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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Confederate forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Union forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Campaign timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lee's_advance_to_Gettysburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lee's_advance_to_Gettysburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lee's advance to Gettysburg</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lee's_advance_to_Gettysburg-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lee's advance to Gettysburg subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lee's_advance_to_Gettysburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brandy_Station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brandy_Station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Brandy Station</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brandy_Station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winchester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winchester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Winchester</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winchester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hooker's_pursuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hooker's_pursuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hooker's pursuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hooker's_pursuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_invasion_of_Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_invasion_of_Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The invasion of Pennsylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_invasion_of_Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stuart's_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stuart's_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Stuart's raid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stuart's_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dix's_advance_against_Richmond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dix's_advance_against_Richmond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Dix's advance against Richmond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dix's_advance_against_Richmond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meade_assumes_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meade_assumes_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Meade assumes command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meade_assumes_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lee_concentrates_his_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lee_concentrates_his_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Lee concentrates his army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lee_concentrates_his_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Gettysburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Gettysburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Battle of Gettysburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Gettysburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lee's_retreat_to_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lee's_retreat_to_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lee's retreat to Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lee's_retreat_to_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="حملة غيتيسبرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حملة غيتيسبرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg-kampagnen" title="Gettysburg-kampagnen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gettysburg-kampagnen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کمپین گتیس‌بورگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمپین گتیس‌بورگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_de_Gettysburg" title="Campagne de Gettysburg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne de Gettysburg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%ED%8B%B0%EC%A6%88%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD" title="게티즈버그 전역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게티즈버그 전역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanye_Gettysburg" title="Kampanye Gettysburg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kampanye Gettysburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_di_Gettysburg" title="Campagna di Gettysburg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna di Gettysburg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburgveldtocht" title="Gettysburgveldtocht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gettysburgveldtocht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E6%96%B9%E9%9D%A2%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="ゲティスバーグ方面作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲティスバーグ方面作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геттисбергская кампания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геттисбергская кампания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Геттісберзька кампанія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геттісберзька кампанія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_Gettysburg" title="Chiến dịch Gettysburg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Gettysburg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E8%8C%A8%E5%A0%A1%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="蓋茨堡戰役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蓋茨堡戰役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1377639#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gettysburg_campaign&params=39_48_31_N_77_14_12_W_region:US-PA_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°48′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°14′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.80861°N 77.23667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.80861; -77.23667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military campaign during the American Civil War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Gettysburg campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern theater of the American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meade_and_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Meade_and_Lee.jpg/290px-Meade_and_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Meade_and_Lee.jpg/435px-Meade_and_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Meade_and_Lee.jpg/580px-Meade_and_Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="593" /></a></span><br />Opposing commanders <a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> (right)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>June 3 – July 24, 1863</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gettysburg_campaign&params=39_48_31_N_77_14_12_W_region:US-PA_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°48′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°14′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.80861°N 77.23667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.80861; -77.23667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> victory<br />(see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aftermath">Aftermath</a> section)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a> (from June 28)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/15px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/23px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/30px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/15px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/23px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/30px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 85,231–104,256</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 75,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>32,043</b> total<br />(3,642 killed;<br />16,576 wounded;<br />11,825 captured/missing)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>~27,000–32,000</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eicher502503_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher502503-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sears498_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears498-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin%27s_Crossing" title="Battle of Franklin's Crossing">Franklin's Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandy_Station" title="Battle of Brandy Station">Brandy Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Second Battle of Winchester">2nd Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldie" title="Battle of Aldie">Aldie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middleburg" title="Battle of Middleburg">Middleburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Upperville" title="Battle of Upperville">Upperville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfax_Court_House_(June_1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863)">Fairfax Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbit%27s_Charge" title="Corbit's Charge">Corbit's Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanover" title="Battle of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Sporting_Hill" title="Skirmish of Sporting Hill">Sporting Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carlisle" title="Battle of Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_from_Gettysburg" title="Retreat from Gettysburg">Retreat from Gettysburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfield" title="Battle of Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_at_Monterey_Pass" title="Fight at Monterey Pass">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsport" title="Battle of Williamsport">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boonsboro" title="Battle of Boonsboro">Boonsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Funkstown" title="Battle of Funkstown">Funkstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manassas_Gap" title="Battle of Manassas Gap">Manassas Gap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Gettysburg campaign</b> was a military invasion of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a> by the main <a href="/wiki/Confederate_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate army">Confederate army</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> in summer 1863. It was the first time during the war the Confederate Army attempted a full-scale invasion of a free state. The Union won a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">decisive victory at Gettysburg</a>, July 1–3, with heavy casualties on both sides. Lee managed to escape back to <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> with most of his army. It was a turning point in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, with Lee increasingly pushed back toward <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> until <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">his surrender</a> in April 1865. The <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> was commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> and then (from June 28) by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a>. </p><p>After his victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a>, Lee's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> moved north for a massive raid designed to obtain desperately needed supplies, to undermine civilian morale in the North, and to encourage anti-war elements. Lee's army slipped away from Federal contact at <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg</a>, Virginia, on June 3, 1863. The largest predominantly cavalry battle of the war was fought at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandy_Station" title="Battle of Brandy Station">Brandy Station</a> on June 9. The Confederates crossed the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> and moved north through the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a>, capturing the Union garrison at <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Second Battle of Winchester">Second Battle of Winchester</a>, June 13–15. Crossing the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, Lee's Second Corps advanced through <a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a> and Pennsylvania, reaching the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> and threatening the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a>. However, the Army of the Potomac was in pursuit and had reached Frederick, Maryland, before Lee realized his opponent had crossed the Potomac. Lee moved swiftly to concentrate his army around the crossroads town of <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> was the deadliest of the war. Starting as a chance <a href="/wiki/Meeting_engagement" title="Meeting engagement">meeting engagement</a> on July 1, the Confederates were initially successful in driving Union cavalry and two infantry corps from their defensive positions, through the town, and onto <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Hill" title="Cemetery Hill">Cemetery Hill</a>. On July 2, with most of both armies now present, Lee launched fierce assaults on both flanks of the Union defensive line, which were repulsed with heavy losses on both sides. On July 3, Lee focused his attention on the Union center. The defeat of his massive infantry assault, <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>, caused Lee to order a retreat that began the evening of July 4. </p><p>The Confederate retreat to Virginia was plagued by bad weather, difficult roads, and numerous skirmishes with Union cavalry. However, Meade's army did not maneuver aggressively enough to prevent Lee from crossing the Potomac to safety on the night of July 13–14. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lee's_plans"><span id="Lee.27s_plans"></span>Lee's plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lee's plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater of the American Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATLAS_OR_VIRGINIA-MARYLAND-PENNSYLVANIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ATLAS_OR_VIRGINIA-MARYLAND-PENNSYLVANIA.jpg/330px-ATLAS_OR_VIRGINIA-MARYLAND-PENNSYLVANIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ATLAS_OR_VIRGINIA-MARYLAND-PENNSYLVANIA.jpg/495px-ATLAS_OR_VIRGINIA-MARYLAND-PENNSYLVANIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ATLAS_OR_VIRGINIA-MARYLAND-PENNSYLVANIA.jpg/660px-ATLAS_OR_VIRGINIA-MARYLAND-PENNSYLVANIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11226" data-file-height="6832" /></a><figcaption>Northern Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania (1861–1865)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_CAMPAIGN_MAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_CAMPAIGN_MAP.jpg/330px-ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_CAMPAIGN_MAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_CAMPAIGN_MAP.jpg/495px-ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_CAMPAIGN_MAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_CAMPAIGN_MAP.jpg/660px-ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_CAMPAIGN_MAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11299" data-file-height="6841" /></a><figcaption>Gettysburg campaign, (1863)</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after Lee's Army of Northern Virginia defeated Hooker's Army of the Potomac during the Chancellorsville Campaign (April 30 – May 6, 1863), Lee decided upon a second invasion of the North. Such a move would upset Union plans for the summer campaigning season, give Lee the ability to maneuver his army away from its defensive positions behind the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a>, and allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich northern farms while giving war-ravaged Virginia a much needed break. Lee's army could also threaten <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, and encourage the growing peace movement in the North. </p><p>Lee had numerous misunderstandings that shaped his strategy. Lee misread Northern opinion by his reliance on anti-war <a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperhead</a> newspapers for northern public opinion. Reading them, he assumed the Yankees must be just as war weary as southerners, and did not appreciate the determination of the Lincoln Administration. Lee did know he was seriously short of supplies for his own army, so he planned the campaign primarily as a full-scale raid that would seize supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson200726–33_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson200726–33-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If we can baffle them [Yankees] in their various designs this year & our people are true to our cause...our success will be certain.... [and] next year there will be a great change in public opinion at the North. The Republicans will be destroyed [in the 1864 presidential election] & I think the friends of peace will become so strong as that the next administration will go in on that basis. We have only therefore to resist manfully.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonekemper2012158–59Sears200315_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonekemper2012158–59Sears200315-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Lee was overconfident of the morale and equipment of his "invincible" veterans as a result of their performance at Chancellorsville; he fantasized about a definitive war-winning triumph: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The Yankees will be] broken down with hunger and hard marching, strung out on a long line and much demoralized when they come into Pennsylvania. I shall throw an overwhelming force on their advance, crush it, follow up the success, drive one corps back on another, and by successive repulses and surprises, before they can concentrate, create a panic and virtually destroy the army. [Then] the war will be over and we shall achieve the recognition of our independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1997319_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1997319-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The Confederate government had a different strategy. It wanted Lee to reduce <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Union pressure threatening their garrison at Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>, but he rejected its suggestions to send troops to provide direct aid, arguing for the value of a concentrated blow in the Northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington19845–7Sears200315_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington19845–7Sears200315-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In essence, Lee's strategy was identical to the one he employed in the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland campaign</a> of 1862. Furthermore, after Chancellorsville he had supreme confidence in the men of his army, assuming they could handle any challenge he gave them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears200313–14_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears200313–14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg#Opposing_forces" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg § Opposing forces</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate_forces">Confederate forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Confederate forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lee's movement started on the first of June and within a short time was well on its way through Maryland, with Union forces moving north along parallel lines. Lee's cavalry, under General <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeb Stuart">Jeb Stuart</a> had the primary mission of gathering intelligence on where the enemy position was, but Stuart failed and instead raided some supply trains. He did not rejoin Lee until the battle was underway. Stuart had taken all Lee's best cavalry, leaving the main army with two third-rate, ill-equipped, poorly led brigades that could not handle the reconnaissance challenge in hostile country.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stuart had taken the bulk of the cavalry on a counter-clockwise sweep near the coast behind the Union army and was out of contact with Lee for a week, depriving Lee of knowledge of the federal army. Trying to find Lee, he solved his intelligence problem by reading a Philadelphia newspaper that accurately reported Lee's location. The news was a day old, however, and Stuart, slowed down by a wagon train of booty, did not arrive at Gettysburg until July 2. The Confederates were often aided by uncensored newspaper reports of the movements of Union forces. Hooker tried to censor the newspapers, but reporters and editors evaded his restrictions and the South often had accurate reports of Union strength.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee's armies threatened Harrisburg, Washington, Baltimore and even Philadelphia. Local militia units hurriedly formed to oppose Lee, but they were inconsequential in the face of a large, battle-hardened attack force. When Lee finally got news of the approaching Federal army, he ordered his scattered forces to concentrate at Gettysburg, a crossroads junction in heavily wooded areas. Over three days, July 1–3, both armies arrived piecemeal; the Confederate forces from the north and northwest, while Union forces from the south and east. By July 1, Meade was to the south of Lee, cutting off his retreat and forcing him to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_forces">Union forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Union forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>, commanding the Army of the Potomac, wanted to attack Richmond, but Lincoln vetoed that idea because - in his view - Hooker's goal should have been fighting and defeating the Confederacy's most important army in the field, Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. When Hooker demanded control of the garrison at Harper's Ferry or he would resign, Lincoln accepted and replaced Hooker with <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a> on June 28, just three days before the battle started. The new commander brooked no delay in chasing the rebels north.