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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of film schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_film_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits_debated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits_debated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Benefits debated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits_debated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the indie rock band, see <a href="/wiki/Film_School_(band)" title="Film School (band)">Film School (band)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>film school</b> is an educational institution dedicated to teaching aspects of <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a>, including such subjects as <a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">film production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">film theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> production, and <a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">screenwriting</a>. <a href="/wiki/Film_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Film history">Film history</a> courses and hands-on technical training are usually incorporated into most film school curricula. Technical training may include instruction in the use and operation of cameras, lighting equipment, film or <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a> equipment and software, and other relevant equipment. Film schools may also include courses and training in such subjects as <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">audio engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_school&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">History of film</a></div> <p>The formal teaching of film began with <a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">theory</a> rather than practical technical training starting soon after the development of the filmmaking process in the 1890s. Early film theorists were more interested in writing essays on film theory than in teaching students in a classroom environment. The <a href="/wiki/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography" title="Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography">Moscow Film School</a> was founded in 1919 with Russian filmmakers including <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Vsevolod Pudovkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Lev Kuleshov</a> serving as faculty to disseminate their very distinct viewpoints on the purpose of film.<sup id="cite_ref-historyinformation_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyinformation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those seeking to learn the technical craft of filmmaking in the early days of cinema were largely self-taught engineers or still photographers who experimented with new film technology. With the rise of commercial filmmaking in the 1920s, most notably the Hollywood <a href="/wiki/Studio_system" title="Studio system">studio system</a>, those seeking to learn the technical skills of filmmaking most often started at the bottom of a hierarchical system and apprenticed under a more experienced person to learn the trade. Filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> started in this way, beginning as a <a href="/wiki/Title_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Title card">title card</a> designer and <a href="/wiki/Clapperboard" title="Clapperboard">clapperboard</a> assistant, respectively, in the early 1920s. The <a href="/wiki/USC_School_of_Cinematic_Arts" title="USC School of Cinematic Arts">USC School of Cinematic Arts</a> was founded in the midst of this Hollywood system in 1929, and continues to be widely recognized as one of the most prestigious film schools in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-la_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-la-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> was the first university in the country to offer a Bachelor of Arts degree in film.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tradition of apprenticing up through a hierarchical system continues to this day within <a href="/wiki/Film_studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Film studios">film studios</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> in many technical positions such as <a href="/wiki/Gaffer_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaffer (filmmaking)">gaffers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grip_(job)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grip (job)">grips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camera_operators" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera operators">camera operators</a>, and even into post-production with <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">editing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Color_correction" title="Color correction">color correction</a>. Independent lower budget filmmaking in the post-war period using portable 16mm film cameras allowed filmmakers like <a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">John Cassavetes</a> in the United States, along with members of the <a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Neorealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Neorealism">Italian Neorealism</a> in Europe, to circumvent the classical system. </p><p>The notion of a granting a four-year college degree in film grew more popular in the 1960s with the founding of prestigious film departments like the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> <a href="/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts#Maurice_Kanbar_Institute_of_Film,_Television,_&_New_Media,_Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisch School of the Arts">Tisch School of the Arts</a> <i>(1965)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> founded <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts" title="California Institute of the Arts">California Institute of the Arts</a> <i>(1961)</i>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas</a> department of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin_College_of_Communication" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas at Austin College of Communication">Radio-Television-Film</a> <i>(1965)</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_the_Arts" title="Columbia University School of the Arts">Columbia University School of the Arts</a> <i>(1965)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years competition for admissions to these programs has steadily increased with many undergraduate programs accepting less than 10% of applicants, and with even more stringent selection for graduate programs. </p><p>In the 1990s and 2000s, the increased difficulties in getting into and the financial costs of attending these programs have caused many to spend their money self-financing their own features or attending a shorter trade school program for around the same costs. Film trade schools however rarely offer more than technical knowledge, and often cost more than a degree from a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public university</a> without providing the security of a four-year <a href="/wiki/College_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="College degree">college degree</a> to fall back on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_film_schools">Types of film schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_school&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of film schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A film school may be part of an existing <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private college</a> or university, or part of a privately owned <a href="/wiki/For-profit_school" class="mw-redirect" title="For-profit school">for-profit institution</a>. Depending on whether the curriculum of a film school meets its state's academic requirements for the conferral of a degree, completion of studies in a film school may culminate in an <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">undergraduate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graduate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate degree">graduate degree</a>, or a certificate of completion. Some institutions, both accredited and non-accredited, run shorter workshop and conservatory programs<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concurrent to longer degree courses. </p><p>Not only the types of courses on offer but also the content, cost, and duration of the courses differs greatly between larger institutions and bespoke film schools. Universities offer courses ranging from 1 to 4 years, with the majority lasting 3 or 4 years. Conversely, films schools focus on shorter technical courses of 1 or 2 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many film schools still teach students how to use actual film in their productions, although the incorporation of digital media in film school curricula has risen drastically in recent years. Some schools offer only digital filmmaking courses, eschewing instruction in the medium of film altogether. The use of digital cameras and digital media is significantly less expensive than <a href="/wiki/Film_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Film