CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pickett's Charge - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4e71df98-f3d4-4dfa-b0aa-b9ee984e8112","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pickett's_Charge","wgTitle":"Pickett's Charge","wgCurRevisionId":1255780520,"wgRevisionId":1255780520,"wgArticleId":469583,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Use American English from July 2021","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from July 2021","Coordinates on Wikidata","Source attribution","CS1: long volume value","Commons category link from Wikidata","Battle of Gettysburg","George Pickett","July 1863 events"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Pickett's_Charge","wgRelevantArticleId":469583,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":39.8126,"lon":-77.2366},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1152440", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg/1200px-Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="824"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg/800px-Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="549"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg/640px-Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="439"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pickett's Charge - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pickett_s_Charge rootpage-Pickett_s_Charge skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pickett%27s+Charge" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pickett%27s+Charge" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pickett%27s+Charge" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pickett%27s+Charge" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Military situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposing forces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Confederate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plans_and_command_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans_and_command_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Plans and command structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plans_and_command_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artillery_barrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artillery_barrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Artillery barrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artillery_barrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infantry_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infantry_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Infantry assault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infantry_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lost_Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lost_Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The Lost Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lost_Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_battlefield_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_battlefield_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>The battlefield today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_battlefield_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes/References/Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes/References/Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes/References/Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes/References/Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pickett's Charge</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pickett's Charge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carga_de_Pickett" title="Carga de Pickett – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carga de Pickett" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_de_Pickett" title="Charge de Pickett – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charge de Pickett" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%BC%93%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%8C%EA%B2%A9" title="피켓의 돌격 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피켓의 돌격" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carica_di_Pickett" title="Carica di Pickett – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carica di Pickett" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_Pickett" title="Serangan Pickett – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serangan Pickett" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E7%AA%81%E6%92%83" title="ピケットの突撃 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピケットの突撃" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett%E2%80%99s_Charge" title="Pickett’s Charge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pickett’s Charge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szar%C5%BCa_Picketta" title="Szarża Picketta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szarża Picketta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett%E2%80%99s_Charge" title="Pickett’s Charge – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pickett’s Charge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Атака Пикетта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атака Пикетта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pickett's Charge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Пикетов јуриш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пикетов јуриш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickettin_hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ys" title="Pickettin hyökkäys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pickettin hyökkäys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketts_attack" title="Picketts attack – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Picketts attack" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E8%A1%9D%E9%8B%92" title="皮克特衝鋒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮克特衝鋒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1152440#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pickett%27s_Charge" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pickett%27s_Charge" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&oldid=1255780520" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pickett%27s_Charge&id=1255780520&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPickett%2527s_Charge"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPickett%2527s_Charge"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pickett%27s_Charge" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1152440" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pickett%27s_Charge&params=39.8126_N_77.2366_W_region:US-PA_type:event_scale:30000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°48′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°14′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.8126°N 77.2366°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.8126; -77.2366</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Confederate infantry assault during the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book of that title, see <a href="/wiki/George_R._Stewart" title="George R. Stewart">George R. Stewart</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Pickett's Charge</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_(1903)_(14596104027).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg/300px-Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg/450px-Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg/600px-Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1538" /></a></span><br /><i>General Pickett's Famous Charge at Gettysburg</i> drawn by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waud" title="Alfred Waud">Alfred Waud</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>July 3, 1863<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1863-07-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pickett%27s_Charge&params=39.8126_N_77.2366_W_region:US-PA_type:event_scale:30000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°48′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°14′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.8126°N 77.2366°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.8126; -77.2366</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hays" title="Alexander Hays">Alexander Hays</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">George Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">J. Johnston Pettigrew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Isaac R. Trimble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10,000</span> in 10 <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a></li> <li>1 artillery brigade</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>12,500 infantry in 9–11 brigades</li> <li>150–170 <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,500 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Dept.,_''Official_Records'',_Vol._27/1168–173,_193_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Dept.,_''Official_Records'',_Vol._27/1168–173,_193-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1,123 killed</li> <li>4,019 wounded</li> <li>3,750 captured</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Forbes_Pickett%27s_Charge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Edwin_Forbes_Pickett%27s_Charge.jpg/350px-Edwin_Forbes_Pickett%27s_Charge.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Edwin_Forbes_Pickett%27s_Charge.jpg/525px-Edwin_Forbes_Pickett%27s_Charge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Edwin_Forbes_Pickett%27s_Charge.jpg/700px-Edwin_Forbes_Pickett%27s_Charge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption><i>Pickett's Charge from a position on the Confederate line looking toward the Union lines, Ziegler's Grove on the left, clump of trees on right</i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Forbes" title="Edwin Forbes">Edwin Forbes</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickett%27s-Charge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pickett%27s-Charge.png/350px-Pickett%27s-Charge.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pickett%27s-Charge.png/525px-Pickett%27s-Charge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pickett%27s-Charge.png/700px-Pickett%27s-Charge.png 2x" data-file-width="4801" data-file-height="6001" /></a><figcaption>Map of Pickett's Charge, July 3, 1863<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Confederate</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Union</div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickett%27s-Charge-detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pickett%27s-Charge-detail.png/350px-Pickett%27s-Charge-detail.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pickett%27s-Charge-detail.png/525px-Pickett%27s-Charge-detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pickett%27s-Charge-detail.png/700px-Pickett%27s-Charge-detail.png 2x" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="4801" /></a><figcaption>Map of Pickett's Charge (details), July 3, 1863<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Confederate</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Union</div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pickett's Charge</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> assault on 3 July 1863, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>. It was ordered by Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> as part of his plan to break through Union lines and achieve a decisive victory in the North. The charge was named after Major General <a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">George Pickett</a>, one of the division commanders under the Confederate Army's command. The assault was aimed at the center of the Union Army's position on Cemetery Ridge, which was believed to be a vulnerable point in the Union defenses. As the Confederate troops marched across nearly a mile of open ground, they came under heavy artillery and rifle fire from entrenched Union forces. The open terrain offered little cover, making the Confederate soldiers easy targets, and their ranks were quickly decimated. Although a small number of the Confederate soldiers managed to reach the Union lines and engage in hand-to-hand combat, they were ultimately overwhelmed. The charge ended in a disastrous defeat for the Confederates, with more than half of the men involved either killed, wounded, or captured. Pickett's Charge marked the climax of the Battle of Gettysburg. The failure of the charge crushed the Confederate Army's hopes of winning a decisive victory in the North and forced General Lee to retreat back to Virginia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_situation">Military situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg campaign</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_first_day" title="Battle of Gettysburg, first day">Battle of Gettysburg, first day</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_second_day" title="Battle of Gettysburg, second day">Battle of Gettysburg, second day</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union">Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg_order_of_battle:_Union" title="Battle of Gettysburg order of battle: Union">Battle of Gettysburg order of battle: Union</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate">Confederate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confederate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg_order_of_battle:_Confederate" title="Battle of Gettysburg order of battle: Confederate">Battle of Gettysburg order of battle: Confederate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plans_and_command_structures">Plans and command structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plans and command structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pickett's Charge was planned for three Confederate <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (CSA)">Maj. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">George Pickett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (CSA)">Brig. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">J. Johnston Pettigrew</a>, and Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Isaac R. Trimble</a>, consisting of troops from <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (CSA)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>'s First Corps and Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">A. P. Hill</a>'s Third Corps. Pettigrew commanded brigades from Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a>'s old division, under <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Col.</a> <a href="/wiki/Birkett_D._Fry" title="Birkett D. Fry">Birkett D. Fry</a> (Archer's Brigade), Col. <a href="/wiki/James_K._Marshall" title="James K. Marshall">James K. Marshall</a> (Pettigrew's Brigade), Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Davis" title="Joseph R. Davis">Joseph R. Davis</a>, and Col. <a href="/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">John M. Brockenbrough</a>. Trimble, commanding Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">Dorsey Pender</a>'s division, had the brigades of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_M._Scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred M. Scales">Alfred M. Scales</a> (temporarily commanded by Col. <a href="/wiki/William_Lee_J._Lowrance" title="William Lee J. Lowrance">William Lee J. Lowrance</a>) and <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Confederate_general)" title="James Henry Lane (Confederate general)">James H. Lane</a>. Two brigades from Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a>'s division (Hill's Corps) were to support the attack on the right flank: Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Cadmus M. Wilcox</a> and Col. <a href="/wiki/David_Lang_(colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lang (colonel)">David Lang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida_Brigade_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Florida Brigade of the Army of Northern Virginia">Perry's brigade</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544–546_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544–546-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The target of the Confederate assault was the center of the Union <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a>, commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a>. Directly in the center was the division of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a> with the brigades of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Harrow" title="William Harrow">William Harrow</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Hall" title="Norman J. Hall">Norman J. Hall</a>, and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Alexander S. Webb</a>. On the night of July 2, Meade correctly predicted to Gibbon at a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a> that Lee would try an attack on Gibbon's sector the following morning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003345_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003345-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the north of this position were brigades from the division of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hays" title="Alexander Hays">Alexander Hays</a>, and to the south was Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a>'s division of the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Union Army)">I Corps</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Vermont_Brigade" title="2nd Vermont Brigade">2nd Vermont