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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moors,_Al-Andalus_dan_Sisilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moors,_Al-Andalus_dan_Sisilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Moors, Al-Andalus dan Sisilia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moors,_Al-Andalus_dan_Sisilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dampak_budaya_dan_interaksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dampak_budaya_dan_interaksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Dampak budaya dan interaksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dampak_budaya_dan_interaksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hungaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rusia_dan_Ukraina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rusia_dan_Ukraina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rusia dan Ukraina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rusia_dan_Ukraina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus_dan_Polandia-Lituania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus_dan_Polandia-Lituania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Belarus dan Polandia-Lituania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus_dan_Polandia-Lituania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kekaisaran_Ottoman_dan_Balkan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kekaisaran_Ottoman_dan_Balkan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Kekaisaran Ottoman dan Balkan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kekaisaran_Ottoman_dan_Balkan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Conversion to Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengaruh_budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengaruh_budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Pengaruh budaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengaruh_budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_kedua_puluh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_kedua_puluh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Abad kedua puluh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_kedua_puluh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi_saat_ini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi_saat_ini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demografi saat ini</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografi_saat_ini-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Demografi saat ini</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografi_saat_ini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proyeksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proyeksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Proyeksi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proyeksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muslim_menurut_kelompok_umur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_menurut_kelompok_umur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Muslim menurut kelompok umur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_menurut_kelompok_umur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negara_di_Eropa_dengan_penduduk_Muslim_terbanyak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negara_di_Eropa_dengan_penduduk_Muslim_terbanyak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Negara di Eropa dengan penduduk Muslim terbanyak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negara_di_Eropa_dengan_penduduk_Muslim_terbanyak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masyarakat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masyarakat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Masyarakat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Masyarakat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Masyarakat</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Masyarakat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masjid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masjid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Masjid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masjid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernisasi_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernisasi_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modernisasi Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernisasi_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikap_terhadap_Muslim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikap_terhadap_Muslim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sikap terhadap Muslim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikap_terhadap_Muslim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam di Eropa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 38 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="الإسلام في أوروبا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإسلام في أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="الاسلام فى اوروبا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاسلام فى اوروبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ислям в Европа – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ислям в Европа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইউরোপে ইসলাম – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরোপে ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_u_Evropi" title="Islam u Evropi – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Islam u Evropi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1m_v_Evrop%C4%9B" title="Islám v Evropě – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Islám v Evropě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europa" title="Islam in Europa – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Islam in Europa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Islam in Europe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_en_Europa" title="Islam en Europa – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islam en Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اسلام در اروپا – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلام در اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Euroopassa" title="Islam Euroopassa – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islam Euroopassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_en_Europe" title="Islam en Europe – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islam en Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="אסלאם באירופה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסלאם באירופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="यूरोप में इस्लाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरोप में इस्लाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_iszl%C3%A1m_Eur%C3%B3p%C3%A1ban" title="Az iszlám Európában – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az iszlám Európában" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslam_%C3%AD_Evr%C3%B3pu" title="Íslam í Evrópu – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íslam í Evrópu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europa" title="Islam in Europa – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Islam in Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ислам Еуропада – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ислам Еуропада" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C4%81ms_Eirop%C4%81" title="Islāms Eiropā – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islāms Eiropā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Eropah" title="Islam di Eropah – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam di Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europa" title="Islam in Europa – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Islam in Europa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਯੂਰਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸਲਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸਲਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="یورپ وچ اسلام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورپ وچ اسلام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamismo_na_Europa" title="Islamismo na Europa – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Islamismo na Europa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamul_Europei" title="Islamul Europei – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Islamul Europei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Ислам в Европе – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ислам в Европе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE_%DB%BE_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="يورپ ۾ اسلام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يورپ ۾ اسلام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islam in Europe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_evropske_integracije" title="Islam in evropske integracije – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Islam in evropske integracije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_n%C3%AB_Evrop%C3%AB" title="Islami në Evropë – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islami në Evropë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_i_Europa" title="Islam i Europa – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Islam i Europa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uislamu_barani_Ulaya" title="Uislamu barani Ulaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uislamu barani Ulaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="ศาสนาอิสลามในทวีปยุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาอิสลามในทวีปยุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa%27da_%C4%B0slam" title="Avrupa'da İslam – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa'da İslam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96" title="Іслам у Європі – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іслам у Європі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="یورپ میں اسلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورپ میں اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevropada_islom" title="Yevropada islom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevropada islom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="欧洲伊斯兰教 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧洲伊斯兰教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q527425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Eropa" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Islam_di_Eropa" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/60px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/80px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Artikel ini membutuhkan <b>rujukan tambahan</b> agar kualitasnya <b>dapat <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pemastian" title="Wikipedia:Pemastian">dipastikan</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Mohon bantu kami <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit">mengembangkan artikel ini</a> dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya</a>. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Cari sumber:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Islam+di+Eropa%22&num=50">"Islam di Eropa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?q=%22Islam+di+Eropa%22&tbm=nws">berita</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?&q=%22Islam+di+Eropa%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">surat kabar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Islam+di+Eropa%22">buku</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Islam+di+Eropa%22">cendekiawan</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Islam+di+Eropa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">Mei 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Islam_menurut_negara" title="Islam menurut negara">Islam menurut negara</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/200px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/300px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/400px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Afrika" title="Islam di Afrika">Afrika</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Aljazair" title="Islam di Aljazair">Aljazair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Angola" title="Islam di Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Benin" title="Islam di Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Botswana" title="Islam di Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam di Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Burundi" title="Islam di Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kamerun" title="Islam di Kamerun">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Tanjung_Verde" title="Islam di Tanjung Verde">Tanjung Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Afrika_Tengah" title="Islam di Afrika Tengah">Republik Afrika Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Chad" title="Islam di Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Komoro" title="Islam di Komoro">Komoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Republik_Demokratik_Kongo" title="Islam di Republik Demokratik Kongo">Republik Demokratik Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Republik_Kongo" title="Islam di Republik Kongo">Republik Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam di Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Mesir" title="Islam di