Ancient Crete - World History Encyclopedia

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An important member of the Greek world in the Archaic period, Crete dipped a little in significance during the Classical period but was..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Mark Cartwright" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/markzcartwright/" rel="author" title="User Page: Mark Cartwright">Mark Cartwright</a> <br/> published on 02 February 2017 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/1-79/crete-antique/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/it/1-79/antica-creta/" class="translation_link it " rel="alternate">Italian</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-79/la-antigua-creta/" class="translation_link es " rel="alternate">Spanish</a>, <a href="/trans/tr/1-79/antik-girit/" class="translation_link tr " rel="alternate">Turkish</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/1-79/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); if (litPlayer) { litPlayer.attr('src',litPlayer.attr('data-src')); } }); }); </script> <style> #audio-outer-wrapper { height: 80px; width: 100%; margin: 1em 0em; } #audio-frame-contents { background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-height: 80px; } </style> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=crete+Gortyn+greece+knossos+Malia+Minoan_Art+Minoan_Civilization+Phaistos+Phaistos_Disk+Zakros" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=markzcartwright" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <span class="outline_button pdf_button" onclick="pdfButtonClicked();">PDF</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } function pdfButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ahe_dialogue('/template/files/print-to-pdf-dialogue.php?v='+AHE.lastDeploy,400,null,'PDF') }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/380/minoan-rhyton/" title="Minoan Rhyton"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/380.jpg.webp?v=1715620863 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/380.jpg.webp?v=1715620863 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/380.jpg?v=1715620863 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/380.jpg?v=1715620863 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/380.jpg?v=1715620863" width="300" height="480" alt="Minoan Rhyton (by Mark Cartwright, CC BY-NC-SA)" title="Minoan Rhyton (by Mark Cartwright, CC BY-NC-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Minoan Rhyton</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/380/minoan-rhyton/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/380/minoan-rhyton/","caption":"Stone rhyton (libation vase) in the form of a bull's head from the Minoan site of Knossos, New-Palace period (1600-1500 BCE), Heraklion Archaeological Museum, Crete.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/380.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/#person","name":"Mark Cartwright","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/mark.cartwright.73"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG","description":"Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-04-09T00:08:18+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Minoan Rhyton","height":1400,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/380/minoan-rhyton/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/380/minoan-rhyton/","width":875} </script> <p>Crete is an island in the eastern <a href="/disambiguation/mediterranean/">Mediterranean</a> which during the <a href="/disambiguation/Bronze_Age/">Bronze Age</a> produced the influential <a href="/Minoan_Civilization/">Minoan civilization</a> with its distinctive <a href="/disambiguation/architecture/">architecture</a> and art. An important member of the <a href="/disambiguation/greek/">Greek</a> world in the <a href="/Archaic_Period/">Archaic period</a>, Crete dipped a little in significance during the Classical period but was again a major cultural centre in <a href="/disambiguation/Roman/">Roman</a> times when it was a province within the <a href="/Roman_Empire/">Roman empire</a> and centre of <a href="/article/1205/early-christianity/">early Christianity</a>. The island today has many archaeological sites of note which include <a href="/knossos/">Knossos</a>, <a href="/Phaistos/">Phaistos</a>, and <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a>, all with significant architectural remains as compelling evidence of Crete's long and varied history.</p> <h3><a href="/disambiguation/Minoan/">Minoan</a> Crete</h3> <p>The earliest evidence of habitation on the island goes back to at least 7,000 BCE when settlers from <a href="/Asia_Minor/">Anatolia</a> arrived but its first recognisable <a href="/disambiguation/culture/">culture</a> was the Minoans who would provide some of antiquity's most recognisable legends, architecture and artworks, as well as going on to influence many subsequent Mediterranean civilizations. The Minoans rose to prominence from around 2000 BCE, and they would be one of the most successful Mediterranean trading cultures of the <a href="/disambiguation/bronze/">Bronze</a> Age. <a href="/disambiguation/Agriculture/">Agriculture</a> and <a href="/disambiguation/trade/">trade</a> allowed the formation of large centralised centres at Knossos, Phaistos, <a href="/Malia/">Malia</a>, <a href="/Zakros/">Zakros</a>, and other sites where grand palatial buildings were constructed and local trade was centralised. These structures were two or three stories high, spread over several thousand square metres, and decorated with fine frescoes. It seems likely that some sort of central administration organised the gathering and storage of materials such as wine, oil, grain, precious metals, and ceramics. The <a href="/Linear_A_Script/">Linear A script</a>, as yet undeciphered, is another indicator of a sophisticated political and trading culture. A relatively peaceful relationship between centres is suggested by the lack of fortification walls, although finds of arrow heads, armour and helmets point to some preoccupation with martial affairs.