Brigade</a> of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_J._Stannard" title="George J. Stannard">George J. Stannard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/121st_Pennsylvania_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="121st Pennsylvania Regiment">121st Pennsylvania</a> under the command of Col. <a href="/wiki/Chapman_Biddle" title="Chapman Biddle">Chapman Biddle</a>. Meade's headquarters were just behind the II Corps line, in the small house owned by the widow Lydia Leister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544–546_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544–546-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific objective of the assault has been the source of historical controversy. Traditionally, the "<a href="/wiki/Copse" class="mw-redirect" title="Copse">copse</a> of trees" on Cemetery Ridge has been cited as the visual landmark for the attacking force. Historical treatments such as the 1993 film <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)"><i>Gettysburg</i></a> continue to popularize this view, which originated in the work of <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a> historian <a href="/wiki/John_B._Bachelder" title="John B. Bachelder">John B. Bachelder</a> in the 1880s. However, recent scholarship, including published works by some <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_National_Military_Park" title="Gettysburg National Military Park">Gettysburg National Military Park</a> historians, has suggested that Lee's goal was actually Ziegler's Grove on Cemetery Hill, a more prominent and highly visible grouping of trees about 300 yards (274 m) north of the copse. </p><p>The much-debated theory suggests that Lee's general plan for the second-day attacks (the seizure of Cemetery Hill) had not changed on the third day, and the attacks on July 3 were also aimed at securing the hill and the network of roads it commanded. The copse of trees, currently a prominent landmark, was under ten feet (3 m) high in 1863, visible to a portion of the attacking columns only from certain parts of the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman200363–83_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman200363–83-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the beginning of the planning, things went awry for the Confederates. While Pickett's division had not been used yet at Gettysburg, A. P. Hill's health became an issue and he did not participate in selecting which of his troops were to be used for the charge. Some of Hill's corps had fought lightly on July 1 and not at all on July 2. However, troops that <i>had</i> done heavy fighting on July 1 ended up making the charge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984461,_489_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984461,_489-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the assault is known to popular history as <i>Pickett's Charge</i>, overall command was given to James Longstreet, and Pickett was one of his divisional commanders. Lee did tell Longstreet that Pickett's fresh division should lead the assault, so the name is appropriate, although some recent historians have used the name <i>Pickett–Pettigrew–Trimble Assault</i> (or, less frequently, <i>Longstreet's Assault</i>) to more fairly distribute the credit (or blame). With Hill sidelined, Pettigrew's and Trimble's divisions were delegated to Longstreet's authority as well. Thus, Pickett's name has been lent to a charge in which he commanded 3 out of the 11 brigades while under the supervision of his corps commander throughout. </p><p>Pickett's men were almost exclusively from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, with the other divisions consisting of troops from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. The supporting troops under Wilcox and Lang were from Alabama and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544–546_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544–546-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In conjunction with the infantry assault, Lee planned a cavalry action in the Union rear. Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a> led his cavalry division to the east, prepared to exploit Lee's hoped-for breakthrough by attacking the Union rear and disrupting its line of communications (and retreat) along the Baltimore Pike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003391_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003391-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Lee's hope for an early start, it took all morning to arrange the infantry assault force. Neither Lee's nor Longstreet's headquarters sent orders to Pickett to have his division on the battlefield by daylight. Historian Jeffrey D. Wert blames this oversight on Longstreet, describing it either as a misunderstanding of Lee's oral order or a mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert200198–99_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert200198–99-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the many criticisms of Longstreet's Gettysburg performance by the postbellum <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a> authors cite this failure as evidence that Longstreet deliberately undermined Lee's plan for the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1998141_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1998141-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, on the far right end of the Union line, a seven-hour battle raged for the control of <a href="/wiki/Culp%27s_Hill" title="Culp's Hill">Culp's Hill</a>. Lee's intent was to synchronize his offensive across the battlefield, keeping Meade from concentrating his numerically superior force, but the assaults were poorly coordinated and Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)">Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's</a> attacks against Culp's Hill petered out just as Longstreet's cannonade began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984454–455_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984454–455-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meade knew another attack was imminent and sent a note to all his subordinates to scrape all stragglers and idle units and put them on the line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Dept.,_''Official_Records'',_Vol._27/3168–173,_193_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Dept.,_''Official_Records'',_Vol._27/3168–173,_193-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artillery_barrage">Artillery barrage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Artillery barrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickett%27s_Charge_defence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pickett%27s_Charge_defence.png/220px-Pickett%27s_Charge_defence.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pickett%27s_Charge_defence.png/330px-Pickett%27s_Charge_defence.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Pickett%27s_Charge_defence.png/440px-Pickett%27s_Charge_defence.png 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Cannons representing Hancock's defenses, stormed by Pickett's Charge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appearance_of_cemetery_hill_previous_to_Pick(etts_charge_LCCN2004660823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Appearance_of_cemetery_hill_previous_to_Pick%28etts_charge_LCCN2004660823.jpg/220px-Appearance_of_cemetery_hill_previous_to_Pick%28etts_charge_LCCN2004660823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Appearance_of_cemetery_hill_previous_to_Pick%28etts_charge_LCCN2004660823.jpg/330px-Appearance_of_cemetery_hill_previous_to_Pick%28etts_charge_LCCN2004660823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Appearance_of_cemetery_hill_previous_to_Pick%28etts_charge_LCCN2004660823.jpg/440px-Appearance_of_cemetery_hill_previous_to_Pick%28etts_charge_LCCN2004660823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7995" data-file-height="5108" /></a><figcaption>Appearance of <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Hill" title="Cemetery Hill">Cemetery Hill</a> previous to Pickett's Charge, sketched by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waud" title="Alfred Waud">Alfred Waud</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The infantry charge was preceded by what Lee hoped would be a powerful and well-concentrated cannonade of the Union center, destroying the Union artillery batteries that could defeat the assault and demoralizing the Union infantry. But a combination of inept artillery leadership and defective equipment doomed the barrage from the beginning. Longstreet's corps artillery chief, Col. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Edward Porter Alexander</a>, had effective command of the field; Lee's artillery chief, Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_N._Pendleton" title="William N. Pendleton">William N. Pendleton</a>, played little role other than to obstruct the effective placement of artillery from the other two corps. Despite Alexander's efforts, then, there was insufficient concentration of Confederate fire on the objective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984485Sears2003377–80Wert2001127_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984485Sears2003377–80Wert2001127-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The July 3 bombardment was likely the largest of the war,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with hundreds of cannons from both sides firing along the lines for one to two hours,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> starting around 1 p.m. Confederate guns numbered between 150 and 170<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fired from a line over two miles (3 km) long, starting in the south at the <a href="/wiki/The_Peach_Orchard" title="The Peach Orchard">Peach Orchard</a> and running roughly parallel to the Emmitsburg Road. Confederate Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Evander_M._Law" title="Evander M. Law">Evander M. Law</a> wrote, "The cannonade in the center ... presented one of the most magnificent battle-scenes witnessed during the war. Looking up the valley towards Gettysburg, the hills on either side were capped with crowns of flame and smoke, as 300 guns, about equally divided between the two ridges, vomited their iron hail upon each other."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001543_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001543-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its ferocity, the fire was mostly ineffectual. Confederate shells often overshot the infantry front lines—in some cases because of inferior shell fuses that delayed detonation—and the smoke covering the battlefield concealed that fact from the gunners. Union artillery chief Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Henry J. Hunt</a> had only about 80 guns available to conduct counter-battery fire; the geographic features of the Union line had limited areas for effective gun emplacement. He also ordered that firing cease to conserve ammunition, but to fool Alexander, Hunt ordered his cannons to cease fire slowly to create the illusion that they were being destroyed one by one. By the time all of Hunt's cannons ceased fire, and still blinded by the smoke from battle, Alexander fell for Hunt's deception and believed that many of the Union batteries had been destroyed. Hunt had to resist the strong arguments of Hancock, who demanded Union fire to lift the spirits of the infantrymen pinned down by Alexander's bombardment. Even Meade was affected by the artillery—the Leister house was a victim of frequent overshots, and he had to evacuate with his staff to Powers Hill. The counter-battery fire depleted the northern ammunition stocks, leaving them insufficient time to replenish before the southern assault. For the rest of his life, Hunt always maintained that had he been allowed to do what he'd intended—saved his long range shells for the attack he knew was coming, then bombarded the Confederate forces with every gun available once they lined up for their advance—the charge would never have happened and many northern lives would have been saved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1987135Coddington1984497Hess2001180–81Sears2003397–400Wert2001175,_184_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1987135Coddington1984497Hess2001180–81Sears2003397–400Wert2001175,_184-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65,_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_(1911)_(14576199329).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576199329%29.jpg/220px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576199329%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576199329%29.jpg/330px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576199329%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576199329%29.jpg/440px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576199329%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>"A gun and gunners that repulsed Pickett's Charge" (from <i>The Photographic History of the Civil War</i>). This was <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cowan_(soldier)" title="Andrew Cowan (soldier)">Andrew Cowan</a>'s 1st New York Artillery Battery.</figcaption></figure> <p>The day was hot, 87 °F (31 °C) by one account,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and humid, and the Confederates suffered under the hot sun and from the Union counter-battery fire as they awaited the order to advance. When Union cannoneers overshot their targets, they often hit the massed infantry waiting in the woods of <a href="/wiki/Seminary_Ridge" title="Seminary Ridge">Seminary Ridge</a> or in the shallow depressions just behind Alexander's guns, causing significant casualties before the charge began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001151_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001151-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Longstreet had opposed the charge from the beginning, convinced the charge would fail (which ultimately proved true), and had his own plan that he would have preferred for a strategic movement around the Union left flank. In his memoirs, he recalled telling Lee: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>General, I have been a soldier all my life. I have been with soldiers engaged in fights by couples, by squads, companies, regiments, divisions, and armies, and should know, as well as any one, what soldiers can do. It is my opinion that no fifteen thousand men ever arrayed for battle can take that position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert2001283_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert2001283-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Longstreet wanted to avoid personally ordering the charge by attempting to pass the mantle onto young Colonel Alexander, telling him that he should inform Pickett at the optimum time to begin the advance, based on his assessment that the Union artillery had been effectively silenced. Although he hadn't become aware of such a development, Alexander eventually notified Pickett that he was running dangerously short of ammunition, sending the message "If you are coming at all, come at once, or I cannot give you proper support, but the enemy's fire has not slackened at all. At least eighteen guns are still firing from the cemetery itself." Pickett asked Longstreet, "General, shall I advance?" Longstreet recalled in his memoirs, "The effort to speak the order failed, and I could only indicate it by an affirmative bow."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984500–502Hess2001160–61Longstreet1992392_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984500–502Hess2001160–61Longstreet1992392-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Longstreet made one final attempt to call off the assault. After his encounter with Pickett, he discussed the artillery situation with Alexander, and was informed that Alexander did not have full confidence that all the enemy's guns were silenced, and that the Confederate ammunition was almost exhausted. Longstreet ordered Alexander to stop Pickett, but the young colonel explained that replenishing his ammunition from the trains in the rear would take over an hour, and this delay would nullify any advantage the previous barrage had given them. The infantry assault went forward without the Confederate artillery close support that had been originally planned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001161–62_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001161–62-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infantry_assault">Infantry assault</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Infantry assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Water_Mark_-_Cemetery_Ridge,_Gettysburg_Battlefield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/High_Water_Mark_-_Cemetery_Ridge%2C_Gettysburg_Battlefield.jpg/220px-High_Water_Mark_-_Cemetery_Ridge%2C_Gettysburg_Battlefield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/High_Water_Mark_-_Cemetery_Ridge%2C_Gettysburg_Battlefield.jpg/330px-High_Water_Mark_-_Cemetery_Ridge%2C_Gettysburg_Battlefield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/High_Water_Mark_-_Cemetery_Ridge%2C_Gettysburg_Battlefield.jpg/440px-High_Water_Mark_-_Cemetery_Ridge%2C_Gettysburg_Battlefield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Cemetery Ridge, looking south along the ridge with Little Round Top and Big Round Top in the distance. The monument in the foreground is the 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Monument.