Mesir">Mesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Guinea_Khatulistiwa" title="Islam di Guinea Khatulistiwa">Guinea Khatulistiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam di Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Eswatini" title="Islam di Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Etiopia" title="Islam di Etiopia">Etiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Gabon" title="Islam di Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Gambia" title="Islam di Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Ghana" title="Islam di Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Guinea" title="Islam di Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Guinea-Bissau" title="Islam di Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Pantai_Gading" title="Islam di Pantai Gading">Pantai Gading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kenya" title="Islam di Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Lesotho" title="Islam di Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Liberia" title="Islam di Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Libya" title="Islam di Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Madagaskar" title="Islam di Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Malawi" title="Islam di Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Mali" title="Islam di Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Mauritania" title="Islam di Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Mauritius" title="Islam di Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Maroko" title="Islam di Maroko">Maroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Mozambik" title="Islam di Mozambik">Mozambik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Namibia" title="Islam di Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Niger" title="Islam di Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Nigeria" title="Islam di Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Rwanda" title="Islam di Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Sao_Tome_dan_Principe" title="Islam di Sao Tome dan Principe">Sao Tome dan Principe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Senegal" title="Islam di Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Seychelles" title="Islam di Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Sierra_Leone" title="Islam di Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Somalia" title="Islam di Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Somaliland" title="Islam di Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Afrika_Selatan" title="Islam di Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Sudan_Selatan" title="Islam di Sudan Selatan">Sudan Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Sudan" title="Islam di Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Tanzania" title="Islam di Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Togo" title="Islam di Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Tunisia" title="Islam di Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Uganda" title="Islam di Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Sahara_Barat" title="Islam di Sahara Barat">Sahara Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Zambia" title="Islam di Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Zimbabwe" title="Islam di Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Asia" title="Islam di Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Afganistan" title="Islam di Afganistan">Afganistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Bahrain" title="Islam di Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Bangladesh" title="Islam di Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Bhutan" title="Islam di Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Brunei" title="Islam di Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kamboja" title="Islam di Kamboja">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Tiongkok" title="Islam di Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Timor_Leste" title="Islam di Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Hong_Kong" title="Islam di Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_India" title="Islam di India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Indonesia" title="Islam di Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Iran" title="Islam di Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Irak" title="Islam di Irak">Irak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Israel" title="Islam di Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Jepang" title="Islam di Jepang">Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Yordania" title="Islam di Yordania">Yordania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kazakhstan" title="Islam di Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Korea" title="Islam di Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam di Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kuwait" title="Islam di Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Laos" title="Islam di Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Lebanon" title="Islam di Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Makau" title="Islam di Makau">Makau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Malaysia" title="Islam di Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Maladewa" title="Islam di Maladewa">Maladewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Mongolia" title="Islam di Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Myanmar" title="Islam di Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Nepal" title="Islam di Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Korea_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam di Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Oman" title="Islam di Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Pakistan" title="Islam di Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Palestina" title="Islam di Palestina">Palestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Filipina" title="Islam di Filipina">Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Qatar" title="Islam di Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Arab_Saudi" title="Islam di Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Singapura" title="Islam di Singapura">Singapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Korea_Selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam di Korea Selatan">Korea Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam di Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Suriah" title="Islam di Suriah">Suriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Taiwan" title="Islam di Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Tajikistan" title="Islam di Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Thailand" title="Islam di Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam di Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Turki" title="Islam di Turki">Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Turkmenistan" title="Islam di Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Uni_Emirat_Arab" title="Islam di Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Uzbekistan" title="Islam di Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Vietnam" title="Islam di Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Yaman" title="Islam di Yaman">Yaman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Amerika" title="Islam di Amerika">Amerika</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Antigua_dan_Barbuda" title="Islam di Antigua dan Barbuda">Antigua dan Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Argentina" title="Islam di Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Bahama" title="Islam di Bahama">Bahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Barbados" title="Islam di Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Belize" title="Islam di Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Bolivia" title="Islam di Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Brasil" title="Islam di Brasil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kanada" title="Islam di Kanada">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Chili" title="Islam di Chili">Chili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kolombia" title="Islam di Kolombia">Kolombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kosta_Rika" title="Islam di Kosta Rika">Kosta Rika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kuba" title="Islam di Kuba">Kuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Dominika" title="Islam di Dominika">Dominika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Republik_Dominika" title="Islam di Republik Dominika">Republik Dominika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Ekuador" title="Islam di Ekuador">Ekuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_El_Salvador" title="Islam di El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Guiana_Prancis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam di Guiana Prancis (halaman belum tersedia)">Guiana Prancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Grenada" title="Islam di Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Guatemala" title="Islam di Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Guyana" title="Islam di Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Haiti" title="Islam di Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Honduras" title="Islam di Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Jamaika" title="Islam di Jamaika">Jamaika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Meksiko" title="Islam di Meksiko">Meksiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Nikaragua" title="Islam di Nikaragua">Nikaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Panama" title="Islam di Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Paraguay" title="Islam di Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Peru" title="Islam di Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Saint_Kitts_dan_Nevis" title="Islam di Saint Kitts dan Nevis">Saint Kitts dan Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Saint_Lucia" title="Islam di Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Saint_Vincent_dan_Grenadine" title="Islam di Saint Vincent dan Grenadine">Saint Vincent dan Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Suriname" title="Islam di Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Trinidad_dan_Tobago" title="Islam di Trinidad dan Tobago">Trinidad dan Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Amerika_Serikat" title="Islam di Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Uruguay" title="Islam di Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Venezuela" title="Islam di Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eropa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Albania" title="Islam di Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Andorra" title="Islam di Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Armenia" title="Islam di Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Austria" title="Islam di Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Azerbaijan" title="Islam di Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Belarus" title="Islam di Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Belgia" title="Islam di Belgia">Belgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Islam di Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Bulgaria" title="Islam di Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kroasia" title="Islam di Kroasia">Kroasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Siprus" title="Islam di Siprus">Siprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Republik_Ceko" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam di Republik Ceko">Ceko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Denmark" title="Islam di Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Estonia" title="Islam di Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Finlandia" title="Islam di Finlandia">Finlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Prancis" title="Islam di Prancis">Prancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Georgia" title="Islam di Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Jerman" title="Islam di Jerman">Jerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Yunani" title="Islam di Yunani">Yunani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Hungaria" title="Islam di Hungaria">Hungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Islandia" title="Islam di Islandia">Islandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Irlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam di Irlandia">Irlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Italia" title="Islam di Italia">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam di Kosovo (halaman belum tersedia)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Latvia" title="Islam di Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Liechtenstein" title="Islam di Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam di Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Luksemburg" title="Islam di Luksemburg">Luksemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Malta" title="Islam di Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Moldova" title="Islam di Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Monako" title="Islam di Monako">Monako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Montenegro" title="Islam di Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Belanda" title="Islam di Belanda">Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Makedonia_Utara" title="Islam di Makedonia Utara">Makedonia Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Norwegia" title="Islam di Norwegia">Norwegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Polandia" title="Islam di Polandia">Polandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Portugal" title="Islam di Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Rumania" title="Islam di Rumania">Rumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Rusia" title="Islam di Rusia">Rusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam di San Marino (halaman belum tersedia)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Serbia" title="Islam di Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Slowakia" title="Islam di Slowakia">Slowakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Slowenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam di Slowenia (halaman belum tersedia)">Slowenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Spanyol" title="Islam di Spanyol">Spanyol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Swedia" title="Islam di Swedia">Swedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Swiss" title="Islam di Swiss">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Ukraina" title="Islam di Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Britania_Raya" title="Islam di Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Inggris" title="Islam di Inggris">Inggris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Irlandia_Utara" title="Islam di Irlandia Utara">Irlandia Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Skotlandia" title="Islam di Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Wales" title="Islam di Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Islam di Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Oseania" title="Islam di Oseania">Oseania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Australia" title="Islam di Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kepulauan_Cocos_(Keeling)" title="Islam di Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling)">Kepulauan Cocos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Fiji" title="Islam di Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Guam" title="Islam di Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kiribati" title="Islam di Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kepulauan_Marshall" title="Islam di Kepulauan Marshall">Kepulauan Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Federasi_Mikronesia" title="Islam di Federasi Mikronesia">Mikronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Nauru" title="Islam di Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kaledonia_Baru" title="Islam di Kaledonia Baru">Kaledonia Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Selandia_Baru" title="Islam di Selandia Baru">Selandia Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kepulauan_Mariana_Utara" title="Islam di Kepulauan Mariana Utara">Kepulauan Mariana Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Palau" title="Islam di Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Papua_Nugini" title="Islam di Papua Nugini">Papua Nugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Samoa" title="Islam di Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Kepulauan_Solomon" title="Islam di Kepulauan Solomon">Kepulauan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Tonga" title="Islam di Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Tuvalu" title="Islam di Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Vanuatu" title="Islam di Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Allah-green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Portal Islam</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Islam_menurut_negara" title="Templat:Islam menurut negara"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Islam_menurut_negara" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Islam menurut negara"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Islam_menurut_negara&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> merupakan salah satu agama yang ada di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>, setelah mayoritas <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma">Katolik</a> dan Kristen lainnya. Meskipun mayoritas masyarakat Muslim di Eropa saat ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Imigrasi" title="Imigrasi">imigran</a>, terdapat juga penduduk pribumi Eropa yang memeluk Islam di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan">Balkan</a>. </p><p>Islam masuk ke Eropa selatan melalui datangnya bangsa "<a href="/wiki/Moor" title="Moor">Moor</a>" dari <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Utara" title="Afrika Utara">Afrika Utara</a> pada abad ke 8–10. Selama beberapa abad, entitas politik Muslim berdiri kokoh di wilayah yang saat ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, Selatan Italia dan <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. Komunitas Muslim di wilayah tersebut kemudian mereka dipaksa untuk murtad atau dibunuh oleh raja Spanyol pada akhir abad ke-15 (lihat <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>). </p><p>Di <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a>, perluasan Kristen terjadi setelah pembebasan oleh dinasti Persia sejak awal abad ke-16. <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</a> menyebarkan agama Islam ke Eropa tenggara melalui pembebasan sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Kekaisaran Bizantium</a> pada abad 14 dan 15. Selama berabad-abad, <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</a> juga secara bertahap kehilangan hampir semua wilayahnya di Eropa, hingga akhirnya runtuh pada tahun 1922. Penduduk asli yang memeluk Islam di negara-negara di Balkan saat ini memiliki populasi yang besar, dan menjadi mayoritasnya. </p><p>Istilah "Islam Eropa" digunakan untuk negara-negara mayoritas Muslim seperti negara <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a>. Negara-negara lintas benua seperti <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> memiliki populasi Muslim yang besar, seperti halnya di <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus_Utara" title="Kaukasus Utara">Kaukasus Utara</a>, Rusia. </p><p>Pada akhir abad ke-20 dan awal abad ke-21 sejumlah besar umat Muslim <a href="/wiki/Imigrasi_ke_Eropa" title="Imigrasi ke Eropa">berimigrasi ke Eropa Barat</a>. Pada tahun 2025 diperkirakan 90 juta Muslim yang tinggal di Eropa (18%), termasuk sekitar 59 juta di Uni Eropa (3.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Muslim di Eropa</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total populasi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">50.470.000 (2020)<br /> <b>6.81%</b> dari total penduduk (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Wilayah dengan populasi signifikan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.750.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.950.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.130.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.870.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.210.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.350.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">870.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">810.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">790.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a></th><td class="infobox-data">620.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a></th><td class="infobox-data">510.000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">310.000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Agama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Suni" class="mw-redirect" title="Suni">Islam Sunni</a> • <a href="/wiki/Syiah" title="Syiah">Islam Syiah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyah">Ahmadiyah</a> • dan lainnya</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Bahasa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">Turki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Albania" title="Bahasa Albania">Albania</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bosnia" title="Bahasa Bosnia">Bosnia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Prancis" title="Bahasa Prancis">Prancis</a> • serta bahasa resmi lain di Eropa</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Umat Muslim Eropa sering menjadi subjek dari perdebatan yang intens dan kampanye politik. Terkadang menjadi lebih hangat ketika terjadinya peristiwa-peristiwa seperti fitnah serangan teroris kepada umat Islam, <a href="/wiki/Kontroversi_kartun_Nabi_Muhammad_Jyllands-Posten" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontroversi kartun Nabi Muhammad Jyllands-Posten">kontroversi kartun Nabi Muhammad di Denmark</a>, perdebatan soal <a href="/wiki/Busana_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Busana Muslim">cara berpakaian Islami</a>, dan kampanye partai-partai sayap kanan populis yang melihat Muslim sebagai ancaman terhadap nilai-nilai di Eropa, seoerti nilai budaya, dan gaya hidup. Peristiwa tersebut juga telah memicu perdebatan yang berkembang mengenai topik <a href="/wiki/Islamofobia" title="Islamofobia">Islamophobia</a>, sikap terhadap Muslim dan partai kanan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Islam di Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah Islam di Eropa</a></div> <p>Populasi Muslim di Eropa sangat beragam apabila ditinjau dari sejarah dan asal-usul. Saat ini, mayoritas Muslim di Eropa terdapat di <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, beberapa wilayah di <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Makedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Makedonia">Macedonia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, serta beberapa wilayah rusia di <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus_Utara" title="Kaukasus Utara">Kaukasus Utara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Volga" title="Sungai Volga">Volga</a>. Mereka saat ini masih konsisten mempertahankan tradisi Islam sejak ratusan tahun lalu. Negara-negara lintas benua seperti <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> juga mayoritas Muslim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moors,_Al-Andalus_dan_Sisilia"><span id="Moors.2C_Al-Andalus_dan_Sisilia"></span>Moors, Al-Andalus dan Sisilia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Moors, Al-Andalus dan Sisilia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Moors, Al-Andalus dan Sisilia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Jaume_I,_Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria,_s.XIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jaume_I%2C_Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria%2C_s.XIII.jpg/220px-Jaume_I%2C_Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria%2C_s.XIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jaume_I%2C_Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria%2C_s.XIII.jpg/330px-Jaume_I%2C_Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria%2C_s.XIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jaume_I%2C_Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria%2C_s.XIII.jpg/440px-Jaume_I%2C_Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria%2C_s.XIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moor" title="Moor">Moors</a> meminta izin kepada <a href="/wiki/Chaime_I_dari_Aragon" title="Chaime I dari Aragon">James I dari Aragon</a>, Spanyol pada abad ke-13</figcaption></figure> <p>Invasi kaum Muslim ke Eropa dimulai tak lama setelah lahirnya Islam. Dengan singkat Bizantium Sisilia dapat ditaklukkan oleh armada kecil <a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Rasyidin" title="Pasukan Rasyidin">Pasukan Rasyidin</a> pada tahun 652. Islam menaklukkan benua Eropa dimulai sejak tahun 711, ditandai dengan <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Hispania_oleh_Umayyah" title="Penaklukan Hispania oleh Umayyah">penaklukkan Umayyah atas Hispania</a>. Orang-orang Arab kemudian mengganti nama <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, yang mencakup wilayah yang sekarang menjadi bagian dari negara Portugal dan Spanyol kecuali untuk dataran tinggi di bagian utara. Pada abad ke-10 diperkirakan <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> memiliki mayoritas Muslim setelah sebagian besar penduduk setempat dengan sukarela masuk Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourani2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourani2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal Ini bertepatan dengan periode <i>La Convivencia</i> di <a href="/wiki/Iberia" title="Iberia">Semenanjung Iberia</a> serta periode keemasan kebudayaan Yahudi di Spanyol. </p><p>Pada awal abad ke-8 umat Kristen mulai melakukan serangan balik yang kemudian dikenal sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>, yang ditandai dengan keberhasilan mereka mendorong pasukan Muslim ke <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitaine">Prancis selatan</a>. Perlahan-lahan pasukan Kristen mulai melakukan penaklukan kembali kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Taifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taifa">Taifa</a> di Al-Andalus. Hingga abad ke-10 masih terdapat umat Muslim di utara Spanyol, terutama di Fraxinet hingga ke <a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasukan Muslim di bawah komando dinasti <a href="/wiki/Aghlabiyyah" title="Aghlabiyyah">Aghlabids</a> <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Muslim_di_Sisilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaklukan Muslim di Sisilia">menaklukkan Sisilia</a> setelah melakukan serangkaian penaklukkan dari tahun 827 hingga 902, dan yang paling terkenal adalah <a href="/wiki/Penyerbuan_Roma_oleh_Arab" title="Penyerbuan Roma oleh Arab">menyerang Roma</a> pada tahun 846. <a href="/wiki/Keamiran_Sisilia" title="Keamiran Sisilia">Keamiran Sisilia</a> didirikan pada tahun 965. Orang-orang Arab menguasai Italia selatan hingga akhirnya <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Italia_Selatan_oleh_Norman" title="Penaklukan Italia Selatan oleh Norman">diusir oleh Normandia</a> pada tahun 1072. Pada tahun 1236 umat Muslim yang tersisa di Eropa hanya di Spanyol selatan, provinsi <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. </p><p>Orang-orang Arab menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Syariat_Islam" title="Syariat Islam">Syariah</a>, sehingga komunitas Kristen serta komunitas Yahudi diperlakukan sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Dzimmi" title="Dzimmi">dzimmi</a></i> (non-Muslim). Mereka diwajibkan membayar <i><a href="/wiki/Jizyah" title="Jizyah">jizyah</a></i> (pajak perseorangan), <i><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">kharaj</a></i> (pajak tanah), tetapi dibebaskan dari <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>. Pajak ini menandai status mereka sebagai subjek dari pemerintahan Islam, sebagai bentuk pertukaran untuk perlindungan terhadap serangan dari luar maupun internal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dampak_budaya_dan_interaksi">Dampak budaya dan interaksi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Dampak budaya dan interaksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dampak budaya dan interaksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ara%C5%BC,_herb_szlachecki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ara%C5%BC%2C_herb_szlachecki.jpg/170px-Ara%C5%BC%2C_herb_szlachecki.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Ara%C5%BC%2C_herb_szlachecki.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>"Araz" lambang bangsawan <a href="/wiki/Tatar_Lipka" title="Tatar Lipka">Tatar Lipka</a>. Lambang Tatar sering berkaitan dengan motif-motif Islam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Para Ilmuwan Kristen menyimpan tulisan-tulisan berbahasa Arab pra-Kristen yang berpengaruh dan memperkenalkan aspek-aspek <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Kejayaan_Islam" title="Zaman Kejayaan Islam">budaya Islam abad pertengahan</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (termasuk <a href="/wiki/Seni_rupa_Islam" title="Seni rupa Islam">seni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IAA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CH_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CH-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ekonomi,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aturan Muslim bertahan di <a href="/wiki/Keamiran_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Keamiran Granada">Emirat Granada</a>, dari tahun 1238 sebagai <a href="/wiki/Negara_vasal" title="Negara vasal">negara vasal</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Kastila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Kastila">Kerajaan Kristen Castile</a>, hingga selesainya <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">La Reconquista</a> pada tahun 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourani2002_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourani2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a> (Moor di spanyol) akhirnya diusir dari <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a> antara tahun 1609 (Kastilia) dan 1614 (sisa dari Spanyol), oleh <a href="/wiki/Felipe_III_dari_Spanyol" title="Felipe III dari Spanyol">Philip III</a> selama <a href="/wiki/Inkuisisi_Spanyol" title="Inkuisisi Spanyol">Inkuisisi spanyol</a>. </p><p>Sepanjang ke-16 hingga abad ke-19, <a href="/wiki/Pesisir_Barbaria" title="Pesisir Barbaria">Pesisir Barbaria</a> mengirim <a href="/wiki/Bajak_laut_Barbaria" title="Bajak laut Barbaria">bajak laut untuk menyerang</a> bagian Eropa terdekat guna menangkap budak-budak Kristen untuk kemudian dijual di <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_budak_Arab" title="Perdagangan budak Arab">pasar budak</a> di <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Arab" title="Dunia Arab">Dunia Arab</a> selama masa Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut Robert Davis, dari 16 hingga abad ke-19, bajak laut telah menangkap 1 hingga 1,25 juta orang Eropa sebagai budak. Budak-budak ini diambil terutama dari para awak kapal yang ditangkap <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dari desa-desa pesisir di <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, dan juga dari tempat-tempat yang jauh seperti <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Irlandia" title="Pulau Irlandia">Irlandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Kepulauan Azores</a>, dan bahkan Islandia. </p><p>Dalam jangka waktu yang lama hingga awal abad ke-18, <a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Krimea" title="Kekhanan Krimea">Kekhanan Krimea</a> mempertahankan perdagangan budak yang masif dengan Kekaisaran Ottoman dan Timur Tengah.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tatar Krimea sering melakukan serangan ke <a href="/wiki/Kepangeranan-kepangeranan_Donau" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepangeranan-kepangeranan Donau">Danubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran_Polandia-Lituania" title="Persemakmuran Polandia-Lituania">Polandia-Lithuania</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Keharyapatihan_Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Keharyapatihan Moskwa">Rusia</a> untuk memperbudak siapa saja yang bisa mereka tangkap.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris.JPG/220px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris.JPG/330px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris.JPG/440px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Paris.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid Paris">Masjid Agung Paris</a>, dibangun setelah Perang Dunia I.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungaria">Hungaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Hungaria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hungaria"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Böszörmény merupakan komunitas pertama dari Muslim di Hungaria. Pemukiman terbesar mereka berada dekat kota yang kini menjadi kota Orosháza di pusat Kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a>. Pada waktu itu, pemukiman ini mungkin menjadi salah satu pemukiman Muslim yang terbesar di Kerajaan Hungaria. Pada tahun 1241 pemukiman ini dan beberapa pemukiman lainnya hancur dan penduduknya dibantai oleh Mongol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rusia_dan_Ukraina">Rusia dan Ukraina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Rusia dan Ukraina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rusia dan Ukraina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg/260px-Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg/390px-Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg/520px-Mo%C5%A1eja-Log_pod_Mangartom4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Masjid Log pod Mangartom adalah satu-satunya masjid yang pernah dibangun di <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, di kota Log pod Mangartom, selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada pertengahan abad ke-7 Masehi, setelah melakukan <a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Persia_oleh_Muslim" title="Penaklukan Persia oleh Muslim">penaklukan Muslim di Persia</a>, Muslim kemudian menyebar ke daerah-daerah yang saat ini menjadi bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-et_al_2004_3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-et_al_2004_3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat hubungan dagang antara Muslim dan <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Rus">Bangsa Rus</a>, lewat orang-orang dari <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Baltik" title="Kawasan Baltik">kawasan Baltik</a> yang menuju <a href="/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam">Laut Hitam</a> yang melalui <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eropa Rusia">Sentral Rusia</a>. Dalam perjalanannya ke Volga Bulgaria, <a href="/wiki/Ibnu_%27Adlan" title="Ibnu 'Adlan">Ibnu Fadlan</a> membawa laporan rinci tentang bangsa Rus dan mengklaim bahwa beberapa dari mereka telah masuk Islam. "Mereka sangat menyukai daging babi dan banyak dari mereka yang telah menganggap Islam sebagai jalan yang sangat dirindukan". Bangsa Rus juga menyukai <i>nabidh </i>yaitu minuman fermentasi yang sering disebut oleh Ibnu Fadlan sebagai bagian dari minuman sehari-hari mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Szigetvar_1566.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Szigetvar_1566.jpg/200px-Szigetvar_1566.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Szigetvar_1566.jpg/300px-Szigetvar_1566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Szigetvar_1566.jpg/400px-Szigetvar_1566.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption>Kampanye Kesultanan Utsmaniyah untuk <a href="/wiki/Perang_Utsmaniyah_di_Eropa" title="Perang Utsmaniyah di Eropa">ekspansi wilayah di Eropa</a> pada tahun 1566. Tatar Krimea sebagai pelopor.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada abad ke-13 <a href="/wiki/Suku_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku Mongol">Mongol</a> mulai melakukan <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Rus%27_oleh_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Rus' oleh Mongol">penaklukan Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Mongol_ke_Bulgaria_Volga" title="Invasi Mongol ke Bulgaria Volga">Volga Bulgaria</a>, dan Cumania (sekarang Rusia dan <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>). Setelah kekaisaran Mongol terbagi, Eropa bagian timur menjadi bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Gerombolan_Emas" title="Gerombolan Emas">Kekhanan Gerombolan Emas</a>. Terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa mereka bukan Muslim pada saat itu, di bagian barat kekaisaran Mongol tersebut telah mengadopsi Islam sebagai agama mereka di awal abad ke-14 di bawah kepemimpinan <a href="/wiki/Berke_Khan" title="Berke Khan">Berke Khan</a> yang kemudian oleh <a href="/wiki/%C3%96z_Beg_Khan" title="Öz Beg Khan">Uzbeg Khan</a> yang ditetapkan sebagai agama resmi negara. Sebagian besar penduduk Kekhanan Gerombolan Emas yang berbahasa Turki, serta sebagian kecil Bangsawan Mongol menjadi Muslim dan saat ini disebut oleh orang-orang Rusia dan Eropa sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Tatar">Tatar</a>. Lebih dari setengah<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bagian dari Eropa yang sekarang menjadi wilayah Rusia dan Ukraina, berada di bawah kekuasaan kerajaan Muslim <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Tatar">Tatar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Turk">Turki</a> sejak abad ke- 13 hingga abad ke-15. <a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Krimea" title="Kekhanan Krimea">Kekhanan Crimean</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Negara_vasal" title="Negara vasal">negara vasal</a> Kekaisaran Ottoman pada tahun 1475 hingga akhirnya keseluruhan sisa dari Kekhanan Gerombolan Emas ditaklukkan pada tahun 1502. <a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Kazan" title="Kekhanan Kazan">Kekhanan Kazan</a> ditaklukkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_Vasilyevich" title="Ivan IV Vasilyevich">Ivan IV Vasilyevich</a> pada tahun 1552. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus_dan_Polandia-Lituania">Belarus dan Polandia-Lituania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Belarus dan Polandia-Lituania" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Belarus dan Polandia-Lituania"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Lipka" title="Tatar Lipka">Tatar Lipka</a> Muslim dari <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran_Polandia-Lituania" title="Persemakmuran Polandia-Lituania">Polandia-Lithuania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahan Masjid mereka adalah kayu.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kekaisaran_Ottoman_dan_Balkan">Kekaisaran Ottoman dan Balkan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Kekaisaran Ottoman dan Balkan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kekaisaran Ottoman dan Balkan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Szulejm%C3%A1n_a_s%C3%A1tr%C3%A1ban_Buda_alatt_(1529).