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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Segments and landing points</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Segments_and_landing_points-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Segments and landing points subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Segments_and_landing_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Europe Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlantic-sublist" 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2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_and_February_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>December 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>August 2009</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-January_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>January 2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GCHQ_interception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GCHQ_interception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>GCHQ interception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GCHQ_interception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FLAG_Telecom_logo_2003.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a2/FLAG_Telecom_logo_2003.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="52" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="52" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo from 2003</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Global_Cloud_Xchange" title="Global Cloud Xchange">Global Cloud Xchange</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe</b> (<b>FLAG</b>) is a 28,000-kilometre-long (17,398 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>; 15,119 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a>) <a href="/wiki/Optical_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fibre">fibre optic</a> mostly-<a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cable</a> that connects the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and many places in between. The cable is operated by <a href="/wiki/Global_Cloud_Xchange" title="Global Cloud Xchange">Global Cloud Xchange</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/RCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="RCOM">RCOM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system runs from the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Europe–Asia segment was the fourth longest cable in the world in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Europe–Asia segment was laid by <a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable & Wireless Marine">Cable & Wireless Marine</a> in the mid-1990s, and was the subject of an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> magazine in December 1996 by <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FLAG cable system was first placed into commercial service in late 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-bonds_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonds-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FLAG offered a speed of 10 Gbit/s, and uses <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_digital_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous digital hierarchy">synchronous digital hierarchy</a> technology. It carries over 120,000 voice channels via 27,000 kilometres (16,777 miles; 14,579 nautical miles) of mostly undersea cable. FLAG uses <a href="/wiki/Erbium-doped_fibre_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbium-doped fibre amplifier">erbium-doped fibre amplifiers</a>, and was jointly supplied by AT&T Submarine Systems and KDD-Submarine Cable Systems. Its design, development, installation, and service conformed to <a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">ISO 9000</a> quality standards. FLAG provided a link between the European end of high-density transatlantic crossings and the Asian end of the transpacific crossings.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FLAG includes undersea cable segments, and two terrestrial crossings. The segments can be either direct point-to-point links, or multi-point links, which are attained through branching units. At each <a href="/wiki/Cable_landing_point" title="Cable landing point">cable landing point</a>, a FLAG cable station is located. The total route length exceeds 27,000 kilometres (16,777 miles; 14,579 nautical miles), and comprises 1,020 kilometres (634 miles) of terrestrial crossings. Approximately 6,600 kilometres (4,101 miles; 3,564 nautical miles) of the submerged cable is buried 1 metre (3 feet 3 inches) below the sea bed. Cable burial was performed by either a submersible plough as the cable was laid, or jetting the laid cable into the sea bed via <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Remotely operated vehicle">remotely operated vehicles</a> (ROVs).<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over several years, the route evolved as new branches and feeder systems were considered and realized. FLAG includes two terrestrial crossings, one in Egypt, and the other in Thailand. Each of these land crossings is totally duplicated on fully different routes. As a result, any fault within one route will cause automatic protection switching to the other route within a time period of less than 50 ms.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other global undersea networks, FLAG uses erbium-doped fibre amplifiers (EDFAs). EDFAs boost the optical signals instead of the optical/electrical conversion, which is generally used in regenerative technology. These <a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical amplifiers">optical amplifiers</a> use short, gain-specific lengths of fibre which are doped with erbium ions, and spliced in-line with the transmission fibre. The signal power is amplified by pumping the erbium-doped fibre (EDF) with 1,480 nm laser light which is attached through an optical coupler. The majority of the repeater components are passive. These include EDF, fused-fibre optical couplers and optical isolators. Active components include laser pump assemblies, and associated controls. The total number of components within the repeater is less than that of regenerative systems.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FLAG terrestrial crossings do not contain repeaters for reliability reasons. The terminal stations in land crossings use optical amplifiers, high performance transmitter / receivers, and <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a> to cross the large distances without repeaters. Amplification at the terminal output provides output signal power as high as +17 dBm, and optical amplification at the receiver improves the receiver sensitivity as much as 8 dB.