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copse_of_trees_Gettysburg_101215.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Copse_of_trees_Gettysburg_101215.jpg/220px-Copse_of_trees_Gettysburg_101215.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Copse_of_trees_Gettysburg_101215.jpg/330px-Copse_of_trees_Gettysburg_101215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Copse_of_trees_Gettysburg_101215.jpg/440px-Copse_of_trees_Gettysburg_101215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="2790" /></a><figcaption>Copse of trees and "high-water mark of the Confederacy" on the Gettysburg Battlefield; looking north</figcaption></figure> <p>The entire force that stepped off toward the Union positions at about 2:00 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984502Hess2001162Sears2003415Wert2001182_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984502Hess2001162Sears2003415Wert2001182-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprised about 12,500 men.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the attack is popularly called a "charge", the men marched deliberately in line, prepared to speed up and charge only when they were within a few hundred yards of the enemy. The line consisted of Pettigrew and Trimble on the left, and Pickett to the right. The nine brigades of men stretched over a mile-long (1,600 m) front. The Confederates immediately encountered heavy artillery fire and were slowed by fences in their path. Fire from Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Freeman_McGilvery" title="Freeman McGilvery">Freeman McGilvery</a>'s concealed artillery positions north of <a href="/wiki/Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a> raked the Confederate right flank, artillery fire from Cemetery Hill hit the left, while the center faced the cannons of the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a> with the Union artillery reserve in a second line behind. The ground between Seminary Ridge and Cemetery Ridge is slightly undulating, and the advancing troops periodically disappeared from the view of the Union cannoneers while advancing the nearly three quarters of a mile across open fields to reach the Union line. </p><p>As the three Confederate divisions advanced, awaiting Union soldiers began shouting "Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!" in reference to the disastrous Union advance on the Confederate line during the 1862 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERable20021-2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERable20021-2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shell and solid shot in the beginning turned to <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rifled_musket" title="Rifled musket">musket</a> fire as the Confederates came within 400 yards of the Union line. At this point Confederate unit cohesion and morale began to break down. The last shelter before reaching the Union lines lay at 300 yards, in the sunken depression of the Emmitsburg Road. Thousands of Confederates took to the ground there and refused to advance any further, many surrendering to Union troops after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over two-thirds of the initial force may have failed to make the final charge; at contact the mile-long front had shrunk to less than half a mile, as the men filled in gaps that appeared throughout the line and followed the natural tendency to move away from the flanking fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1987137Hess2001171Sears2003424–26_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1987137Hess2001171Sears2003424–26-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the left flank of the attack, Brockenbrough's brigade was devastated by artillery fire from Cemetery Hill. They were also subjected to a surprise musket fusillade from the <a href="/wiki/8th_Ohio_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Ohio Infantry">8th Ohio Infantry</a> regiment. The 160 Ohioans, firing from a single line, so surprised Brockenbrough's Virginians—already demoralized by their losses to artillery fire—that they panicked and fled back to Seminary Ridge, crashing through Trimble's division and causing many of his men to bolt as well. The Ohioans followed up with a successful flanking attack on Davis's brigade of Mississippians and North Carolinians, which was now the left flank of Pettigrew's division. The survivors were subjected to increasing artillery fire from Cemetery Hill. More than 1,600 rounds were fired at Pettigrew's men during the assault. This portion of the assault never advanced much farther than the sturdy fence at the Emmitsburg Road. By this time, the Confederates were close enough to be fired on by artillery canister and Alexander Hays' division unleashed very effective musketry fire from behind 260 yards of stone wall, with every rifleman of the division lined up as many as four deep, exchanging places in line as they fired and then fell back to reload.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001188–190Sears2003422–25,_429–31_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001188–190Sears2003422–25,_429–31-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>They were at once enveloped in a dense cloud of smoke and dust. Arms, heads, blankets, guns and knapsacks were thrown and tossed into the clear air. ... A moan went up from the field, distinctly to be heard amid the storm of battle. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Lt. Col. Franklin Sawyer, 8th Ohio<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003422_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003422-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Trimble's division of two brigades followed Pettigrew's, but made poor progress. Confusing orders from Trimble caused Lane to send only three and a half of his North Carolina regiments forward. Renewed fire from the 8th Ohio and the onslaught of Hays' riflemen prevented most of these men from getting past the Emmitsburg Road. Scales's North Carolina brigade, led by Col. William L. J. Lowrance, started with a heavier disadvantage—they had lost almost two-thirds of their men on July 1. They were also driven back and Lowrance was wounded. The Union defenders also took casualties, but Hays encouraged his men by riding back and forth just behind the battle line, shouting "Hurrah! Boys, we're giving them hell!". Two horses were shot out from under him. Historian Stephen W. Sears calls Hays' performance "inspiring".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003434–35_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003434–35-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the right flank, Pickett's Virginians crossed the Emmitsburg Road and wheeled partially to their left to face northeast. They marched in two lines, led by the brigades of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">James L. Kemper</a> on the right and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Garnett" title="Richard B. Garnett">Richard B. Garnett</a> on the left; Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Armistead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis A. Armistead">Lewis A. Armistead</a>'s brigade followed closely behind. As the division wheeled to the left, its right flank was exposed to McGilvery's guns and the front of Doubleday's Union division on Cemetery Ridge. Stannard's Vermont Brigade marched forward, faced north, and delivered withering fire into the rear of Kemper's brigade. At about this time, Hancock, who had been prominent in displaying himself on horseback to his men during the Confederate artillery bombardment, was wounded by a bullet striking the pommel of his saddle, entering his inner right thigh along with wood fragments and a large bent nail. He refused evacuation to the rear until the battle was settled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1987139–43PfanzHartwig199451Sears2003436–39_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1987139–43PfanzHartwig199451Sears2003436–39-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_of_Pickett%27s_Charge_101215.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Field_of_Pickett%27s_Charge_101215.jpg/220px-Field_of_Pickett%27s_Charge_101215.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Field_of_Pickett%27s_Charge_101215.jpg/330px-Field_of_Pickett%27s_Charge_101215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Field_of_Pickett%27s_Charge_101215.jpg/440px-Field_of_Pickett%27s_Charge_101215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption>Field of Pickett's Charge, viewed from north of The Angle, looking west</figcaption></figure> <p>As Pickett's men advanced, they withstood the defensive fire of first Stannard's brigade, then Harrow's, and then Hall's, before approaching a minor salient in the Union center, a low stone wall taking an 80-yard right-angle turn known afterward as "The Angle". It was defended by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Alexander S. Webb</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Brigade" title="Philadelphia Brigade">Philadelphia Brigade</a>. Webb placed the two remaining guns of (the severely wounded) Lt. <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Cushing" title="Alonzo Cushing">Alonzo Cushing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/4th_U.S._Artillery,_Battery_A" title="4th U.S. Artillery, Battery A">Battery A, 4th U.S. Artillery</a>, at the front of his line at the stone fence, with the <a href="/wiki/69th_Pennsylvania_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="69th Pennsylvania Infantry">69th</a> and <a href="/wiki/71st_Pennsylvania_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="71st Pennsylvania Infantry">71st Pennsylvania</a> regiments of his brigade to defend the fence and the guns. The two guns and 940 men could not match the massive firepower that Hays' division, to their right, had been able to unleash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003436–43_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003436–43-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8859" data-file-height="6202" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thure_de_Thulstrup" title="Thure de Thulstrup">Thure de Thulstrup</a>'s <i>Battle of Gettysburg</i>, showing Pickett's Charge</figcaption></figure> <p>Two gaps opened up in the Union line: the commander of the 71st Pennsylvania ordered his men to retreat when the Confederates came too close to the Angle; south of the copse of trees, the men of the 59th New York (Hall's brigade) inexplicably bolted for the rear. In the latter case, this left Captain Andrew Cowan and his 1st New York Independent Artillery Battery to face the oncoming infantry. Assisted personally by artillery chief Henry Hunt, Cowan ordered five guns to fire <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">double canister</a> simultaneously. The entire Confederate line to his front disappeared. The gap vacated by most of the 71st Pennsylvania, however, was more serious, leaving only a handful of the 71st, 268 men of the 69th Pennsylvania, and Cushing's two 3-inch rifled guns to receive the 2,500 to 3,000 men of Garnett's and Armistead's brigades as they began to cross the stone fence. The Irishmen of the 69th Pennsylvania resisted fiercely in a <a href="/wiki/Melee" title="Melee">melee</a> of rifle fire, bayonets, and fists. Webb, mortified that the 71st had retreated, brought the <a href="/wiki/72nd_Pennsylvania_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="72nd Pennsylvania Infantry">72nd Pennsylvania</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Zouave" title="Zouave">Zouave</a> regiment) forward. Initially, the regiment was hesitant to attack, this being due to the regiment not recognizing Webb as brigadier general (he had recently been promoted.) However, the 72nd moved forward after realizing their error, helping to plug the gap in the line. During the fight, Lt. Cushing was killed as he shouted to his men, three bullets striking him, the third in his mouth. The Confederates seized his two guns and turned them to face the Union troops (to no avail, as the armaments lacked ammunition). At this point, Union soldiers arrived and successfully charged into the breach. </p><p>The advancing Northerners overwhelmed the Confederate forces; the rebel advance then collapsed in turn. Given that Union forces had killed each senior Confederate officer commanding the forward-most units, no man had the authority to command the Southern forces to fall back in an orderly manner. This resulted in a disorganized retreat. As they left the battlefield, several Union officers on horseback picked up fallen Confederate battle flags and rode back and forth across the lines, dragging the flags behind them on the ground to taunt the retreating southerners.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001245,_271–76Trudeau2002506Wert2001212–13_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001245,_271–76Trudeau2002506Wert2001212–13-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armistead%27s_last_stand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Armistead%27s_last_stand.png/220px-Armistead%27s_last_stand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Armistead%27s_last_stand.png/330px-Armistead%27s_last_stand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Armistead%27s_last_stand.png/440px-Armistead%27s_last_stand.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>The monument on the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a> marking the approximate place where Armistead was fatally wounded. The wall behind the monument marks the Union lines.</figcaption></figure> <p>The infantry assault lasted less than an hour. The supporting attack by Wilcox and Lang on Pickett's right was never a factor; they did not approach the Union line until after Pickett was defeated, and their advance was quickly broken up by McGilvery's guns and by the Vermont Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001547–48Sears2003451–54_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001547–48Sears2003451–54-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Union lost about 1,500 killed and wounded, the Confederate casualty rate was over 50%. Pickett's division suffered 2,655 casualties (498 killed, 643 wounded, 833 wounded and captured, and 681 captured, unwounded). Pettigrew's losses are estimated to be about 2,700 (470 killed, 1,893 wounded, 337 captured). Trimble's two brigades lost 885 (155 killed, 650 wounded, and 80 captured). Wilcox's <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> reported losses of 200, Lang's about 400. Thus, total losses during the attack were 6,555, of which at least 1,123 Confederates were killed on the battlefield, 4,019 were wounded, and a good number of the injured were also captured. Confederate prisoner totals are difficult to estimate from their reports; Union reports indicated that 3,750 men were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001333–35Sears2003467_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001333–35Sears2003467-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The casualties were also high among the commanders of the charge. Trimble and Pettigrew were the most senior casualties of the day; Trimble lost a leg, and Pettigrew received a minor wound to the hand (only to die from a bullet to the abdomen suffered in a minor skirmish during the retreat to Virginia).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001548–49Sears2003467_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001548–49Sears2003467-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pickett's division, 26 of the 40 field grade officers (majors, lieutenant colonels, and colonels) were casualties—twelve killed or mortally wounded, nine wounded, four wounded and captured, and one captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert2001291–92_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert2001291–92-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of his brigade commanders fell: Kemper was wounded seriously, captured by Union soldiers, rescued, and then captured again during the retreat to Virginia; Garnett and Armistead were killed. Garnett had a previous leg injury and rode his horse during the charge, despite knowing that conspicuously riding a horse into heavy enemy fire would mean almost certain death. </p><p>Armistead, known for leading his brigade with his cap on the tip of his sword, made the farthest progress through the Union lines. He was mortally wounded, falling near "The Angle" at what is now called the <a href="/wiki/High-water_mark_of_the_Confederacy" title="High-water mark of the Confederacy">high-water mark of the Confederacy</a> and died two days later in a Union hospital. Ironically, the Union troops that fatally wounded Armistead were under the command of his old friend, <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>, who was himself severely wounded in the battle. Per his dying wishes, Longstreet delivered Armistead's Bible and other personal effects to Hancock's wife, Almira. Of the 15 regimental commanders in Pickett's division, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a> produced 11 and all were casualties—six killed, five wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001335_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001335-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stuart's cavalry action in indirect support of the infantry assault was unsuccessful. He was met and stopped by Union cavalry under the command of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">David McMurtrie Gregg</a> about three miles (5 km) to the east, in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Third_Day_cavalry_battles#East_Cavalry_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Third Day cavalry battles">East Cavalry Field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199452–53_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199452–53-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As soldiers straggled back to the Confederate lines along Seminary Ridge, Lee feared a Union counteroffensive and tried to rally his center, telling returning soldiers and Wilcox that the failure was "all my fault". Pickett was inconsolable for the rest of the day and never forgave Lee for ordering the charge. When Lee told Pickett to rally his division for the defense, Pickett allegedly replied, "General, I have no division."