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Szulejm%C3%A1n_a_s%C3%A1tr%C3%A1ban_Buda_alatt_%281529%29.JPG/220px-Szulejm%C3%A1n_a_s%C3%A1tr%C3%A1ban_Buda_alatt_%281529%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Szulejm%C3%A1n_a_s%C3%A1tr%C3%A1ban_Buda_alatt_%281529%29.JPG/330px-Szulejm%C3%A1n_a_s%C3%A1tr%C3%A1ban_Buda_alatt_%281529%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Szulejm%C3%A1n_a_s%C3%A1tr%C3%A1ban_Buda_alatt_%281529%29.JPG/440px-Szulejm%C3%A1n_a_s%C3%A1tr%C3%A1ban_Buda_alatt_%281529%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Sultan Ottoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_yang_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaiman yang Agung">Sulaiman yang Agung</a>, menanti kedatangan <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Agung" title="Wazir Agung">Wazir Agung</a>nya yang berasal dari Yunani Muslim, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_dari_Parga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Pasha dari Parga">Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha</a> di <a href="/wiki/Buda,_Hungaria" title="Buda, Hungaria">Buda</a>, pada tahun 1529.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chevalier_Auguste_de_Henikstein_-_Jenisaires_au_service_des_Ministres_Europeens_a_Const._Tharbadgi_(Officier)._Bairatdser_(Enseigne)._Ousta_(_Caporal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chevalier_Auguste_de_Henikstein_-_Jenisaires_au_service_des_Ministres_Europeens_a_Const._Tharbadgi_%28Officier%29._Bairatdser_%28Enseigne%29._Ousta_%28_Caporal%29.jpg/220px-Chevalier_Auguste_de_Henikstein_-_Jenisaires_au_service_des_Ministres_Europeens_a_Const._Tharbadgi_%28Officier%29._Bairatdser_%28Enseigne%29._Ousta_%28_Caporal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chevalier_Auguste_de_Henikstein_-_Jenisaires_au_service_des_Ministres_Europeens_a_Const._Tharbadgi_%28Officier%29._Bairatdser_%28Enseigne%29._Ousta_%28_Caporal%29.jpg/330px-Chevalier_Auguste_de_Henikstein_-_Jenisaires_au_service_des_Ministres_Europeens_a_Const._Tharbadgi_%28Officier%29._Bairatdser_%28Enseigne%29._Ousta_%28_Caporal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chevalier_Auguste_de_Henikstein_-_Jenisaires_au_service_des_Ministres_Europeens_a_Const._Tharbadgi_%28Officier%29._Bairatdser_%28Enseigne%29._Ousta_%28_Caporal%29.jpg/440px-Chevalier_Auguste_de_Henikstein_-_Jenisaires_au_service_des_Ministres_Europeens_a_Const._Tharbadgi_%28Officier%29._Bairatdser_%28Enseigne%29._Ousta_%28_Caporal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Bulgaria pada abad pertengahan khususnya kota <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> adalah pusat administrasi dari hampir semua properti Kesultanan Utsmaniyah yang juga dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</a> memulai <a href="/wiki/Perang_Utsmaniyah_di_Eropa" title="Perang Utsmaniyah di Eropa">ekspansi ke Eropa</a> yang sebelumnya merupakan bagiandari Kekaisaran Bizantium pada abad 14 dan 15 hingga akhirnya pada tahun 1453 <a href="/wiki/Kejatuhan_Konstantinopel" title="Kejatuhan Konstantinopel">merebut Konstantinopel</a> dan menetapkan Islam sebagai agama negara di wilayah tersebut. Wilayah Utsmaniyah terus berkembang hingga membentang ke utara. Wilayah <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a> berhasil direbut pada abad ke-16 hingga mencapai <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> di pertengahan abad ke-17. Saat itu sebagian besar wilayah Balkan berada di bawah kendali Kesultanan Utsmaniyah. Ekspansi Utsmaniyah di Eropa berakhir dengan kekalahan mereka di <a href="/wiki/Perang_Turki_Besar" title="Perang Turki Besar">Perang Turki Besar</a>. Dalam Perjanjian Karlowitz (1699), Utsmaniyah kehilangan banyak wilayahnya di <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Tengah" title="Eropa Tengah">Eropa Tengah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kekhanan_Krimea" title="Kekhanan Krimea">Kekhanan Krimea</a> kemudian dianeksasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia">Rusia</a> pada tahun 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selama berabad-abad, Kesultanan Utsmaniyah secara bertahap kehilangan hampir semua wilayahnya di Eropa, hingga keruntuhannya pada tahun 1922, dan menjadi negara <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since October 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p><p>Diantara tahun 1354 dan 1526 (ketika Utsmaniyah menyeberang ke Eropa melalui <a href="/wiki/Semenanjung_Gallipoli" title="Semenanjung Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a>), Kesultanan Utsmaniyah telah menaklukkan wilayah kini menjadi negara Yunani, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia, dan Hungaria. Pengepungan <a href="/wiki/Wina" title="Wina">Wina</a> pada tahun 1683 digagalkan oleh Raja Polandia dan setelah itu Kesultanan Utsmaniyah berperang melawan Kaisar <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> hingga Perjanjian Karlowitz tahun 1699 yang memaksa mereka untuk menyerahkan Hungaria dan bagian dari masa kini menjadi wilayah Kroasia, Slovenia, dan Serbia. Dari tahun 1699 hingga tahun 1913 perang dan pemberontakan mendorong wilayah Kesultanan Utsmaniyah hingga mencapai perbatasan Turki saat ini.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since October 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p><p>Selama periode kemunduran Utsmaniyah, banyak pengungsi Muslim yang keluar dari provinsi-provinsi yang lepas dari Utsmaniyah, namun terdapat beberapa penduduk Muslim yang masih bertahan di Hungaria, Kroasia, dan wilayah <a href="/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania">Transylvania</a> kini Rumania. Bulgaria tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan Utsmaniyah hingga tahun 1878. Jumlah populasi Muslim di Bulgaria sekitar 131.000 (Sensus 2001) (lihat <a href="/wiki/Pomak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomak">Pomaks</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bazar_of_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bazar_of_Athens.jpg/250px-Bazar_of_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bazar_of_Athens.jpg/375px-Bazar_of_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bazar_of_Athens.jpg/500px-Bazar_of_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8749" data-file-height="5719" /></a><figcaption>Lukisan pasar di <a href="/wiki/Athena_(kota)" title="Athena (kota)">Athena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penjajahan_Utsmaniyah_di_Yunani" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjajahan Utsmaniyah di Yunani">Ottoman Yunani</a>, awal abad ke-19</figcaption></figure> <p>Bosnia ditaklukkan oleh Utsmaniyah pada tahun 1463, dan sebagian besar penduduknya memeluk agama Islam di 200 tahun pertama kekuasaan Utsmaniyah. Pada saat Austria-Hungaria menduduki Bosnia pada tahun 1878, Habsburgs berkeinginan untuk kembali mengkristenkan wilayah tersebut. Populasi Muslim yang cukup besar di Bosnia tetap bertahan hingga abad ke-20. Wilayah Albania dan Kosovo tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan Utsmaniyah hingga tahun 1913. Sebelum penaklukan Utsmaniyah, wilayah utara Albania adalah <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma">Katolik Roma</a> dan selatan Albania adalah Kristen Ortodoks, tetapi pada tahun 1913 mayoritas penduduk Albania adalah Muslim.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since October 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion_to_Islam">Conversion to Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Conversion to Islam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Conversion to Islam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg/220px-Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg/330px-Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg/440px-Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Pendaftaran anak laki-laki Kristen untuk <i><a href="/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme" title="Devşirme">Devşirme</a></i>. Lukisan miniatur Utsmaniyah, 1558.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Terlepas dari pengaruh periode panjang kekuasaan Utsmaniyah, banyak penduduk yang memeluk agama Islam sebagai hasil kebijakan yang diterapkan oleh Utsmaniyah untuk memastikan loyalitas penduduk terhadap potensi serangan dari Venesia. Namun, Islam disebarkan secara paksa di daerah-daerah di bawah kendali <a href="/wiki/Daftar_sultan_Utsmaniyah" title="Daftar sultan Utsmaniyah">Sultan</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme" title="Devşirme">devşirme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jizyah" title="Jizyah">jizyah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Arnold" title="Thomas Walker Arnold">Thomas Walker Arnold</a> menjelaskan penyebaran Islam selama periode Utsmaniyah dengan mengutip penulis abad ke-17 yang pro-Muslim <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since September 2014" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup>Johannes Scheffler yang menyatakan: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span lang="id">Sementara dia (orang Turki) menang (berkonversi) dengan kerajinan lebih dari sekadar dengan paksa, dan merebut Kristus dengan penipuan dari hati manusia. Bagi orang Turki, memang benar, pada saat ini tidak memaksa negara melakukan kekerasan untuk melakukan murtad; Tapi dia menggunakan cara lain yang dengannya tanpa sadar dia mengakar keluar dari Kekristenan ... Lalu, apa yang telah terjadi dengan orang Kristen? Mereka tidak diusir dari negara tersebut, mereka juga tidak dipaksa untuk merangkul kepercayaan Turki: maka mereka sendirilah yang telah diubah menjadi orang Turki.</span></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengaruh_budaya">Pengaruh budaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Pengaruh budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengaruh budaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islam menggelitik minat Ilmuwan Eropa, sehingga memicu gerakan <a href="/wiki/Orientalisme" title="Orientalisme">Orientalisme</a>. Pendiri studi Islam modern di Eropa Ignác Goldziher, yang mulai belajar Islam di akhir abad ke-19. Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> seorang penjelajah, ilmuwan, dan orientalis, dan penerjemah <i><a href="/wiki/Seribu_Satu_Malam" title="Seribu Satu Malam">Kitab Seribu Satu Malam</a></i>, menyamar sebagai seorang Pashtun dan mengunjungi Madinah dan Mekkah selama musim Haji, seperti yang dijelaskan dalam bukunya <i>A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Medinah and Meccah.</i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Islam" title="Arsitektur Islam">Arsitektur Islam</a> mempengaruhi arsitektur Eropa (misalnya, Sinagoge Türkischer Tempel di <a href="/wiki/Wina" title="Wina">Wina</a>). Selama renaisans abad ke-12 di Eropa, terjemahan dari dari teks arab ke Latin diperkenalkan termasuk juga <a href="/wiki/Al-Qur%27an" title="Al-Qur'an">Al--Quran</a> (misalnya, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_kedua_puluh">Abad kedua puluh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Abad kedua puluh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Abad kedua puluh"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emigrasi Muslim ke daerah metropolitan Prancis melonjak selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Kemerdekaan_Aljazair" title="Perang Kemerdekaan Aljazair">Perang Kemerdekaan Aljazair</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since October 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> Pada tahun 1961, pemerintah Jerman Barat Pemerintah mengundang para <a href="/wiki/Gastarbeiter" title="Gastarbeiter">Gastarbeiters</a> (pekerja imigran) dan mirip dengan kontrak yang ditawarkan oleh Swiss. Beberapa dari para pekerja migran ini datang dari negara-negara mayoritas Muslim seperti Turki.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since October 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup>Imigran yang datang ke Inggris berasal dari negara-negara bekas koloni yang berpenduduk mayoritas Muslim seperti <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since October 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi_saat_ini">Demografi saat ini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Demografi saat ini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Demografi saat ini"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sultan_Murat_Fatih_mosque,_Prishtina_Kosovo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sultan_Murat_Fatih_mosque%2C_Prishtina_Kosovo.JPG/180px-Sultan_Murat_Fatih_mosque%2C_Prishtina_Kosovo.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sultan_Murat_Fatih_mosque%2C_Prishtina_Kosovo.JPG/270px-Sultan_Murat_Fatih_mosque%2C_Prishtina_Kosovo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sultan_Murat_Fatih_mosque%2C_Prishtina_Kosovo.JPG/360px-Sultan_Murat_Fatih_mosque%2C_Prishtina_Kosovo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Masjid Kesultanan (Pristina) Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmet Fatih</a> di <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:IslamInEurope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IslamInEurope.png/220px-IslamInEurope.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IslamInEurope.png/330px-IslamInEurope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IslamInEurope.png/440px-IslamInEurope.