cameras">film cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film stock</a>, and allows a film school or department to offer more equipment for students with which to learn and use for their projects. In addition, digital media (such as DVD) is often used for in-class screenings. </p><p>In recent years, online film schools of sorts have sprung up teaching filmmaking through articles, tutorial videos, and interactive forums. The next generation of <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinematography" title="Digital cinematography">digital cinematography</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor_format" title="Image sensor format">large sensors</a> and manual features available in still <a href="/wiki/DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLR</a> cameras has lowered the barrier further towards creating inexpensive digital video that compares closely to <a href="/wiki/35_mm_movie_film" title="35 mm movie film">35mm film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sxsw_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sxsw-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_debated">Benefits debated</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_school&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Benefits debated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professionals in the <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> hold a variety of opinions on the relevance of a degree in film in relation to the ability to find work and succeed in the field. As in many professions in the arts, some feel that talent cannot be taught. With respect to filmmaking, others feel that learning techniques and understanding the business is crucial to one's success as a filmmaker.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who argue against the necessity of film school cite the high cost of such an education as prohibitive and assert that an aspiring filmmaker's money would be better spent on the actual making of a film, the experience of which would offer a more practical hands-on education. At many film schools, including NYU and USC, initial student films in non-digital programs are shot with non-synch Arri-S or Bolex film cameras manufactured in the mid 20th century. These films are typically shot on black and white reversal film with no dialog, or limited sound added after shooting. Supporters argue that shooting films like these challenges students to creatively express their story without relying on dialog or other modern conventional devices. Opponents question the practicality of having students invest a substantial amount of money using equipment that is no longer used in the industry and doing simple filmmaking exercises that could be recreated for much less.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film school proponents argue that a formal education allows for a more rounded theoretical understanding of techniques, and offers the opportunity to gain from the knowledge and experience of professional instructors who work in, or who have worked in, the industry. Often cited as another benefit of film school are the opportunities available to students to work as an intern for filmmakers or in related businesses, such as <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> editing facilities, and to network with others interested in filmmaking who may be in a position to collaborate with the student on a project or to eventually offer work in the industry. Most film schools will hold a festival, or showcase, of student works at the end of a semester or school year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The more prestigious institutions often invite industry executives and producers to attend. However, ambitious individuals not in film school can also pursue such opportunities on their own through <a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">cold-calling</a>, joining film-industry-related organizations such as <a href="/wiki/IFP_(Independent_Feature_Project)" class="mw-redirect" title="IFP (Independent Feature Project)">IFP</a>, or submitting their work to independent <a href="/wiki/Film_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Film festivals">film festivals</a>. </p><p>The rise and popularity of <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent filmmaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> have influenced this debate, as anyone with a digital camera can shoot a digital work with little formal knowledge of the industry, and can succeed or establish a following by making the work available for viewing or by publicizing it on the internet. </p><p>Directors who have attended and earned degrees from film schools include <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (<a href="/wiki/UCLA_Film_School" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA Film School">UCLA Film School</a>, MFA film directing), <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (<a href="/wiki/NYU_film_school" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU film school">NYU Film School</a>, MFA film directing), <a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> (<a href="/wiki/AFI_Conservatory" title="AFI Conservatory">AFI Conservatory</a>, MFA Film Directing), <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> (USC Film School, BA film directing) and <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> (Columbia School of Arts, master's degree in film theory and criticism). Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson" title="Paul Thomas Anderson">Paul Thomas Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> had no formal college film training at all. Film director <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a> has been quite vocal in arguing against film school.<sup id="cite_ref-zog_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zog-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_school&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_schools" title="List of film schools">List of film schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of film schools in the United States">List of film schools in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">History of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_studies" title="Film studies">Film studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_Film_School" title="Ghetto Film School">Ghetto Film School</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_school&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-historyinformation-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historyinformation_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vgik.info/index.php?id=historyinformation"><bdi lang="ru">Историческая справка</bdi></a> (in Russian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=LA%27s+Screen+Gems&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Abramowitz&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fla-125highed-11-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cinema.usc.edu/about/history/index.cfm">"USC Cinematic Arts | History"</a>. Cinema.usc.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+film+school+rankings&rft.pub=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.d.umn.edu%2F~tisbell%2FCourses%2FFilmSchools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyfa.edu/programs/">"Filmmaking programs"</a>. Nyfa.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filmmaking+programs&rft.pub=Nyfa.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyfa.edu%2Fprograms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sxsw-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sxsw_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2010" class="citation news cs1">Gibson, Brian (13 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/news/sxsw-spotlight-dslr-filmmaking-comes-into-focus.php">"DSLR Filmmaking Comes Into Focus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Film_School_Rejects" title="Film School Rejects">Film School Rejects</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Film+School+Rejects&rft.atitle=DSLR+Filmmaking+Comes+Into+Focus&rft.date=2010-03-13&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmschoolrejects.com%2Fnews%2Fsxsw-spotlight-dslr-filmmaking-comes-into-focus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111004328/http://www.allaboutfilmschool.com/what-you-learn-film-school/">"What You Learn in Film School"</a>. AllAboutFilmSchool.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+You+Learn+in+Film+School&rft.pub=AllAboutFilmSchool.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutfilmschool.com%2Fwhat-you-learn-film-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmschoolsecrets.com/can-you-believe-people-really-pay-40000-to-make-films-like-these">"What Does a $40,000 Short Film Look Like?"</a>. <i>Film School Secrets: Insider Advice for Aspiring Filmmakers</i>. FilmSchoolSecrets. 24 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Werner+Herzog%3A+No+need+for+film+school&rft.date=2009-12-11&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMovies%2F12%2F11%2Fwerner.herzog.advice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFilm+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Film_school&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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