, Barbara (2002). Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance. Routledge. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19540-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19540-9"><bdi>978-0-415-19540-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+International+Organization%3A+Deregulation+and+Global+Governance&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19540-9&rft.aulast=Emadi-Coffin&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russia_And_the_World_Economy:_Problems_of_Integration-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Russia_And_the_World_Economy:_Problems_of_Integration_124-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Alan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit">Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08924-1"><bdi>978-0-415-08924-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+And+the+World+Economy%3A+Problems+of+Integration&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08924-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaworldecono00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power_and_Policy_in_Liberal_Democracies23-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Power_and_Policy_in_Liberal_Democracies23_125-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHarrop1992" class="citation book cs1">Harrop, Martin (1992). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34579-8"><bdi>978-0-521-34579-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Policy+in+Liberal+Democracies&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34579-8&rft.aulast=Harrop&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-China_Business:_The_Portable_Encyclopedia_for_Doing_Business_with_China-126"><a href="#cite_ref-China_Business:_The_Portable_Encyclopedia_for_Doing_Business_with_China_126-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGenzberger1994" class="citation book cs1">Genzberger, Christine (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YSCunEaqnI8C&pg=PA4">China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China</a>. Petaluma, California: World Trade Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9631864-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9631864-3-0"><bdi>978-0-9631864-3-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Business%3A+The+Portable+Encyclopedia+for+Doing+Business+with+China&rft.place=Petaluma%2C+California&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=World+Trade+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-9631864-3-0&rft.aulast=Genzberger&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYSCunEaqnI8C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google242-127"><a href="#cite_ref-google242_127-0">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&pg=PA242">Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union</a>". Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p.242. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5">978-0-674-02178-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaders_mourn_Soviet_wartime_dead-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Leaders_mourn_Soviet_wartime_dead_128-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm">"Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead"</a>. BBC News. May 9, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222043852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Leaders+mourn+Soviet+wartime+dead&rft.date=2005-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4530565.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google204-129"><a href="#cite_ref-google204_129-0">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9bMfZBI8-sC&pg=PA204">The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment</a>". J. W. Smith (1994). p.204. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9624423-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9624423-2-2">978-0-9624423-2-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Modern_World-130"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Modern_World_130-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2001" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Allan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernworld0000todd">The Modern World</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernworld0000todd/page/121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913425-0"><bdi>978-0-19-913425-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+World&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-913425-0&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernworld0000todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victims-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Victims_131-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFFlorida_Center_for_Instructional_Technology2005" class="citation web cs1">Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm">"Victims"</a>. A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516094229/http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Teacher%27s+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.atitle=Victims&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Florida+Center+for+Instructional+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffcit.usf.edu%2FHolocaust%2Fpeople%2Fvictims.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niewyk45-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Niewyk45_132-0">↑</a> Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MC&dq=Niewyk,+Donald+L.+The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&pg=PP1">The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325011520/https://books.google.com/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MC&pg=PP1&dq=Niewyk,+Donald+L.+The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust">Archived</a> 2022-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbia University Press (not yet started)">Columbia University Press</a>, 2000, pp. 45-52. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Companion_to_World_War_II-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Companion_to_World_War_II_133-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2002" class="citation book cs1">Winter, J. M (2002). "Demography of the War". In Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D (eds.). Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860446-4"><bdi>978-0-19-860446-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demography+of+the+War&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860446-4&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=J.+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nanking_1937:_Memory_and_Healing-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Nanking_1937:_Memory_and_Healing_134-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSabellaLiLiu2002" class="citation book cs1">Sabella, Robert; Li, Fei Fei; Liu, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nankingmemoryhea00life">Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nankingmemoryhea00life/page/n49">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0816-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0816-1"><bdi>978-0-7656-0816-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nanking+1937%3A+Memory+and+Healing&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0816-1&rft.aulast=Sabella&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Li%2C+Fei+Fei&rft.au=Liu%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnankingmemoryhea00life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan_tested_chemical_weapons_on_Aussie_POW:_new_evidence-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Japan_tested_chemical_weapons_on_Aussie_POW:_new_evidence_135-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/nn20040727a9.html">"Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Japan_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Japan Times (not yet started)">The Japan Times</a>. July 27, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120529003741/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20040727a9.