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Daerah mayoritas Muslim di Eropa</figcaption></figure> <p>Tidak diketahui jumlah pasti Muslim di Eropa. Menurut perkiraan Pew Forum, jumlah Muslim di Eropa (tidak termasuk Turki) pada tahun 2010 adalah sekitar 44 juta (6% dari total penduduk), termasuk 19 juta (3,8% dari populasi) di <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sekitar 9 juta orang Turki tinggal di Eropa (tidak termasuk penduduk di negara <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Turki">Turki</a>) yang menjadikannya komunitas imigran Muslim terbesar di Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_2011_loc=92_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_2011_loc=92-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perkiraan persentase <a href="/wiki/Islam_di_Rusia" title="Islam di Rusia">umat Islam di Rusia</a> (kelompok terbesar umat Islam di Eropa) bervariasi dari 5 hingga 11,7%,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_2011_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tergantung pada sumbernya. Hal ini juga tergantung pada jika yang dihitung hanya Muslim yang taat atau semua keturunan Muslim keturunan. </p><p>58.8% dari penduduk <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> menganut Islam, sehingga menjadikannya sebagai agama terbesar di negara ini. Mayoritas Muslim Albania adalah Sekuler Sunni kemudian diikuti minoritas Bektashi Syiah.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, Islam dianut oleh 93,5% penduduknya,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sedangkan di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Makedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Makedonia">Makedonia</a> 39,3%<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (menurut Sensus 2002, 46,5% dari anak-anak berusia 0-4 di Macedonia adalah Muslim)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan di <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a> 50,7% nya adalah Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di negara-negara lintas benua seperti <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> terdapat 99% Muslim, dan di <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> 93%.<sup id="cite_ref-Sfn|Pew_2011_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sfn|Pew_2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut sensus tahun 2011, 20% dari total populasi di <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> adalah Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-monstat_2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monstat_2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedangkan di <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskow</a> adalah rumah bagi sekitar 1,5 juta Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ajc.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajc.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proyeksi">Proyeksi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Proyeksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Proyeksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Muslim_pop_Euro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Muslim_pop_Euro.JPG/220px-Muslim_pop_Euro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Muslim_pop_Euro.JPG/330px-Muslim_pop_Euro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Muslim_pop_Euro.JPG/440px-Muslim_pop_Euro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Menurut Pew Research Center, jumlah penduduk Muslim Eropa pada tahun 2010 adalah 6%, dan diproyeksikan naik menjadi 8% pada tahun 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_2011_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (data ini tidak memperhitungkan jumlah imigrasi ilegal dari Timur Tengah dan Afrika sejak <a href="/wiki/Krisis_pengungsi_di_Eropa" title="Krisis pengungsi di Eropa">krisis pengungsi di Eropai</a>.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sebuah penelitian <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> yang diterbitkan pada bulan januari 2011, memperkirakan peningkatan jumlah penduduk Muslim di Eropa dari 6% pada tahun 2010 menjadi 8% pada tahun 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_2011_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studi ini juga memperkirakan bahwa tingkat kesuburan Muslim di Eropa akan turun dari 2,2 pada tahun 2010 menjadi 2,0 pada tahun 2030 Di sisi lain, tingkat kesuburan non-Muslim di Eropa akan meningkat dari 1,5 pada 2010 menjadi 1,6 pada 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_2011_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studi Pew lainnya yang diterbitkan pada 2017 memproyeksikan bahwa pada tahun 2050 umat Islam akan menghasilkan 7,4% (jika semua migrasi ke Eropa segera dilakukan berhenti secara permanen - skenario "migrasi nol") sampai 14% (di bawah skenario migrasi "tinggi") dari populasi Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sfn|Pew_2011_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sfn|Pew_2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data dari tahun 2000an untuk tingkat pertumbuhan Islam di Eropa menunjukkan bahwa jumlah Muslim yang meningkat terutama disebabkan oleh imigrasi dan tingkat kelahiran yang lebih tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-Sfn|Pew_2011_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sfn|Pew_2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Pertumbuhan populasi Muslim Eropa (Pew Research Center)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sub-bagian Eropa </th> <th>Muslim (1990) </th> <th>% </th> <th>Perubahan (1990-2010) </th> <th>Muslim (2010) </th> <th>% </th> <th>Perubahan (2010-2030) </th> <th>Muslim (2030) </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a> </td> <td>15.602.000 </td> <td>4.9% </td> <td style="background: green"><b>17.8%</b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;">18.376.000 </td> <td>6.2% </td> <td style="background: green"><i><b>+11.9%</b></i> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"><i>20.566.000</i> </td> <td><i>7.6%</i> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Eropa_Utara" title="Eropa Utara">Eropa Utara</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;">1.526.000 </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td style="background: green"><b>+147.9%</b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;">3.783.000 </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td style="background: green"><i><b>+97.5%</b></i> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"><i>7.473.000</i> </td> <td><i>7.0%</i> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Eropa_Selatan" title="Eropa Selatan">Eropa Selatan</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;">8.525.000 </td> <td>6.0% </td> <td style="background: green"><b>+25.3%</b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;">10.682.000 </td> <td>3.9% </td> <td style="background: green"><i><b>+28.9%</b></i> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"><i>13.771.000</i> </td> <td><i>8.8%</i> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Eropa_Barat" title="Eropa Barat">Eropa Barat</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;">3.997.000 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td style="background: green"><b>+182.7%</b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;">11.297.000 </td> <td>3.0% </td> <td style="background: green"><i><b>+45.2%</b></i> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"><i>16.398.000</i> </td> <td><i>8.6%</i> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"> <td><b>Eropa</b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"><b>29.650.000</b> </td> <td><b>4.1%</b> </td> <td style="background: green"><b>+48.9%</b> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"><b>44.138.000</b> </td> <td><b>6.0%</b> </td> <td style="background: green"><i><b>+31.9%</b></i> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; text-align:center;"><i><b>58.209.000</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>8.0%</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Negara Eropa dengan fertilitas Muslim terbesar </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Negara </th> <th>Fertilitas<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;"><b>2.9</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia">Irlandia</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Romania</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>TOTAL</b> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;"><b>2.6</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pada tahun 2006, sejarawan konservatif Kristen Philip Jenkins, dalam sebuah artikelnya untuk Foreign Policy Research Institute (Institut Penelitian Kebijakan Luar Negeri yang berbasis di Amerika Serikat), menulis bahwa pada tahun 2100, populasi Muslim sekitar 25% dari populasi Eropa adalah "mungkin"; Jenkins menyatakan bahwa angka ini tidak memperhitungkan pertumbuhan kelahiran di antara imigran Kristen Eropa, namun tidak memberikan rincian tentang metholodogi-nya.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2010, Eric Kaufmann, profesor politik di Birkbeck, Universitas London mengatakan bahwa "Dalam proyeksi kami untuk Eropa Barat pada tahun 2050, kami melihat kisaran 10-15 persen populasi Muslim untuk negara-negara dengan tingkat imigrasi yang tinggi seperti Jerman, Prancis, Inggris ";<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia berpendapat bahwa Islam telah berkembang, bukan karena konversi ke Islam, tapi terutama karena ajaran agama yang berorientasi "pro-kelahiran", sehingga umat Islam cenderung memiliki lebih banyak anak.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan. since October 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> Analis lain skeptis tentang keakuratan pertumbuhan populasi Muslim yang diklaim, yang menyatakan bahwa karena banyak negara Eropa tidak meminta agama seseorang dalam bentuk resmi atau dalam sensus, sulit untuk mendapatkan perkiraan yang akurat, dan berpendapat bahwa telah terjadi penurunan dalam tingkat kesuburan Muslim di <a href="/wiki/Maroko" title="Maroko">Maroko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laporan Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) tahun 2007 berpendapat bahwa beberapa proyeksi populasi Muslim dapat dianggap terlalu tinggi, karena mereka menganggap bahwa semua keturunan Muslim akan menjadi Muslim bahkan dalam kasus orang tua campuran.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sama halnya, Darren E. Sherkat bertanya apakah apakah beberapa proyeksi pertumbuhan Muslim akurat karena mereka tidak mempertimbangkan meningkatnya jumlah Muslim non-religius. Penelitian kuantitatif kurang, tapi dia yakin tren Eropa mencerminkan Amerika: data dari Survei Sosial Umum di Amerika Serikat menunjukkan bahwa 32 persen dari mereka yang dibesarkan sebagai Muslim tidak lagi memeluk Islam di masa dewasa, dan 18 persen tidak memiliki identifikasi agama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muslim_menurut_kelompok_umur">Muslim menurut kelompok umur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Muslim menurut kelompok umur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Muslim menurut kelompok umur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:DarkRed"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 252.57116894473px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12.632937844611px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:0px 100px 0 0; border-top-color:Dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Dodgerblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 12.632937844611px 100px 0; border-right-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Persentase Muslim Eropa berdasarkan umur </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> 0 hingga 14 tahun (27%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Dodgerblue; color:black;"> </span> 15 hingga 29 tahun (23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> 30 hingga 44 tahun (27%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> 45 hingga 59 tahun (17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkRed; color:white;"> </span> 60 hingga 74 tahun (6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Lebih dari 75 tahun (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negara_di_Eropa_dengan_penduduk_Muslim_terbanyak">Negara di Eropa dengan penduduk Muslim terbanyak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Negara di Eropa dengan penduduk Muslim terbanyak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Negara di Eropa dengan penduduk Muslim terbanyak"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berikut negara-negara di Eropa dengan umat Muslim terbanyak menurut <i>Statista.com</i>. Sensus dihadirkan pada tahun 2016. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Negara </th> <th>Muslim<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">5.720.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">4.950.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">4.130.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">2.870.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">1.210.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">1.180.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">870.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Swedia" title="Swedia">Swedia</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">810.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">790.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">620.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">600.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Swiss" title="Swiss">Swiss</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">510.