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Exactly what does this mean? Noise floor at +8, no errors at +8, or what? Seems 'deaf'. "As high as" is awkward for a receiver. (March 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The route between Alexandria and Cairo is 223 kilometres (139 miles) long, and hence requires remote pumping in order to meet performance requirements. Remotely pumped amplifiers can be regarded as repeaters without active modules. This technology comprises short lengths of EDF spliced into the land cable. The erbium-doped sections are situated within the cable span, and are pumped by 1,480 nm pump lasers which are based at the station.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An upgrade to the network was announced in 2006, when the acronym was expanded to "Fibre Loop Across Globe" (FLAG).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This doesn't make sense. Expanded from what? It was already FLAG. (March 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Segments_and_landing_points">Segments and landing points</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Segments and landing points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cable_landing_point" title="Cable landing point">Cable landing points</a> are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_Asia">Europe Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FLAG_FEA_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FLAG_FEA_map.svg/480px-FLAG_FEA_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FLAG_FEA_map.svg/720px-FLAG_FEA_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FLAG_FEA_map.svg/960px-FLAG_FEA_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Map of FLAG Europe Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>FLAG Europe Asia (FEA) was the first segment opened for commercial use on 22 November 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-bonds_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonds-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reliance-map-FEA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reliance-map-FEA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porthcurno" title="Porthcurno">Porthcurno</a> / <a href="/wiki/Skewjack" title="Skewjack">Skewjack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estepona" title="Estepona">Estepona</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Málaga (province)">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Palermo" title="Province of Palermo">Province of Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Iskandariyah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Iskandariyah Governorate">Al Iskandariyah Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, <a href="/wiki/As_Suways_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="As Suways Governorate">As Suways Governorate</a>, Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqaba_Governorate" title="Aqaba Governorate">Aqaba Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makkah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah Province">Makkah Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, meeting <a href="/wiki/SAFE_(cable_system)" title="SAFE (cable system)">SAFE</a> and <a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_3_(cable_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="SEA-ME-WE 3 (cable system)">SEA-ME-WE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satun" title="Satun">Satun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satun_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun Province">Satun Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkhla" title="Songkhla">Songkhla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songkhla_province" title="Songkhla province">Songkhla province</a>, Thailand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvermine_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvermine Bay">Silvermine Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanhui_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanhui District">Nanhui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoje" title="Geoje">Keoje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsangnam-do" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongsangnam-do">South Gyeongsang Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninomiya,_Kanagawa" title="Ninomiya, Kanagawa">Ninomiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefecture</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura,_Kanagawa" title="Miura, Kanagawa">Miura, Kanagawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefecture</a>, Japan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlantic">Atlantic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FLAG Atlantic 1 (FA-1) segment became operational in June 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was constructed as a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> between a FLAG Atlantic subsidiary of the parent company FLAG Telecom Holdings, and GTS Transatlantic. Alcatel Submarine Networks laid the undersea portion, and the entire cost was estimated at $1.1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-bonds_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonds-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reliance-map-FA-1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reliance-map-FA-1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northport,_New_York" title="Northport, New York">Northport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County</a>, New York, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Park,_New_York" title="Island Park, New York">Island Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a>, New York, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porthcurno" title="Porthcurno">Porthcurno</a> / <a href="/wiki/Skewjack" title="Skewjack">Skewjack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A9rin" title="Plérin">Plérin</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li></ul> <p>In March 2013, an upgrade for the southerly link was announced to up to 100 Gbit/s, with equipment from <a href="/wiki/Ciena" title="Ciena">Ciena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FLAG_Alcatel-Lucent_Optical_Network">FLAG Alcatel-Lucent Optical Network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: FLAG Alcatel-Lucent Optical Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FLAG Alcatel-Lucent Optical Network (FALCON) cable system, connecting India and several countries in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, became operational in September 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has