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <div class="big_quote">The island's prosperity based on sea trade is attested not only by its monumental architecture but also a flourishing of the arts. </div> <p>The Minoan palaces show evidence of destruction by <a href="/disambiguation/earthquake/">earthquake</a> c. 1700 BCE, after which they were rebuilt. The palaces were well-appointed, monumental structures with large courts, colonnades, staircases, religious crypts, light-wells, drainage systems, extensive storage magazines for large ceramic <em>pithoi</em> containers, and even '<a href="/disambiguation/theatre/">theatre</a>' areas for public spectacles. The complexity of these palaces, the sport of bull-leaping, the worship of bulls as indicated by the presence throughout of sacred bulls' horns and depictions of double axes (or <em>labrys</em>) all probably gave rise to the legend from <a href="/Greek_Mythology/">Greek mythology</a> of King Minos, ruler of Knossos, and the Athenian hero <a href="/Theseus/">Theseus</a> who killed the <a href="/Minotaur/">minotaur</a> which dwelt in the <a href="/Labyrinth/">labyrinth</a> of the same <a href="/city/">city</a>. Other features of the Minoan <a href="/religion/">religion</a> besides bulls include the prominence of Nature and fertility goddesses, best seen in voluptuous <a href="/disambiguation/Faience/">faience</a> figurines holding snakes.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="650"> <a href="/image/650/palace-of-malia/" title="Palace of Malia" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/650.jpg.webp?v=1685004543 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/650.jpg.webp?v=1685004543 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/650.jpg?v=1685004543 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/650.jpg?v=1685004543 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/650.jpg?v=1685004543" alt="Palace of Malia" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="334" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Palace of Malia</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/650/palace-of-malia/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/650/palace-of-malia/","caption":"Model of the Minoan palace at Malia, Crete (1675 BC-1450 BCE).","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/650.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/#person","name":"Mark Cartwright","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/mark.cartwright.73"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG","description":"Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-04-09T00:08:18+0000","datePublished":"2012-05-10T20:08:40+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Palace of Malia","height":"2592","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/650/palace-of-malia/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/650/palace-of-malia/","width":"3888"} </script> </p> <p>The Athenian Theseus myth and others, such as <a href="/Rhea/">Rhea</a> hiding a young <a href="/zeus/">Zeus</a> in a cave on Crete, point, as do archaeological finds across the <a href="/aegean/">Aegean</a>, to Crete's influence on the wider world. The island's prosperity based on sea trade is attested not only by its monumental architecture but also a flourishing of the arts as best seen in <a href="/article/390/minoan-frescoes/">Minoan frescoes</a>, ceramics, jewellery, and figurines. Trade relations are known with <a href="/thera/">Thera</a>, <a href="/Rhodes/">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/egypt/">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/Near_East/">Near East</a>, <a href="/cyprus/">Cyprus</a>, and the <a href="/Cyclades/">Cyclades</a>, amongst others.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <p>A second wave of earthquakes and destructive fires occurred between 1500 BCE and 1450 BCE which seems to have definitively ended the Minoan presence on Crete. The island may also have suffered a tsunami following the eruption of Thera, although the date of this event is uncertain. The collapse of the Minoan centres, perhaps not coincidentally, was contemporary with the rise of the <a href="/Mycenaean_Civilization/">Mycenaean civilization</a> on mainland <a href="/greece/">Greece</a>. There is evidence that the Mycenaeans ruled at Minoan sites between 1450 and 1380 BCE. Knossos was again destroyed c. 1380 BCE and never rebuilt. By 1200 BCE many of the Minoan settlements had been abandoned.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="392"> <a href="/image/392/griffin-fresco-knossos-crete/" title="Griffin Fresco, Knossos, Crete" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/392.jpg.webp?v=1711824843 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/392.jpg.webp?v=1711824843 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/392.jpg?v=1711824843 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/392.jpg?v=1711824843 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/392.jpg?v=1711824843" alt="Griffin Fresco, Knossos, Crete" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="334" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Griffin Fresco, Knossos, Crete</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/392/griffin-fresco-knossos-crete/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/392/griffin-fresco-knossos-crete/","caption":"A detail of the griffin fresco reproduction from the throne room, palace of Knossos, Crete, (1700-1450 BCE).","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/392.