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td style="style=background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;">310.000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Masyarakat">Masyarakat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Masyarakat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Masyarakat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masjid">Masjid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Masjid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Masjid"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_masjid_di_Eropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar masjid di Eropa (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar masjid di Eropa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moschea_00497.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Moschea_00497.JPG/220px-Moschea_00497.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Moschea_00497.JPG/330px-Moschea_00497.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Moschea_00497.JPG/440px-Moschea_00497.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Roma" title="Masjid Roma">Masjid Roma</a>, di <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a>, yang terbesar di Uni Eropa</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:East_London_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/East_London_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-East_London_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/East_London_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg/375px-East_London_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/East_London_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-East_London_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The East London Mosque adalah salah satu yang pertama di Inggris diizinkan untuk menggunakan pengeras suara untuk menyiarkan <i><a href="/wiki/Azan" title="Azan">azan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernisasi_Islam">Modernisasi Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Modernisasi Islam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Modernisasi Islam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islam Eropa adalah hipotesis baru cabang dari Islam, dimana sebagian penganut muncul di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>, dan yang akan menggabungkan tugas-tugas dan prinsip-prinsip Islam dengan kontemporer <a href="/wiki/Budaya_Eropa" title="Budaya Eropa">budaya Eropa</a>, termasuk Eropa pasca-<a href="/wiki/Abad_Pencerahan" title="Abad Pencerahan">Pencerahan</a> nilai-nilai dan tradisi seperti <a href="/wiki/Hak_asasi_manusia" title="Hak asasi manusia">hak asasi manusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">supremasi hukum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">demokrasi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kesetaraan_gender" title="Kesetaraan gender">kesetaraan gender</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikap_terhadap_Muslim">Sikap terhadap Muslim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Sikap terhadap Muslim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sikap terhadap Muslim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jajak pendapat tahun 2008 oleh Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung menemukan bahwa "fundamentalisme Islam" (didefinisikan sebagai keyakinan bahwa para penganut harus mengikuti dan tidak dapat mengubah aturan yang ditetapkan di masa lalu; bahwa aturan-aturan ini memungkinkan hanya satu penafsiran dan mengikat untuk semua orang percaya, dan bahwa aturan agama memiliki prioritas di atas hukum sekuler) tersebar luas di kalangan umat Islam di enam negara Eropa, dengan mayoritas mengatakan aturan agama lebih penting daripada hukum-hukum sipil dan tiga perempat menolak pluralisme agama dalam Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2015 jajak pendapat oleh <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">polandia</a> Centre for Public Opinion Research menemukan bahwa 44% dari Polandia yang memiliki sikap negatif terhadap umat Islam, dengan hanya 23% yang memiliki sikap positif terhadap mereka. Selain itu, mayoritas setuju dengan pernyataan seperti "umat Islam tidak toleran terhadap adat dan nilai-nilai lain dari mereka sendiri." (64% setuju, 12% tidak setuju), "Muslim yang tinggal di negara-negara Eropa Barat pada umumnya tidak memperoleh adat istiadat dan nilai-nilai yang khas bagi mayoritas penduduk negara itu." (63% setuju, 14% tidak setuju), "Islam mendorong kekerasan lebih dari agama-agama lain." (51% setuju, 24% tidak setuju)<sup id="cite_ref-2015_CBOS_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2015_CBOS-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A Common Word Between Us and You</li> <li>Antemurale Christianitatis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaklukan_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Penaklukan Islam">Awal penaklukan Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia" title="Eurabia">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_menurut_negara" title="Islam menurut negara">Islam oleh negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budaya_Islam" title="Budaya Islam">Budaya islam</a></li> <li>Islamic dress in Europe</li> <li>Feminisme islam</li> <li>Terorisme Islam di Eropa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamisme" title="Islamisme">Islamisme</a></li> <li>Insiden islamophobia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kota_di_Uni_Eropa_berdasarkan_jumlah_populasi_Muslim" title="Daftar kota di Uni Eropa berdasarkan jumlah populasi Muslim">Daftar kota di Uni Eropa berdasarkan jumlah populasi Muslim</a></li> <li>Daftar masjid di Eropa</li> <li>Daftar masjid di Rusia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Utsmaniyah_di_Eropa" title="Perang Utsmaniyah di Eropa">Ottoman perang di Eropa</a></li> <li>Penganiayaan terhadap umat Islam</li> <li>Turki di Eropa</li> <li>Catholic–Muslim Forum</li> <li>Dewan eropa untuk Fatwa dan Penelitian</li> <li>Dewan Muslim untuk kerja sama di Eropa</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-europe/">"The future of the global Muslim population - Europe (excluding however Turkey and including Siberian Russia)"</a>. Pew Research Center). January 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+future+of+the+global+Muslim+population+-+Europe+%28excluding+however+Turkey+and+including+Siberian+Russia%29&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center%29&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Ffuture-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.findeasy.in/europe-population-by-religion/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Goodwin, Matthew J.; Cutts, David; Janta-Lipinski, Laurence (September 2014). "Economic Losers, Protestors, Islamophobes or Xenophobes? Predicting Public Support for a Counter-Jihad Movement". <i>Political Studies</i>: n/a–n/a. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9248.12159">10.1111/1467-9248.12159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Economic+Losers%2C+Protestors%2C+Islamophobes+or+Xenophobes%3F+Predicting+Public+Support+for+a+Counter-Jihad+Movement&rft.pages=n%2Fa-n%2Fa&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9248.12159&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft.au=Cutts%2C+David&rft.au=Janta-Lipinski%2C+Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHourani2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourani2002_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHourani2002_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHourani2002">Hourani 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59-79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, Aug 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Donald. <i>Islamic Science and Engineering</i>. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7486-0455-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7486-0455-3">0-7486-0455-3</a>, p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brague, Rémi (2009-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8YjEkLPXNYC"><i>The Legend of the Middle Ages</i></a>. hlm. 164. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780226070803" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780226070803">9780226070803</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 Feb</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=164&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft.isbn=9780226070803&rft.au=Brague%2C+R%C3%A9mi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8YjEkLPXNYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kitty Ferguson (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trM7NJz011oC&pg=PT100"><i>Pythagoras: His Lives and the Legacy of a Rational Universe</i></a>. Icon Books Limited. hlm. 100–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84831-250-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84831-250-0">978-1-84831-250-0</a>. <q>It was in the Near and Middle East and North Africa that the old traditions of teaching and learning continued, and where Christian scholars were carefully preserving ancient texts and knowledge of the ancient Greek language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras%3A+His+Lives+and+the+Legacy+of+a+Rational+Universe&rft.pages=100-&rft.pub=Icon+Books+Limited&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.isbn=978-1-84831-250-0&rft.au=Kitty+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrM7NJz011oC%26pg%3DPT100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAA_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..is045900.a#FWNE.fw..is045900.a">Islamic art and architecture</a> History.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CH-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CH_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carole Hillenbrand. <i>The Crusades: Islamic perspectives</i>, Routledge, 2000, p. 386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillenbrand, p. 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savory; p. 195-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyman and Walsh <i>Philosophy in the Middle Ages</i> Indianapolis, 3rd edition, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach, Editors, <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization</i> Vol.1, A - K, Index, 2006, p. 451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925204729/http://www.city-journal.org/html/17_2_urbanities-thomas_jefferson.html">"Jefferson Versus the Muslim Pirates by Christopher Hitchens, City Journal Spring 2007"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-journal.org/html/17_2_urbanities-thomas_jefferson.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson+Versus+the+Muslim+Pirates+by+Christopher+Hitchens%2C+City+Journal+Spring+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Fhtml%2F17_2_urbanities-thomas_jefferson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milton, G (2005) White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow And Islam's One Million White Slaves, Sceptre, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf">The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605131551/http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-06-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." (PDF). Eizo Matsuki, <i>Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">Historical survey > Slave societies</a>". Encyclopædia Britannica,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-et_al_2004_3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-et_al_2004_3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security</i>. M.E. Sharpe. 2004. hlm. 3. <q>(..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_Persia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslim conquest of Persia (halaman belum tersedia)">conquest</a> of the Iranian Sassanian Empire. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Russia%3A+The+Politics+of+Identity+and+Security&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first1=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last1=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first1=</code> missing <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last1=</code> in Authors list (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23first_missing_last">help</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215100710/http://www.nordicway.com/search/Vikings%20in%20the%20East.htm">"Vikings in the East, Remarkable Eyewitness Accounts"</a>. 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Turkish Review 3(16), 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The preaching of Islam: history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 135-144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew_2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_2011_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_2011_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_2011_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_2011_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew_2011_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPew_2011">Pew 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_2011_loc=92-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_2011_loc=92_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCole2011" class="citation">Cole, Jeffrey (2011), <i>Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia</i>, ABC-CLIO, hlm. 367, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-59884-302-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-59884-302-8">1-59884-302-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=1-59884-302-8&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326091156/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf">"2011 Albanian census"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2017-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Albanian+census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.gov.al%2Fmedia%2F177358%2Fnjoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKettani2011" class="citation">Kettani, Houssain (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijesd.org/papers/29-D438.pdf"><i>Muslim Population in Europe: 1950 – 2020</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development vol. 1, no. 2, p. 156, hlm. 367, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-59884-302-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-59884-302-8">1-59884-302-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Population+in+Europe%3A+1950+%E2%80%93+2020&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Science+and+Development+vol.