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade's advance was sluggish but was further advanced than Lee knew. Lee underestimated his new foe, expecting him to be easy to anticipate and slow to respond, much like Hooker. Meade wanted to defend further south, but when battle was joined at Gettysburg he hastened all corps there. </p><p>Taking advantage of interior lines, Meade was close behind Lee, and had cut off the line of retreat back to Virginia. Lee had to fight, but first he had to rush to reassemble his scattered forces at the crossroads town of Gettysburg before Meade defeated them piecemeal. Lee had 60,000 infantry and 10,200 cavalry (Meade's staff estimated Lee had 140,000). This time it was Lee's turn to be fooled; he gullibly accepted misinformation that suggested Meade had twice as many soldiers, when in fact he had 86,000.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the main Confederate army was marching through Pennsylvania, Lincoln was unable to give Meade more firepower. The vast majority of the 700,000 Federal soldiers (except for Grant's 70,000 near Vicksburg) were noncombatants that held static defensive posts that Lincoln feared to uncover, or like Rosecrans at Nashville, they were afraid to move. Urgently the President called for 100,000 civilian militiamen to turn out for the emergency; being unorganized, untrained, unequipped and poorly led, they were more trouble than they were worth. When the battle began they broke and ran away.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_timeline">Campaign timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaign timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battles of the Gettysburg Campaign were fought in the following sequence; they are described in the context of logical, sometimes overlapping divisions of the campaign. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Action </th> <th>Dates </th> <th>Section of campaign </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandy_Station" title="Battle of Brandy Station">Battle of Brandy Station</a> </td> <td>June 9, 1863 </td> <td><a href="#brandy">Brandy Station</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Second Battle of Winchester">Second Battle of Winchester</a> </td> <td>June 13–15 </td> <td><a href="#winchester">Winchester</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldie" title="Battle of Aldie">Battle of Aldie</a> </td> <td>June 17 </td> <td><a href="#hooker">Hooker's pursuit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middleburg" title="Battle of Middleburg">Battle of Middleburg</a> </td> <td>June 17–19 </td> <td><a href="#hooker">Hooker's pursuit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Upperville" title="Battle of Upperville">Battle of Upperville</a> </td> <td>June 21 </td> <td><a href="#hooker">Hooker's pursuit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfax_Court_House_(June_1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863)">Battle of Fairfax Court House</a> </td> <td>June 27 </td> <td><a href="#stuart">Stuart's ride</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Sporting_Hill" title="Skirmish of Sporting Hill">Skirmish of Sporting Hill</a> </td> <td>June 30 </td> <td><a href="#Pennsylvania">Invasion of Pennsylvania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanover" title="Battle of Hanover">Battle of Hanover</a> </td> <td>June 30 </td> <td><a href="#stuart">Stuart's ride</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> </td> <td>July 1–3 </td> <td><a href="#gettysburg">Gettysburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carlisle" title="Battle of Carlisle">Battle of Carlisle</a> </td> <td>July 1 </td> <td><a href="#stuart">Stuart's ride</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunterstown" title="Battle of Hunterstown">Battle of Hunterstown</a> </td> <td>July 2 </td> <td><a href="#stuart">Stuart's ride</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfield" title="Battle of Fairfield">Battle of Fairfield</a> </td> <td>July 3 </td> <td><a href="#retreat">Lee's retreat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fight_at_Monterey_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight at Monterey Gap">Battle of Monterey Pass</a> </td> <td>July 4–5 </td> <td><a href="#retreat">Lee's retreat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsport" title="Battle of Williamsport">Battle of Williamsport</a> </td> <td>July 6–16 </td> <td><a href="#retreat">Lee's retreat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boonsboro" title="Battle of Boonsboro">Battle of Boonsboro</a> </td> <td>July 8 </td> <td><a href="#retreat">Lee's retreat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Funkstown" title="Battle of Funkstown">Battle of Funkstown</a> </td> <td>July 10 </td> <td><a href="#retreat">Lee's retreat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manassas_Gap" title="Battle of Manassas Gap">Battle of Manassas Gap</a> </td> <td>July 23 </td> <td><a href="#retreat">Lee's retreat</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lee's_advance_to_Gettysburg"><span id="Lee.27s_advance_to_Gettysburg"></span>Lee's advance to Gettysburg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lee's advance to Gettysburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Campaign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gettysburg_Campaign.png/330px-Gettysburg_Campaign.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gettysburg_Campaign.png/495px-Gettysburg_Campaign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gettysburg_Campaign.png/660px-Gettysburg_Campaign.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Gettysburg campaign (through July 3) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Confederate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Union</div> Cavalry movements are shown with dashed lines.</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 3, 1863, Lee's army began to slip away northwesterly from <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg</a>, leaving A.P. Hill's Corps in fortifications above Fredericksburg to cover the departure of the army, protect Richmond from any Union incursion across the Rappahannock, and pursue the enemy if Hill thought it advantageous.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the following morning, Hooker's chief of staff, General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Butterfield" title="Daniel Butterfield">Daniel Butterfield</a>, had received various reports that at least a portion of the Confederate Army was moving.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, June 5, Hooker canceled all leave and army furloughs and instructed that all troops be prepared to march if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, Longstreet's and Ewell's corps were camped in and around <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With more Union reports intimating that Lee had moved a large portion of his army, Hooker ordered Sedgwick to conduct a reconnaissance in force across the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin%27s_Crossing" title="Battle of Franklin's Crossing">small skirmish</a> began shortly after 5:00 p.m. as Vermont and New Jersey troops, supported by a heavy Federal artillery bombardment, paddled across the river and overran Confederate positions on the southern bank.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a precaution, Lee temporarily halted Ewell's Corps, but when he saw that Hooker would not press the Fredericksburg line to bring on a battle, he ordered Ewell to continue. The same day as Federal troops crossed the river, General Buford wrote that he had received credible information that "all of the available cavalry of the Confederacy" was in <a href="/wiki/Culpeper_County,_Virginia" title="Culpeper County, Virginia">Culpeper County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 7, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Sharpe" title="George H. Sharpe">George H. Sharpe</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Information" title="Bureau of Military Information">Bureau of Military Information</a>, erroneously reported to Hooker that, while <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a> was preparing a large cavalry raid, Lee's infantry would be withdrawing to Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooker decided to preemptively attack the Confederate cavalry force in Culpeper and ordered Cavalry Corps commander <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Alfred Pleasonton</a> to command the assault.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee rejoined the leading elements of his army in Culpeper on June 7 and ordered <a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Albert G. Jenkins</a>' cavalry to advance northward through the Shenandoah Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote to <a href="/wiki/John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">John D. Imboden</a> and ordered him to attract Union forces in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_West_Virginia" title="Hampshire County, West Virginia">Hampshire County</a> and to disrupt their communications and logistics as well as acquire cattle for use by the Confederate Army.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To support these movements, Lee wrote to General <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jones_(Confederate_Army_officer)" title="Samuel Jones (Confederate Army officer)">Samuel Jones</a> and asked him to spare any troops that he could.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, he wrote to <a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">James Seddon</a>, Confederate Secretary of War, and attempted to persuade him to send troops currently in North Carolina to reinforce either his army or Confederate forces in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 9, Lee ordered Stuart to cross the Rappahannock and raid Union forward positions, screening the Confederate Army from observation or interference as it moved north. Anticipating this imminent offensive action, Stuart ordered his troopers into bivouac around <a href="/wiki/Brandy_Station,_Virginia" title="Brandy Station, Virginia">Brandy Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brandy_Station">Brandy Station <span class="anchor" id="brandy"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brandy Station"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandy_Station" title="Battle of Brandy Station">Battle of Brandy Station</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandy_Station_Overview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Brandy_Station_Overview.png/330px-Brandy_Station_Overview.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Brandy_Station_Overview.png/495px-Brandy_Station_Overview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Brandy_Station_Overview.png/660px-Brandy_Station_Overview.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4200" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the Battle of Brandy Station</figcaption></figure> <p>Alfred Pleasonton's <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> force consisted of 8,000 cavalrymen and 3,000 infantry,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Stuart commanded about 9,500 Confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pleasonton's attack plan called for a double envelopment of the enemy. The wing under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a> would cross the river at Beverly's Ford, two miles (3 km) northeast of Brandy Station. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">David McMurtrie Gregg</a>'s wing would cross at Kelly's Ford, six miles (10 km) downstream to the southeast. However, Pleasonton was unaware of the precise disposition of the enemy and he incorrectly assumed that his force was substantially larger than the Confederates he faced.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 4:30 a.m. on June 9, Buford's column crossed the Rappahannock River and almost immediately encountered Confederate forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudeau-BrandySt_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudeau-BrandySt-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After overcoming their shock at Buford's surprise attack, Confederate forces rallied and managed to check the Union force near St. James Church.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trudeau-BrandySt_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudeau-BrandySt-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregg's force, delayed in getting the leading force into position, finally attacked across Kelly's Ford at 9:00 a.m. Gregg's force divided once across the Rappahannock with one section attacking west toward <a href="/wiki/Stevensburg,_Virginia" title="Stevensburg, Virginia">Stevensburg</a> and the second force pushing north to Brandy Station.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudeau-BrandySt_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudeau-BrandySt-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between Gregg and the St. James action was a prominent ridge called Fleetwood Hill, which had been Stuart's headquarters the previous night. Stuart, surprised a second time by Gregg's forces threatening his rear, sent regiments from St. James to check the Union advance in the south. When Gregg's men charged up the western slope and neared the crest, the lead elements of <a href="/wiki/Grumble_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Grumble Jones">Grumble Jones</a>' brigade rode over the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For several hours there was desperate fighting on the slopes of the hill as many confusing charges and counter-charges swept back and forth.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudeau-BrandySt_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudeau-BrandySt-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section of Union troops sent to Stevensburg were bluffed into withdrawing and turned eastward to reinforce Gregg on Fleetwood Hill. Generals Lee and Ewell rode out to Brandy Station to observe the battle and Lee ordered infantry reinforcements under <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a> moved within a mile of the battle, still concealed, in case the Union broke through Stuart's lines.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, as Buford's forces at St. James began to make headway, Pleasonton ordered a withdrawal of all Union forces across the Rappahannock. As the threat to Confederate positions at Brandy Station lifted, Rodes withdrew his infantry back to their camp at Pony Mountain. By 9:00 p.m. all Union troops were across the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudeau-BrandySt_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudeau-BrandySt-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brandy Station was the largest predominantly cavalry fight of the war, and the largest to take place on American soil.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a tactical draw, although Pleasonton withdrew before finding the location of Lee's infantry nearby and Stuart claimed a victory, attempting to disguise the embarrassment of a cavalry force being surprised as it was by Pleasonton. The battle established the emerging reputation of the Union cavalry as a peer of the Confederate mounted arm.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winchester">Winchester <span class="anchor" id="winchester"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Winchester"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Second Battle of Winchester">Second Battle of Winchester</a></div> <p>After Brandy Station, a variety of Union sources reported the presence of Confederate infantry at Culpeper and Brandy Station.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooker did not immediately act on this information. The day after the battle, Ewell's Corps began marching toward the Shenandoah Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Sears-Leaving-Culpeper_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears-Leaving-Culpeper-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee intended Ewell to clear the valley of Federal forces while Longstreet's Corps marched east of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>. A.P. Hill would then march his corps through the valley as well. On June 12, the leading elements of Lee's army were passing through the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Gap" title="Chester Gap">Chester Gap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sears-Leaving-Culpeper_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears-Leaving-Culpeper-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Hooker still believed that Lee's army was positioned on the west bank of the Rappahannock, between Fredericksburg and Culpeper and that it outnumbered his own.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooker had proposed to march on Richmond after the battle at Brandy Station, but Lincoln had replied that "Lee's army, not Richmond, is your true objective."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Ewell's Corps was passing <a href="/wiki/Front_Royal,_Virginia" title="Front Royal, Virginia">Front Royal</a> and approaching Winchester. </p><p>The Union garrison was commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Milroy" title="Robert H. Milroy">Robert H. Milroy</a> and consisted of 6,900 troops posted in Winchester itself and a detachment of 1,800 men ten miles (16 km) east in <a href="/wiki/Berryville,_Virginia" title="Berryville, Virginia">Berryville, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sears-2ndWinchester_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears-2ndWinchester-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union defenses consisted of three forts on high ground just outside the town. Milroy's tenure at Winchester had been marked by incivility toward the civilian population, who resented his oppressive rule, and the Confederate troops were eager to destroy his force. General-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a> did not want any Union force stationed in Winchester beyond what was necessary as an outpost to monitor Confederate movement and repeatedly ordered Milroy's superior, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Robert C. Schenck</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Department" title="Middle Department">Middle Department</a>, to withdraw the surplus force to <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schenck, however, did not comply and, unaware that Lee's infantry were approaching, did not issue any orders for Milroy to withdraw immediately from Winchester before June 13.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, Milroy's position was in extreme danger from a superior Confederate force. </p><p>Ewell planned to defeat the Union garrison by sending <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegheny Johnson">Allegheny Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a>'s divisions directly to Winchester while Rodes' division maneuvered east to defeat the Union detachment at Berryville and wheel north toward <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sears-2ndWinchester_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears-2ndWinchester-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trudeau-2ndWinchester_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudeau-2ndWinchester-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These movements effectively surrounded the Federal garrison by 23,000 Confederate troops.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 13th, Milroy's telegraph connection with Harpers Ferry and Washington was cut by Ewell's troops. The Berryville detachment escaped Rodes' division and fell back on Winchester while Rodes' men continued north to Martinsburg. Though Ewell was initially hesitant about assaulting the defenses at Winchester, Early discovered that there was an unguarded hill west of the fortifications that dominated the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudeau-2ndWinchester_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudeau-2ndWinchester-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 11 a.m. on June 14, Early began moving his forces covertly to take that position. To distract the Union, Ewell ordered demonstrations by <a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">John B. Gordon</a>'s brigade and the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Line_(CSA)" title="Maryland Line (CSA)">Maryland Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LCFV-2ndWinchester_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCFV-2ndWinchester-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 6 p.m., Confederate artillery opened fire on the Union's West Fort and the brigade of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Harry T. Hays</a> led the charge that captured the fort and a Union battery. As darkness fell, Milroy belatedly decided to retreat from his two remaining forts.