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/#person","name":"Mark Cartwright","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/mark.cartwright.73"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG","description":"Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-04-09T00:08:18+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Griffin Fresco, Knossos, Crete","height":"2592","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/392/griffin-fresco-knossos-crete/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/392/griffin-fresco-knossos-crete/","width":"3888"} </script> </p> <h3><a href="/disambiguation/Archaic/">Archaic</a> & Classical Crete</h3> <p>There are no surviving written records of activities on the island between 1200 and 800 BCE but it is known that Dorian-speaking immigrants settled on Crete in that period. Kommos became an important port with evidence of contact with the Greek mainland, <a href="/phoenicia/">Phoenicia</a>, and the Near East, an influence also seen in language and art. New settlements prospered so that by 650 BCE the island boasted, according to Greek tradition, 100 <em><a href="/Polis/">poleis</a> </em>or city-states, many with temples, markets and urban planning. The number was more likely nearer 60 but, nevertheless, Crete was firmly established as an important region of the Greek world, albeit one more disconnected than most others.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>Legal texts, the most famous and longest being the <a href="/disambiguation/law/">law</a> code of Gortyn (c. 450 BCE), show that Cretan <a href="/city/">cities</a> were composed of various classes of peoples including slaves and foreigners, and had a concern for justice, especially in the fields of family and property law. As with the classic <em><a href="/Polis/">polis</a></em> model of the Greek mainland, a landed citizenry made up an armed force of hoplites when required and the population as a whole was ruled by an aristocracy which presided over a popular assembly of government. Traditional tribal leaders and noble families would have monopolised public positions, including those related to religious activities which followed the polytheistic <a href="/Pantheon/">pantheon</a> and practices of the Greek mainland.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="397"> <a href="/image/397/the-law-code-of-gortyn-crete/" title="The Law Code of Gortyn, Crete" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/397.jpg.webp?v=1720178591 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/397.jpg.webp?v=1720178591 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/397.jpg?v=1720178591 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/397.jpg?v=1720178591 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/397.jpg?v=1720178591" alt="The Law Code of Gortyn, Crete" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="334" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">The Law Code of Gortyn, Crete</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/397/the-law-code-of-gortyn-crete/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/397/the-law-code-of-gortyn-crete/","caption":"The lawcode from Gortyn, Crete was written in the 5th century BCE and is said to be the largest epigraphic text in ancient Greek (8 m x 1.70 m).","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/397.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/#person","name":"Mark Cartwright","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/markzcartwright/","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/mark.cartwright.73"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG","description":"Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-04-09T00:08:18+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"The Law Code of Gortyn, Crete","height":"2592","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/397/the-law-code-of-gortyn-crete/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/397/the-law-code-of-gortyn-crete/","width":"3888"} </script> </p> <p>The very fact that Crete is an island limited its role in Greek regional affairs during the Classical period (600-450 BCE), but Cretan towns did provide warriors – Cretan mercenary slingers and archers being especially highly esteemed – for such conflicts as the Peloponnesian Wars and the campaigns of <a href="/Alexander_the_Great/">Alexander the Great</a> and his successors. From the 3rd to 1st century BCE, the formation of a Cretan Federation seems to have done little in arresting the island's general decline into relative obscurity. Many people emigrated to the Greek mainland while Crete now earned a reputation for <a href="/Piracy/">piracy</a>, a practice which eventually brought about two wars with that other Mediterranean island built on trade: Rhodes (206-204 BCE and 155-153 BCE).</p> <div class="big_quote">Cretan mercenary slingers & archers were highly esteemed & participated in such conflicts as the <a href="/Peloponnesian_War/">Peloponnesian War</a>.