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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obr%C3%A1cen%C3%BD_otazn%C3%ADk_a_vyk%C5%99i%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk" title="Obrácený otazník a vykřičník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obrácený otazník a vykřičník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umgekehrtes_Frage-_und_Ausrufezeichen" title="Umgekehrtes Frage- und Ausrufezeichen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umgekehrtes Frage- und Ausrufezeichen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signos_de_puntuaci%C3%B3n_iniciales" title="Signos de puntuación iniciales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Signos de puntuación iniciales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_d%27interrogation_et_d%27exclamation_culbut%C3%A9s" title="Points d'interrogation et d'exclamation culbutés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Points d'interrogation et d'exclamation culbutés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9A" title="סימן הפוך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סימן הפוך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Превртен прашалник и извичник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Превртен прашалник и извичник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%86%E7%96%91%E5%95%8F%E7%AC%A6%E3%81%A8%E9%80%86%E6%84%9F%E5%98%86%E7%AC%A6" title="逆疑問符と逆感嘆符 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="逆疑問符と逆感嘆符" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontos_de_interroga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_de_exclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_invertidos" title="Pontos de interrogação e de exclamação invertidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pontos de interrogação e de exclamação invertidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Перевёрнутые вопросительный и восклицательный знаки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перевёрнутые вопросительный и восклицательный знаки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="ปรัศนีและอัศเจรีย์กลับหัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรัศนีและอัศเจรีย์กลับหัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Перевернуті знаки питання й оклику – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перевернуті знаки питання й оклику" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%92%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%B9%E5%8F%B7%E5%8F%8A%E5%80%92%E9%97%AE%E5%8F%B7" title="倒感叹号及倒问号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="倒感叹号及倒问号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1152312#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Upside-down_question_and_exclamation_marks" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inverted_exclamation_point&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted exclamation point">Inverted exclamation point</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Punctuation marks (¿ and ¡)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"¡" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Temherte_slaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Temherte slaq">Temherte slaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual consonant">Sublingual consonant</a>, <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a>, or <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0" title="İ">İ</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"¿" redirects here. For "?", see <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">Question mark</a>. For "!", see <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">Exclamation mark</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs attention from an expert in linguistics</b>. The specific problem is: <b>far too much information is missing or lacks good sources; requesting attention from knowledgeable Wikipedians.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Linguistics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics">WikiProject Linguistics</a> may be able to help recruit an expert.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">¿ ¡</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Upside-down question mark<br />Upside-down exclamation mark</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+00BF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">¿</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">INVERTED QUESTION MARK</span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00A1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">¡</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>upside-down</b> (also <b>inverted</b>, <b>turned</b> or <b>rotated</b>) <b>question mark</b> <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¿</span> and <b>exclamation mark</b> <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¡</span> are <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences or clauses in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and some languages that have cultural ties with Spain, such as <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial marks are mirrored at the end of the sentence or clause by the ordinary <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a>, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">?</span>, or <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a>, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">!</span>. </p><p>Upside-down marks are supported by various standards, including <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">ISO-8859-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SGML_entity" title="SGML entity">HTML</a>. They can be entered directly on keyboards designed for Spanish-speaking countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upside-down_question_and_exclamation_marks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signosdepuntuaci%C3%B3n_html_y_binario.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Signosdepuntuaci%C3%B3n_html_y_binario.pdf/page1-220px-Signosdepuntuaci%C3%B3n_html_y_binario.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Signosdepuntuaci%C3%B3n_html_y_binario.pdf/page1-330px-Signosdepuntuaci%C3%B3n_html_y_binario.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Signosdepuntuaci%C3%B3n_html_y_binario.pdf/page1-440px-Signosdepuntuaci%C3%B3n_html_y_binario.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Punctuation marks in Spanish, showing their positions relative to the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The upside-down question mark <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¿</span> is written before the first letter of an interrogative sentence or clause to indicate that a question follows. It is a rotated form of the standard symbol "?" recognized by speakers of other languages written with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. A regular question mark is written at the end of the sentence or clause. </p><p>Upside-down punctuation is especially critical in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> since the syntax of the language means that both statements and questions or exclamations could have the same wording.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosetta_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosetta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Do you like summer?" and "You like summer." are translated respectively as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"¿Te gusta el verano?"</i></span> and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"Te gusta el verano."</i></span> (There is not always a difference between the wording of a <a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">yes–no question</a> and the corresponding statement in Spanish.) </p><p>In sentences that are both declarative and interrogative, the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting-symbol upside-down question mark, for example: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"Si no puedes ir con ellos, ¿quieres ir con nosotros?"