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottfried_pp._48_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottfried_pp._48-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anticipating the movement, Ewell ordered Johnson to march northwest and block the Union escape route. At 3:30 a.m. on June 15, Johnson's column intercepted Milroy's on the Charles Town Road. Although Milroy ordered his men to fight their way out of the situation, when the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Brigade" title="Stonewall Brigade">Stonewall Brigade</a> arrived just after dawn to cut the turnpike to the north, Milroy's men began to surrender in large numbers. Milroy escaped personally but the Second Battle of Winchester cost the Union about 4,450 casualties (4,000 captured) out of 7,000 engaged, while the Confederates lost only 250 of 12,500 engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottfried_pp._48_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottfried_pp._48-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hooker's_pursuit"><span id="Hooker.27s_pursuit"></span>Hooker's pursuit <span class="anchor" id="hooker"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hooker's pursuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldie" title="Battle of Aldie">Battle of Aldie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middleburg" title="Battle of Middleburg">Battle of Middleburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Upperville" title="Battle of Upperville">Battle of Upperville</a></div> <p>"Fighting Joe" Hooker did not know Lee's intentions, and Stuart's cavalry masked the Confederate army's movements behind the Blue Ridge effectively. He initially conceived the idea of reacting to Lee's absence by seizing unprotected <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, the Confederate capital. But <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> sternly reminded him that Lee's army was the true objective. His orders were to pursue and defeat Lee but to stay between Lee and Washington and Baltimore. On June 14, the Army of the Potomac departed Fredericksburg and reached Manassas Junction on June 16. Hooker dispatched Pleasonton's cavalry again to punch through the Confederate cavalry screen to find the main Confederate army, which led to three minor cavalry battles from June 17 through June 21 in the Loudoun Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pleasonton ordered David McM. Gregg's division from Manassas Junction westward down the <a href="/wiki/Little_River_Turnpike" class="mw-redirect" title="Little River Turnpike">Little River Turnpike</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aldie,_Virginia" title="Aldie, Virginia">Aldie</a>. Aldie was tactically important in that near the village the Little River Turnpike intersected both of the turnpikes leading through Ashby's Gap and Snickers Gap into the Valley. The Confederate cavalry brigade of Col. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Munford" title="Thomas T. Munford">Thomas T. Munford</a> was entering Aldie from the west, preparing to bivouac, when three brigades of Gregg's division entered from the east at about 4 p.m. on June 17, surprising both sides. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldie" title="Battle of Aldie">Battle of Aldie</a> was a fierce mounted fight of four hours with about 250 total casualties. Munford withdrew toward <a href="/wiki/Middleburg,_Virginia" title="Middleburg, Virginia">Middleburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the fighting occurred at Aldie, the Union cavalry brigade of Col. Alfred N. Duffié arrived south of Middleburg in the late afternoon and drove in the Confederate pickets. Stuart was in the town at the time and managed to escape before his brigades under Munford and Beverly Robertson routed Duffié in an early morning assault on June 18. The primary action of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middleburg" title="Battle of Middleburg">Battle of Middleburg</a> occurred on the morning of June 19 when Col. J. Irvin Gregg's brigade advanced west from Aldie and attacked Stuart's line on a ridge west of Middleburg. Stuart repulsed Gregg's charge, counterattacked, then fell back to defensive positions one-half mile (800 m) to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 21, Pleasonton again attempted to break Stuart's screen by advancing on <a href="/wiki/Upperville,_Virginia" title="Upperville, Virginia">Upperville</a>, nine miles (14 km) to the west of Middleburg. The cavalry brigades of Irvin Gregg and Judson Kilpatrick were accompanied by infantry from Col. <a href="/wiki/Strong_Vincent" title="Strong Vincent">Strong Vincent</a>'s brigade on the Ashby's Gap Turnpike. Buford's cavalry division moved northwest against Stuart's left flank, but made little progress against Grumble Jones's and John R. Chambliss's brigades. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Upperville" title="Battle of Upperville">Battle of Upperville</a> ended as Stuart conducted a fierce fighting withdrawal and took up a strong defensive position in Ashby's Gap.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After successfully defending his screen for almost a week, Stuart found himself motivated to begin the most controversial adventure of his career, <a href="#stuart">Stuart's raid</a> around the eastern flank of the Union Army.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hooker's significant pursuit with the bulk of his army began on June 25, after he learned that the Army of Northern Virginia had crossed the Potomac River. He ordered the Army of the Potomac to cross into Maryland and concentrate at <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Maryland" title="Middletown, Maryland">Middletown</a> (Slocum's XII Corps) and <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick</a> (the rest of the army, led by Reynolds's advance wing—the I, III, and XI Corps).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_invasion_of_Pennsylvania">The invasion of Pennsylvania <span class="anchor" id="Pennsylvania"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The invasion of Pennsylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Sporting_Hill" title="Skirmish of Sporting Hill">Skirmish of Sporting Hill</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> issued a proclamation calling for 100,000 volunteers from four states to serve a term of six months "to repel the threatened and imminent invasion of Pennsylvania."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMingus200927_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMingus200927-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Andrew Curtin</a> called for 50,000 volunteers to take arms as <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">volunteer militia</a>; only 8,000 initially responded, and Curtin asked for help from the New York State Militia. Gov. <a href="/wiki/Joel_Parker_(politician)" title="Joel Parker (politician)">Joel Parker</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> also responded by sending troops to Pennsylvania. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> created two new departments, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Monongahela" title="Department of the Monongahela">Department of the Monongahela</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/William_T._H._Brooks" title="William T. H. Brooks">William T. H. Brooks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Susquehanna" title="Department of the Susquehanna">Department of the Susquehanna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Darius_N._Couch" title="Darius N. Couch">Darius N. Couch</a>, to coordinate defensive efforts in Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates18691222–1223Mingus200917,_22,_29Sears200391–92,_109–10_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates18691222–1223Mingus200917,_22,_29Sears200391–92,_109–10-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and Philadelphia were considered potential targets and defensive preparations were made. In Harrisburg, the state government removed its archives from the town for safekeeping. In much of southern Pennsylvania, the Gettysburg campaign became widely known as the "emergency of 1863". The military campaign resulted in the displacement of thousands of refugees from Maryland and Pennsylvania who fled northward and eastward to avoid the oncoming Confederates, and resulted in a shift in demographics in several southern Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)" title="Borough (Pennsylvania)">boroughs</a> and counties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears200391_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears200391-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a primary purpose of the campaign was for the Army of Northern Virginia to accumulate food and supplies outside of Virginia, Lee gave strict orders (General Order 72) to his army to minimize any negative impacts on the civilian population.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food, horses, and other supplies were generally not seized outright, although quartermasters reimbursing Northern farmers and merchants using Confederate money were not well received. Various towns, most notably <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York, Pennsylvania</a>, were required to pay indemnities in lieu of supplies, under threat of destruction. During their invasion of Pennsylvania, Confederate troops abducted up to 1,000 <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> (most of them <a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">free people of color</a> with a few being <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fugitive slaves</a>), all of whom were forcibly sent southwards and sold into <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the abductions were carried out by <a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Albert G. Jenkins</a>' cavalry brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ewell's corps continued to push deeper into Pennsylvania, with two divisions heading through the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a> to threaten <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a>, while Jubal Early's division of Ewell's Corps marched eastward over the <a href="/wiki/South_Mountain_(Maryland_and_Pennsylvania)" title="South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)">South Mountain</a> range, occupying <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg</a> on June 26 after a brief series of skirmishes with state emergency militia and two companies of cavalry. Early laid the borough under tribute but did not collect any significant quantities of supplies. Soldiers burned several railroad cars and a <a href="/wiki/Covered_bridge" title="Covered bridge">covered bridge</a>, and they destroyed nearby rails and <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph line">telegraph lines</a>. The following morning, Early departed for adjacent <a href="/wiki/York_County,_Pennsylvania" title="York County, Pennsylvania">York County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brigade of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">John B. Gordon</a> of Early's division reached the Susquehanna on June 28, where militia guarded the 5,629-foot-long (1,716 m) covered bridge at <a href="/wiki/Wrightsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Wrightsville, Pennsylvania">Wrightsville</a>. Gordon's artillery fire caused the well-fortified militiamen to retreat and burn the bridge. Confederate cavalry under the command of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Albert G. Jenkins</a> raided nearby <a href="/wiki/Mechanicsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania">Mechanicsburg</a> on June 28 and skirmished with militia at Sporting Hill on the west side of <a href="/wiki/Camp_Hill,_Pennsylvania" title="Camp Hill, Pennsylvania">Camp Hill</a> on June 29. The Confederates then pressed on to the outer defenses of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Couch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Couch (page does not exist)">Fort Couch</a>, where they skirmished with the outer picket line for over an hour, the northernmost engagement of the Gettysburg campaign. They later withdrew in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stuart's_raid"><span id="Stuart.27s_raid"></span>Stuart's raid <span class="anchor" id="stuart"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stuart's raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanover" title="Battle of Hanover">Battle of Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carlisle" title="Battle of Carlisle">Battle of Carlisle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunterstown" title="Battle of Hunterstown">Battle of Hunterstown</a></div> <p>Jeb Stuart enjoyed the glory of circumnavigating an enemy army, which he had done on two previous occasions in 1862, during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a> and at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Campaign">Maryland Campaign</a>. It is possible that he had the same intention when he spoke to Robert E. Lee following the Battle of Upperville. He certainly needed to erase the stain on his reputation represented by his surprise and near defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandy_Station" title="Battle of Brandy Station">Battle of Brandy Station</a>. The exact nature of Lee's order to Stuart on June 22 has been argued by the participants and historians ever since, but the essence was that he was instructed to guard the mountain passes with part of his force while the Army of Northern Virginia was still south of the Potomac and that he was to cross the river with the remainder of the army and screen the right flank of Ewell's Second Corps. Instead of taking a direct route north near the Blue Ridge Mountains, Stuart chose to reach Ewell's flank by taking his three best brigades (those of <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_R._Chambliss" title="John R. Chambliss">John R. Chambliss</a>, the latter replacing the wounded <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fitzhugh Lee">W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee</a>) between the Union army and Washington, moving north through <a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville</a> to <a href="/wiki/Westminster,_Maryland" title="Westminster, Maryland">Westminster</a> and on into Pennsylvania, hoping to capture supplies along the way and cause havoc near the enemy capital. Stuart and his three brigades departed <a href="/wiki/Marshall,_Virginia" title="Marshall, Virginia">Salem Depot</a> at 1 a.m. on June 25.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately for Stuart's plan, the Union army's movement was underway and his proposed route was blocked by columns of Federal infantry from Hancock's II Corps, forcing him to veer farther to the east than either he or General Lee had anticipated. This prevented Stuart from linking up with Ewell as ordered and deprived Lee of the use of his prime cavalry force, the "eyes and ears" of the army, while advancing into unfamiliar enemy territory.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stuart's command reached <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax Court House</a>, where they were delayed for half a day by the small but spirited <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfax_Court_House_(June_1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863)">Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863)</a> on June 27, and crossed the Potomac River at Rowser's Ford at 3 a.m. on June 28. Upon entering Maryland, the cavalrymen attacked the <a href="/wiki/C_%26_O_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="C & O Canal">C & O Canal</a>, one of the major supply lines for the Army of the Potomac, capturing canal boats and cargo. They entered Rockville on June 28, also a key wagon supply road between the Union Army and Washington, tearing down miles of telegraph wire and capturing a wagon train of 140 brand new, fully loaded wagons and mule teams. This wagon train would prove to be a logistical hindrance to Stuart's advance, but he interpreted Lee's orders as placing importance on gathering supplies. The proximity of the Confederate raiders provoked some consternation in the national capital and Meade dispatched two cavalry brigades and an artillery battery to pursue the Confederates. Stuart supposedly told one of his prisoners from the wagon train that were it not for his fatigued horses "he would have marched down the 7th Street Road [and] took Abe & Cabinet prisoners."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stuart had planned to reach <a href="/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania" title="Hanover, Pennsylvania">Hanover, Pennsylvania</a>, by the morning of June 28, but rode into <a href="/wiki/Westminster,_Maryland" title="Westminster, Maryland">Westminster, Maryland</a>, instead late on the afternoon of June 29. Here his men clashed briefly with and overwhelmed two companies of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Delaware_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Delaware Cavalry Regiment">1st Delaware Cavalry</a> under Maj. Napoleon B. Knight, chasing them a long distance on the Baltimore road, which Stuart claimed caused a "great panic" in the city of Baltimore.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Union cavalry commander Alfred Pleasonton ordered his divisions to spread out in their movement north with the army, looking for Confederates. Judson Kilpatrick's division was on the right flank of the advance and passed through Hanover on the morning of June 30. The head of Stuart's column encountered Kilpatrick's rear as it passed through town and scattered it. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanover" title="Battle of Hanover">Battle of Hanover</a> ended after Kilpatrick's men regrouped and drove the Confederates out of town. Stuart's brigades had been better positioned to guard their captured wagon train than to take advantage of the encounter with Kilpatrick. To protect his wagons and prisoners, he delayed until nightfall and then detoured around Hanover by way of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_York_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Jefferson, York County, Pennsylvania">Jefferson</a> to the east, increasing his march by five miles (8 km). After a 20-mile (32 km) trek in the dark, his exhausted men reached <a href="/wiki/Dover,_Pennsylvania" title="Dover, Pennsylvania">Dover</a> on the morning of July 1, the same time that his Confederate infantry colleagues began to fight Union cavalrymen under John Buford at Gettysburg.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaving Hampton's Brigade and the wagon train at <a href="/wiki/Dillsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Dillsburg, Pennsylvania">Dillsburg</a>, Stuart headed for <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a>, hoping to find Ewell. Instead, he found nearly 3,000 Pennsylvania and New York militia occupying the borough. After lobbing a few shells into town during the early evening of July 1 and burning the <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Barracks" title="Carlisle Barracks">Carlisle Barracks</a>, Stuart concluded the so-called <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carlisle" title="Battle of Carlisle">Battle of Carlisle</a> and withdrew after midnight to the south towards Gettysburg. The fighting at Hanover, the long march through York County with the captured wagons, and the brief encounter at Carlisle slowed Stuart considerably in his attempt to rejoin the main army.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stuart and the bulk of his command reached Lee at Gettysburg the afternoon of July 2. He ordered Wade Hampton to take a position to cover the left rear of the Confederate battle lines. Hampton moved into position astride the Hunterstown Road four miles (6 km) northeast of town, blocking access for any Union forces that might try to swing around behind Lee's lines. Two brigades of Union cavalry from Judson Kilpatrick's division under Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth" title="Elon J. Farnsworth">Elon J. Farnsworth</a> were probing for the end of the Confederate left flank. Custer attacked Hampton in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunterstown" title="Battle of Hunterstown">Battle of Hunterstown</a> on the road between Hunterstown and Gettysburg, and Hampton counterattacked. When Farnsworth arrived with his brigade, Hampton did not press his attack, and an artillery duel ensued until dark. Hampton then withdrew towards Gettysburg to rejoin Stuart.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dix's_advance_against_Richmond"><span id="Dix.27s_advance_against_Richmond"></span>Dix's advance against Richmond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dix's advance against Richmond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Lee's offensive strategy became clear, Union general-in-chief Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">Henry W. Halleck</a> planned a countermove that could take advantage of the now lightly defended Confederate capital of Richmond. He ordered the Union <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Virginia">Department of Virginia</a>, two corps under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John A. Dix</a>, to move on Richmond from its locations on the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a> (around <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>) and near <a href="/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia" title="Suffolk, Virginia">Suffolk</a>. However, Halleck made the mistake of not explicitly ordering Dix to attack Richmond. The orders were to "threaten Richmond, by seizing and destroying their railroad bridges over the South and North Anna Rivers, and do them all the damage possible." Dix, a well-respected politician, was not an aggressive general, but he eventually contemplated attacking Richmond despite the vagueness of Halleck's instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-Coddington,_pp._100–102_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coddington,_pp._100–102-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 27, his men conducted a successful cavalry raid on Hanover Junction, led by Col. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Spear" title="Samuel P. Spear">Samuel P. Spear</a>, which defeated the Confederate regiment guarding the railroad junction, destroyed the bridge over the <a href="/wiki/South_Anna_River" title="South Anna River">South Anna River</a> and the quartermaster's depot, capturing supplies, wagons, and 100 prisoners including General Lee's son, Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fitzhugh Lee">W. H. F. "Rooney" Lee</a>. On June 29, at a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a>, Dix and his lieutenants expressed concerns about their limited strength (about 32,000 men) and decided to limit themselves to threatening gestures. Confederate Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/D._H._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="D. H. Hill">D. H. Hill</a> wrote that the Union advance on Richmond was "not a feint but a faint." The net effect of the operation was primarily psychological, causing the Confederates to hold back some troops from Lee's offensive to guard the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Coddington,_pp._100–102_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coddington,_pp._100–102-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meade_assumes_command">Meade assumes command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Meade assumes command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the evening of June 27, Lincoln sent orders relieving Hooker. Hooker had argued with Halleck about defending the garrison at Harpers Ferry and petulantly offered to resign, which Halleck and Lincoln promptly accepted. George Meade, a Pennsylvanian who was commanding the V Corps, was ordered to assume command of the Army of the Potomac early on the morning of June 28 in Frederick, Maryland. Meade was surprised by the change of command order, having previously expressed his lack of interest in the army command. In fact, when an officer from Washington woke him with the order, he assumed he was being arrested for some transgression. Despite having little knowledge of what Hooker's plans had been or the exact locations of the three columns moving quickly to the northwest, Meade kept up the pace. He telegraphed to Halleck, in accepting his new command, that he would "Move toward the Susquehanna, keeping Washington and Baltimore well covered, and if the enemy is checked in his attempt to cross the Susquehanna or if he turns toward Baltimore, to give him battle."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monocacy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Monocacy.png/330px-Monocacy.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Monocacy.png/495px-Monocacy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Monocacy.png/660px-Monocacy.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the position of Big Pipe Creek in relation to Gettysburg</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 30, Meade's headquarters advanced to <a href="/wiki/Taneytown,_Maryland" title="Taneytown, Maryland">Taneytown, Maryland</a>, and he issued two important orders. The first directed that a general advance in the direction of Gettysburg begin on July 1, a destination that was from 5 to 25 miles (8 to 40 km) away from each of his seven infantry corps. The second order, known as the Pipe Creek Circular, established a prospective line on Big Pipe Creek, which had been surveyed by his <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineering">engineers</a> as a strong defensive position. Meade had the option of occupying this position and hoping that Lee would attack him there; alternatively, it would represent a fall back position if the army got into trouble at Gettysburg.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lee_concentrates_his_army">Lee concentrates his army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lee concentrates his army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lack of Stuart's cavalry intelligence kept Lee unaware that his army's normally sluggish foe had moved as far north as it had. It was only after a spy hired by Longstreet, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Harrison" title="Henry Thomas Harrison">Henry Thomas Harrison</a>, reported it that Lee found out his opponent had crossed the Potomac and was following him nearby. By June 29, Lee's army was strung out in an arc from <a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg</a> (28 miles (45 km) northwest of Gettysburg) to <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a> (30 miles (48 km) north of Gettysburg) to near Harrisburg and <a href="/wiki/Wrightsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Wrightsville, Pennsylvania">Wrightsville</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a>. Ewell's Corps had almost reached the Susquehanna River and was prepared to menace Harrisburg, the Pennsylvania state capital. Early's Division occupied <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>, which was the largest Northern town to fall to the Confederates during the war. Longstreet and Hill were near Chambersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee ordered a concentration of his forces around <a href="/wiki/Cashtown-McKnightstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Cashtown-McKnightstown, Pennsylvania">Cashtown</a>, located at the eastern base of <a href="/wiki/South_Mountain_(Maryland_and_Pennsylvania)" title="South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)">South Mountain</a> and 8 miles (13 km) west of Gettysburg.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 30, while part of Hill's Corps was in Cashtown, one of Hill's brigades, North Carolinians under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">J. Johnston Pettigrew</a>, ventured toward Gettysburg. The memoirs of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a>, Pettigrew's division commander, claimed that he sent Pettigrew to search for supplies in town—especially shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Pettigrew's troops approached Gettysburg on June 30, they noticed Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a> arriving south of town, and Pettigrew returned to Cashtown without engaging them. When Pettigrew told Hill and Heth about what he had seen, neither general believed that there was a substantial Federal force in or near the town, suspecting that it had been only Pennsylvania militia. Despite Lee's order to avoid a general engagement until his entire army was concentrated, Hill decided to mount a significant <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance in force</a> the following morning to determine the size and strength of the enemy force in his front. Around 5 a.m. on Wednesday, July 1, two brigades of Heth's division advanced to Gettysburg.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg <span class="anchor" id="gettysburg"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Battle of Gettysburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_First_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, First Day">First Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Second_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day">Second Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Hill" title="Cemetery Hill">Cemetery Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culp%27s_Hill" title="Culp's Hill">Culp's Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Third_Day_cavalry_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Third Day cavalry battles">Third Day cavalry battles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_BATTLEFIELD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_BATTLEFIELD.jpg/330px-ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_BATTLEFIELD.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_BATTLEFIELD.jpg/495px-ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_BATTLEFIELD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_BATTLEFIELD.jpg/660px-ATLAS_OR_GETTYSBURG_BATTLEFIELD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11179" data-file-height="6865" /></a><figcaption>Battlefield of Gettysburg (1863)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png/220px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png/330px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png/440px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day1.png 2x" data-file-width="4950" data-file-height="5917" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png/220px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png/330px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png/440px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png 2x" data-file-width="4950" data-file-height="5917" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Gettysburg, July 2</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day3.png/220px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day3.png/330px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day3.png/440px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day3.png 2x" data-file-width="4950" data-file-height="5917" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Gettysburg, July 3</figcaption></figure> <p>The two armies began to collide at Gettysburg on July 1, 1863. The first day proceeded in three phases as combatants continued to arrive at the battlefield. In the morning, two brigades of Confederate Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a>'s division (of Hill's Third Corps) were delayed by dismounted Union cavalrymen under Brig. Gen. John Buford. As infantry reinforcements arrived under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a> from the I Corps, the Confederate assaults down the Chambersburg Pike were repulsed, although Gen. Reynolds was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher,_pp._510–21_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher,_pp._510–21-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early afternoon, the Union XI Corps had arrived, and the Union position was in a semicircle from west to north of the town. Ewell's Second Corps began a massive assault from the north, with Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a>'s division attacking from Oak Hill and Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jubal_A._Early" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubal A. Early">Jubal A. Early</a>'s division attacking across the open fields north of town. The Union lines generally held under extremely heavy pressure, although the salient at Barlow's Knoll was overrun. The third phase of the battle came as Rodes renewed his assault from the north and Heth returned with his entire division from the west, accompanied by the division of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">W. Dorsey Pender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher,_pp._510–21_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher,_pp._510–21-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavy fighting in Herbst's Woods (near the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Theological_Seminary_at_Gettysburg" title="Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg">Lutheran Theological Seminary</a>) and on Oak Ridge finally caused the Union line to collapse. Some of the Federals conducted a fighting withdrawal through the town, suffering heavy casualties and losing many prisoners; others simply retreated. They took up good defensive positions on <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Hill" title="Cemetery Hill">Cemetery Hill</a> and waited for additional attacks. Despite discretionary orders from Robert E. Lee to take the heights "if practicable," Richard Ewell chose not to attack. Historians have debated ever since how the battle might have ended differently if he had found it practicable to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Eicher,_pp._510–21_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eicher,_pp._510–21-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the second day, Lee attempted to capitalize on his first day's success by launching multiple attacks against the Union flanks. After a lengthy delay to assemble his forces and avoid detection in his approach march, Longstreet attacked with his First Corps against the Union left flank. His division under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">John Bell Hood</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Den" title="Devil's Den">Devil's Den</a>. To Hood's left, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">Lafayette McLaws</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Second_Day#Wheatfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day">Wheatfield</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Second_Day#Peach_Orchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day">Peach Orchard</a>. Although neither prevailed, the Union III Corps was effectively destroyed as a combat organization as it attempted to defend a salient over too wide a front. Gen. Meade rushed as many as 20,000 reinforcements from elsewhere in his line to resist these fierce assaults. The attacks in this sector concluded with an unsuccessful assault by the Third Corps division of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a> against the Union center on <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Ridge" title="Cemetery Ridge">Cemetery Ridge</a>. That evening, Ewell's Second Corps turned demonstrations against the Union right flank into full-scale assaults on <a href="/wiki/Culp%27s_Hill" title="Culp's Hill">Culp's Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Hill" title="Cemetery Hill">East Cemetery Hill</a>, but both were repulsed. The Union army had occupied strong defensive positions, and Meade handled his forces well, resulting in heavy losses for both sides but leaving the disposition of forces on both sides essentially unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After attacks on both Union flanks had failed the day and night before, Lee was determined to strike the Union center on the third day. He decided to support this attack with a renewed thrust on the Union right that was supposed to start in concert with his assault on the center. However, the fighting on Culp's Hill resumed early in the morning with a Union counterattack, hours before Longstreet could begin his attack on the center. The Union troops on fortified Culp's Hill had been reinforced and the Confederates made no progress after multiple, futile assaults that lasted until noon. The infantry assault on Cemetery Ridge known as <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a> was preceded by a massive artillery bombardment at 1 p.m. that was meant to soften up the Union defense and silence its artillery, but it was largely ineffective. Approximately 12,500 men in nine infantry brigades advanced over open fields for three-quarters of a mile (1,200 m) under heavy Union artillery and rifle fire. Although some Confederates were able to breach the low stone wall that shielded many of the Union defenders, they could not maintain their hold and were repulsed with over 50% casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During and after Pickett's Charge on the third day, two significant cavalry battles also occurred: one approximately three miles (5 km) to the east, in the area known today as East Cavalry Field, the other southwest of the [Big] <a href="/wiki/Big_Round_Top" title="Big Round Top">Round Top</a> mountain (sometimes called South Cavalry Field). The East Cavalry Field fighting was an attempt by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a>'s Confederate cavalry to get into the Federal rear and exploit any success that Pickett's Charge may have generated. Union cavalry under Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/David_McM._Gregg" class="mw-redirect" title="David McM. Gregg">David McM. Gregg</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a> repulsed the Confederate advances. In South Cavalry Field, after Pickett's Charge had been defeated, reckless cavalry charges against the right flank of the Confederate Army, ordered by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Judson Kilpatrick</a>, were easily repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three-day battle in and around Gettysburg resulted in the largest number of casualties in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>—between 46,000 and 51,000.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conjunction with the Union victory at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a> on July 4, Gettysburg is frequently cited as the war's <a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">turning point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lee's_retreat_to_Virginia"><span id="Lee.27s_retreat_to_Virginia"></span>Lee's retreat to Virginia <span class="anchor" id="retreat"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lee's retreat to Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Retreat_from_Gettysburg" title="Retreat from Gettysburg">Retreat from Gettysburg</a></div> <p>Lee managed to escape back to Virginia after a harrowing forced march in the face of flooded rivers. Meade took the blame for the failure to capture Lee's highly vulnerable and outnumbered army.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Pickett's Charge, the Confederates returned to their positions on <a href="/wiki/Seminary_Ridge" title="Seminary Ridge">Seminary Ridge</a> and prepared fortifications to receive a counterattack. When the Union attack had not occurred by the evening of July 4, Lee realized that he could accomplish nothing more in his campaign and that he had to return his battered army to Virginia. Lee started his Army of Northern Virginia in motion late the evening of July 4 towards Fairfield and Chambersburg. Cavalry under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">John D. Imboden</a> was entrusted to escort the miles-long wagon train of supplies and wounded men that Lee wanted to take back to Virginia with him, using the route through Cashtown and Hagerstown to <a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Maryland" title="Williamsport, Maryland">Williamsport, Maryland</a>. Thousands of more seriously wounded soldiers were left behind in the Gettysburg area, along with medical personnel. However, despite casualties of over 20,000 men, including a number of senior officers, the morale of Lee's army remained high and their respect for the commanding general was not diminished by their reverses.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately for the Confederate Army, however, once they reached the Potomac they found it difficult to cross. Torrential rains that started on July 4 flooded the river at Williamsport, making fording impossible. Four miles (6 km) downstream at <a href="/wiki/Falling_Waters,_West_Virginia" title="Falling Waters, West Virginia">Falling Waters</a>, Union cavalry destroyed Lee's lightly guarded pontoon bridge on July 4. The only way to cross the river was a small ferry at Williamsport. The Confederates could potentially have been trapped, forced to defend themselves against Meade with their backs to the river.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Campaign_Retreat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gettysburg_Campaign_Retreat.png/330px-Gettysburg_Campaign_Retreat.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gettysburg_Campaign_Retreat.png/495px-Gettysburg_Campaign_Retreat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gettysburg_Campaign_Retreat.png/660px-Gettysburg_Campaign_Retreat.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2824" /></a><figcaption>Gettysburg campaign (July 5–14)</figcaption></figure> <p>The route of the bulk of Lee's army was through <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Pennsylvania" title="Fairfield, Pennsylvania">Fairfield</a> and over <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Pass" title="Monterey Pass">Monterey Pass</a> to Hagerstown. A small but important action that occurred while Pickett's Charge was still underway, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfield" title="Battle of Fairfield">Battle of Fairfield</a>, prevented the Union from blocking this route. Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a>'s brigade departed from Emmitsburg with orders to strike the Confederate left and rear along Seminary Ridge. Merritt dispatched about 400 men from the 6th U.S. Cavalry to seize foraging wagons that had been reported in the area. Before they were able to reach the wagons, the <a href="/wiki/7th_Virginia_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Virginia Cavalry">7th Virginia Cavalry</a>, leading a column under Confederate Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_E._Jones_(general)" title="William E. Jones (general)">William E. "Grumble" Jones</a>, intercepted the regulars, but the U.S. cavalrymen repulsed the Virginians. Jones sent in the <a href="/wiki/6th_Virginia_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Virginia Cavalry">6th Virginia Cavalry</a>, which successfully charged and swarmed over the Union troopers. There were 242 Union casualties, primarily prisoners, and 44 casualties among the Confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imboden's journey was one of extreme misery, conducted during the torrential rains that began on July 4, in which the 8,000 wounded men had to endure the weather and the rough roads in wagons without suspensions. The train was harassed throughout its march. At dawn on July 5, civilians in <a href="/wiki/Greencastle,_Pennsylvania" title="Greencastle, Pennsylvania">Greencastle</a> ambushed the train with axes, attacking the wheels of the wagons, until they were driven off. That afternoon at Cunningham's Cross Roads, Union cavalry attacked the column, capturing 134 wagons, 600 horses and mules, and 645 prisoners, about half of whom were wounded. These losses so angered Stuart that he demanded a court of inquiry to investigate.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early on July 4 Meade sent his cavalry to strike the enemy's rear and lines of communication so as to "harass and annoy him as much as possible in his retreat." Eight of nine cavalry brigades (except Col. <a href="/wiki/John_B._McIntosh" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. McIntosh">John B. McIntosh</a>'s of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_McM._Gregg" class="mw-redirect" title="David McM. Gregg">David McM. Gregg</a>'s division) took to the field. Col. <a href="/wiki/John_Irvin_Gregg" title="John Irvin Gregg">J. Irvin Gregg</a>'s brigade (of his cousin David Gregg's division) moved toward Cashtown via Hunterstown and the Mummasburg Road, but all of the others moved south of Gettysburg. Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a>'s division went directly from <a href="/wiki/Westminster,_Maryland" title="Westminster, Maryland">Westminster</a> to Frederick, where they were joined by Merritt's division on the night of July 5.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late on July 4, Meade held a council of war in which his corps commanders agreed that the army should remain at Gettysburg until Lee acted, and that the cavalry should pursue Lee in any retreat. Meade decided to have Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a> take a division from Sedgwick's VI Corps to probe the Confederate line and determine Lee's intentions. By the morning of July 5, Meade learned of Lee's departure, but he hesitated to order a general pursuit until he had received the results of Warren's reconnaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterey_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Monterey Pass">Battle of Monterey Pass</a> began as Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Judson Kilpatrick</a>'s cavalry division easily brushed aside Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Robertson" title="Beverly Robertson">Beverly Robertson</a>'s pickets and encountered a detachment of 20 men from the Confederate 1st Maryland Cavalry Battalion, under Capt. G. M. Emack, that was guarding the road to Monterey Pass. Aided by a detachment of the 4th North Carolina Cavalry and a single cannon, the Marylanders delayed the advance of 4,500 Union cavalrymen until well after midnight. Kilpatrick ordered Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_A._Custer" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Custer">George A. Custer</a> to charge the Confederates with the 6th Michigan Cavalry, which broke the deadlock and allowed Kilpatrick's men to reach and attack the wagon train. They captured or destroyed numerous wagons and captured 1,360 prisoners – primarily wounded men in ambulances – and a large number of horses and mules.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Meade's infantry began to march in pursuit of Lee on the morning of July 7, Buford's division departed from Frederick to destroy Imboden's train before it could cross the Potomac. At 5 p.m. on July 7 his men reached within one-half mile (800 m) of the parked trains, but Imboden's command repulsed their advance. Buford heard Kilpatrick's artillery in the vicinity and requested support on his right. Kilpatrick's men had moved toward Hagerstown and pushed out the two small brigades of Chambliss and Robertson. However, infantry commanded by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Iverson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Iverson, Jr.">Alfred Iverson</a> drove Kilpatrick's men through the streets of town. Stuart's remaining brigades came up and were reinforced by two brigades of Hood's Division and Hagerstown was recaptured by the Confederates. Kilpatrick chose to respond to Buford's request for assistance and join the attack on Imboden at Williamsport. Stuart's men pressured Kilpatrick's rear and right flank from their position at Hagerstown and Kilpatrick's men gave way and exposed Buford's rear to the attack. Buford gave up his effort when darkness fell.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee's rearguard cavalry clashed with Federal cavalry in the South Mountain passes in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boonsboro" title="Battle of Boonsboro">Battle of Boonsboro</a> on July 8, delaying Union pursuit. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Funkstown" title="Battle of Funkstown">Battle of Funkstown</a> on July 10, Stuart's cavalry continued its efforts to delay Federal pursuit in an encounter near <a href="/wiki/Funkstown,_Maryland" title="Funkstown, Maryland">Funkstown, Maryland</a>, which resulted in nearly 500 casualties on both sides. The fight also marked the first time since the Battle of Gettysburg that Union infantry engaged Confederate infantry in the same engagement. Stuart was successful in delaying Pleasonton's cavalry for another day.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By July 9 most of the Army of the Potomac was concentrated in a five-mile (8 km) line from <a href="/wiki/Rohrersville,_Maryland" title="Rohrersville, Maryland">Rohrersville</a> to Boonsboro. Other Union forces were in position to protect the outer flanks at Maryland Heights and at Waynesboro.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July 11 the Confederates occupied a six-mile (10 km), highly fortified line on high ground with their right resting on the Potomac River near <a href="/wiki/Downsville,_Maryland" title="Downsville, Maryland">Downsville</a> and the left about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southwest of Hagerstown, covering the only road from there to Williamsport.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade telegraphed to general-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">Henry W. Halleck</a> on July 12 that he intended to attack the next day, "unless something intervenes to prevent it." He once again called a council of war with his subordinates on the night of July 12, which resulted in a postponement of an attack until reconnaissance of the Confederate position could be performed, which Meade conducted the next morning. By that time, Lee became frustrated waiting for Meade to attack him and was dismayed to see that the Federal troops were digging entrenchments of their own in front of his works. Confederate engineers had completed a new pontoon bridge over the Potomac, which had also subsided enough to be forded. Lee ordered a retreat to start after dark, with Longstreet's and Hill's corps and the artillery to use the pontoon bridge at Falling Waters and Ewell's corps to ford the river at Williamsport.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of July 14, advancing Union skirmishers found that the entrenchments were empty. Cavalry under Buford and Kilpatrick attacked the rearguard of Lee's army, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a>'s division, which was still on a ridge about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from Falling Waters. The initial attack caught the Confederates by surprise after a long night with little sleep, and hand-to-hand fighting ensued. Kilpatrick attacked again and Buford struck them in their right and rear. Heth's and Pender's divisions lost numerous prisoners. Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">J. Johnston Pettigrew</a>, who had survived Pickett's Charge with a minor hand wound, was mortally wounded at Falling Waters. This minor success against Heth did not make up for the extreme frustration in the Lincoln administration about allowing Lee to escape. The president was quoted as saying, "We had them within our grasp. We had only to stretch forth our hands and they were ours. And nothing I could say or do could make the Army move."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two armies did not take up positions across from each other on the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a> for almost two weeks. On July 16 the cavalry brigades of Fitzhugh Lee and Chambliss held the fords on the Potomac at <a href="/wiki/Shepherdstown,_West_Virginia" title="Shepherdstown, West Virginia">Shepherdstown</a> to prevent crossing by the Federal infantry. The cavalry division under David Gregg approached the fords and the Confederates attacked them, but the Union cavalrymen held their position until dark before withdrawing.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Army of the Potomac crossed the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry and Berlin (now named <a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Maryland" title="Brunswick, Maryland">Brunswick</a>) on July 17–18. They advanced along the east side of the Blue Ridge Mountains, trying to interpose themselves between Lee's army and Richmond. On July 23, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manassas_Gap" title="Battle of Manassas Gap">Battle of Manassas Gap</a>, Meade ordered French's III Corps to cut off the retreating Confederate columns at <a href="/wiki/Front_Royal,_Virginia" title="Front Royal, Virginia">Front Royal</a>, by forcing passage through <a href="/wiki/Manassas_Gap" title="Manassas Gap">Manassas Gap</a>. At first light, French began slowly pushing the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Brigade" title="Stonewall Brigade">Stonewall Brigade</a> back into the gap. About 4:30 p.m., a strong Union attack drove the Confederates until they were reinforced by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a>'s division and artillery. By dusk, the poorly coordinated Union attacks were abandoned. During the night, Confederate forces withdrew into the Luray Valley. On July 24, the Union army occupied Front Royal, but Lee's army was safely beyond pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gettysburg campaign represented the final major offensive by Robert E. Lee in the Civil War. Afterward, all combat operations of the Army of Northern Virginia were in reaction to Union initiatives. Lee suffered over 27,000 casualties during the campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-Sears498_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears498-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a price very difficult for the Confederacy to pay. The campaign met only some of its major objectives: it had disrupted Union plans for a summer campaign in Virginia, temporarily protecting the citizens and economy of that state, and it had allowed Lee's men to live off the bountiful Maryland and Pennsylvania countryside and plunder vast amounts of food and supplies that they carried back with them and that would allow them to continue the war. However, the myth of Lee's invincibility had been shattered and not a single Union soldier was removed from the Vicksburg Campaign to react to Lee's invasion of the North.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, the day Lee ordered his retreat.) Union campaign casualties were approximately 30,100.<sup id="cite_ref-Sears496_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears496-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meade was severely criticized for allowing Lee to escape, just as Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> had been after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>. Under pressure from Lincoln, he launched two campaigns in the fall of 1863—<a href="/wiki/Bristoe_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristoe Campaign">Bristoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mine_Run" title="Battle of Mine Run">Mine Run</a>—that attempted to defeat Lee. Both were failures. He also suffered humiliation at the hands of his political enemies in front of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Joint Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War</a>, questioning his actions at Gettysburg and his failure to defeat Lee during the retreat to the Potomac.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Meade would remain in command of the Army of the Potomac for the rest of the war, although he would effectively lose strategic control of it after <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">general-in-chief of the Union armies</a> and set his headquarters with Meade's army, directly supervising him. </p><p>On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln spoke at the dedication ceremonies for the national cemetery created at the Gettysburg battlefield. His <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a> redefined the war, calling for a "new birth of freedom" in the nation, which established the destruction of <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in the United States">slavery</a> as an implied goal.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Gettysburg_Campaign" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Gettysburg Campaign">List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Gettysburg Campaign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a letter to A.P. Hill, General Lee wrote: "I desire you to occupy the position of Fredericksburg with the troops under your command, making such disposition as will be best calculated to deceive the enemy, and keep him in ignorance of any change in the disposition of the army. Should the enemy make an advance upon you, you will endeavor to repel him, and, if not able to do so, or hold him in check, you must fall back along the line of the Fredericksburg Railroad, protecting your communications, and offering such resistance as you can to his advance toward Richmond. If you find it necessary, you can call up Pickett and Pettigrew, now at Hanover Junction. Should you find that the enemy has evacuated his position opposite you, you will, after informing yourself of the fact by your scouts, &c, if practicable and in your opinion advantageous, cross the river and pursue him, inflicting all the damage you can upon his rear."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to General Buford from General Butterfield, June 4, 1863 - 9.45 a.m.:<br />Reports and appearances here indicate the disappearance of a portion of the enemy's forces from opposite our left. The general desires you to keep a sharp lookout, country well scouted, and advise as soon as possible of anything in your front or vicinity indicating a movement.<p>Letter to General Meade from General Butterfield, June 4, 1863 - 10 a.m.:<br /><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">Balloon</a> reports from Banks' Ford two camps disappeared and several batteries in motion. Balloon near Reynolds reports line of dust near Salem Church, and 20 wagons moving northerly on the Telegraph road.</p><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Circular - Headquarters Army of the Potomac, June 5, 1863 - 8:45 a.m.:<br />The troops serving with this army will be held in readiness to move at very short notice. Three days' cooked rations will be kept on hand until further orders, and all surplus baggage will be sent to the rear today. Until otherwise directed, no more leaves of absence or furloughs will be granted, and all leaves and furloughs which have been given to take effect today, will at once be revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"From the most reliable information at these headquarters, it is recommended that you cross the Rappahannock at Beverly and Kellys Fords, and march directly on Culpeper. For this you will divide your cavalry force as you think proper, to carry into execution the object in view, which is to disperse and destroy the rebel force assembled in the vicinity of Culpeper, and to destroy his trains and supplies of all description to the utmost of your ability.... It is believed that the enemy has no infantry. Should you find this to be the case, by keeping your troops well in hand, you will be able to make head in any direction."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"I desire you to have your command ready to be concentrated at <a href="/wiki/Strasburg,_Virginia" title="Strasburg, Virginia">Strasburg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Front_Royal,_Virginia" title="Front Royal, Virginia">Front Royal</a>, or any point in front of either, by Wednesday, the 10th instant, with a view to co-operate with a force of infantry. Your pickets can be kept in advance as far as you deem best, toward Winchester."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In view of operations in the Shenandoah Valley, I desire you to attract the enemy's attention in Hampshire County, and to proceed down to <a href="/wiki/Romney,_West_Virginia" title="Romney, West Virginia">Romney</a> or such other point as you may consider best calculated for the purpose. After leaving a sufficient guard on the Shenandoah Mountain, you can use the rest of your command for the purpose specified.... do them all the injury in your power by striking them a damaging blow at any point where opportunity offers, and where you deem most practicable. It will be important if you can accomplish it, to destroy some of the bridges, so as to prevent communication and the transfer of reinforcements to <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg</a>.... In connection with this purpose, it is important that you should obtain, for the use of the army, all the cattle that you can."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"General Imboden's whole effective force, cavalry, infantry, and artillery, does not much exceed 1,300 men. I am anxious for him to get all the recruits he can in Hampshire and Hardy, and otherwise improve his efficiency. I do not know whether you have sent to General Jenkins all the cavalry you can spare. He has mentioned to me several regiments still behind, which he is desirous of obtaining, but not knowing whether you had enough for your purposes, I have delayed submitting to you his request.... I require now all the additional force I can get."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"As far as I can judge, there is nothing to be gained by this army remaining quietly on the defensive, which it must do unless it can be re-enforced.... I think our southern coast might be held during the sickly season by local troops, aided by a small organized force, and the predatory excursions of the enemy be repressed. This would give us an active force in the field with which we might hope to make some impression on the enemy, both on our northern and western frontiers."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from General Pleasonton to General Butterfield, June 10, 1863 - 10:45 p.m.:<br />Your second dispatch to-day just received. We did encounter infantry yesterday, both mounted and on foot. Those mounted are armed with rifles made at Fayetteville, and marked C. S. A. Some were captured. Infantry at Brandy Station jumped from the cars, and attacked Gregg's people...<p>Letter from General Pleasonton to General Hooker, June 10, 1863 - 9 p.m.:<br />Another contraband, who had been a servant to officers in Cobb's Legion, states that Generals R. E. Lee, Longstreet, A. P. Hill, and Ewell were at the review at Culpeper on Monday last. No infantry were on review, but five or six divisions of infantry were near there and <a href="/wiki/Orange,_Virginia" title="Orange, Virginia">Orange Court-House</a>. They said they were going to issue rations for three days, and after that they were to ration themselves up in Pennsylvania (this was said to the cavalry). These rations were to be issued the day we went over there. There seems to be truth in this information.</p><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from General Hooker to General <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a>, June 12, 1863 - 1:30 p.m.:<br />All of Lee's army, so far as I know, is extended along the immediate banks of the Rappahannock, from Hamilton's Crossing to Culpeper.... These bodies have been very much swollen in numbers of late, the enemy's divisions corresponding with our corps.... From my balloon it can be seen that he is daily receiving acquisitions. He has a numerical superiority over me.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General Halleck's telegram, June 11, 1863 - 12 p.m.:<br />Harper's Ferry is the important place. Winchester is of no importance other than as a lookout. The Winchester troops, excepting enough to serve as an outpost, should be withdrawn to Harper's Ferry.... No large amount of supplies should be left in any exposed position.<sup id="cite_ref-OR-ch27-pt2-p50_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OR-ch27-pt2-p50-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gen. Schenck's adjutant, Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Donn_Piatt" title="Donn Piatt">Donn Piatt</a> sent Milroy a message on June 11 advising him to "immediately take steps to remove your command from Winchester to Harper's Ferry."