landing points in:<sup id="cite_ref-reliance-map-FALCON_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reliance-map-FALCON-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, <a href="/wiki/As_Suways_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="As Suways Governorate">As Suways Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makkah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah Province">Makkah Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hudaydah" title="Al Hudaydah">Al Hudaydah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ghaydah" title="Al Ghaydah">Al Ghaydah</a>, Yemen</li> <li>Al Seeb, <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a>, Oman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li>Sumaisma, <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Khobar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khobar">Al Khobar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li>Al-Safat, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw" title="Al-Faw">Al-Faw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar" title="Chabahar">Chabahar</a>, Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India</li></ul> <p>There is an additional segment, listed as part of FALCON, but not directly connected. It has landing points in:<sup id="cite_ref-reliance-map-FALCON_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reliance-map-FALCON-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulhumal%C3%A9" title="Hulhumalé">Hulumale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Data_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya Data Networks">Kenya Data Networks</a> announced plans for a spur from Yemen to <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FLAG_North_Asia_Loop_/_Tiger"><span id="FLAG_North_Asia_Loop_.2F_Tiger"></span>FLAG North Asia Loop / Tiger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: FLAG North Asia Loop / Tiger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FLAG North Asia Loop (FNAL) / Tiger became operational in stages, with the final stages completed in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FNAL landing points are:<sup id="cite_ref-reliance-map-FNAL_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reliance-map-FNAL-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Fuk" title="Tong Fuk">Tong Fuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucheng" title="Toucheng">Toucheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Taiwan" title="Yilan County, Taiwan">Yilan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeongnam" title="Yeongnam">Yeongnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wada,_Chiba" title="Wada, Chiba">Wada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awa_District,_Chiba" title="Awa District, Chiba">Awa District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> <p>West of Mumbai, FLAG has a capacity of 80 <a href="/wiki/Gigabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit">Gbit</a>/s. </p><p>The segment between Lantau, Hong Kong, and Busan, South Korea was broken by the <a href="/wiki/2006_Hengchun_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Hengchun earthquake">2006 Hengchun earthquake</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disruptions">Disruptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disruptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_2006_and_January_2007">December 2006 and January 2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: December 2006 and January 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2006_Hengchun_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Hengchun earthquake">2006 Hengchun earthquake</a> on 26 December 2006, off the southwest coast of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, disrupted <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> services in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, affecting many Asian countries. Financial transactions, particularly financial transactions in foreign currencies were seriously affected as well.<sup id="cite_ref-ST20061230_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST20061230-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disruption was caused by damage to several <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_and_February_2008">January and February 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: January and February 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2008_submarine_cable_disruption" title="2008 submarine cable disruption">2008 submarine cable disruption</a></div> <p>On 30 January 2008, internet services were widely disrupted in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> following damage to the <a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_4" title="SEA-ME-WE 4">SEA-ME-WE 4</a> and FLAG cables in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a> reported 70% disruption in Egypt and 60% disruption in India.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems were reported in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The respective contributions of the two cable systems to this <a href="/wiki/Internet_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet blackout">blackout</a> is unclear. Network outage graphs suggest that the two breaks occurred at 04:30 and 08:00 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Renesys_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renesys-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cause of the damage was not declared by either cable operator, but news sources speculated the damage was caused by a ship's <a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchor</a> near <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TOI_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Kuwaiti government</a> attributed the breaks to "weather conditions and maritime traffic".<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that the damage occurred to the two systems separately near Alexandria and near <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt knew of "no passing ships" near Alexandria which has restricted waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Brauer_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brauer-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One day later, on 1 February 2008, the FALCON cable was also reported cut 56 kilometres (35 miles; 30 nautical miles) off Dubai.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of two repair ships was in place by 5 February.