</div> <p>A civil <a href="/war/">war</a> erupted between the island's three main cities - Gortyn, Knossos, and Lyttos - between c. 222 and 219 BCE. Philip V of <a href="/macedon/">Macedon</a> was courted as an ally, but taking advantage of the political weaknesses of the Cretan cities, it was <a href="/disambiguation/Ptolemy/">Ptolemy</a> VI who established a garrison in eastern Crete. However, this did not stop the continued civil war between rival cities which rumbled on throughout the 2nd century BCE. A peace was finally established in 110 BCE when the Mediterranean's new superpower <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a> stepped into local affairs.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Roman Crete</h3> <p>In the Roman period Cretan piracy was still rife, and it would take two wars in 71 and 69-67 BCE before the ever-determined Romans could finally stamp it out. Crete, thereafter, became something of a pawn in wider Roman regional politics as the Republic went through its <a href="/disambiguation/Death/">death</a> throes. In 36 BCE, for example, <a href="/Mark_Antony/">Mark Antony</a> gave the island to <a href="/disambiguation/cleopatra/">Cleopatra</a> as a gift. With the succession of <a href="/augustus/">Augustus</a>, though, Crete was officially incorporated into the Roman <a href="/empire/">empire</a>. The emperor created a colony at Knossos, and the city, along with the island in general, benefitted from an influx of immigrants which brought a prosperity Crete had not seen for centuries. Prominent settlers included veterans from the legions, traders, and Jews in what became a thriving Roman province with its governor residing at Gortyn. At least 15 cities prospered in this period, oil and wine production increased massively, amphitheatres, temples, <a href="/Roman_Baths/">Roman baths</a> and <a href="/aqueduct/">aqueducts</a> were built, and the island minted its own <a href="/coinage/">coinage</a>. The famed Cretan archers became an important fixture in the <a href="/Roman_Army/">Roman army</a> across the empire, but no Roman troops were stationed on Crete itself.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="377"> <a href="/image/377/gortyn-crete/" title="Gortyn, Crete" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/377.jpg.webp?v=1720178587 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/377.jpg.webp?v=1720178587 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/377.jpg?v=1720178587 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/377.jpg?v=1720178587 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/377.jpg?v=1720178587" alt="Gortyn, Crete" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="334" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Gortyn, Crete</div><div class="figauthor">Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/377/gortyn-crete/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/377/gortyn-crete/","caption":"The bouleuterion or meeting place for the city\u2019s council of the Roman town of Gortyn, Crete (1st Century BCE).","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/377.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Mark Cartwright - CC BY-NC-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. 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He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director.","jobTitle":"Publishing Director","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Mark Cartwright / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-04-09T00:08:18+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Gortyn, Crete","height":"2592","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/377/gortyn-crete/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/377/gortyn-crete/","width":"3888"} </script> </p> <p>An early Christian community was established at Gortyn c. 60 CE whose first bishop was <a href="/disambiguation/Titus/">Titus</a>, a disciple of <a href="/Paul_the_Apostle/">Saint Paul</a>. Gortyn, in particular, thrived with a population reaching 300,000 and its status confirmed as a major Roman town when the future emperor <a href="/trajan/">Trajan</a> was appointed <a href="/Quaestor/">quaestor</a> there in 81 CE. The 3rd century CE saw several infamous persecutions of Christians including ten martyrs during a wild animal hunt in Gortyn's <a href="/amphitheatre/">amphitheatre</a> in 249 CE. When the Roman Empire split into two, Crete was made part of the Eastern empire although the Christian church was under the jurisdiction of the Pope at <a href="/Thessalonica/">Thessaloniki</a>. The island continued to prosper throughout this period until the <a href="/disambiguation/Byzantine/">Byzantine</a> era when it faced repeated Arab raids and, ultimately, full <a href="/warfare/">conquest</a> c. 827 CE. </p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=crete+Gortyn+greece+knossos+Malia+Minoan_Art+Minoan_Civilization+Phaistos+Phaistos_Disk+Zakros" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This human-authored article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__28af5675b64723e8a44921f1468b0fe7"> <cite class="bib_text">Bagnall, R.S. <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient History.</i> Wiley-Blackwell, 2012</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__7a3dc918a187f0cd9eb4303cb94b03d7"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0199873607/" rel="sponsored">Cline, E.H. <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean.</i> Oxford University Press, 2012.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__3102c3511a686027368b49a88fe008cc"> <cite class="bib_text">Davaras, C. <i>East Crete.</i> Hannibal Editions, Athens</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__843d4655a32fbcf3c46bc4f73f0707a8"> <cite class="bib_text">Davaras, C. <i>Malia.