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+tested+chemical+weapons+on+Aussie+POW%3A+new+evidence&rft.date=2004-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fmember%2Fnn20040727a9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Implementing_International_Humanitarian_Law:_From_the_Ad_Hoc_Tribunals_to_a_Permanent_International_Criminal_Court-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Implementing_International_Humanitarian_Law:_From_the_Ad_Hoc_Tribunals_to_a_Permanent_International_Criminal_Court_136-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAksar2004" class="citation book cs1">Aksar, Yusuf (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/implementinginte00aksa">Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/implementinginte00aksa/page/n69">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8470-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8470-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-8470-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Implementing+International+Humanitarian+Law%3A+From+the+Ad+Hoc+Tribunals+to+a+Permanent+International+Criminal+Court&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8470-3&rft.aulast=Aksar&rft.aufirst=Yusuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimplementinginte00aksa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-compensation-137"><a href="#cite_ref-compensation_137-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMarek2005" class="citation web cs1">Marek, Michael (October 27, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813200714/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html">"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers"</a>. dw-world.de. Deutsche Welle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html">the original</a> on August 13, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw-world.de&rft.atitle=Final+Compensation+Pending+for+Former+Nazi+Forced+Laborers&rft.date=2005-10-27&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C2144%2C1757323%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japanese_Atrocities_in_the_Philippines-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Japanese_Atrocities_in_the_Philippines_138-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030727223501/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html">"Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines"</a>. American Experience: the Bataan Rescue. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/e_atrocities.html">the original</a> on July 27, 2003. Retrieved January 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience%3A+the+Bataan+Rescue&rft.atitle=Japanese+Atrocities+in+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fbataan%2Fpeopleevents%2Fe_atrocities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hidden_Horrors:_Japanese_War_Crimes_in_World_War_II-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Hidden_Horrors:_Japanese_War_Crimes_in_World_War_II_139-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTanaka1996" class="citation book cs1">Tanaka, Yuki (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddenhorrorsjap0000tana">Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II</a>. Westview Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddenhorrorsjap0000tana/page/2">2</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2718-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-2718-1"><bdi>978-0-8133-2718-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Horrors%3A+Japanese+War+Crimes+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-2718-1&rft.aulast=Tanaka&rft.aufirst=Yuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiddenhorrorsjap0000tana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhifen2002-140"><a href="#cite_ref-zhifen2002_140-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJu2002" class="citation web cs1">Ju, Zhifen (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm">"Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war"</a>. Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War:Minutes of the June 2002 Conference. Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521093637/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joint+Study+of+the+Sino-Japanese+War%3AMinutes+of+the+June+2002+Conference&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+atrocities+of+conscripting+and+abusing+north+China+draftees+after+the+outbreak+of+the+Pacific+war&rft.date=2002-06&rft.aulast=Ju&rft.aufirst=Zhifen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~asiactr%2Fsino-japanese%2Fsession6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indonesiaww2-141"><a href="#cite_ref-indonesiaww2_141-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029)">"Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"</a>. Library of Congress. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203205042/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID%20id0029)">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+World+War+II+and+the+Struggle+For+Independence%2C+1942%E2%80%9350%3B+The+Japanese+Occupation%2C+1942%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bid0029%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-occupation-142"><a href="#cite_ref-occupation_142-0">↑</a> Eugene Davidson "The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation". p.121 </li> <li id="cite_note-stark1944-143"><a href="#cite_ref-stark1944_143-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFStark" class="citation web cs1">Stark, Tamás. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf">""Malenki Robot" – Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union (1944–1955)"</a> (PDF). Minorities Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430051411/http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minorities+Research&rft.atitle=%22Malenki+Robot%22+%E2%80%93+Hungarian+Forced+Labourers+in+the+Soviet+Union+%281944%E2%80%931955%29&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.hu%2F00400%2F00463%2F00007%2Fpdf%2F155_stark.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6Econ3-144">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-6Econ3_144-0">142.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-6Econ3_144-1">142.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2000" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Mark (2000). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78503-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78503-7"><bdi>978-0-521-78503-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+World+War+II%3A+Six+Great+Powers+in+International+Comparison&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78503-7&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-,_Green-_and_Blue-Water_Fleets:_the_Influence_of_Geography_on_Naval_Warfare,_1861_to_the_Present-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown-,_Green-_and_Blue-Water_Fleets:_the_Influence_of_Geography_on_Naval_Warfare,_1861_to_the_Present_145-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLindbergDaniel2001" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, Michael; Daniel, Todd (2001). Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present. Praeger. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96486-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96486-3"><bdi>978-0-275-96486-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brown-%2C+Green-+and+Blue-Water+Fleets%3A+the+Influence+of+Geography+on+Naval+Warfare%2C+1861+to+the+Present&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96486-3&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Daniel%2C+Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cox84-146"><a href="#cite_ref-cox84_146-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCox1998" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Sebastian (1998). The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945. Frank Cass Publishers. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4722-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4722-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-4722-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Air+War+Against+Germany%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4722-7&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Economic_And_Social_Survey_2004:_International_Migration-147"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Economic_And_Social_Survey_2004:_International_Migration_147-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFUnidas2005" class="citation book cs1">Unidas, Naciones (2005). World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration. United Nations Pubns. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-109147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-109147-2"><bdi>978-92-1-109147-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Economic+And+Social+Survey+2004%3A+International+Migration&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=United+Nations+Pubns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-1-109147-2&rft.aulast=Unidas&rft.aufirst=Naciones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inside_Hitler's_Germany:_Life_Under_the_Third_Reich-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Inside_Hitler's_Germany:_Life_Under_the_Third_Reich_148-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHughesMann2000" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Matthew; Mann, Chris (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidehitlersger00matt_0">Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich</a>. Potomac Books Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidehitlersger00matt_0/page/n151">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-281-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-281-0"><bdi>978-1-57488-281-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Hitler%27s+Germany%3A+Life+Under+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Potomac+Books+Inc&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-281-0&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Mann%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidehitlersger00matt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bernstein267-149"><a href="#cite_ref-bernstein267_149-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Gail Lee (1991). Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945. University of California Press. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07017-2"><bdi>978-0-520-07017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recreating+Japanese+Women%2C+1600%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07017-2&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Gail+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inside_Hitler's_Germany:_Life_Under_the_Third_Reich24-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Inside_Hitler's_Germany:_Life_Under_the_Third_Reich24_150-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHughesMann2000" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Matthew; Mann, Chris (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidehitlersger00matt_0">Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich</a>. Potomac Books Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidehitlersger00matt_0/page/151">151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-281-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-281-0"><bdi>978-1-57488-281-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Hitler%27s+Germany%3A+Life+Under+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Potomac+Books+Inc&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-281-0&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Mann%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidehitlersger00matt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Quest:_Haywood_Hansell_and_American_Strategic_Bombing_in_World_War_II-151"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Quest:_Haywood_Hansell_and_American_Strategic_Bombing_in_World_War_II_151-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1999" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Charles (1999). The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II. DIANE Publishing. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-069-8"><bdi>978-1-58566-069-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest%3A+Haywood+Hansell+and+American+Strategic+Bombing+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-58566-069-8&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-War_and_Economy_in_the_Third_Reich-152"><a href="#cite_ref-War_and_Economy_in_the_Third_Reich_152-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFOvery1995" class="citation book cs1">Overy, R.J (1995). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820599-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820599-9"><bdi>978-0-19-820599-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Economy+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820599-9&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=R.J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-milward138-153"><a href="#cite_ref-milward138_153-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMilward1979" class="citation book cs1">Milward, Alan S (1979). War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945. University of California Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03942-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03942-1"><bdi>978-0-520-03942-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03942-1&rft.aulast=Milward&rft.aufirst=Alan+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill5-154"><a href="#cite_ref-hill5_154-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHill2005" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Alexander (2005). The War Behind The Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement In North-West Russia 1941–1944. Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5711-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-5711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Behind+The+Eastern+Front%3A+The+Soviet+Partisan+Movement+In+North-West+Russia+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5711-0&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-France_During_World_War_II:_From_Defeat_to_Liberation-155"><a href="#cite_ref-France_During_World_War_II:_From_Defeat_to_Liberation_155-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFChristoffersonChristofferson2006" class="citation book cs1">Christofferson, Thomas R; Christofferson, Michael S (2006). France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation. Fordham University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-2563-7"><bdi>978-0-8232-2563-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+During+World+War+II%3A+From+Defeat+to+Liberation&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-2563-7&rft.aulast=Christofferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R&rft.au=Christofferson%2C+Michael+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSWW6_266-156">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-GSWW6_266_156-0">154.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSWW6_266_156-1">154.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBoogRahnStumpfWegner2001" class="citation book cs1">Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd (2001). Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt Germany and the Second World War—Volume VI: The Global War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822888-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822888-2"><bdi>978-0-19-822888-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militargeschichtliches+Forschungsamt+Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%E2%80%94Volume+VI%3A+The+Global+War&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822888-2&rft.aulast=Boog&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Rahn%2C+Werner&rft.au=Stumpf%2C+Reinhard&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_76-157"><a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_76_157-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-999-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+II%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-999-7&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-levine217-158"><a href="#cite_ref-levine217_158-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1992" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Alan J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategicbombing00levi">The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945</a>. Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategicbombing00levi/page/217">217</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94319-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94319-6"><bdi>978-0-275-94319-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Bombing+of+Germany%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94319-6&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrategicbombing00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Key_Themes_of_the_Twentieth_Century:_Teacher's_Guide-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Key_Themes_of_the_Twentieth_Century:_Teacher's_Guide_159-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSauvain2005" class="citation book cs1">Sauvain, Philip (2005). Key Themes of the Twentieth Century: Teacher's Guide. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3218-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-3218-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Themes+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Teacher%27s+Guide&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3218-3&rft.aulast=Sauvain&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_163-160"><a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_163_160-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-999-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+II%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-999-7&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aircraft_Carriers:_The_World's_Greatest_Naval_Vessels_and_Their_Aircraft-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Aircraft_Carriers:_The_World's_Greatest_Naval_Vessels_and_Their_Aircraft_161-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBishopChant2004" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004). Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft. Silverdale Books. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84509-079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84509-079-1"><bdi>978-1-84509-079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Carriers%3A+The+World%27s+Greatest+Naval+Vessels+and+Their+Aircraft&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Silverdale+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84509-079-1&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Chant%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Semper_Fi:_The_Definitive_Illustrated_History_of_the_U.S._Marines-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Semper_Fi:_The_Definitive_Illustrated_History_of_the_U.S._Marines_162-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFChenowethNihart2005" class="citation book cs1">Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke (2005). Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines. Main Street. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3099-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3099-3"><bdi>978-1-4027-3099-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semper+Fi%3A+The+Definitive+Illustrated+History+of+the+U.S.+Marines&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Main+Street&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3099-3&rft.aulast=Chenoweth&rft.aufirst=H.+Avery&rft.au=Nihart%2C+Brooke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carriers_in_Combat:_The_Air_War_at_Sea-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Carriers_in_Combat:_The_Air_War_at_Sea_163-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHearn2007" class="citation book cs1">Hearn, Chester G. (2007). Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea. Stackpole Books. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3398-4"><bdi>978-0-8117-3398-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carriers+in+Combat%3A+The+Air+War+at+Sea&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3398-4&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Chester+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concepts_in_Submarine_Design-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Concepts_in_Submarine_Design_164-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBurcherRydill1995" class="citation book cs1">Burcher, Roy; Rydill, Louis J. (1995). Concepts in Submarine Design. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55926-3"><bdi>978-0-521-55926-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+in+Submarine+Design&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55926-3&rft.aulast=Burcher&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Rydill%2C+Louis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concepts_in_Submarine_Design25-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Concepts_in_Submarine_Design25_165-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBurcherRydill1995" class="citation book cs1">Burcher, Roy; Rydill, Louis J. (1995). Concepts in Submarine Design. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55926-3"><bdi>978-0-521-55926-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+in+Submarine+Design&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55926-3&rft.aulast=Burcher&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Rydill%2C+Louis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_125-166">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_125_166-0">164.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_125_166-1">164.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-999-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+II%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-999-7&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncWWII_108-167"><a href="#cite_ref-EncWWII_108_167-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2004" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-999-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+II%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-999-7&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comp_221-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Comp_221_168-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCowleyParker2001" class="citation book cs1">Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion0000unse_x0k0">The Reader's Companion to Military History</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion0000unse_x0k0/page/221">221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12742-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12742-9"><bdi>978-0-618-12742-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-618-12742-9&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Parker%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freaderscompanion0000unse_x0k0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_AK-47:_the_worlds_favourite_killing_machine-169"><a href="#cite_ref-The_AK-47:_the_worlds_favourite_killing_machine_169-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSpragueGriffiths2006" class="citation web cs1">Sprague, Oliver; Griffiths, Hugh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430165110/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf">"The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine"</a> (PDF). controlarms.org. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 30, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+AK-47%3A+the+worlds+favourite+killing+machine&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=controlarms.org&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sprague&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fasset%2FACT30%2F011%2F2006%2Fen%2F11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7%2Fact300112006en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">change</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites">change source</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Turkish_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italo-Turkish War (not yet started)">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Robat_Karim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Robat Karim (not yet started)">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayfo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayfo (not yet started)">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (not yet started)">Mount Lebanon starvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia (not yet started)">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922) (not yet started)">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1919_Egyptian_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 Egyptian Revolution (not yet started)">1919 Egyptian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) (not yet started)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish–Armenian War (not yet started)">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Turkish_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franco-Turkish War (not yet started)">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence (not yet started)">Revolts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts (not yet started)">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Syrian_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franco-Syrian War (not yet started)">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraqi Revolt (not yet started)">Iraqi Revolt (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine (not yet started)">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adwan_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adwan Rebellion (not yet started)">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan (not yet started)">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Syrian_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Syrian Revolt (not yet started)">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_Said_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheikh Said rebellion (not yet started)">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ararat_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ararat rebellion (not yet started)">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Barzani_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt (not yet started)">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simele massacre (not yet started)">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) (not yet started)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion (not yet started)">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts (not yet started)">1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_Yazidi_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 