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Union counteroffensive never came; the Army of the Potomac was exhausted and nearly as damaged at the end of the three days as the Army of Northern Virginia. Meade was content to hold the field. On July 4, the armies observed an informal truce and collected their dead and wounded. Meanwhile, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> accepted the surrender of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vicksburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a> garrison along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, splitting the Confederacy in two. These two Union victories are generally considered the <a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">turning point of the American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199453_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199453-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>History may never know the true story of Lee's intentions at Gettysburg. He never published memoirs, and his after-action report from the battle was cursory. Most of the senior commanders of the charge were casualties and did not write reports. Pickett's report was apparently so bitter that Lee ordered him to destroy it, and no copy has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert2001297_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert2001297-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, when asked why the charge at Gettysburg failed, Pickett reportedly said, "I've always thought the <a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankees</a> had something to do with it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson199219Jones199258_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson199219Jones199258-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virginian newspapers praised Pickett's Virginia division as making the most progress during the charge, and the papers used Pickett's comparative success as a means of criticizing the actions of the other states' troops during the charge. It was this publicity that played a significant factor in selecting the name Pickett's Charge. Pickett's military career was never the same after the charge, and he was displeased about having his name attached to the repulsed charge. In particular North Carolinians have long taken exception to the characterizations and point to the poor performance of Brockenbrough's Virginians in the advance as a major causative factor of failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesjardins200847Sears2003359_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardins200847Sears2003359-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians have questioned the primacy of Pickett's role in the battle. W. R. Bond wrote in 1888, "No body of troops during the last war made as much reputation on so little fighting."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond19001_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond19001-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional controversy developed after the battle about Pickett's personal location during the charge. The fact that fifteen of his officers and all three of his brigadier generals were casualties while Pickett managed to escape unharmed led many to question his proximity to the fighting and, by implication, his personal courage. The 1993 film <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)"><i>Gettysburg</i></a> depicts him observing on horseback from the Codori Farm at the Emmitsburg Road, but there is no historical evidence to confirm this. It was established doctrine in the Civil War that commanders of divisions and above would "lead from the rear", while brigade and more junior officers were expected to lead from the front, and while this was often violated, there was nothing for Pickett to be ashamed of if he coordinated his forces from behind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984504–505Sears2003426,_455_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984504–505Sears2003426,_455-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Lost_Cause">The Lost Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Lost Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pickett's Charge has become one of the central symbols of the literary and cultural movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a>, in particular for Virginians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997154_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997154-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents extol the bravery of Confederate soldiers attacking headlong into Union lines, the capable leadership of southern generals inspiring overwhelming confidence in their men, especially that of Virginians such as Lee and Pickett, and the tantalizing closeness of ultimate victory. <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>, the quintessential Southern novelist, summed up the picture in Southern myth of this gallant but futile episode:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesjardins2008124–25_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardins2008124–25-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For every Southern boy fourteen years old, not once but whenever he wants it, there is the instant when it's still not yet two o'clock on that July afternoon in 1863, the brigades are in position behind the rail fence, the guns are laid and ready in the woods and the furled flags are already loosened to break out and Pickett himself with his long oiled ringlets and his hat in one hand probably and his sword in the other looking up the hill waiting for Longstreet to give the word and it's all in the balance, it hasn't happened yet, it hasn't even begun yet, it not only hasn't begun yet but there is still time for it not to begin against that position and those circumstances which made more men than Garnett and Kemper and Armistead and Wilcox look grave yet it's going to begin, we all know that, we have come too far with too much at stake and that moment doesn't need even a fourteen-year-old boy to think This time. Maybe this time with all this much to lose than all this much to gain: Pennsylvania, Maryland, the world, the golden dome of Washington itself to crown with desperate and unbelievable victory the desperate gamble, the cast made two years ago. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William Faulkner, <i><a href="/wiki/Intruder_in_the_Dust" title="Intruder in the Dust">Intruder in the Dust</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Over time this view came to dominate perceptions of the battle, despite the initial protestations from groups both north and south.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern veterans in particular opposed the decreasing emphasis on their hard-fought defense of Cemetery Ridge in favor of extolling the bravery and sacrifice of the attacking Confederate army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997108_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997108-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Virginian southerners took offense at the overwhelming focus the myth places on Virginian leaders and Virginian troops, despite that larger number of Northern Carolina troops, who sustained greater casualties than the Virginian regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997131_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997131-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, after decades of strident historicizing this narrative had firmly taken root and by the battle's 50th anniversary in 1913 it had become in many ways the standard interpretation of what occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997154–175_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997154–175-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern analysis, however, has increasingly shifted away from many of the Lost Cause interpretation's tenets.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee's decision to conduct the attack has been characterized as the culmination of multiple strategic and tactical blunders,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sacrifice of his troops as unnecessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGompertKugler20065_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGompertKugler20065-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examination of casualty records, capture reports, and first hand accounts has revealed that substantial numbers of Confederate troops involved in the attack refused to make the final charge, instead choosing to shelter in the sunken depression of the Emmitsburg Road and surrender to Union soldiers after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECWC,_''Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)''_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECWC,_''Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)''-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And later research has shown that it is unlikely Pickett's charge could ever have provided the decisive victory imagined by Lee; a study using <a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">the Lanchester model</a> to examine several alternative scenarios suggested that Lee could have captured a foothold on Cemetery Ridge if he had committed several more infantry brigades to the charge; but this likely would have left him with insufficient reserves to hold or exploit the position afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrongSodergren20151153–1168_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrongSodergren20151153–1168-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_battlefield_today">The battlefield today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The battlefield today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Water_Mark_from_Gettysburg.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/High_Water_Mark_from_Gettysburg.PNG/220px-High_Water_Mark_from_Gettysburg.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/High_Water_Mark_from_Gettysburg.PNG/330px-High_Water_Mark_from_Gettysburg.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/High_Water_Mark_from_Gettysburg.PNG 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>A small portion of the Gettysburg Cyclorama</figcaption></figure> <p>The site of Pickett's Charge is one of the best-maintained portions of the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a>. Despite millions of annual visitors to Gettysburg National Military Park, very few have walked in the footsteps of Pickett's division. The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> maintains a neat, mowed path alongside a fence that leads from the Virginia Monument on West Confederate Avenue (Seminary Ridge) due east to the Emmitsburg Road in the direction of the Copse of Trees. </p><p>Pickett's division, however, started considerably south of that point, near the Spangler farm, and wheeled to the north after crossing the road. In fact, the Park Service pathway stands <i>between</i> the two main thrusts of Longstreet's assault—Trimble's division advanced north of the current path, while Pickett's division moved from farther south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman200377,_116Sears2003427_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman200377,_116Sears2003427-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Cyclorama" title="Cyclorama">cyclorama</a> painting by the French artist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Philippoteaux" title="Paul Philippoteaux">Paul Philippoteaux</a> entitled <i>The Battle of Gettysburg</i>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Cyclorama" title="Gettysburg Cyclorama">Gettysburg Cyclorama</a>, depicts Pickett's Charge from the vantage point of the Union defenders on Cemetery Ridge. Completed and first exhibited in 1883, it is one of the last surviving cycloramas in the United States. It was restored and relocated to the new National Park Service Visitor Center in September 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENPS_''The_Gettysburg_Cyclorama''_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENPS_''The_Gettysburg_Cyclorama''-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes/References/Sources"><span id="Notes.2FReferences.2FSources"></span>Notes/References/Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes/References/Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples of "Pickett–Pettigrew–Trimble" citations are Sears,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003359_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003359-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2003185_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2003185-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gottfried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottfried2007397-417_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottfried2007397-417-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encyclopedia Virginia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Virginia,_''Numbers_at_Pickett's_Charge_(2010)''_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Virginia,_''Numbers_at_Pickett's_Charge_(2010)''-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stewart,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart19591_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart19591-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dixon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon200779_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200779-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refer to the "Picket Assault".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a href="/wiki/Craig_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Symonds">Craig Symonds</a>: "It may well have been the loudest man-made sound on the North American continent until the detonation of the first <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo, New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESymonds2001214_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESymonds2001214-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coddington indicates the bombardment stopped at 3 p.m.,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984502_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984502-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hess writes that the bombardment was essentially over by 2 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001162_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001162-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wert states that accounts from participants of the bombardment duration vary from 45 minutes to two hours or more, but the "most reliable" are one hour, because the Confederates did not have sufficient ammunition to fire longer than that.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert2001182_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert2001182-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sears states the bombardment ended at 2:30 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003415_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003415-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estimates of the guns deployed vary. Coddington wrote "over 150";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984493_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984493-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eicher, McPherson, and McPherson put it at 159;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001543_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001543-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau says 164;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau2002452_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau2002452-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symonds cites "more than 160";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESymonds2001215_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESymonds2001215-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clark writes "about 170";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1987128_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1987128-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pfanz estimates "170 (we cannot know the exact number)";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199445_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199445-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally, de Trobriand in his memoirs says, "put in line in front of the Seminary Heights from a hundred and thirty to a hundred and forty pieces."