+1%2C+no.+2%2C+p.+156&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=1-59884-302-8&rft.aulast=Kettani&rft.aufirst=Houssain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijesd.org%2Fpapers%2F29-D438.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year= / |date= mismatch</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/percent/all/">"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802041823/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/percent/all/">Diarsipkan</a> 2017-08-02 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i> in: <i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center">Pew Research Center</a></i>, Retrieved 10 November 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-macedonia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2013">Republic of Macedonia</a></i>, in: <i>Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures</i>, Retrieved 10 November 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/publikacii/knigaIX.pdf"><i>Census of Pupulation, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002</i>, p. 518</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2013 Census, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://popis2013.ba/">http://popis2013.ba/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403010058/http://www.popis2013.ba/">Diarsipkan</a> 2019-04-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sfn|Pew_2011-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sfn|Pew_2011_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sfn|Pew_2011_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sfn|Pew_2011_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monstat_2011-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monstat_2011_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2011"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Monstat</i>. Les décodeurs (Le Monde). January 21, 2015. hlm. 14, 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monstat&rft.atitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+in+Montenegro+2011&rft.pages=14%2C+15&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monstat.org%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2Fpopis2011%2Fsaopstenje%2Fsaopstenje%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> For the purpose of the chart, the categories 'Islam' and 'Muslims' were merged.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article551693.ece">The rise of Russian Muslims worries Orthodox Church</a>, The Times, 5 August 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajc.com-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ajc.com_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don Melvin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.com/news/content/news/stories/1204/17muslims.html">"Europe works to assimilate Muslims"</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051030120751/http://www.ajc.com/news/content/news/stories/1204/17muslims.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-10-30 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>Atlanta Journal-Constitution</i>, 2004-12-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/40ffd2eb4.html">Tolerance and fear collide in the Netherlands</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNHCR">UNHCR</a>, Refugees Magazine, Issue 135 (New Europe)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Author, No (2011-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-europe/">"Region: Europe"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2023-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Region%3A+Europe&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft.aulast=Author&rft.aufirst=No&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Ffuture-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mythdetector.ge/en/myth/four-lies-georgia-and-world-about-number-muslims-europe">"Four Lies of "Georgia and World" about Number of Muslims in Europe | Drupal"</a>. <i>www.mythdetector.ge</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mythdetector.ge&rft.atitle=Four+Lies+of+%E2%80%9CGeorgia+and+World%E2%80%9D+about+Number+of+Muslims+in+Europe+%7C+Drupal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mythdetector.ge%2Fen%2Fmyth%2Ffour-lies-georgia-and-world-about-number-muslims-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Jenkins, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deathandreligion.plamienok.sk/files/21-Demographics_Religion_and_the_Future_of_Europe.pdf">Demographics, Religion, and the Future of Europe</a>", <i>Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs</i>, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 533, summer 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/2267/battle-of-the-babies">"Battle of the Babies - New Humanist"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Babies+-+New+Humanist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewhumanist.org.uk%2Farticles%2F2267%2Fbattle-of-the-babies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Mederios Kent, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx?p=1">Do Muslims have more children than other women in western Europe?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081108085143/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx?p=1">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-11-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407192723/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx">Diarsipkan</a> 2013-04-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307220320/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2008/muslimsineurope.aspx">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-03-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_Reference_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population Reference Bureau (halaman belum tersedia)">Population Reference Bureau</a>, February 2008, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Kuper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Kuper (halaman belum tersedia)">Simon Kuper</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/123ade02-4e6f-11dc-85e7-0000779fd2ac,print=yes.html">Head count belies vision of ‘Eurabia’</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, 19 August 2007, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doug_Saunders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doug Saunders (halaman belum tersedia)">Doug Saunders</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080920.wreckoning20/BNStory/International/home/">The 'Eurabia' myth deserves a debunking</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dougsaunders.net/2008/09/eurabia-debunking-steyn-bawer-melanie-phillips-geert-wilders/">[4]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dougsaunders.tumblr.com/post/7999134091/debunking-the-eurabia-myth">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405005542/http://dougsaunders.tumblr.com/post/7999134091/debunking-the-eurabia-myth">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-04-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, 20 September 2008, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18008022/print">Islam and demography: A waxing crescent</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, 27 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esther Pan, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/publication/8252/europe.html">Europe: Integrating Islam</a></i>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, 2005-07-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/868409/muslim-populations-in-european-countries/">"Muslim populations in European countries Statistic"</a>. <i>Statista</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Muslim+populations+in+European+countries+Statistic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F868409%2Fmuslim-populations-in-european-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eade, John (1996). "Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London". Dalam Metcalf, Barbara Daly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2s2004p0&chunk.id=s1.12.69&toc.id=ch12&brand=ucpress"><i>Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0520204042" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0520204042">0520204042</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about "noise pollution" when local non-Muslim residents began to protest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism%2C+Community%2C+and+the+Islamization+of+Space+in+London&rft.btitle=Making+Muslim+Space+in+North+America+and+Europe&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0520204042&rft.aulast=Eade&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft2s2004p0%26chunk.id%3Ds1.12.69%26toc.id%3Dch12%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wzb.eu/en/press-release/islamic-fundamentalism-is-widely-spread">"Islamic fundamentalism is widely spread"</a>. Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. December 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+fundamentalism+is+widely+spread&rft.pub=Wissenschaftszentrum+Berlin+f%C3%BCr+Sozialforschung&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wzb.eu%2Fen%2Fpress-release%2Fislamic-fundamentalism-is-widely-spread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2015_CBOS-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2015_CBOS_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2015/K_037_15.PDF">"Postawy wobec Islamu i Muzułmanów"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Michał Feliksiak</i> (dalam bahasa Polski). CBOS. March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Micha%C5%82+Feliksiak&rft.atitle=Postawy+wobec+Islamu+i+Muzu%C5%82man%C3%B3w&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbos.pl%2FSPISKOM.POL%2F2015%2FK_037_15.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> dengan nama "FOOTNOTEPew 2011" yang didefinisikan di <code><references></code> tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_di_Eropa&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPew_2011" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx">"Muslim Population by Country"</a>. <i>The Future of the Global Muslim Population</i>. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/">versi asli</a> tanggal 9 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Future+of+the+Global+Muslim+Population&rft.atitle=Muslim+Population+by+Country&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.pewforum.org%2Fmuslim-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1574982">Untuk Muslim Minoritas, itu adalah Mungkin untuk Mendukung Liberalisme Politik, Tapi Ini tidak Cukup</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/2005/muslims_in_europe/">BBC News: Muslim di Eropa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14172&Itemid=88">Khabrein.info: Barroso: Islam adalah bagian dari Eropa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609005401/http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14172&Itemid=88">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-06-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euro-islam.info/">Euro-Islam Web Koordinator Jocelyne Cesari, Harvard University dan CNRS-GSRL, Paris</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/">[6]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html">[7]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp4459.html">Asabiyya: Re-interpretasi Perubahan Nilai dalam Masyarakat Global</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/b/erv/ebooks/b001.html">Mengapa Eropa telah menawarkan kesepakatan yang lebih baik terhadap masyarakat Muslim.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/b/erv/ebooks/b001.html">Analisis kuantitatif dari open international data</a></li> <li>Köchler, Hans, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hanskoechler.com/ice.htm">Muslim-Kristen Ikatan di Eropa: masa Lalu, Sekarang dan masa Depan</a></i>, 1996</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/blog/2011/12/15/islam-europe-resource-guide">"Islam in Europe: A Resource Guide"</a>. USA: <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Europe%3A+A+Resource+Guide&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=New+York+Public+Library&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fblog%2F2011%2F12%2F15%2Fislam-europe-resource-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+di+Eropa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islam_in_Europe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Islam in Europe"><span style="">Islam in Europe</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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