</i></span> ("If you cannot go with them, would you like to go with us?"), not *<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"¿Si no puedes ir con ellos, quieres ir con nosotros?"</i></span> This helps to recognize questions and exclamations in long sentences. </p><p>Unlike the ending marks, which are printed along the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a> of the text, the upside-down marks (¿ and ¡) <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descend below the line</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upside-down_question_and_exclamation_marks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upside-down marks, simple in the era of hand typesetting, were originally recommended by the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Real Academia Española</a></i></span> (Royal Spanish Academy), in the second edition of the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Ortografía de la lengua castellana</i></span> (Orthography of the Castilian language) in 1754<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recommending it as the symbol indicating the beginning of a question in written Spanish—e.g. <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"¿Cuántos años tienes?"</i></span> ("How old are you?"; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">How many years do you have?</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). The Real Academia also ordered the same upside-down-symbol system for statements of exclamation, using the symbols "¡" and "!". </p><p>These new rules were slow to be adopted: there are 19th-century books in which the printer uses neither "¡" nor "¿".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Outside of the Spanish-speaking world, <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a> proposed using the upside-down exclamation mark "¡" as a symbol at the end of a sentence to <a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">denote irony</a> in 1668. He was one of many, including <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a>, who felt there was a need for such a punctuation mark, but Wilkins' proposal, like the other attempts, failed to take hold.<sup id="cite_ref-Houston2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irony_mark_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irony_mark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upside-down_question_and_exclamation_marks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some writers omit the upside-down question mark in the case of a short unambiguous question such as: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">"Quién viene?"</i></span> ("Who comes?"). This is the criterion in <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formerly in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain Catalan-language authorities, such as <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sol%C3%A0_i_Cortassa" title="Joan Solà i Cortassa">Joan Solà i Cortassa</a>, insist that both the opening and closing question marks be used for clarity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The current <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institute for Catalan Studies</a> prescription is never to use the upside-down marks for Catalan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Spanish-language writers, among them Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> (1904–1973), refuse to use the upside-down question mark.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mixtures">Mixtures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upside-down_question_and_exclamation_marks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is acceptable in Spanish to begin a sentence with an opening upside-down <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a> ("¡") and end it with a question mark ("?"), or vice versa, for statements that are questions but also have a clear sense of exclamation or surprise such as: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">¡Y tú quién te crees?</i></span> ("And who do you think you are?!"). Normally, four signs are used, always with one type in the outer side and the other in the inner side (nested) (<i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">¿¡Y tú quién te crees!?</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">¡¿Y tú quién te crees?!</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Versions" title="Unicode">Unicode 5.1</a> also includes <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2E18</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⸘</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">INVERTED INTERROBANG</span>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Interrobang#Inverted_interrobang" title="Interrobang">upside-down version of the interrobang</a>, a nonstandard punctuation mark used to denote both excitement and a question in one glyph. It is also known as a "gnaborretni"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a> spelled backwards). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_usage">Computer usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upside-down_question_and_exclamation_marks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computer usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encodings">Encodings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upside-down_question_and_exclamation_marks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¡</span> and <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¿</span> are in the <a href="/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block)"> "Latin-1 Supplement" Unicode block</a>, which is inherited from <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-1">ISO-8859-1</a>: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00A1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">¡</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00BF</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">¿</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">INVERTED QUESTION MARK</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typing_the_character">Typing the character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upside-down_question_and_exclamation_marks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Typing the character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_side_of_modern_US-International_keyboard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Left_side_of_modern_US-International_keyboard.JPG/280px-Left_side_of_modern_US-International_keyboard.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Left_side_of_modern_US-International_keyboard.JPG/420px-Left_side_of_modern_US-International_keyboard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Left_side_of_modern_US-International_keyboard.JPG/560px-Left_side_of_modern_US-International_keyboard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>The <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¡</span> character is accessible using <a href="/wiki/AltGr" class="mw-redirect" title="AltGr">AltGr</a>+1 on a modern <a href="/wiki/US-International" class="mw-redirect" title="US-International">US-International</a> keyboard. It is also available using a conventional US keyboard by switching to the US-International <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¿</span> and <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">¡</span> are available in all <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layouts</a> designed for Spanish-speaking countries. Smart phones typically offer these if you hold down <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">?</kbd> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">!