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Trobriand1889507_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Trobriand1889507-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All agree that approximately 80 guns available in the Army of Northern Virginia were <i>not</i> used during the bombardment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The temperature was recorded at 2:00 p.m. by Professor Michael Jacobs of <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_College" title="Gettysburg College">Gettysburg College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003383_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003383-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Again, estimates of the size of the attacking column vary substantially. Clark writes 12,000;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1987131_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1987131-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coddington wrote 13,500;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984462_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984462-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eicher, McPherson, and McPherson put it at 10,500 to 13,000;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hess cites 11,830;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001335_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001335-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sears says "13,000 or so";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003392_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003392-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pfanz estimates "about 12,000."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199444_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199444-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Union and Confederate accounts clearly state that most of the captured were found in the Emmitsburg Road and in the killing zone between the Road and the Federal line. The fact that captured men outnumbered the killed and wounded indicates that many did not leave the cover of the roadbed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECWC,_''Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)''_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECWC,_''Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)''-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Recall that the attack front shrank from over 5,280 feet to 2,200 feet, meaning that about 68% for whatever reason did not get close to the Federal line. Armistead’s frontage, in the second line, shrank from about 2,100 feet to around 750 feet by the time his brigade reached the Emmitsburg Road, a reduction of 64%."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECWC,_''Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)''_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECWC,_''Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)''-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears,"the 59th suddenly and unaccountably bolted"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003444–54_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003444–54-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hess, Sears, and Wert dispute prevalent accounts that Lee and Pickett met personally after the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001326Sears2003458Wert2001251–52_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001326Sears2003458Wert2001251–52-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reardon writes of northern objections<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997108–130_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997108–130-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and southern ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997131–153_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997131–153-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Just as late in the twentieth century the Lost Cause lost most of its academic support, so did historians begin to challenge the traditional narrative of Pickett’s Charge. <i>Pickett’s Charge in History and Memory</i> (1997) by Carol Reardon and <i>Pickett’s Charge—The Last Attack at Gettysburg</i> (2001) by Earl J. Hess attempted to untangle history and memory. They argued that the struggle to shape the memory of Pickett’s Charge obscured its history, devalued the role of non-Virginians, and exaggerated the attack’s importance in the context of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Virginia,_''Numbers_at_Pickett's_Charge_(2010)''_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Virginia,_''Numbers_at_Pickett's_Charge_(2010)''-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis writes, "[Lee] forfeited any long- or midrange tactical reconnaissance Stuart might have provided, and as a result had no grasp of the overall battlescape. He learned of Union movements too late to react, and never identified Meade’s center of gravity in order to direct his own efforts to best effect. He let Hill bring on a major engagement despite instructions not to do so, and then gave orders too imprecise and discretionary to be effective. Five years later Lee offered two reasons for defeat: Stuart’s absence left him blind; and he could not deliver the “one determined and united blow” that he believed would have assured victory. . . . What he did not say was that he was ultimately responsible. He let Stuart go, and his own laissez-faire management helped bungle the attacks on July 1 and 2. . . . Every general has his worst battle. Gettysburg was Lee’s."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2014330_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2014330-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Dept.,_''Official_Records'',_Vol._27/1168–173,_193-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Dept.,_''Official_Records'',_Vol._27/1168–173,_193_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S._War_Dept.,_Official_Records,_Vol._27/1">U.S. War Dept., <i>Official Records</i>, Vol. 27/1</a>, pp. 168–173, 193<i>- General Return of Casualties in the Union forces, commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, U. S. Army, at the battle of Gettysburg, July 1–3, 1863, pp.168-173<br />- General Return of Casualties in the Union forces during the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3-August 1, 1863., pp. 193-194</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544–546-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544–546_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544–546_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544–546_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001">Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001)</a>, pp. 544–546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003345-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003345_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman200363–83-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman200363–83_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarman2003">Harman (2003)</a>, pp. 63–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984461,_489-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984461,_489_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, pp. 461, 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003359-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003359_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2003185-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2003185_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2003">Hall (2003)</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottfried2007397-417-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottfried2007397-417_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGottfried2007">Gottfried (2007)</a>, p. 397-417Map Set 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Virginia,_''Numbers_at_Pickett's_Charge_(2010)''-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Virginia,_''Numbers_at_Pickett's_Charge_(2010)''_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Virginia,_''Numbers_at_Pickett's_Charge_(2010)''_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Virginia,_Numbers_at_Pickett's_Charge_(2010)">Encyclopedia Virginia, <i>Numbers at Pickett's Charge (2010)</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart19591-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart19591_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1959">Stewart (1959)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200779-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon200779_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDixon2007">Dixon (2007)</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003391-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003391_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert200198–99-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert200198–99_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWert2001">Wert (2001)</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1998141-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1998141_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher1998">Gallagher (1998)</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984454–455-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984454–455_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, pp. 454–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Dept.,_''Official_Records'',_Vol._27/3168–173,_193-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Dept.,_''Official_Records'',_Vol._27/3168–173,_193_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S._War_Dept.,_Official_Records,_Vol._27/3">U.S. War Dept., <i>Official Records</i>, Vol. 27/3</a>, pp. 168–173, 193<i>Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, Circular, Battlefield near Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984485Sears2003377–80Wert2001127-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984485Sears2003377–80Wert2001127_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, p. 485; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 377–80; <a href="#CITEREFWert2001">Wert (2001)</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESymonds2001214-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESymonds2001214_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSymonds2001">Symonds (2001)</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984502-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984502_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001162-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001162_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert2001182-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert2001182_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWert2001">Wert (2001)</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003415-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003415_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984493-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984493_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, p. 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001543-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001543_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001543_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001">Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001)</a>, p. 543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudeau2002452-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudeau2002452_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudeau2002">Trudeau (2002)</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESymonds2001215-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESymonds2001215_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSymonds2001">Symonds (2001)</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1987128-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1987128_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1987">Clark (1987)</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199445-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199445_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfanzHartwig1994">Pfanz & Hartwig (1994)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Trobriand1889507-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Trobriand1889507_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Trobriand1889">de Trobriand (1889)</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1987135Coddington1984497Hess2001180–81Sears2003397–400Wert2001175,_184-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1987135Coddington1984497Hess2001180–81Sears2003397–400Wert2001175,_184_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1987">Clark (1987)</a>, p. 135; <a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, p. 497; <a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, pp. 180–81; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 397–400; <a href="#CITEREFWert2001">Wert (2001)</a>, pp. 175, 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003383-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003383_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001151-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001151_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert2001283-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert2001283_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWert2001">Wert (2001)</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984500–502Hess2001160–61Longstreet1992392-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984500–502Hess2001160–61Longstreet1992392_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, pp. 500–502; <a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, pp. 160–61; <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1992">Longstreet (1992)</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001161–62-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001161–62_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, pp. 161–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984502Hess2001162Sears2003415Wert2001182-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984502Hess2001162Sears2003415Wert2001182_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, p. 502; <a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, p. 162; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 415; <a href="#CITEREFWert2001">Wert (2001)</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1987131-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1987131_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1987">Clark (1987)</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984462-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984462_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001544_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001">Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001)</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001335-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001335_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001335_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003392-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003392_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199444-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199444_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfanzHartwig1994">Pfanz & Hartwig (1994)</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERable20021-2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERable20021-2_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRable2002">Rable (2002)</a>, p. 