Yazidi revolt (not yet started)">1935 Yazidi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine (not yet started)">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II (not yet started)">Italian bombing of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allied invasion of Iraq (not yet started)">Allied invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign (not yet started)">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (not yet started)">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_Barzani_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 Barzani revolt (not yet started)">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alwaziri_coup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alwaziri coup (not yet started)">Alwaziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Wathbah_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Wathbah uprising (not yet started)">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran (not yet started)">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_crisis_of_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran crisis of 1946 (not yet started)">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War (not yet started)">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_Egyptian_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 Egyptian Revolution (not yet started)">1952 Egyptian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Akhdar_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Akhdar War (not yet started)">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyprus_Emergency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyprus Emergency (not yet started)">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni–Adenese clan violence (not yet started)">Yemeni–Adenese clan violence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_Lebanon_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 Lebanon crisis (not yet started)">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14_July_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14 July Revolution (not yet started)">1958 Iraqi revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Mosul_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Mosul uprising (not yet started)">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_intercommunal_violence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence (not yet started)">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (not yet started)">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (not yet started)">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhofar_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhofar Rebellion (not yet started)">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Yemen_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Yemen Civil War (not yet started)">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadan_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadan Revolution (not yet started)">Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état (not yet started)">Mar. 1963 Syrian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état (not yet started)">Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aden_Emergency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aden Emergency (not yet started)">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Hama_riot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 Hama riot (not yet started)">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_Palestine_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 Palestine war (not yet started)">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état (not yet started)">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_September&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black September (not yet started)">Black September in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemenite_War_of_1972&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemenite War of 1972 (not yet started)">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus (not yet started)">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict (not yet started)">Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980) (not yet started)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamist_uprising_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamist uprising in Syria (not yet started)">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq (not yet started)">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NDF_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NDF Rebellion (not yet started)">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemenite_War_of_1979&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemenite War of 1979 (not yet started)">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution (not yet started)">Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_Qatif_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 Qatif Uprising (not yet started)">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Mosque_seizure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Mosque seizure (not yet started)">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq (not yet started)">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (not yet started)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) (not yet started)">Turkey–PKK conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Yemen Civil War (not yet started)">South Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot (not yet started)">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_Damascus_bombings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 Damascus bombings (not yet started)">1986 Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt (not yet started)">1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_Mecca_incident&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 Mecca incident (not yet started)">Mecca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Nidal Organization internal executions (not yet started)">Abu Nidal's executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Iraqi_uprisings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings (not yet started)">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terrorism in Egypt (not yet started)">Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994) (not yet started)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (not yet started)">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia (not yet started)">Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_bombing_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 bombing of Iraq (not yet started)">Operation Desert Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen (not yet started)">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq (not yet started)">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (not yet started)">Balochi insurgency in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Qamishli_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 Qamishli riots (not yet started)">2004 Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen (not yet started)">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict (not yet started)">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen_insurgency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Yemen insurgency (not yet started)">South Yemen insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_Bahraini_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 Bahraini uprising (not yet started)">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) (not yet started)">Egyptian Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinai_insurgency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinai insurgency (not yet started)">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) (not yet started)">Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war (not yet started)">Turkish involvement in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon (not yet started)">Syrian War spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) (not yet started)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) (not yet started)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni crisis (not yet started)">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present) (not yet started)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Beirut_clashes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Beirut clashes (not yet started)">2021 Beirut clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>This list includes <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&oldid=9896312">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II&oldid=9896312</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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