</kbd> in the on-screen keyboard. Auto-correct will often turn a normal mark typed at the start of a sentence to the upside-down one. </p><p>On systems with an <a href="/wiki/AltGr" class="mw-redirect" title="AltGr">AltGr</a> key (actual or emulated via <a href="/wiki/Right_Alt_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Right Alt key">right Alt key</a>) and Extended (or 'International') <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboard mapping">keyboard mapping</a> set, the symbols can be accessed directly, though the sequence varies by OS and locality and is documented by the vendor. Otherwise see <a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Unicode input</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upside-down_question_and_exclamation_marks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upside-down_question_and_exclamation_marks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDe_Veyra1982" class="citation book cs1">De Veyra, Vicente I. (1982). "Ortograpiya han Binisaya". <i>Kandabao: Essays on Waray language, literature, and culture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ortograpiya+han+Binisaya&rft.btitle=Kandabao%3A+Essays+on+Waray+language%2C+literature%2C+and+culture&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=De+Veyra&rft.aufirst=Vicente+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpside-down+question+and+exclamation+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosetta-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosetta_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.rosettastone.com/whats-up-with-the-upside-down-question-mark/">"What's Up With The Upside Down Question Mark?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_Inc." title="Rosetta Stone Inc.">Rosetta Stone Inc.</a></i> September 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rosetta+Stone+Inc.&rft.atitle=What%27s+Up+With+The+Upside+Down+Question+Mark%3F&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rosettastone.com%2Fwhats-up-with-the-upside-down-question-mark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpside-down+question+and+exclamation+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Tabla_ediciones_Ortografia.pdf">"Ediciones de la Ortografía Académica"</a> [Editions of the Academic Orthography] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Real Academia Española. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617020907/https://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Tabla_ediciones_Ortografia.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on Jun 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ediciones+de+la+Ortograf%C3%ADa+Acad%C3%A9mica&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FTabla_ediciones_Ortografia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpside-down+question+and+exclamation+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houston2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Houston2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2013" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Keith (24 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3R2SAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA214"><i>Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks</i></a>. W. W. Norton. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24154-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24154-9"><bdi>978-0-393-24154-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shady+Characters%3A+The+Secret+Life+of+Punctuation%2C+Symbols%2C+and+Other+Typographical+Marks&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24154-9&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3R2SAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpside-down+question+and+exclamation+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irony_mark-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-irony_mark_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopova2013" class="citation web cs1">Popova, Maria (27 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2013/09/27/shady-characters-irony/">"Ironic Serif: A Brief History of Typographic Snark and the Failed Crusade for an Irony Mark"</a>. <i>Brain Pickings</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 Sep</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brain+Pickings&rft.atitle=Ironic+Serif%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Typographic+Snark+and+the+Failed+Crusade+for+an+Irony+Mark&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft.aulast=Popova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brainpickings.org%2Findex.php%2F2013%2F09%2F27%2Fshady-characters-irony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpside-down+question+and+exclamation+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingua.gal/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=1647069&name=DLFE-10938.pdff">"7. Os signos de interrogación e de admiración"</a>. <i>Normas ortográficas e morfolóxicas do idioma galego</i> [<i>Orthographic rules and morphology of the Galician language</i>] (in Galician) (23ª ed.). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Galician_Academy" title="Royal Galician Academy">Real Academia Galega</a>. 2012. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-87987-78-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-87987-78-6"><bdi>978-84-87987-78-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>Para facilitar a lectura e evitar ambigüidades pode-rase indicar o inicio destas entoacións cos signos ¿ e ¡, respectivamente.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Os+signos+de+interrogaci%C3%B3n+e+de+admiraci%C3%B3n&rft.btitle=Normas+ortogr%C3%A1ficas+e+morfol%C3%B3xicas+do+idioma+galego&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=23%C2%AA&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Galega&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-84-87987-78-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingua.gal%2Fc%2Fdocument_library%2Fget_file%3FfolderId%3D1647069%26name%3DDLFE-10938.pdff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpside-down+question+and+exclamation+marks" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portaldaspalabras.gal/video/posicion-signo-de-interrogacion-e-exclamacion/">"A posición do signo de interrogación (?) e exclamación (!)"</a> [The position of the question mark (?) and exclamation mark (!)]. <i>Portal das Palabras</i>. 21 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+das+Palabras&rft.atitle=A+posici%C3%B3n+do+signo+de+interrogaci%C3%B3n+%28%3F%29+e+exclamaci%C3%B3n+%28%21%29&rft.date=2017-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportaldaspalabras.gal%2Fvideo%2Fposicion-signo-de-interrogacion-e-exclamacion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpside-down+question+and+exclamation+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_d'Estudis_Catalans1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a> (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906173859/http://www.iecat.net/institucio/seccions/Filologica/llenguacatalana/documentsnormatius/docsf2.htm">"Els signes d'interrogació i d'admiració (Acord de l'11 de juny de 1993)"</a>, <i>Documents de la Secció Filològica</i>, vol. III, pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>94, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iecat.net/institucio/seccions/Filologica/llenguacatalana/documentsnormatius/docsf2.htm">the original</a> on 2011-09-06</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Els+signes+d%27interrogaci%C3%B3+i+d%27admiraci%C3%B3+%28Acord+de+l%2711+de+juny+de+1993%29&rft.btitle=Documents+de+la+Secci%C3%B3+Filol%C3%B2gica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iecat.net%2Finstitucio%2Fseccions%2FFilologica%2Fllenguacatalana%2Fdocumentsnormatius%2Fdocsf2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpside-down+question+and+exclamation+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosep_M._MestresJoan_CosteMireira_OlivaRicard_Fité2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">Josep M. Mestres</a>; Joan Coste; Mireira Oliva; Ricard Fité (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://estil.llocs.iec.cat/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/02/07_Pag_167-278_p-4.pdf">"Els signes d'entonació inicials"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Manual d'estil. La redacció i l'edició de textes.</i> (4 ed.), pp. <span class="nowrap">197–</span>200</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Els+signes+d%27entonaci%C3%B3+inicials&rft.btitle=Manual+d%27estil.