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEECWC,_''Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)''-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECWC,_''Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)''_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECWC,_''Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)''_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECWC,_''Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)''_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFECWC,_Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)">ECWC, <i>Priest, John M.,"Pickett's Charge" (2010)</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1987137Hess2001171Sears2003424–26-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1987137Hess2001171Sears2003424–26_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1987">Clark (1987)</a>, p. 137; <a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, p. 171; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 424–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001188–190Sears2003422–25,_429–31-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001188–190Sears2003422–25,_429–31_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, pp. 188–190; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 422–25, 429–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003422-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003422_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003434–35-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003434–35_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 434–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1987139–43PfanzHartwig199451Sears2003436–39-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1987139–43PfanzHartwig199451Sears2003436–39_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark1987">Clark (1987)</a>, p. 139–43; <a href="#CITEREFPfanzHartwig1994">Pfanz & Hartwig (1994)</a>, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 436–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003436–43-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003436–43_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 436–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2003444–54-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2003444–54_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 444–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001245,_271–76Trudeau2002506Wert2001212–13-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001245,_271–76Trudeau2002506Wert2001212–13_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, pp. 245, 271–76; <a href="#CITEREFTrudeau2002">Trudeau (2002)</a>, p. 506; <a href="#CITEREFWert2001">Wert (2001)</a>, pp. 212–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001547–48Sears2003451–54-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001547–48Sears2003451–54_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001">Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001)</a>, pp. 547–48; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 451–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001333–35Sears2003467-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001333–35Sears2003467_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, pp. 333–35; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001548–49Sears2003467-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001548–49Sears2003467_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001">Eicher, McPherson & McPherson (2001)</a>, pp. 548–49; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert2001291–92-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert2001291–92_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWert2001">Wert (2001)</a>, pp. 291–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199452–53-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199452–53_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfanzHartwig1994">Pfanz & Hartwig (1994)</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2001326Sears2003458Wert2001251–52-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHess2001326Sears2003458Wert2001251–52_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHess2001">Hess (2001)</a>, p. 326; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 458; <a href="#CITEREFWert2001">Wert (2001)</a>, pp. 251–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199453-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfanzHartwig199453_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfanzHartwig1994">Pfanz & Hartwig (1994)</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert2001297-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert2001297_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWert2001">Wert (2001)</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson199219Jones199258-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson199219Jones199258_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson1992">McPherson (1992)</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFJones1992">Jones (1992)</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardins200847Sears2003359-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesjardins200847Sears2003359_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesjardins2008">Desjardins (2008)</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond19001-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond19001_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBond1900">Bond (1900)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1984504–505Sears2003426,_455-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoddington1984504–505Sears2003426,_455_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoddington1984">Coddington (1984)</a>, pp. 504–505; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, pp. 426, 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997154-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997154_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReardon1997">Reardon (1997)</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesjardins2008124–25-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesjardins2008124–25_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesjardins2008">Desjardins (2008)</a>, pp. 124–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997108–130-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997108–130_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReardon1997">Reardon (1997)</a>, pp. 108–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997131–153-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997131–153_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReardon1997">Reardon (1997)</a>, pp. 131–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997108-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997108_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReardon1997">Reardon (1997)</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997131-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997131_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReardon1997">Reardon (1997)</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReardon1997154–175-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReardon1997154–175_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReardon1997">Reardon (1997)</a>, pp. 154–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2014330-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2014330_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2014">Davis (2014)</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGompertKugler20065-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGompertKugler20065_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGompertKugler2006">Gompert & Kugler (2006)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrongSodergren20151153–1168-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrongSodergren20151153–1168_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrongSodergren2015">Armstrong & Sodergren (2015)</a>, pp. 1153–1168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarman200377,_116Sears2003427-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarman200377,_116Sears2003427_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarman2003">Harman (2003)</a>, pp. 77, 116; <a href="#CITEREFSears2003">Sears (2003)</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENPS_''The_Gettysburg_Cyclorama''-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENPS_''The_Gettysburg_Cyclorama''_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNPS_The_Gettysburg_Cyclorama">NPS <i>The Gettysburg Cyclorama</i></a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongSodergren2015" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Michael J.; Sodergren, Steven E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26612265">"Refighting Pickett's Charge: Mathematical Modeling of the Civil War Battlefield"</a>. <i>Social Science Quarterly</i>. <b>96</b> (4). [University of Texas Press, Wiley]: 1153–1168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fssqu.12178">10.1111/ssqu.12178</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10464%2F9359">10464/9359</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-4941">0038-4941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26612265">26612265</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Refighting+Pickett%27s+Charge%3A+Mathematical+Modeling+of+the+Civil+War+Battlefield&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1153-1168&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10464%2F9359&rft.issn=0038-4941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26612265%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fssqu.12178&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Sodergren%2C+Steven+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26612265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1900" class="citation book cs1">Bond, William R. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pickettorpettigr00bond/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Pickett or Pettigrew?: An Historical Essay</i></a>. Scotland Neck, NC: W.L.L. Hall. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/14013138">14013138</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9398853">9398853</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pickett+or+Pettigrew%3F%3A+An+Historical+Essay&rft.place=Scotland+Neck%2C+NC&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=W.L.L.+Hall&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9398853&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F14013138&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpickettorpettigr00bond%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1987" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Champ (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gettysburgconfed00clar/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Gettysburg: The Confederate High Tide</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. The Civil War (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_VA" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria, VA">Alexandria, VA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Time-Life_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-Life Books">Time-Life Books</a>. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-4757-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-4757-2"><bdi>978-0-8094-4757-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/85001046">85001046</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18204757">18204757</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gettysburg%3A+The+Confederate+High+Tide&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.series=The+Civil+War&rft.pages=184&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18204757&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F85001046&rft.isbn=978-0-8094-4757-2&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Champ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgettysburgconfed00clar%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoddington1984" class="citation book cs1">Coddington, Edwin B. (1984) [1968]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gettysburgcampai0000codd_t1x1/mode/2up?_autoReadAloud=show"><i>The Gettysburg Campaign; A Study in Command</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st Paperback ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. 5–7, 397–411, 485–489, 499–502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684181525" title="Special:BookSources/0684181525"><bdi>0684181525</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/84168933">84168933</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1285549273">1285549273</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gettysburg+Campaign%3B+A+Study+in+Command&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=5-7%2C+397-411%2C+485-489%2C+499-502&rft.edition=1st+Paperback&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1285549273&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F84168933&rft.isbn=0684181525&rft.aulast=Coddington&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgettysburgcampai0000codd_t1x1%2Fmode%2F2up%3F_autoReadAloud%3Dshow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">Davis, William C.</a> (2014). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jHRDQAAQBAJ"><i>Crucible of Command: Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee -- The War They Fought, the Peace They Forged</i></a></span>. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 688. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82245-2"><bdi>978-0-306-82245-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2013497767">2013497767</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868039681">868039681</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+Command%3A+Ulysses+S.+Grant+and+Robert+E.+Lee+--+The+War+They+Fought%2C+the+Peace+They+Forged&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=688&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868039681&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2013497767&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82245-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jHRDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesjardins2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Desjardin" title="Thomas A. Desjardin">Desjardins, Thomas A.</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V-R2AAAAMAAJ"><i>These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(Kindle Edition)</span> (Kindle ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81267-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81267-5"><bdi>978-0-306-81267-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52838310">52838310</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=These+Honored+Dead%3A+How+the+Story+of+Gettysburg+Shaped+American+Memory&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52838310&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81267-5&rft.aulast=Desjardins&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV-R2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Trobriand1889" class="citation book cs1">de Trobriand, Régis (1889). Dauchy, George Kellogg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fouryearswitharm02trob/page/n537/mode/1up"><i>Four Years with the Army of the Potomac</i></a>. Boston: Ticknor and Co. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/02012797">02012797</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56754824">56754824</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Years+with+the+Army+of+the+Potomac&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Ticknor+and+Co.&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56754824&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F02012797&rft.aulast=de+Trobriand&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffouryearswitharm02trob%2Fpage%2Fn537%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2007" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Benjamin Y. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBzSHgAACAAJ"><i>Learning the Battle of Gettysburg: A Guide to the Official Records</i></a></span> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg, PA">Gettysburg, PA</a>: Thomas Publications. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57747-121-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57747-121-9"><bdi>978-1-57747-121-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/183400945">183400945</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+the+Battle+of+Gettysburg%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Official+Records&rft.place=Gettysburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Thomas+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183400945&rft.isbn=978-1-57747-121-9&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBzSHgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Alan_McPherson" title="James Alan McPherson">McPherson, James Alan</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longestnightmili00eich"><i>The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1846-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1846-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-1846-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001034153">2001034153</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231931020">231931020</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+Night%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=990&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231931020&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001034153&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1846-7&rft.aulast=Eicher&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=McPherson%2C+James+M.&rft.au=McPherson%2C+James+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongestnightmili00eich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gallagher, Gary W.</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/236/monograph/book/18660"><i>Lee and His Generals in War and Memory</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_LA" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge, LA">Baton Rouge, LA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4177-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4177-9"><bdi>978-0-8071-4177-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47010214">47010214</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee+and+His+Generals+in+War+and+Memory&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47010214&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-4177-9&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F236%2Fmonograph%2Fbook%2F18660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGompertKugler2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gompert, David C.; Kugler, Richard L. (August 2006). Binnendijk, Hans (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/1008511/lees-mistake-learning-from-the-decision-to-order-picketts-charge">"Lee's Mistake: Learning from the Decision to Order Pickett's Charge"</a>. <i>Defense Horizons</i> (54). National Defense University Press: 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2643-1106">2643-1106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defense+Horizons&rft.atitle=Lee%27s+Mistake%3A+Learning+from+the+Decision+to+Order+Pickett%27s+Charge&rft.issue=54&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2006-08&rft.issn=2643-1106&rft.aulast=Gompert&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Kugler%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndupress.ndu.edu%2FMedia%2FNews%2FNews-Article-View%2FArticle%2F1008511%2Flees-mistake-learning-from-the-decision-to-order-picketts-charge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottfried2007" class="citation book cs1">Gottfried, Bradley M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7LH0dzxraEC"><i>The Maps of Gettysburg: An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3–13, 1863</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(ebook)</span> (2010 Kindle ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Savas_Beatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Savas Beatie">Savas Beatie</a>. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-30-2"><bdi>978-1-932714-30-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759859348">759859348</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maps+of+Gettysburg%3A+An+Atlas+of+the+Gettysburg+Campaign%2C+June+3%E2%80%9313%2C+1863&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=384&rft.edition=2010+Kindle&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759859348&rft.isbn=978-1-932714-30-2&rft.aulast=Gottfried&rft.aufirst=Bradley+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7LH0dzxraEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall, Jeffrey C.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standofusarmyatg0000hall/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, IN</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34258-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34258-4"><bdi>978-0-253-34258-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51810789">51810789</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stand+of+the+U.S.+Army+at+Gettysburg&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=415&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51810789&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34258-4&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstandofusarmyatg0000hall%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman2003" class="citation book cs1">Harman, Troy D. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leesrealplanatge0000harm/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Mechanicsburg,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanicsburg, PA">Mechanicsburg, PA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0054-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0054-2"><bdi>978-0-8117-0054-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003042409">2003042409</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51582374">51582374</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee%27s+Real+Plan+at+Gettysburg&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51582374&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003042409&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-0054-2&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Troy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleesrealplanatge0000harm%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2001" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Earl J. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pickettschargeth0000hess/mode/2up"><i>Pickett's Charge: The Last Attack at Gettysburg</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. Civil War America (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_NC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel Hill, NC">Chapel Hill, NC</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9839-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9839-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-9839-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001027492">2001027492</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/731680317">731680317</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pickett%27s+Charge%3A+The+Last+Attack+at+Gettysburg&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.series=Civil+War+America&rft.pages=528&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F731680317&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001027492&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-9839-0&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Earl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpickettschargeth0000hess%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1992" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Archer (1992). "Military Means, Political Ends: Strategy". In <a href="/wiki/Gabor_Boritt" title="Gabor Boritt">Boritt, Gabor S.</a> (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyconfederacylo00gabo/page/n6/mode/1up"><i>Why the Confederacy Lost</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 43–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987443-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987443-9"><bdi>978-0-19-987443-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/778433136">778433136</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Military+Means%2C+Political+Ends%3A+Strategy&rft.btitle=Why+the+Confederacy+Lost&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=43-78&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F778433136&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987443-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Archer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyconfederacylo00gabo%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongWright1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Armistead_Lindsay_Long" title="Armistead Lindsay Long">Long, Armistead Lindsay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Joseph_Wright" title="Marcus Joseph Wright">Wright, Marcus Joseph</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofroberte01long/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Memoirs of Robert E. Lee: His Military and Personal History</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. The Civil War Part III: The Generals' Perspective (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: J.M. Stoddart, & Company. p. 707. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/12001833">12001833</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894105373">894105373</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Robert+E.+Lee%3A+His+Military+and+Personal+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=The+Civil+War+Part+III%3A+The+Generals%27+Perspective&rft.pages=707&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=J.M.+Stoddart%2C+%26+Company&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894105373&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F12001833&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Armistead+Lindsay&rft.au=Wright%2C+Marcus+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofroberte01long%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongstreet1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet, James</a> (1992) [1st pub. 1896]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommanassastoap0000long_c2k0/mode/2up"><i>From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (1st Da Capo Press ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">J. B. Lippincott and Co.</a> p. 690. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-2023-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-2023-7"><bdi>978-1-5107-2023-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91046690">91046690</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645822774">645822774</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Manassas+to+Appomattox%3A+Memoirs+of+the+Civil+War+in+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=690&rft.edition=1st+Da+Capo+Press&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+and+Co.&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645822774&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91046690&rft.isbn=978-1-5107-2023-7&rft.aulast=Longstreet&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrommanassastoap0000long_c2k0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> (1992). "American Victory, American Defeat". In <a href="/wiki/Gabor_Boritt" title="Gabor Boritt">Boritt, Gabor S.</a> (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyconfederacylo00gabo/page/n6/mode/1up"><i>Why the Confederacy Lost</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 15–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987443-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987443-9"><bdi>978-0-19-987443-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/778433136">778433136</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Victory%2C+American+Defeat&rft.btitle=Why+the+Confederacy+Lost&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=15-42&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F778433136&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987443-9&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyconfederacylo00gabo%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfanzHartwig1994" class="citation book cs1">Pfanz, Harry Willcox; Hartwig, Scott (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofgettysbu0000pfan/mode/1up"><i>The Battle of Gettysburg</i></a></span>. National Park Civil War Series. <a href="/wiki/Conshohocken,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Conshohocken, PA">Conshohocken, PA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_National_Park_and_Monument_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern National Park and Monument Association">Eastern National Park and Monument Association</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915992-63-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915992-63-8"><bdi>978-0-915992-63-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95137015">95137015</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32853060">32853060</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Gettysburg&rft.place=Conshohocken%2C+PA&rft.series=National+Park+Civil+War+Series&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Eastern+National+Park+and+Monument+Association&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32853060&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95137015&rft.isbn=978-0-915992-63-8&rft.aulast=Pfanz&rft.aufirst=Harry+Willcox&rft.au=Hartwig%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofgettysbu0000pfan%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRable2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Rable" title="George C. Rable">Rable, George C.</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/12/monograph/book/24546"><i>Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg!</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (1st ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 681. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6793-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-6793-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701718794">701718794</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fredericksburg%21+Fredericksburg%21&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=681&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701718794&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-6793-8&rft.aulast=Rable&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F12%2Fmonograph%2Fbook%2F24546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReardon1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Reardon" title="Carol Reardon">Reardon, Carol</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pickettschargein0000rear/mode/2up"><i>Pickett's Charge in History and Memory</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. Civil War America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2379-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-2379-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-2379-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36549056">36549056</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pickett%27s+Charge+in+History+and+Memory&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.series=Civil+War+America&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36549056&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-2379-8&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpickettschargein0000rear%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears" title="Stephen W. Sears">Sears, Stephen W.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Gettysburg-Stephen-W-Sears-ebook/dp/B003ZSISYO/ref=sr_1_4?dchild=1&keywords=Stephen+W.+Sears&qid=1606352931&s=digital-text&sr=1-4"><i>Gettysburg</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-48538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-48538-3"><bdi>978-0-618-48538-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001492292">1001492292</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gettysburg&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1001492292&rft.isbn=978-0-618-48538-3&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FGettysburg-Stephen-W-Sears-ebook%2Fdp%2FB003ZSISYO%2Fref%3Dsr_1_4%3Fdchild%3D1%26keywords%3DStephen%2BW.%2BSears%26qid%3D1606352931%26s%3Ddigital-text%26sr%3D1-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_R._Stewart" title="George R. Stewart">Stewart, George R.</a> (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pickettscharge0000unse/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-59772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-59772-9"><bdi>978-0-395-59772-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/59008864">59008864</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/444677">444677</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pickett%27s+Charge%3A+A+Microhistory+of+the+Final+Attack+at+Gettysburg%2C+July+3%2C+1863&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=359&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F444677&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F59008864&rft.isbn=978-0-395-59772-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=George+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpickettscharge0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymonds2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Symonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Symonds">Symonds, Craig L.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000symo/mode/2up"><i>American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperCollins Publishers">HarperCollins Publishers</a>. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-019474-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-019474-X"><bdi>0-06-019474-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910670437">910670437</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+History+of+the+Battle+of+Gettysburg&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=328&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910670437&rft.isbn=0-06-019474-X&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage0000symo%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau2002" class="citation book cs1">Trudeau, Noah Andre (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrfHQgAACAAJ"><i>Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperCollins Publishers">HarperCollins Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019363-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019363-8"><bdi>978-0-06-019363-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49999595">49999595</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gettysburg%3A+A+Testing+of+Courage&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49999595&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019363-8&rft.aulast=Trudeau&rft.aufirst=Noah+Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrfHQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._War_Dept.,_Official_Records,_Vol._27/1" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/U.S._War_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. War Department">U.S. War Department</a> (1889). <i>Operations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Department of the East. June 3 – August 3, 1863 – Reports</i>. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XXVII-XXXIX-I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1164. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo.31924077699761">2027/coo.31924077699761</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857196196">857196196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operations+in+North+Carolina%2C+Virginia%2C+West+Virginia%2C+Maryland%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+and+Department+of+the+East.+June+3+%E2%80%93+August+3%2C+1863+%E2%80%93+Reports&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=1164&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fcoo.31924077699761&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857196196&rft.au=U.S.+War+Department&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._War_Dept.,_Official_Records,_Vol._27/2" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/U.S._War_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. War Department">U.S. War Department</a> (1889). <i>Operations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Department of the East. June 3 – August 3, 1863 – Reports</i>. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XXVII-XXXIX-II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1118. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo.31924077699761">2027/coo.31924077699761</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857196196">857196196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operations+in+North+Carolina%2C+Virginia%2C+West+Virginia%2C+Maryland%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+and+Department+of+the+East.