<br />Gen. Milroy replied to this message that he had Winchester "well protected, and am prepared to hold it... and I can and would hold it, if permitted to do so, against any force the rebels can afford to bring against me..."<br /> Early on June 12, Gen. Schenck sent a reply to Milroy in which he claimed that Piatt had "misunderstood me" and ordered Milroy only to "make all the required preparations for withdrawing, but hold your position in the meantime. Be ready for movement but await further orders."<sup id="cite_ref-OR-ch27-pt2-p50_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OR-ch27-pt2-p50-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It encompassed the portion of Pennsylvania, west of <a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a> and the Laurel Hill range, and portions of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, with headquarters at Pittsburg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comprising the remaining portion of Pennsylvania, with headquarters, at Harrisburg</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Official Records</i>, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0043&node=waro0043%3A2&view=image&seq=175&size=100">pages 155–168</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Official Records</i>, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0044&node=waro0044%3A2&view=image&seq=285&size=100">pages 283–291</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Official Records</i>, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;idno=waro0043;q1=return%20of%20casualties;view=image;seq=171;size=100;page=root">pages 151–152</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eicher502503-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eicher502503_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">90,000 according to Eicher, pp. 502–503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Official Records</i>, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;idno=waro0043;q1=return%20of%20casualties;view=image;seq=213;size=100;page=root">pages 193-194</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="#Aftermath">Aftermath</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sears498-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sears498_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sears498_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, p. 498. In addition to Gettysburg itself, there were approximately 4,500 casualties on the march north and during the retreat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson200726–33-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson200726–33_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson2007">McPherson (2007)</a>, pp. 26–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonekemper2012158–59Sears200315-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonekemper2012158–59Sears200315_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonekemper2012">Bonekemper (2012)</a>, pp. 158–59; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1997319-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1997319_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1997">Freeman (1997)</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington19845–7Sears200315-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington19845–7Sears200315_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, pp. 5–7; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears200313–14-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears200313–14_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Nesbitt, <i>Saber and Scapegoat: JEB Stuart and the Gettysburg Controversy</i> (Stackpole Books, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRyan2015" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Thomas J. (May 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEDdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63"><i>Spies, Scouts, and Secrets in the Gettysburg Campaign: How the Critical Role of Intelligence Impacted the Outcome of Lee's Invasion of the North, June-July 1863</i></a>. Savas Beatie. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611211788" title="Special:BookSources/9781611211788"><bdi>9781611211788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spies%2C+Scouts%2C+and+Secrets+in+the+Gettysburg+Campaign%3A+How+the+Critical+Role+of+Intelligence+Impacted+the+Outcome+of+Lee%27s+Invasion+of+the+North%2C+June-July+1863&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.isbn=9781611211788&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEDdCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, <i>Gettysburg</i> pp 59-124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin B. Coddington, "Lincoln's Role in the Gettysburg Campaign." <i>Pennsylvania History</i> 34.3 (1967): 250-265. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/viewFile/23237/23006">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoddington1968" class="citation book cs1">Coddington, Edwin B. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-7RMD77eQcC&pg=PA250"><i>The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 249–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684845692" title="Special:BookSources/9780684845692"><bdi>9780684845692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gettysburg+Campaign%3A+A+Study+in+Command&rft.pages=249-50&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780684845692&rft.aulast=Coddington&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-7RMD77eQcC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo2013" class="citation book cs1">Guelzo, Allen C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L00UCNuRwu8C&pg=PA107"><i>Gettysburg: The Last Invasion</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307594082" title="Special:BookSources/9780307594082"><bdi>9780307594082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gettysburg%3A+The+Last+Invasion&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780307594082&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL00UCNuRwu8C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. p. 859.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=859&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, pp. 193–94; Loosbrock, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 26-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. pp. 865–866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=865-866&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. p. 865.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=865&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. p. 866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=866&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. pp. 868–869.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=868-869&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 193; Sears, p. 60; Gottfried, p. 2; Mingus, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, p. 204; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/frsp/brandy.htm">NPS website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305035134/http://www.nps.gov/frsp/brandy.htm">Archived</a> March 5, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, pp. 62–63; Sears, pp. 64–65; Gottfried, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudeau-BrandySt-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau-BrandySt_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau-BrandySt_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau-BrandySt_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau-BrandySt_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau-BrandySt_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 30-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loosbrock, p. 272; Longacre, pp. 66–73; Kennedy, p. 204; Sears, pp. 65–67; Salmon, pp. 194, 198; Eicher, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, pp. 74–78; Sears, pp. 68–70; Gottfried, p. 6;Salmon, pp. 199–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittenbergMingus2016" class="citation book cs1">Wittenberg, Eric; Mingus, Scott Sr. (2016). <i>The Second Battle of Winchester: The Confederate Victory that Opened the Door to Gettysburg</i>. Savas Beatie. pp. 44–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611212891" title="Special:BookSources/9781611212891"><bdi>9781611212891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Battle+of+Winchester%3A+The+Confederate+Victory+that+Opened+the+Door+to+Gettysburg&rft.pages=44-46&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781611212891&rft.aulast=Wittenberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Mingus%2C+Scott+Sr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brandystationfoundation.com/pages/battle.htm">Brandy Station Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928080034/http://brandystationfoundation.com/pages/battle.htm">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Of the 20,500 men engaged, approximately 3,000 were Union infantrymen. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trevilian_Station" title="Battle of Trevilian Station">Battle of Trevilian Station</a> in 1864 was the largest <i>all</i>-cavalry battle of the war. According to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/landpreservation/l_accomplishments.htm">Civil War Preservation Trust</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820095248/http://www.civilwar.org/landpreservation/l_accomplishments.htm">Archived</a> 2007-08-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Brandy Station was the largest battle of its kind on American soil.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, pp. 73–74; Longacre, pp. 87–90; Salmon, p. 203; Loosbrock, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. pp. 48–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sears-Leaving-Culpeper-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sears-Leaving-Culpeper_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sears-Leaving-Culpeper_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Caryton_Ainsworth1889" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Caryton Ainsworth, ed. (1889). "XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. Robert Nicholson Scott, George Breckenridge Davis, Joseph William Kirkley. United States War Department. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sears-2ndWinchester-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sears-2ndWinchester_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sears-2ndWinchester_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, pp. 77-80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OR-ch27-pt2-p50-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OR-ch27-pt2-p50_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OR-ch27-pt2-p50_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"XXXIX". <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Vol. XXVII. United States War Department. 1889. Part II, pp. 49-50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXIX&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=Part+II%2C+pp.+49-50&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudeau-2ndWinchester-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau-2ndWinchester_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trudeau-2ndWinchester_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudeau, pp. 38-41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, pp. 204–205; Gottfried, pp. 44–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCFV-2ndWinchester-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LCFV-2ndWinchester_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowdenWard2001" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, Scott; Ward, Bill (2001). <i>Last Chance for Victory: Robert E. Lee and the Gettysburg Campaign</i>. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. pp. 95–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306812614" title="Special:BookSources/0306812614"><bdi>0306812614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Chance+for+Victory%3A+Robert+E.+Lee+and+the+Gettysburg+Campaign&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=95-99&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0306812614&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Ward%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gottfried_pp._48-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gottfried_pp._48_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottfried_pp._48_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried, pp. 48–51; Sears, pp. 78–81; Salmon, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, pp. 83–84; Longacre, p. 103; Gottfried, pp. 12–17; Salmon, pp. 196–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, pp. 104–110; Salmon, pp. 207–209; Gottfried, p. 18; Sears, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, pp. 111–12, 119–24; Gottfried, p. 18; Sears, p. 98; Salmon, pp. 210–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, pp. 125–32; Gottfried, p. 24; Sears, pp. 99–100; Salmon, pp. 212–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 197; Longacre, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 124–25; Sears, p. 120; Gottfried, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMingus200927-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMingus200927_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMingus2009">Mingus (2009)</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates18691222–1223Mingus200917,_22,_29Sears200391–92,_109–10-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates18691222–1223Mingus200917,_22,_29Sears200391–92,_109–10_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBates1869">Bates (1869)</a>, pp. 1222–1223; <a href="#CITEREFMingus2009">Mingus (2009)</a>, pp. 17, 22, 29; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 91–92, 109–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears200391-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears200391_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodworth, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-gazette.com/news/state/2013/06/30/Confederates-slave-hunt-in-North-a-military-disgrace/stories/201306300221">"Confederates' 'slave hunt' in North a military disgrace"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confederates%27+%27slave+hunt%27+in+North+a+military+disgrace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fnews%2Fstate%2F2013%2F06%2F30%2FConfederates-slave-hunt-in-North-a-military-disgrace%2Fstories%2F201306300221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Symonds, pp. 49–54; Mingus, pp. 90, 204–207; Sears pp. 111–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David G. Smith gives a higher number, estimating that several hundred were captured in Pennsylvania and perhaps more than one thousand were captured if black civilians captured earlier in the campaign in Maryland and Virginia are included, Smith, David G. "Race and Retaliation, the Capture of African Americans during the Gettysburg Campaign" in Wallenstein, Peter, and Bertram Wyatt-Brown, <i>Virginia's Civil War</i>. University of Virginia Press, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergingcivilwar.com/2020/05/06/the-confederate-slave-hunt-and-the-gettysburg-campaign/">"The Confederate "Slave Hunt" and the Gettysburg Campaign"</a>. May 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+%22Slave+Hunt%22+and+the+Gettysburg+Campaign&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femergingcivilwar.com%2F2020%2F05%2F06%2Fthe-confederate-slave-hunt-and-the-gettysburg-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nye, pp. 272–78; Mingus, pp. 126–95; Gottfried, p. 30; Sears, pp. 102, 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried, pp. 34–36; Mingus, pp. 40, 324–83; Boyd, Neil, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campcurtin.org/campcurtin/reenact/bsh.htm">"The Confederate Invasion of Central Pennsylvania and the Battle of Sporting Hill"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090602043748/http://www.campcurtin.org/campcurtin/reenact/bsh.htm">Archived</a> 2009-06-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, pp. 104–106; Longacre, pp. 148–52; Gottfried, p. 28; Eicher, p. 506; Coddington, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 108–13; Longacre, pp. 152–53; Sears, p. 106; Gottfried, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittenberg & Petruzzi, <i>Plenty of Blame</i>, pp. 19–32; Longacre, pp. 154–56; Sears, pp. 106, 130–31; Gottfried, pp. 32–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 199–200; Longacre, pp. 156–58; Wittenberg & Petruzzi, <i>Plenty of Blame</i>, pp. 47–64; Gottfried, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 200–201; Wittenberg & Petruzzi, <i>Plenty of Blame</i>, pp. 65–117; Longacre, pp. 161, 172–79; Gottfried, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittenberg & Petruzzi, <i>Plenty of Blame</i>, pp. 139–56; Longacre, pp. 193–98; Gottfried, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittenberg & Petruzzi, <i>Plenty of Blame</i>, pp. 162–78; Longacre, pp. 198–202; Gottfried, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coddington,_pp._100–102-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coddington,_pp._100–102_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coddington,_pp._100–102_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 100–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 209, 219–20; Sears, pp. 121–23; Gottfried, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 239–40; Sears, pp. 149–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Symonds, pp. 41–43; Gottfried, p. 36; Sears, pp. 103–106, 124; Esposito, text for Map 94; Eicher, pp. 504–507; McPherson, p. 649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 181, 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 508–509, discounts Heth's claim because the previous visit by Early to Gettysburg would have made the lack of shoe factories or stores obvious. However, many mainstream historians accept Heth's account: Sears, p. 136; Foote, p. 465; Clark, p. 35; Tucker, pp. 97–98; Martin, p. 25; Gottfried, pp. 36–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 508; Sears, pp. 137, 162; Tucker, pp. 99–102; Gottfried, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eicher,_pp._510–21-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher,_pp._510–21_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher,_pp._510–21_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eicher,_pp._510–21_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 510–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 521–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 540–49; Sears, pp. 467–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, pp. 226–31, 237–39, 240–44; Eicher, pp. 540–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>, the culmination of Lee's first invasion of the North, had the largest number of casualties in a single day, about 23,000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawley, p. 147. Sauers, p. 827. McPherson, p. 665; McPherson cites the combination of Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent Masterson Brown, <i>Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign</i> (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 535–36; Wittenberg et al., <i>One Continuous Fight</i>, p. 39; Longacre, p. 246; Brown, pp. 9–11; Sears, p. 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittenberg et al., <i>One Continuous Fight</i>, pp. 160–61; Longacre, p. 247; Sears, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longacre, pp. 235–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittenberg et al., <i>One Continuous Fight</i>, pp. 5–26; Sears, pp. 471, 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittenberg et al., <i>One Continuous Fight</i>, pp. 152–55; Gottfried, p. 278; Coddington, p. 543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 544–48; Wittenberg et al., <i>One Continuous Fight</i>, pp. 46–47, 79–80; Gottfried, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huntington, pp. 131–33; Wittenberg et al., <i>One Continuous Fight</i>, 49–74; Sears, pp. 480–81; Brown, pp. 128–36, 184; Coddington, p. 548; Gottfried, pp. 278–81; Longacre, pp. 249–50. A historical marker on <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Hill" title="Cemetery Hill">East Cemetery Hill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a> uses the term "Fight" for the "Monterey Gap" action, Longacre uses "<a href="/wiki/Skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmish">skirmish</a>". All of the other references use the name "Monterey Pass". The number of wagons captured is disputed. Brown reports that local residents cited "400 or 500". Longacre cites sources for 40 (Stuart) and 150 (Union Col. Pennock Huey). Huntington cites 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 552–53; Sears, pp. 482–83; Gottfried, pp. 282–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 555, 556, 564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 565–66; Gottfried, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 567–70; Wittenberg et al., <i>One Continuous Fight</i>, pp. 258–64, 271–74; Gottfried, p. 288; Sears, pp. 488–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, pp. 570–73; Sears, pp. 490–93; Gottfried, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, p. 213; Wittenberg et al., <i>One Continuous Fight</i>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, pp. 213–14; Sears, pp. 496–97; Eicher, p. 596; Wittenberg et al., <i>One Continuous Fight</i>, pp. 345–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington, p. 573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sears496-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sears496_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, p. 496. Casualties outside of Gettysburg, including the large capture of Union troops at Winchester, were 7,300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, pp. 597–98, 618–19; Wittenberg et al., <i>One Continuous Fight</i>, pp. 342–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears, pp. 511–15.