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_2008">December 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: December 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 December 2008, internet services were widely disrupted in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, following damage to the <a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_4" title="SEA-ME-WE 4">SEA-ME-WE 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_3" title="SEA-ME-WE 3">SEA-ME-WE 3</a>, and FLAG FEA cables in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC20081219_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC20081219-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not known what has caused these multiple breaks, however, there was seismic activity in the Malta area shortly before the breaks were identified,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC20081219_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC20081219-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is thought that the damage may be due to a ship's anchor or trawler net.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC20081223_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC20081223-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to FEA Cable System of Reliance Globalcom, the failure lay between <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. Reliance Globalcom completed the repair on the FLAG EUROPE ASIA (FEA) cable on 29 December 2008, at 14:15 GMT. Customer services that were affected due to the cable cut have been restored back normal with the completion of repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_2009">August 2009</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: August 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Damage to FNAL caused by <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Morakot_(2009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon Morakot (2009)">Typhoon Morakot</a> was reported as affecting internet traffic to China on 18 August 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_2020">January 2020</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: January 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>’s FALCON connection was cut, causing an 80% drop in that nation’s capacity. <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> all felt major effects from the same cut, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020-01-13_Wired_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-01-13_Wired-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GCHQ_interception">GCHQ interception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: GCHQ interception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/2014_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 in the United Kingdom">2014</a>, it was revealed that <a href="/wiki/Skewjack" title="Skewjack">Skewjack</a> was the location of the <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ) interception point on the Reliance Communications international fibre link, copying data to <a href="/wiki/GCHQ_Bude" title="GCHQ Bude">GCHQ Bude</a>, as part of GCHQ's <a href="/wiki/Mastering_the_Internet" title="Mastering the Internet">Mastering the Internet</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-c4n-20141120_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4n-20141120-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-electrospaces-20141130_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electrospaces-20141130-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thereg-20141121_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thereg-20141121-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Telecommunications">Telecommunications portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNAL_(cable_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="RNAL (cable system)">Reach North Asia Loop</a> (RNAL), cable network developed jointly by <a href="/wiki/Reach_Limited" title="Reach Limited">Reach</a> and FLAG Telecom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_submarine_communications_cables" title="List of international submarine communications cables">List of international submarine communications cables</a></li></ul> <p>Other cable systems following a substantially similar route to FLAG Europe-Asia (FEA) are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EIG_(cable_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="EIG (cable system)">Europe-India Gateway</a> (EIG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-ME-WE" title="I-ME-WE">I-ME-WE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_3" title="SEA-ME-WE 3">SEA-ME-WE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_4" title="SEA-ME-WE 4">SEA-ME-WE 4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telecomreviewasia.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D589%3Aglobal-cloud-xchange-plans-new-india-singapore-cable%26catid%3D3%3Anewsflash%26Itemid%3D232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre-optic+Link+Around+the+Globe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wired-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wired_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wired_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal_Stephenson1996" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a> (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.12/ffglass.html">"Mother Earth Mother Board"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Damage+to+undersea+cables+disrupts+int%27l+telecom+services&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2009-08%2F18%2Fcontent_11904208.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre-optic+Link+Around+the+Globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020-01-13_Wired-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020-01-13_Wired_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/yemen-internet-blackout-undersea-cable/">Cut Undersea Cable Plunges Yemen Into Days-Long Internet Outage: The fragility of global internet infrastructure has left the entire Red Sea region struggling to connect.</a>, Lily Hay Newman, <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>, 2020-01-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c4n-20141120-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c4n-20141120_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoff_white2014" class="citation news cs1">Geoff white (20 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Channel4.com/news/spy-cable-revealed-how-telecoms-firm-worked-with-gchq">"Spy cable revealed: how telecoms firm worked with GCHQ"</a>. <i>Channel4.com</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Channel_4_News" title="Channel 4 News">Channel 4 News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channel4.com&rft.atitle=Spy+cable+revealed%3A+how+telecoms+firm+worked+with+GCHQ&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.au=Geoff+white&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.Channel4.com%2Fnews%2Fspy-cable-revealed-how-telecoms-firm-worked-with-gchq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre-optic+Link+Around+the+Globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-electrospaces-20141130-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-electrospaces-20141130_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electrospaces.blogspot.com/2014/11/incenser-or-how-nsa-and-gchq-are.html">"INCENSER, or how NSA and GCHQ are tapping internet cables"</a>. The Netherlands: Top Level Communications. 