+June+3+%E2%80%93+August+3%2C+1863+%E2%80%93+Reports&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=1118&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fcoo.31924077699761&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857196196&rft.au=U.S.+War+Department&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._War_Dept.,_Official_Records,_Vol._27/3" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/U.S._War_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. War Department">U.S. War Department</a> (1889). <i>Operations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Department of the East. June 3 – August 3, 1863 – Correspondence, etc</i>. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XXVII-XXXIX-III. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 798. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo.31924077700262">2027/coo.31924077700262</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857196196">857196196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operations+in+North+Carolina%2C+Virginia%2C+West+Virginia%2C+Maryland%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+and+Department+of+the+East.+June+3+%E2%80%93+August+3%2C+1863+%E2%80%93+Correspondence%2C+etc.&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.pages=798&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fcoo.31924077700262&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857196196&rft.au=U.S.+War+Department&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWert2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffry_D._Wert" title="Jeffry D. Wert">Wert, Jeffry D.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Gettysburg-Day-Three/Jeffry-D-Wert/9780684859156"><i>Gettysburg, Day Three</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(ebook)</span> (2015 Kindle ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 653. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2929-6"><bdi>978-1-4391-2929-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910670437">910670437</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gettysburg%2C+Day+Three&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=653&rft.edition=2015+Kindle&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910670437&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-2929-6&rft.aulast=Wert&rft.aufirst=Jeffry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simonandschuster.com%2Fbooks%2FGettysburg-Day-Three%2FJeffry-D-Wert%2F9780684859156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Virginia,_Numbers_at_Pickett's_Charge_(2010)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/numbers-at-picketts-charge/">"Numbers at Pickett's Charge"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i>. December 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.atitle=Numbers+at+Pickett%27s+Charge&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fnumbers-at-picketts-charge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNPS_The_Gettysburg_Cyclorama" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/gettcyclo.htm">"The Gettysburg Cyclorama"</a>. <i>nps.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Park Service">U.S. National Park Service</a>. January 19, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=The+Gettysburg+Cyclorama&rft.date=2005-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Fgett%2Fgettcyclo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFECWC,_Priest,_John_M.,"Pickett's_Charge"_(2010)" class="citation web cs1">Priest, John M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/picketts-charge.html">"Pickett's Charge"</a>. <i>www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com</i>. Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com&rft.atitle=Pickett%27s+Charge&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Priest&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com%2Fpicketts-charge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APickett%27s+Charge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?96629-1/picketts-charge-history-memory"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Carol Reardon on <i>Pickett's Charge in History and Memory</i>, February 8, 1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bearss" title="Ed Bearss">Bearss, Edwin C.</a> <i>Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War</i>. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-7568-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-7568-3">0-7922-7568-3</a>.</li> <li>Bearss, Edwin C. <i>Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War</i>. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0510-1">978-1-4262-0510-1</a>.</li> <li>Gallagher, Gary W., ed. <i>The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4753-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4753-4">0-8078-4753-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Haskell" title="Frank A. Haskell">Haskell, Frank Aretas</a>. <i>The Battle of Gettysburg</i>. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-6012-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-6012-0">978-1-4286-6012-0</a>.</li> <li>Laino, Philip, <i>Gettysburg Campaign Atlas</i>. 2nd ed. Dayton, OH: Gatehouse Press 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934900-45-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934900-45-1">978-1-934900-45-1</a>.</li> <li>McCulloch, Captain Robert. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIgxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA23">The High Tide at Gettysburg</a></i>. 1915.</li> <li>Petruzzi, J. David, and Steven Stanley. <i>The Complete Gettysburg Guide</i>. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-63-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-63-0">978-1-932714-63-0</a>.</li> <li>Reardon, Carol. <i>Pickett's Charge in History and Memory</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5461-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5461-7">978-0-8078-5461-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pickett%27s_Charge" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa-civil-war.com/Gettysburg/g_view_e.html">Modern photograph of the Copse of Trees</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Numbers_at_Pickett_s_Charge">Numbers at Pickett's Charge in <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Pickett_s_Charge">Pickett's Charge in <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gettysburg_campaign" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Template:Gettysburg Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Template talk:Gettysburg Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gettysburg_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg campaign</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_engagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engagement">Engagements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandy_Station" title="Battle of Brandy Station">Brandy Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Second Battle of Winchester">Second Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldie" title="Battle of Aldie">Aldie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middleburg" title="Battle of Middleburg">Middleburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Upperville" title="Battle of Upperville">Upperville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Sporting_Hill" title="Skirmish of Sporting Hill">Sporting Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanover" title="Battle of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carlisle" title="Battle of Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunterstown" title="Battle of Hunterstown">Hunterstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfield" title="Battle of Fairfield">Fairfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_First_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, First Day">1st day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Second_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Second Day">2nd day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a></li></ul></li> <li>3rd day <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pickett's Charge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Artillery_barrage">Artillery barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_Third_Day_cavalry_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gettysburg, Third Day cavalry battles">Cavalry battles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Retreat_from_Gettysburg" title="Retreat from Gettysburg">Retreat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fight_at_Monterey_Pass" title="Fight at Monterey Pass">Monterey Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsport" title="Battle of Williamsport">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boonsboro" title="Battle of Boonsboro">Boonsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Funkstown" title="Battle of Funkstown">Funkstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manassas_Gap" title="Battle of Manassas Gap">Manassas Gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Porter_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Porter Alexander">E. Porter Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_A._Early" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubal A. Early">Jubal A. Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Richard S. Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Hood">John B. Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)"> Allegheny Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">Lafayette McLaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">W. Dorsey Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">J. Johnston Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Pickett" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Pickett">George E. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Robert E. Rodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Isaac R. Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Armistead" title="Lewis Armistead">Lewis Armistead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union</a> commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">Joshua L. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Custer" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Custer">George A. Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Greene" title="George S. Greene">George S. Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Hancock" class="mw-redirect" title="Winfield S. Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Oliver Otis Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Hunt">Henry J. Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Alfred Pleasonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">John Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Daniel E. Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Henry W. Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">George Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Union order of battle">order of battle</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Union Army)">I Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Union Army)">III Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XI Corps (Union Army)">XI Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (Union Army)">XII Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Brigade" title="Iron Brigade">Iron Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Minnesota_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry">1st Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Maine_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment">20th Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Battle_of_Gettysburg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Gettysburg">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Confederate_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Confederate order of battle">order of battle</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">First Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Second Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Third Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Cavalry Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaign geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater of the American Civil War</a></li> <li>Departments: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Monongahela" title="Department of the Monongahela">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Susquehanna" title="Department of the Susquehanna">Susquehanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War#Gettysburg_Campaign" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg Battlefield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Template:Battle of Gettysburg">template</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_Battlefield_timeline" title="Template:Gettysburg Battlefield timeline">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" title="Category:Gettysburg campaign">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gettysburg campaign"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/19px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/29px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/38px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&oldid=1255780520">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&oldid=1255780520</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Category:Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Pickett" title="Category:George Pickett">George Pickett</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:July_1863_events" title="Category:July 1863 events">July 1863 events</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2021" title="Category:Use American English from July 2021">Use American English from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2021">Use mdy dates from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 17:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pickett%27s_Charge&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-gtqkc","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.264","walltime":"1.560","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11241,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":172881,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19425,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":165698,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1307.972 1 -total"," 17.47% 228.552 67 Template:Sfnp"," 13.80% 180.551 28 Template:Cite_book"," 11.29% 147.652 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 9.11% 119.164 3 Template:Military_navigation"," 9.09% 118.891 1 Template:Gettysburg_Campaign"," 7.52% 98.298 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.33% 95.817 13 Template:NoteTag"," 7.11% 93.039 2 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.46% 71.369 89 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.713","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8326480,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArmstrongSodergren2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBond1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoddington1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesjardins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFECWC,_Priest,_John_M.,\u0026quot;Pickett\u0026#039;s_Charge\u0026quot;_(2010)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEicherMcPhersonMcPherson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_Virginia,_Numbers_at_Pickett\u0026#039;s_Charge_(2010)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGompertKugler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottfried2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongWright1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongstreet1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNPS_The_Gettysburg_Cyclorama\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfanzHartwig1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRable2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReardon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSears2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymonds2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudeau2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._War_Dept.,_Official_Records,_Vol._27/1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._War_Dept.,_Official_Records,_Vol._27/2\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._War_Dept.,_Official_Records,_Vol._27/3\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWert2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Trobriand1889\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 1,\n [\"Gettysburg Campaign\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 13,\n [\"PD-notice\"] = 4,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnmp\"] = 16,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 67,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"WIA\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6fdd9f9b88-hxtjl","timestamp":"20241129193612","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pickett's Charge","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pickett%27s_Charge","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1152440","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1152440","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-14T23:00:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-06T17:03:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/23\/Makers_of_the_world%27s_history_and_their_grand_achievements_%281903%29_%2814596104027%29.jpg","headline":"Confederate infantry assault during the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War"}</script> </body> </html>