+La+redacci%C3%B3+i+l%27edici%C3%B3+de+textes.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.edition=4&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Josep+M.+Mestres&rft.au=Joan+Coste&rft.au=Mireira+Oliva&rft.au=Ricard+Fit%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Festil.llocs.iec.cat%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F24%2F2019%2F02%2F07_Pag_167-278_p-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpside-down+question+and+exclamation+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pablo Neruda, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425154155/http://www.pehuen.cl/docman/neruda/antlogia-fundamental/download.html">"<i>Antología Fundamental</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pehuen.cl/docman/neruda/antlogia-fundamental/download.html">the original</a> on 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antolog%C3%ADa+Fundamental&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pehuen.cl%2Fdocman%2Fneruda%2Fantlogia-fundamental%2Fdownload.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpside-down+question+and+exclamation+marks" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(556 KB)</span>, (June 2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-16-0169-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-16-0169-7">978-956-16-0169-7</a>. p. 7 <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template talk:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols450" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> symbols</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;">   </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> , </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> : </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ; </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‐ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ′ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ″ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‴ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> . </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> & </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> @ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ^ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> / </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> \ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> … </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> * </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ※ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Reference_mark" title="Reference mark">Reference mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⁂ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(typography)" title="Asterism (typography)">asterism</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dinkus" title="Dinkus">dinkus</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> - </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‒ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> – </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> — </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⹀ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">double hyphen</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ? </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ! </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‽ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¡ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted ! and ?</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸮ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">irony punctuation</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> # </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> № </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">numero sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> º </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ª </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> % </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‰ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‱ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">basis point</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ° </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌀ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diameter#Symbol" title="Diameter">diameter sign</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> + </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> − </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">plus and minus signs</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> × </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ÷ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign">division sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ~ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ± </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">plus–minus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ∓ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Minus-plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus-plus sign">minus-plus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> √ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Radical_symbol" title="Radical symbol">radical symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> _ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.25em;">⁀</span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">tie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> | </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¦ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‖ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> • </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> · </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> © </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ℗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol" title="Sound recording copyright symbol">sound recording copyright</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ® </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">registered trademark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">SM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Service_mark_symbol" title="Service mark symbol">service mark symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">TM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">trademark symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‘ ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> “ ” </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' ' </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> " " </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‹ › </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> « » </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ( ) </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> [ ] </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> { } </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⟨ ⟩ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">bracket</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ” </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ditto_mark" title="Ditto mark">ditto mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> † </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‡ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ❧ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">fleuron</a> (hedera, aldus)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ☞ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Manicule" title="Manicule">manicule</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ◊ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌑ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¶ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pilcrow" title="Pilcrow">pilcrow</a> (paragraph mark)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> § </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">section mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">Version of 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