30 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INCENSER%2C+or+how+NSA+and+GCHQ+are+tapping+internet+cables&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Top+Level+Communications&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectrospaces.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fincenser-or-how-nsa-and-gchq-are.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre-optic+Link+Around+the+Globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thereg-20141121-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thereg-20141121_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarren_Pauli2014" class="citation news cs1">Darren Pauli (21 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.TheRegister.co.uk/2014/11/21/mastering_the_internet_snowden_disclosure/">"GCHQ and Cable and Wireless teamed as Masters of the Internet"</a>. <i>TheRegister.co.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheRegister.co.uk&rft.atitle=GCHQ+and+Cable+and+Wireless+teamed+as+Masters+of+the+Internet&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft.au=Darren+Pauli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.TheRegister.co.uk%2F2014%2F11%2F21%2Fmastering_the_internet_snowden_disclosure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre-optic+Link+Around+the+Globe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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id="Transatlantic_communications_cables69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_communications_cable" title="Transatlantic communications cable">Transatlantic communications cables</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TAT series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>TAT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAT-1" title="TAT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-2" title="TAT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-3" title="TAT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-4" title="TAT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-5" title="TAT-5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-6" title="TAT-6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-7" title="TAT-7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-8" title="TAT-8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-9" title="TAT-9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-10" title="TAT-10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-11" title="TAT-11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-12/13" title="TAT-12/13">12/13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAT-14" title="TAT-14">14</a></li></ul></li> <li>CANTAT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANTAT-1" title="CANTAT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANTAT-2" title="CANTAT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANTAT-3" title="CANTAT-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li>PTAT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PTAT-1" title="PTAT-1">1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private non-TAT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Crossing_1" title="Atlantic Crossing 1">AC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-2" title="AC-2">AC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEC-1" class="mw-redirect" title="AEC-1">AEC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(cable_system)" title="Apollo (cable system)">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_III" title="Columbus III">Columbus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-Optic_Link_Around_the_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe">FLAG Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Gemini (submarine communications cable)">Gemini</a></li> <li>Google <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunant_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Dunant (submarine communications cable)">Dunant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)">Grace Hopper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Connect" title="Greenland Connect">Greenland Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernia Atlantic">Hibernia Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernia Express">Hibernia Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAREA" title="MAREA">MAREA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGN_Atlantic" title="TGN Atlantic">TGN Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAT-2" title="SAT-2">SAT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAT-3/WASC" title="SAT-3/WASC">SAT-3/WASC/SAFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis-2" title="Atlantis-2">Atlantis-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EllaLink" title="EllaLink">EllaLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAex" title="SAex">SAex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SACS_(cable_system)" title="SACS (cable system)">SACS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAIL_(cable_system)" title="SAIL (cable system)">SAIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean101" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template:Submarine communications cables in the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template talk:Submarine communications cables in the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Africa_Coast_to_Europe_(cable_system)" title="Africa Coast to Europe (cable system)">Africa Coast to Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA-1" title="ALBA-1">ALBA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMX-1" title="AMX-1">AMX-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANTILLAS_I" title="ANTILLAS I">ANTILLAS I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCOS-1" title="ARCOS-1">ARCOS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIMAO_(cable_system)" title="ARIMAO (cable system)">ARIMAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas_II" title="Americas II">Americas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(cable_system)" title="Apollo (cable system)">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Crossing_1" title="Atlantic Crossing 1">Atlantic Crossing 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis-2" title="Atlantis-2">Atlantis-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSNi" title="BDSNi">BDSNi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Lion1" title="C-Lion1">C-Lion1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe_(cable_system)" title="Circe (cable system)">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_II" title="Columbus II">Columbus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_III" title="Columbus III">Columbus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_1" title="Concerto 1">Concerto 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danice" title="Danice">Danice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunant_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Dunant (submarine communications cable)">Dunant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECFS_(cable_system)" title="ECFS (cable system)">ECFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EllaLink" title="EllaLink">EllaLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FARICE-1" title="FARICE-1">FARICE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLO-1" title="GLO-1">GLO-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobeNet" title="GlobeNet">GlobeNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Connect" title="Greenland Connect">Greenland Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HUGO_(cable_system)" title="HUGO (cable system)">HUGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernia Express">Hibernia Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAREA" title="MAREA">MAREA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAYA-1" title="MAYA-1">MAYA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_One" title="Main One">Main One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monet_(submarine_cable)" title="Monet (submarine cable)">Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NorSea_Com_1" title="NorSea Com 1">NorSea Com 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAN_AM_(cable_system)" title="PAN AM (cable system)">PAN AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEC_(cable_system)" title="PEC (cable system)">PEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Caribbean_Cable_System" title="Pacific Caribbean Cable System">Pacific Caribbean Cable System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SACS_(cable_system)" title="SACS (cable system)">SACS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAIL_(cable_system)" title="SAIL (cable system)">SAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAT-3/WASC" title="SAT-3/WASC">SAT-3/WASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAex" title="SAex">SAex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAm-1" title="SAm-1">SAm-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHEFA-2" title="SHEFA-2">SHEFA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMPR-1" title="SMPR-1">SMPR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Caribbean_Fiber" title="Southern Caribbean Fiber">Southern Caribbean Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Undersea_Cable_System" title="Svalbard Undersea Cable System">Svalbard Undersea Cable System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangerine_(cable_system)" title="Tangerine (cable system)">Tangerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULYSSES_(cable_system)" title="ULYSSES (cable system)">ULYSSES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNISUR" title="UNISUR">UNISUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSNL_Northern_Europe" title="VSNL Northern Europe">VSNL Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSNL_Western_Europe" title="VSNL Western Europe">VSNL Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Cable_System" title="West Africa Cable System">West Africa Cable System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy or abandoned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANTAT-1" title="CANTAT-1">CANTAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANTAT-2" title="CANTAT-2">CANTAT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANTAT-3" title="CANTAT-3">CANTAT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODIN_(cable_system)" title="ODIN (cable system)">ODIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangea_(cable_system)" title="Pangea (cable system)">Pangea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REMBRANDT-1" title="REMBRANDT-1">REMBRANDT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REMBRANDT-2" title="REMBRANDT-2">REMBRANDT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIOJA-1" title="RIOJA-1">RIOJA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIOJA-2" title="RIOJA-2">RIOJA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIOJA-3" title="RIOJA-3">RIOJA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAT-2" title="SAT-2">SAT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_3" title="SEA-ME-WE 3">SEA-ME-WE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCS-1" title="TCS-1">TCS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK-Belgium_5" title="UK-Belgium 5">UK-Belgium 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASACE" title="WASACE">WASACE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Indian_Ocean59" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Indian_Ocean59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">Submarine communications cables</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2Africa" title="2Africa">2Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAE-1" title="AAE-1">AAE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa-1" title="Africa-1">Africa-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_(cable_system)" title="ASEAN (cable system)">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Singapore_Cable" title="Australia Singapore Cable">Australia Singapore Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Gateway" title="Bay of Bengal Gateway">Bay of Bengal Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARE_(cable_system)" title="DARE (cable system)">DARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumai-Malacca_Cable_System" title="Dumai-Malacca Cable System">Dumai-Malacca Cable System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EASSy" title="EASSy">EASSy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_India_Gateway" title="Europe India Gateway">Europe India Gateway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Bridge_International" title="Gulf Bridge International">Gulf Bridge