</i> Hannibal Editions, Athens</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__80400780a1cf98617051b5b54784cd42"> <cite class="bib_text">Davaras, C. <i>Phaistos.</i> Hannibal Editions, Athens.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__ad779295fb9cedffe0e7842e3d11d8bd"> <cite class="bib_text">Davaras, C. <i>The Palace of Knossos.</i> Hannibal Editions, Athens, 2010</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__0d4a8ddef3d0710f317ad2af2a327e0f"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B00FEJYDCS/" rel="sponsored">Davaras, C:. <i>Phaistos Hagia Triada Gortyne.</i> Editions Hannibal, 1981.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__ff1d602b0041970645530cf73db08381"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0500203032/" rel="sponsored">Higgins, R:. <i>Minoan and Mycenaean Art.</i> Thames & Hudson, 1997.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__b543810fff1299511459fb1b79308151"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0199545561/" rel="sponsored">Hornblower, S. <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary.</i> Oxford University Press, 2012.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__2d68b87d1e20d17e2ede133fef536c8c"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B0000CLF3U/" rel="sponsored">Hutchinson, R.W. <i>Prehistoric Crete.</i> Penguin Books, 1962.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__f5b54a9c24e49d110d282e0b28ff13f4"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B007PV5OWQ/" rel="sponsored">Stylianos, A. <i>Minoan Civilization. Translated from the Greek by Cressida Ridley.</i> Heraklion, Crete: V. Kouvidis - V. Manouras Co. c1969, 1969.</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=markzcartwright" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/markzcartwright/" rel="nofollow" title="Mark Cartwright"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-markzcartwright.JPG?v=1588174056" width="100" height="100" alt="Mark Cartwright" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/markzcartwright/" rel="author" title="Mark Cartwright">Mark Cartwright</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Mark is a full-time writer, researcher, historian, and editor. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. </div> <div class="sm_links"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/mark.cartwright.73/" title="Mark Cartwright" class="sm_tiny_sprite facebook no_external"></a> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/cartwright1797/" title="Mark Cartwright" class="sm_tiny_sprite pinterest no_external"></a> <a href="https://champagnecollection.weebly.com/" title=" Champagne Collection" class="sm_tiny_sprite website no_external" rel="ugc"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="translations_notice"> <h2 class="translations">Translations</h2> <a href="/trans/fr/1-79/crete-antique/" class="translation_link fr outline_button" rel="alternate">French</a> <a href="/trans/it/1-79/antica-creta/" class="translation_link it outline_button" rel="alternate">Italian</a> <a href="/trans/es/1-79/la-antigua-creta/" class="translation_link es outline_button" rel="alternate">Spanish</a> <a href="/trans/tr/1-79/antik-girit/" class="translation_link tr outline_button" rel="alternate">Turkish</a> <p>We want people all over the world to learn about history. Help us and <a href="/trans/x/1-79/edit/" class="translation_add_button" rel="nofollow">translate this definition</a> into another language!</p> </div> <div id="ci_related_wrapper"> <div class="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" id="ci_related_content_outer_wrapper"> <h2>Related Content</h2> <div id="ci_related_type_list"> <span class="filter_label">Filters:</span> <div rel="0" class="ci_type_0 ci_rel_type selected">All<span class="ci_rel_type_count"> </span></div> <div rel="1" class="ci_type_1 ci_rel_type ">Definitions<span class="ci_rel_type_count">38</span></div> <div rel="2" class="ci_type_2 ci_rel_type ">Articles<span class="ci_rel_type_count">13</span></div> <div rel="3" class="ci_type_3 ci_rel_type ">Images<span class="ci_rel_type_count">44</span></div> <div rel="6" class="ci_type_6 ci_rel_type ">Videos<span class="ci_rel_type_count">3</span></div> <div rel="9" class="ci_type_9 ci_rel_type ">Collections<span class="ci_rel_type_count">1</span></div> </div> <div id="ci_related_content"> <div class="ci_related_content_wrapper ci_two_cols three_cols"> <div class="columns"> <a href="/Gortyn/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-10238" data-score="1079112" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/377.jpg.webp?v=1720178587 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/377.jpg.webp?v=1720178587 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/377.jpg?v=1720178587 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/377.jpg?v=1720178587 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/377.jpg?v=1720178587" width="360" height="202" alt="Gortyn" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Gortyn</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Gortyn is located on the Mesara plain of central Crete and was... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/article/1391/exploring-western-cretes-archaeological-treasures/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_2 " id="2-1391" data-score="1061796" data-ci-type-id="2"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/10587.jpg.webp?v=1679464382 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/10587.jpg.webp?v=1679464382 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/10587.jpg?v=1679464382 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/10587.jpg?v=1679464382 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/10587.jpg?v=1679464382" width="360" height="202" alt="Exploring Western Crete's Archaeological Treasures" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__2"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Article </div> <h3>Exploring Western Crete's Archaeological Treasures</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> As the cradle of European civilization and a meeting place of diverse... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Phaistos_Disk/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-10229" data-score="818137" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/364.jpg.webp?v=1625329803 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/364.jpg.webp?v=1625329803 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/364.jpg?v=1625329803 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/364.jpg?v=1625329803 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/364.jpg?v=1625329803" width="360" height="202" alt="Phaistos Disk" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Phaistos Disk</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> The Phaistos disk is a fired clay disk, probably of Minoan origin... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Phaistos/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-10228" data-score="754959" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/372.jpg.webp?v=1725549011 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/372.jpg.webp?v=1725549011 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/372.jpg?v=1725549011 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/372.jpg?v=1725549011 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/372.jpg?v=1725549011" width="360" height="202" alt="Phaistos" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Phaistos</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Located on the fertile Mesara plain in central Crete, Phaistos... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Zakros/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-10780" data-score="699846" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/1388.jpg.webp?v=1618565412 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/1388.jpg.webp?v=1618565412 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/1388.jpg?v=1618565412 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/1388.jpg?v=1618565412 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/1388.jpg?v=1618565412" width="360" height="202" alt="Zakros" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Zakros</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Ideally situated in a sheltered gulf surrounded by mountains, Zakros... </div> </div> </a> <a href="/Malia/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-10777" data-score="670166" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source 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When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. <span class="no_print">Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.</span></p> </div> </main> <aside class="right_1_column"> <div id="editor_tools"> </div> <div class="timeline_outer_wrapper"> <div class="timeline_wrapper"> <h2>Timeline</h2> <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/login/" title="Add Timeline Entry" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Add Event</a> <a href="/ajax/ajax_print_visual_timeline.php?tag=crete&width=950&height=600" rel="nofollow" class="thickbox outline_button visual_timeline_button" title="Visual Timeline">Visual Timeline</a> <ul id="time_list"> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4699" title=""> <div class="date">7000 BCE</div> First habitation on <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1316" title=""> <div class="date">6000 BCE</div> First habitation at <a href="/Malia/">Malia</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1309" title=""> <div class="date">3600 BCE - 3000 BCE</div> First inhabitation of <a href="/Phaistos/">Phaistos</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_52" title=""> <div class="date">3000 BCE</div> Stone tombs on <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2446" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2700 BCE</div> Olive trees are grown and harvested in <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. Olive oil is exported. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1317" title=""> <div class="date">2200 BCE</div> First monumental <a href="/disambiguation/architecture/">architecture</a> at <a href="/Malia/">Malia</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2536" title=""> <div class="date">2200 BCE - 1500 BCE</div> The <a href="/Minoan_Civilization/">Minoan Civilization</a> flourishes on <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>, <a href="/greece/">Greece</a>. King Minos establishes the first navy in the region. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1326" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2000 BCE</div> <a href="/pottery/">Pottery</a> wheel introduced to <a href="/Minoan_Civilization/">Minoan civilization</a> on <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1311" title=""> <div class="date">2000 BCE - 1700 BCE</div> First <a href="/disambiguation/Minoan/">Minoan</a> <a href="/disambiguation/palace/">palace</a> at <a href="/Phaistos/">Phaistos</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_71" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2000 BCE - c. 1650 BCE</div> Cretan Hieroglyphic <a href="/script/">script</a> is in use. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_73" title=""> <div class="date">2000 BCE - 1450 BCE</div> <a href="/Minoan_Civilization/">Minoan civilization</a> in <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> and the <a href="/aegean/">Aegean</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1310" title=""> <div class="date">2000 BCE - 1400 BCE</div> <a href="/Phaistos/">Phaistos</a>' greatest cultural height. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1438" title=""> <div class="date">1900 BCE</div> First <a href="/disambiguation/Minoan/">Minoan</a> <a href="/disambiguation/palace/">palace</a> at <a href="/knossos/">Knossos</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1402" title=""> <div class="date">1850 BCE - 1550 BCE</div> <a href="/Phaistos_Disk/">Phaistos disk</a> manufactured on <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_86" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1850 BCE - c. 1450 BCE</div> The <a href="/Linear_A_Script/">Linear A script</a> of the <a href="/Minoan_Civilization/">Minoan civilization</a> is in use. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_87" title=""> <div class="date">1700 BCE</div> Second <a href="/disambiguation/palace/">Palace</a> of <a href="/knossos/">Knossos</a> on <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1312" title=""> <div class="date">1700 BCE - 1600 BCE</div> Second <a href="/disambiguation/palace/">palace</a> at <a href="/Phaistos/">Phaistos</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1683" title=""> <div class="date">1700 BCE - 1400 BCE</div> The <a href="/disambiguation/culture/">culture</a> in the <a href="/Cyclades/">Cyclades</a> is increasingly influenced by <a href="/disambiguation/Minoan/">Minoan</a> <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1319" title=""> <div class="date">1675 BCE - 1450 BCE</div> Second <a href="/disambiguation/Minoan/">Minoan</a> <a href="/disambiguation/palace/">palace</a> at <a href="/Malia/">Malia</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1437" title=""> <div class="date">1650 BCE - 1550 BCE</div> <a href="/knossos/">Knossos</a> survives <a href="/thera/">Thera</a> eruption. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1313" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1600 BCE</div> <a href="/Phaistos_Disk/">Phaistos disk</a> manufactured. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2145" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1600 BCE</div> <a href="/Rhodes/">Rhodes</a> has significant contact with <a href="/disambiguation/Minoan/">Minoan</a> <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1910" title=""> <div class="date">1500 BCE - 1450 BCE</div> The 'Harvester Vase' of <a href="/disambiguation/Minoan/">Minoan</a> origin depicts a <a href="/Sistrum/">sistrum</a> player. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1320" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1450 BCE</div> <a href="/disambiguation/earthquake/">Earthquake</a> and fire ends the <a href="/disambiguation/Minoan/">Minoan</a> period at <a href="/Malia/">Malia</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1341" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1450 BCE</div> Destruction of <a href="/disambiguation/Minoan/">Minoan</a> <a href="/disambiguation/palace/">palace</a> at <a href="/Zakros/">Zakros</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1419" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1450 BCE</div> Mycenaen influence extended to <a href="/knossos/">Knossos</a>, <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1342" title=""> <div class="date">c. 1330 BCE</div> Abandonment of <a href="/Zakros/">Zakros</a> settlement. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_12249" title=""> <div class="date">c. 750 BCE</div> The earliest depiction of the <a href="/Tympanon/">tympanon</a> on a <a href="/disambiguation/bronze/">bronze</a> disc found in the Idaean Cave in <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1314" title=""> <div class="date">700 BCE - 600 BCE</div> Brief resurgence in <a href="/Phaistos/">Phaistos</a> settlement. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3158" title=""> <div class="date">c. 689 BCE</div> <a href="/Rhodes/">Rhodes</a> and Cretans found <a href="/Gela/">Gela</a> in <a href="/sicily/">Sicily</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_2796" title=""> <div class="date">c. 580 BCE</div> <a href="/agrigento/">Agrigento</a> in <a href="/sicily/">Sicily</a> is founded by colonists from <a href="/Gela/">Gela</a>, <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> and <a href="/Rhodes/">Rhodes</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3539" title=""> <div class="date">470 BCE</div> <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a> on <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> begins to mint its own <a href="/coinage/">coinage</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3540" title=""> <div class="date">c. 450 BCE</div> The <a href="/disambiguation/law/">Law</a> Code of <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a> is written. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3541" title=""> <div class="date">c. 220 BCE</div> <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a> allies with <a href="/knossos/">Knossos</a> to defeat Lyttos on <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4700" title=""> <div class="date">206 BCE - 204 BCE</div> <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> is at <a href="/war/">war</a> with <a href="/Rhodes/">Rhodes</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3542" title=""> <div class="date">189 BCE</div> <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a> gives sanctuary to <a href="/hannibal/">Hannibal</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1315" title=""> <div class="date">c. 180 BCE</div> <a href="/Phaistos/">Phaistos</a> conquered by <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4701" title=""> <div class="date">155 BCE - 153 BCE</div> <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> is at <a href="/war/">war</a> with <a href="/Rhodes/">Rhodes</a> for a second time. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4702" title=""> <div class="date">110 BCE</div> <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a> establishes peace between the warring Cretan <a href="/city/">cities</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4703" title=""> <div class="date">71 BCE</div> <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a> wages <a href="/war/">war</a> on the Cretan pirates. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4704" title=""> <div class="date">69 BCE - 67 BCE</div> <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a> wages a second <a href="/war/">war</a> against the Cretan pirates. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4705" title=""> <div class="date">36 BCE</div> <a href="/Mark_Antony/">Mark Antony</a> gives <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> as a gift to <a href="/disambiguation/cleopatra/">Cleopatra</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3543" title=""> <div class="date">c. 27 BCE</div> <a href="/augustus/">Augustus</a> makes <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a> the capital of the <a href="/disambiguation/Roman/">Roman</a> province of <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> & <a href="/cyrene/">Cyrene</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4706" title=""> <div class="date">60 CE</div> An early Christian community is established at <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a>, <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3544" title=""> <div class="date">81 CE</div> <a href="/trajan/">Trajan</a> serves as <a href="/Quaestor/">quaestor</a> at <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a>, <a href="/crete/">Crete</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3546" title=""> <div class="date">365 CE</div> <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a> is destroyed by a devastating <a href="/disambiguation/earthquake/">earthquake</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_3547" title=""> <div class="date">670 CE</div> <a href="/Gortyn/">Gortyn</a> is destroyed by <a href="/disambiguation/earthquake/">earthquake</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4707" title=""> <div class="date">c. 827 CE</div> <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> is conquered by the Arabs. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_6140" title=""> <div class="date">961 CE</div> The <a href="/Byzantine_Empire/">Byzantine Empire</a> reconquers <a href="/crete/">Crete</a> from the Arabs under Nikephoros Phokas, the future Emperor Nikephoros II. </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <img loading="lazy" data-src="/template/images/newsletter-header-red.jpg" class="newsletter_banner" width="300" height="106" alt="Weekly Newsletter"> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <p>History delivered to you once a week:</p> <div class="mc-field-group"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" autocomplete="email" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL" style="width:80%;" required> </div> <p>Are you a...?</p> <div class="mc-field-group input-group" style="margin-top: -10px;"> <input type="radio" value="1" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-0" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-0">History Enthusiast</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="2" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-1" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-1">Teacher</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="4" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-2" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-2">Student</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="8" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-3" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-3">Librarian</label> </div> <div id="mce-responses" class="clear"> <div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display:none"></div> <div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display:none"></div> </div>  <input type="hidden" name="tags" value="40497"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button content_button red" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </form> </div>  </aside> <p id="footer_spacer"> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ad_Flexi_MobileSticky ahe-ad">  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_MobileSticky" class="adcontainer"></div> </div> <div class="worldhistory_sticky_dynamic"></div> <a href="/membership/?utm_campaign=membership&utm_source=whe&utm_medium=sidetab_heart_en" id="membership_sidebar" title="Membership" class="no_membership_only"> <img src="/template/images/membership/membership-sidetab-en.svg?v=1744102544" width="29" height="133" alt="Membership" /> </a> <footer> <div class="print_membership_notice no_membership_only print_only"> <p>World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization publishing free history content that has been carefully researched and reviewed. 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