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates1869" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Penniman_Bates" title="Samuel Penniman Bates">Bates, Samuel P.</a> (1869), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histpennavol05baterich/page/1273/mode/2up"><i>History of Pennsylvania volunteers, 1861-5 Prepared in Compliance with Acts of the Legislature</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. V (1st ed.), Harrisburg, PA: B. Singerly, State printer, pp. 1273–1275, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227395009">227395009</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Pennsylvania+volunteers%2C+1861-5+Prepared+in+Compliance+with+Acts+of+the+Legislature&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=1273-1275&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=B.+Singerly%2C+State+printer&rft.date=1869&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F227395009&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistpennavol05baterich%2Fpage%2F1273%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonekemper2012" class="citation book cs1">Bonekemper, Edward H. (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZPmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159"><i>Grant and Lee: Victorious American and Vanquished Virginian</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Regnery History. pp. 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781621570103" title="Special:BookSources/9781621570103"><bdi>9781621570103</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795174049">795174049</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant+and+Lee%3A+Victorious+American+and+Vanquished+Virginian&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=158-159&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Regnery+History&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795174049&rft.isbn=9781621570103&rft.aulast=Bonekemper&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZPmAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brown, Kent Masterson. <i>Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, & the Pennsylvania Campaign</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2921-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2921-8">0-8078-2921-8</a>.</li> <li>Busey, John W., and David G. Martin. <i>Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg</i>. 4th ed. Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944413-67-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-944413-67-6">0-944413-67-6</a>.</li> <li>Clark, Champ, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. <i>Gettysburg: The Confederate High Tide</i>. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-4758-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-4758-4">0-8094-4758-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoddington1984" class="citation book cs1">Coddington, Edwin B. (1984) [1968]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gettysburgcampai0000codd_t1x1/mode/2up?_autoReadAloud=show"><i>The Gettysburg Campaign; A Study in Command</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st Paperback ed.). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 5–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684181525" title="Special:BookSources/0684181525"><bdi>0684181525</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/84168933">84168933</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1285549273">1285549273</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gettysburg+Campaign%3B+A+Study+in+Command&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=5-7&rft.edition=1st+Paperback&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1285549273&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F84168933&rft.isbn=0684181525&rft.aulast=Coddington&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgettysburgcampai0000codd_t1x1%2Fmode%2F2up%3F_autoReadAloud%3Dshow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicher2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> (2001). <i>The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War</i> (1st ed.). New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1846-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-1846-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+Night%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1846-7&rft.aulast=Eicher&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1959" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Vincent J. (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3701sm.gcw0097000/?sp=1&st=grid"><i>West Point Atlas of American Wars</i></a></span>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick A. Praeger Publishers">Frederick A. Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3391-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3391-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-3391-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60298522">60298522</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Point+Atlas+of+American+Wars&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60298522&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-3391-5&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fg3701sm.gcw0097000%2F%3Fsp%3D1%26st%3Dgrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Freeman, Douglas Southall</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a>; Harwell, Richard (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpl.bibliocommons.com/v2/record/S980C321407"><i>Lee, An abridgement in One Volume of the Four-Volume R. E. Lee: A Biography by Douglas Southall Freeman</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(Kindle)</span>. Vol. III (Scribner, 2008 ed.). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82953-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82953-1"><bdi>978-0-684-82953-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39139204">39139204</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee%2C+An+abridgement+in+One+Volume+of+the+Four-Volume+R.+E.+Lee%3A+A+Biography+by+Douglas+Southall+Freeman&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=319&rft.edition=Scribner%2C+2008&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39139204&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82953-1&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Southall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbpl.bibliocommons.com%2Fv2%2Frecord%2FS980C321407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gottfried, Bradley M. <i>The Maps of Gettysburg: An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3 – June 13, 1863</i>. New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-30-2">978-1-932714-30-2</a>.</li> <li>Huntington, Tom. <i>Pennsylvania Civil War Trails: The Guide to Battle Sites, Monuments, Museums and Towns</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3379-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3379-3">978-0-8117-3379-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1998" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Civil-War-Battlefield-Guide-ebook/dp/B006WQL38Y/ref=sr_1_3?dchild=1&keywords=The+Civil+War+Battlefield+Guide&qid=1606345040&s=digital-text&sr=1-3"><i>The Civil War Battlefield Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Kindle)</span> (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6"><bdi>0-395-74012-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+Battlefield+Guide&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-395-74012-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FCivil-War-Battlefield-Guide-ebook%2Fdp%2FB006WQL38Y%2Fref%3Dsr_1_3%3Fdchild%3D1%26keywords%3DThe%2BCivil%2BWar%2BBattlefield%2BGuide%26qid%3D1606345040%26s%3Ddigital-text%26sr%3D1-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongacre1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Longacre" title="Edward Longacre">Longacre, Edward G.</a> (1986). <i>The Cavalry at Gettysburg: A Tactical Study of Mounted Operations during the Civil War's Pivotal Campaign, 9 June-14 July 1863</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7941-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-7941-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29356744">29356744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cavalry+at+Gettysburg%3A+A+Tactical+Study+of+Mounted+Operations+during+the+Civil+War%27s+Pivotal+Campaign%2C+9+June-14+July+1863&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29356744&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7941-4&rft.aulast=Longacre&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoosbrock2000" class="citation book cs1">Loosbrock, Richard D. (2000). Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (eds.). <i>Battle of Brandy Station</i>. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York City: W. W. 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Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 904. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503863-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7577667">7577667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.series=Oxford+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=904&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7577667&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503863-7&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlecryoffreed0000unse%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> (April 2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/conquer-peace-lees-goals-gettysburg-campaign/">"To Conquer a Peace? Lee's Goals in the Gettysburg Campaign"</a></span>. <i>Civil War Times</i>. <b>46</b> (2). Arlington, VA: HISTORYNET, LLC: 26–33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1046-2899">1046-2899</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+Times&rft.atitle=To+Conquer+a+Peace%3F+Lee%27s+Goals+in+the+Gettysburg+Campaign&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=2007-04&rft.issn=1046-2899&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fconquer-peace-lees-goals-gettysburg-campaign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Martin, David G. <i>Gettysburg July 1</i>. rev. ed. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-938289-81-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-938289-81-0">0-938289-81-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingus2009" class="citation book cs1">Mingus, Scott L. (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch9YPgAACAAJ"><i>Flames Beyond Gettysburg: The Gordon Expedition June 1863, a History and Tour Guide</i></a></span>. Columbus, OH: Ironclad Pub. pp. 17, 22, 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9673770-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9673770-8-7"><bdi>978-0-9673770-8-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/320589030">320589030</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flames+Beyond+Gettysburg%3A+The+Gordon+Expedition+June+1863%2C+a+History+and+Tour+Guide&rft.place=Columbus%2C+OH&rft.pages=17%2C+22%2C+29&rft.pub=Ironclad+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F320589030&rft.isbn=978-0-9673770-8-7&rft.aulast=Mingus&rft.aufirst=Scott+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCh9YPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nye, Wilbur S. <i>Here Come the Rebels!</i> Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89029-080-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89029-080-6">0-89029-080-6</a>. First published in 1965 by Louisiana State University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon2001" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, John S. (2001). <i>The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4"><bdi>0-8117-2868-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Virginia+Civil+War+Battlefield+Guide&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8117-2868-4&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sauers, Richard A. "Battle of Gettysburg." In <i>Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04758-X">0-393-04758-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears" title="Stephen W. Sears">Sears, Stephen W.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gettysburg00sear/mode/2up"><i>Gettysburg</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 91–92, 109–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-86761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-86761-7"><bdi>978-0-395-86761-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002191259">2002191259</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470013682">470013682</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gettysburg&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=91-92%2C+109-10&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470013682&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002191259&rft.isbn=978-0-395-86761-7&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgettysburg00sear%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGettysburg+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Symonds">Symonds, Craig L.</a> <i>American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg</i>. New York: HarperCollins, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-019474-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-019474-X">0-06-019474-X</a>.</li> <li>Wittenberg, Eric J., and J. David Petruzzi. <i>Plenty of Blame to Go Around: Jeb Stuart's Controversial Ride to Gettysburg</i>. New York: Savas Beatie, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932714-20-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-932714-20-0">1-932714-20-0</a>.</li> <li>Wittenberg, Eric J., J. David Petruzzi, and Michael F. Nugent. <i>One Continuous Fight: The Retreat from Gettysburg and the Pursuit of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, July 4–14, 1863</i>. New York: Savas Beatie, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-43-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-43-2">978-1-932714-43-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_E._Woodworth" title="Steven E. Woodworth">Woodworth, Steven E.</a> <i>Beneath a Northern Sky: A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign</i>. Wilmington, DE: SR Books (scholarly Resources, Inc.), 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2933-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2933-8">0-8420-2933-8</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/bycampgn.htm#East63">National Park Service battle descriptions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409012500/http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/bycampgn.htm#East63">Archived</a> 2005-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bearss" title="Ed Bearss">Bearss, Edwin C.</a> <i>Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War</i>. Washington DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0510-1">978-1-4262-0510-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabor_Boritt" title="Gabor Boritt">Boritt, Gabor S.</a>, ed. <i>The Gettysburg Nobody Knows</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510223-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510223-1">0-19-510223-1</a>.</li> <li>Brown, Kent Masterson. <i>Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign</i> (U of North Carolina Press; 2011).</li> <li>Desjardins, Thomas A. <i>These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81267-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81267-3">0-306-81267-3</a>.</li> <li>Frassanito, William A. <i>Early Photography at Gettysburg</i>. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57747-032-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57747-032-X">1-57747-032-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Foote" title="Shelby Foote">Foote, Shelby</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War:_A_Narrative" title="The Civil War: A Narrative">The Civil War: A Narrative</a></i>. Vol. 2, <i>Fredericksburg to Meridian</i>. New York: Random House, 1958. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49517-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-49517-9">0-394-49517-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fremantle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Fremantle">Fremantle, Arthur J. L.</a> <i>The Fremantle Diary: A Journal of the Confederacy</i>. Edited by Walter Lord. Short Hills, NJ: Burford Books, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58080-085-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58080-085-8">1-58080-085-8</a>. First published 1954 by Capricorn Books.</li> <li>Freeman, Douglas S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html"><i>R. E. Lee, A Biography</i></a>. 4 vols. New York: Scribner, 1934.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gallagher, Gary W.</a>, ed. <i>The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4753-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4753-4">0-8078-4753-4</a>.</li> <li>Gallagher, Gary W., ed. <i>Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership</i>. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-629-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-629-9">0-87338-629-9</a>.</li> <li>Gottfried, Bradley M. <i>Brigades of Gettysburg</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81175-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81175-8">0-306-81175-8</a>.</li> <li>Gottfried, Bradley M. <i>The Artillery of Gettysburg</i>. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58182-623-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58182-623-4">978-1-58182-623-4</a>.</li> <li>Hall, Jeffrey C. <i>The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34258-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34258-9">0-253-34258-9</a>.</li> <li>Harman, Troy D. <i>Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-0054-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-0054-2">0-8117-0054-2</a>.</li> <li>Laino, Philip, <i>Gettysburg Campaign Atlas</i>. 2nd ed. Dayton, OH: Gatehouse Press 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934900-45-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934900-45-1">978-1-934900-45-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet, James</a>. <i>From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80464-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80464-6">0-306-80464-6</a>. First published in 1896 by J. B. Lippincott and Co.</li> <li>Orrison, Robert, and Dan Welch. <i>The Last Road North: A Guide to the Gettysburg Campaign, 1863</i>. Emerging Civil War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-243-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-243-3">978-1-61121-243-3</a>.</li> <li>Petruzzi, J. David, and Steven Stanley. <i>The Complete Gettysburg Guide</i>. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-63-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-63-0">978-1-932714-63-0</a>.</li> <li>Pfanz, Harry W. <i>Gettysburg – The First Day</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2624-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2624-3">0-8078-2624-3</a>.</li> <li>Pfanz, Harry W. <i>Gettysburg – The Second Day</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1749-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1749-X">0-8078-1749-X</a>.</li> <li>Pfanz, Harry W. <i>Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2118-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2118-7">0-8078-2118-7</a>.</li> <li>Sears, Stephen W. <i>Gettysburg</i> (2004).</li> <li>Tagg, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022014655/http://www.rocemabra.com/~roger/tagg/generals/"><i>The Generals of Gettysburg</i></a>. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882810-30-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-882810-30-9">1-882810-30-9</a>.</li> <li>Trudeau, Noah Andre. <i>Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage</i>. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-019363-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-019363-8">0-06-019363-8</a>.</li> <li>Tucker, Glenn. <i>High Tide at Gettysburg</i>. Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914427-82-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-914427-82-7">978-0-914427-82-7</a>. First published 1958 by Bobbs-Merrill Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffry_D._Wert" title="Jeffry D. Wert">Wert, Jeffry D.