International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-ME-WE" title="I-ME-WE">I-ME-WE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2i" title="I2i">I2i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LION_(cable_system)" title="LION (cable system)">LION</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MENA_(cable_system)" title="MENA (cable system)">MENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Rodrigues_Submarine_Cable" title="Mauritius–Rodrigues Submarine Cable">Mauritius–Rodrigues Submarine Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman_Australia_Cable" title="Oman Australia Cable">Oman Australia Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEACE_Cable" title="PEACE Cable">PEACE Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-Raman_cable_system" title="Blue-Raman cable system">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAFE_(cable_system)" title="SAFE (cable system)">SAFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_4" title="SEA-ME-WE 4">SEA-ME-WE 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_5" title="SEA-ME-WE 5">SEA-ME-WE 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_6" title="SEA-ME-WE 6">SEA-ME-WE 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEACOM_(African_cable_system)" title="SEACOM (African cable system)">SEACOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAMS_(cable_system)" title="TEAMS (cable system)">TEAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIISCS" title="TIISCS">TIISCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA-1" title="TWA-1">TWA-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Pacific_Ocean60" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="Template:Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="Template talk:Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Pacific_Ocean60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">Submarine communications cables</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APCN" title="APCN">APCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APCN_2" title="APCN 2">APCN 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APNG_(cable_system)" title="APNG (cable system)">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APNG-2" title="APNG-2">APNG-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_(cable_system)" title="ASEAN (cable system)">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_United" title="Alaska United">Alaska United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Gateway" title="Asia Pacific Gateway">Asia Pacific Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-America_Gateway" title="Asia-America Gateway">Asia-America Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Japan_Cable" title="Australia–Japan Cable">Australia–Japan Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Gateway" title="Bay of Bengal Gateway">Bay of Bengal Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUCN" title="CUCN">CUCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Pacific_Cable_System" title="Commonwealth Pacific Cable System">Commonwealth Pacific Cable System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAC-C2C" title="EAC-C2C">EAC-C2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTER_(cable_system)" title="FASTER (cable system)">FASTER</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-P" title="G-P">G-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana-1" title="Gondwana-1">Gondwana-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HANTRU-1" title="HANTRU-1">HANTRU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAW-1" title="HAW-1">HAW-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Inter-Island_Cable_System" title="Hawaii Inter-Island Cable System">Hawaii Inter-Island Cable System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honotua" title="Honotua">Honotua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_Cable_Network" title="Interchange Cable Network">Interchange Cable Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan-US_(cable_system)" title="Japan-US (cable system)">Japan-US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manatua_One_Polynesia_Fibre_Cable" title="Manatua One Polynesia Fibre Cable">Manatua One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_Cable_System" title="Matrix Cable System">Matrix Cable System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPC_(cable_system)" title="NPC (cable system)">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAN_AM_(cable_system)" title="PAN AM (cable system)">PAN AM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-1" title="PC-1">PC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PacRimWest" title="PacRimWest">PacRimWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Caribbean_Cable_System" title="Pacific Caribbean Cable System">Pacific Caribbean Cable System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_Pacific_Cable" title="Pipe Pacific Cable">Pipe Pacific Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RJK" title="RJK">RJK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNAL" title="RNAL">RNAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAm-1" title="SAm-1">SAm-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_3" title="SEA-ME-WE 3">SEA-ME-WE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_4" title="SEA-ME-WE 4">SEA-ME-WE 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEACOM_(Asian_cable_system)" title="SEACOM (Asian cable system)">SEACOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPIN_(cable_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="SPIN (cable system)">SPIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Cable" title="Southern Cross Cable">Southern Cross Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-V-H" title="T-V-H">T-V-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIS_(cable_system)" title="TIS (cable system)">TIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPC-5CN" title="TPC-5CN">TPC-5CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPE_(cable_system)" title="TPE (cable system)">TPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSE-1" title="TSE-1">TSE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Global_Access" title="Tasman Global Access">Tasman Global Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstra_Endeavour" title="Telstra Endeavour">Telstra Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_Cable_System" title="Tonga Cable System">Tonga Cable System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpac_(cable_system)" title="Transpac (cable system)">Transpac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(cable_system)" title="Unity (cable system)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSNL_Transpacific" title="VSNL Transpacific">VSNL Transpacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reliance_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Group142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reliance_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Group" title="Template:Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reliance_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Group" title="Template talk:Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reliance_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reliance_Anil_Dhirubhai_Ambani_Group142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Group" title="Reliance Group">Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Communications" title="Reliance Communications">Reliance Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapak" title="Zapak">Zapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaj_Group" title="Bajaj Group">Bajaj Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Power" title="Reliance Power">Reliance Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasan_Ultra_Mega_Power_Project" title="Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project">Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Thermal_Power_Plant" title="Rosa Thermal Power Plant">Rosa Thermal Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butibori_Power_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Butibori Power Project">Butibori Power Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Natural_Resources_Limited" title="Reliance Natural Resources Limited">Reliance Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani_Solar_Park" title="Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park">Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Infrastructure" title="Reliance Infrastructure">Reliance Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Naval_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Naval and Engineering">Reliance Naval and Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metro" title="Mumbai Metro">Mumbai Metro One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Guru_Gobind_Singh_Ji_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport">Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani_Knowledge_City" title="Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City">Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Health" title="Reliance Health">Reliance Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BIGFlix" title="BIGFlix">BIGFlix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIG_FM_92.7" class="mw-redirect" title="BIG FM 92.7">BIG FM 92.7</a> (sold)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIGADDA" title="BIGADDA">BIGADDA</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIG_Star_Entertainment_Awards" title="BIG Star Entertainment Awards">BIG Star Entertainment Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_MediaWorks" title="Reliance MediaWorks">Reliance MediaWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Entertainment" title="Reliance Entertainment">Reliance Entertainment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Capital" title="Reliance Capital">Reliance Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_General_Insurance" title="Reliance General Insurance">Reliance General Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Life_Insurance" title="Reliance Life Insurance">Reliance Life Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Securities" title="Reliance Securities">Reliance Securities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-Optic_Link_Around_the_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe">Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblin_Partners" title="Amblin Partners">Amblin Partners</a> (part) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment" title="Amblin Entertainment">Amblin Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblin_Television" title="Amblin Television">Amblin Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Television" title="DreamWorks Television">DreamWorks Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RADAGroup.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/RADAGroup.svg/200px-RADAGroup.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/RADAGroup.svg/300px-RADAGroup.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/RADAGroup.svg/400px-RADAGroup.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="51" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani_Institute_of_Information_and_Communication_Technology" title="Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology">Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology</a> (DA-IICT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani" title="Dhirubhai Ambani">Dhirubhai Ambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Ambani" title="Anil Ambani">Anil Ambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Ambani" title="Tina Ambani">Tina Ambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalit_Jalan" title="Lalit Jalan">Lalit Jalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Cloud_Xchange" title="Global Cloud Xchange">Global Cloud Xchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowry_Digital" title="Lowry Digital">Lowry Digital</a> (sold)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_CBS_Prime" title="Big CBS Prime">Big CBS Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIG_CBS_Spark" title="BIG CBS Spark">Big CBS Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_CBS_Love" title="Big CBS Love">Big CBS Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Reliance_Industries_Limited" title="Template:Reliance Industries Limited">Template:Reliance Industries Limited</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&oldid=1251355847">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fibre-optic_Link_Around_the_Globe&oldid=1251355847</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transatlantic_communications_cables" title="Category:Transatlantic communications cables">Transatlantic communications cables</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Category:Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean">Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="Category:Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean">Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Red_Sea" title="Category:Submarine communications cables in the Red Sea">Submarine communications cables in the Red Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Submarine_communications_cables_in_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Category:Submarine communications cables in the Arabian 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