</a> <i>Gettysburg: Day Three</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85914-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85914-9">0-684-85914-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_campaign&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg campaign</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gettysburg_campaign" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Template:Gettysburg Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Template talk:Gettysburg Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gettysburg_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gettysburg campaign</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_engagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engagement">Engagements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandy_Station" title="Battle of Brandy Station">Brandy Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Second Battle of Winchester">Second Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldie" title="Battle of Aldie">Aldie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middleburg" title="Battle of Middleburg">Middleburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Upperville" title="Battle of Upperville">Upperville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Sporting_Hill" title="Skirmish of Sporting Hill">Sporting Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanover" title="Battle of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carlisle" title="Battle of Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunterstown" title="Battle of Hunterstown">Hunterstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfield" title="Battle of Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_First_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, First Day">1st day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Second_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day">2nd day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a></li></ul></li> <li>3rd day <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge#Artillery_barrage" title="Pickett's Charge">Artillery barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Third_Day_cavalry_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Third Day cavalry battles">Cavalry battles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Retreat_from_Gettysburg" title="Retreat from Gettysburg">Retreat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fight_at_Monterey_Pass" title="Fight at Monterey Pass">Monterey Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsport" title="Battle of Williamsport">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boonsboro" title="Battle of Boonsboro">Boonsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Funkstown" title="Battle of Funkstown">Funkstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manassas_Gap" title="Battle of Manassas Gap">Manassas Gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Porter_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Porter Alexander">E. Porter Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_A._Early" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubal A. Early">Jubal A. Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Richard S. Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Hood">John B. Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)"> Allegheny Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">Lafayette McLaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">W. Dorsey Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">J. Johnston Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Pickett" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Pickett">George E. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Isaac R. Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Armistead" title="Lewis Armistead">Lewis Armistead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union</a> commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">Joshua L. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Custer" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Custer">George A. Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Greene" title="George S. Greene">George S. Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Oliver Otis Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Hunt">Henry J. Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Alfred Pleasonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">John Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Daniel E. Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Henry W. Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">George Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Union order of battle">order of battle</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Union Army)">I Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Union Army)">III Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XI Corps (Union Army)">XI Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (Union Army)">XII Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Brigade" title="Iron Brigade">Iron Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Minnesota_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry">1st Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Maine_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment">20th Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Battle_of_Gettysburg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Gettysburg">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Confederate_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Confederate order of battle">order of battle</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">First Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Second Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Third Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Cavalry Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaign geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater of the American Civil War</a></li> <li>Departments: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Monongahela" title="Department of the Monongahela">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Susquehanna" title="Department of the Susquehanna">Susquehanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War#Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Template:Battle of Gettysburg">template</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_Battlefield_timeline" title="Template:Gettysburg Battlefield timeline">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" title="Category:Gettysburg campaign">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gettysburg campaign"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Template:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Template talk:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern theater of the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1861" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1861">1861</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">Campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chesapeake blockade (May–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Virginia_campaign" title="Western Virginia campaign">Western Virginia</a> (Jun–Dec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manassas_campaign" title="Category:Manassas campaign">Manassas</a> (Jul)</li> <li>Carolina coast blockade (Aug)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_for_McClellan%27s_Operations_in_Northern_Virginia_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles for McClellan's Operations in Northern Virginia of the American Civil War">McClellan's operations</a> (Oct–Dec)</li> <li>Potomac blockade (Oct–Jan 1862)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1862" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1862">1862</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burnside%27s_North_Carolina_Expedition" title="Category:Burnside's North Carolina Expedition">Burnside's NC Expedition</a> (Feb–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Category:Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a> (Mar–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a> (Mar–Jul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a> (Jul-Sep)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maryland_campaign" title="Category:Maryland campaign">Maryland</a> (Sep)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fredericksburg_campaign" title="Category:Fredericksburg campaign">Fredericksburg</a> (Nov–Dec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Goldsboro_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaignbox Goldsboro Expedition">Goldsboro Expedition</a> (Dec)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg" title="Battle of Williamsburg">Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oak_Grove" title="Battle of Oak Grove">Oak Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dam_Creek" title="Battle of Beaver Dam Creek">Beaver Dam Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill" title="Battle of Gaines' Mill">Gaines' Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garnett%27s_%26_Golding%27s_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Garnett's & Golding's Farm">Garnett's & Golding's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station" title="Battle of Savage's Station">Savage's Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Oak_Swamp" title="Battle of White Oak Swamp">White Oak Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill" title="Battle of Malvern Hill">Malvern Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1863" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863">1863</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_Longstreet%27s_Tidewater_Campaign_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles of Longstreet's Tidewater Campaign of the American Civil War">Tidewater operations</a> (Mar–Apr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellorsville_Campaign" title="Category:Chancellorsville Campaign">Chancellorsville</a> (Apr–May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" title="Category:Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg </a> (Jun–Jul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bristoe_campaign" title="Category:Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a> (Oct–Nov)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mine_Run_Campaign" title="Category:Mine Run Campaign">Mine Run</a> (Nov–Dec)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1864" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864">1864</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Category:Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley campaigns</a> (May–Oct): Lynchburg, Early's B&O raid, Sheridan's campaign</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Operations_against_Plymouth_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles of the Operations against Plymouth of the American Civil War">Operations against Plymouth</a> (Apr–May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Category:Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a> (May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Overland_Campaign" title="Category:Overland Campaign">Overland</a> (May–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petersburg_Campaign" title="Category:Petersburg Campaign">Petersburg</a> (Jun–Mar 1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Anna" title="Battle of North Anna">North Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trevilian_Station" title="Battle of Trevilian Station">Trevilian Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">2nd Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom" title="Second Battle of Deep Bottom">2nd Deep Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern" title="Battle of Globe Tavern">Globe Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Third Battle of Winchester">3rd Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaffin%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Chaffin's Farm">Chaffin's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">Cedar Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boydton_Plank_Road" title="Battle of Boydton Plank Road">Boydton Plank Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1865" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1865">1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wilmington_campaigns" title="Category:Wilmington campaigns">Wilmington</a> (Dec–Feb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a> (Mar–Apr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher" title="Second Battle of Fort Fisher">2nd Fort Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville" title="Battle of Bentonville">Bentonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stedman" title="Battle of Fort Stedman">Fort Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Third Battle of Petersburg">3rd Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sailor%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Sailor's Creek">Sailor's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Appomattox Court House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Shenandoah_(Union)" title="Army of the Shenandoah (Union)">Shenandoah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Monongahela" title="Department of the Monongahela">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Susquehanna" title="Department of the Susquehanna">Susquehanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pennsylvania#Gettysburg-Newark_Lowlands" title="Geology of Pennsylvania">Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maryland_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template:Maryland in the Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maryland_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Maryland in the Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maryland_in_the_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maryland in the Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland in the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Campaign">Maryland Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boonsboro" title="Battle of Boonsboro">Boonsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crampton%27s_Gap" title="Battle of Crampton's Gap">Crampton's Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Folck%27s_Mill" title="Battle of Folck's Mill">Folck's Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Funkstown" title="Battle of Funkstown">Funkstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hancock" title="Battle of Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monocacy" title="Battle of Monocacy">Monocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">South Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsport" title="Battle of Williamsport">Williamsport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Riot_of_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Riot of 1861">Baltimore Riot of 1861</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Merryman" title="Ex parte Merryman">Ex parte Merryman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Order_191" title="Special Order 191">Special Order 191</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Constitution_of_1864" title="Maryland Constitution of 1864">Maryland Constitution of 1864</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">"Maryland, My Maryland"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_Street_Station" title="President Street Station">Baltimore Civil War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Civil_War_Medicine" title="National Museum of Civil War Medicine">National Museum of Civil War Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Street_Station" title="President Street Station">President Street Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surratt_House_Museum" title="Surratt House Museum">Surratt House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constellation_(1854)" title="USS Constellation (1854)">USS <i>Constellation</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maryland_Union_Civil_War_units" title="List of Maryland Union Civil War units">Union regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maryland_Confederate_Civil_War_units" title="List of Maryland Confederate Civil War units">Confederate regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:People of Maryland in the American Civil War">Soldiers and civilians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antietam_National_Battlefield" title="Antietam National Battlefield">Antietam Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnside%27s_Bridge" title="Burnside's Bridge">Burnside's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Marshall" title="Fort Marshall">Fort Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_the_Civil_War_Heritage_Area" title="Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area">Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudon_Park_Cemetery" title="Loudon Park Cemetery">Loudon Park Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocacy_National_Battlefield" title="Monocacy National Battlefield">Monocacy Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Lookout_State_Park" title="Point Lookout State Park">Point Lookout State Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pennsylvania_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template:Pennsylvania in the Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pennsylvania_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Pennsylvania in the Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania_in_the_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania in the Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania in the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Campaign">Gettysburg Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Template:Gettysburg Campaign">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfield" title="Battle of Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Template:Battle of Gettysburg">template</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanover" title="Battle of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunterstown" title="Battle of Hunterstown">Hunterstown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fights and skirmishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carlisle" title="Battle of Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania#Civil_War_era" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_at_Monterey_Pass" title="Fight at Monterey Pass">Monterey Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greencastle,_Pennsylvania#Civil_War" title="Greencastle, Pennsylvania">Greencastle skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cities and counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Harrisburg in the American Civil War">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Philadelphia in the American Civil War">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pittsburgh in the American Civil War">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Template:Franklin County, Pennsylvania, in the American Civil War">Franklin County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units and <a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Monongahela" title="Department of the Monongahela">Monongahela department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Susquehanna" title="Department of the Susquehanna">Susquehanna department</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Units_and_formations_of_the_Union_army_from_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Units and formations of the Union army from Pennsylvania">Units and formations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Posts and hospitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Letterman" title="Camp Letterman">Camp Letterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mifflin" title="Fort Mifflin">Fort Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Curtin" title="Camp Curtin">Camp Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Scott_(Pennsylvania)" title="Camp Scott (Pennsylvania)">Camp Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Union" title="Camp Union">Camp Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_William_Penn" title="Camp William Penn">Camp William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Barracks" title="Carlisle Barracks">Carlisle Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mower_General_Hospital" title="Mower General Hospital">Mower General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satterlee_General_Hospital" title="Satterlee General Hospital">Satterlee General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_General_Hospital_(Pennsylvania)" title="York General Hospital (Pennsylvania)">York General Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankford_Arsenal" title="Frankford Arsenal">Frankford Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Iron_Works_(Phoenixville,_Pennsylvania)" title="Phoenix Iron Works (Phoenixville, Pennsylvania)">Phoenix Iron Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civil War museums and<br />historic sites</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Museum_of_Philadelphia" title="Civil War Museum of Philadelphia">Civil War Museum of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_War_Museum" title="National Civil War Museum">National Civil War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_National_Cemetery" title="Gettysburg National Cemetery">Gettysburg National Cemetery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Museum_and_Visitor_Center" title="Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center">Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Monument">North Carolina Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_State_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pennsylvania State Memorial">The Pennsylvania State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Memorial_Arch" title="Smith Memorial Arch">Smith Memorial Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72nd_Pennsylvania_Infantry_Monument" title="72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Monument">72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/19px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/29px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/38px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maryland" title="Portal:Maryland">Maryland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Virginia" title="Portal:Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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