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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_sab%C3%A1nicas" title="Lenguas sabánicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas sabánicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="زبان‌های ساوانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ساوانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan_Savannas" title="Harsunan Savannas – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harsunan Savannas" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Саваннские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саваннские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4403672#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#top">→<bdi dir="ltr">top</bdi></a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&diff=next&oldid=645515378" title="Savannas languages" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>----</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>----</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|child1=(Central) [[Gur languages|Gur]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|child1=(Central) [[Gur languages|Gur]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|child2=[[Waja languages|Waja]]–[[Kam language (Nigeria)|Kam]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|child2=[[Waja languages|Waja]]–[[Kam language (Nigeria)|Kam]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (close to Gur)</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|child3=[[Leko–Nimbari languages|Leko–Nimbari]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|child3=[[Leko–Nimbari languages|Leko–Nimbari]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (close to Gur)</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|child4=[[Kulango languages|Kulango]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|child4=[[Kulango languages|Kulango]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|child5=''[[Bariba language|Bariba]]''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|child5=''[[Bariba language|Bariba]]''</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 22:32, 3 February 2015</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Savanna_Bantu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Savanna Bantu languages">Savanna Bantu languages</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ffddaa;">Savannas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Gur–Adamawa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">West Africa, around <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">CAR</a> in the east</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic–Congo">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Savannas</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">most ex-Gur, most ex-<a href="/wiki/Adamawa_languages" title="Adamawa languages">Adamawa</a>, possibly Ubangian:<br /> <hr /> <ul><li>(Central) <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Waja languages">Waja</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kam_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kam language (Nigeria)">Kam</a> (close to Gur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leko%E2%80%93Nimbari_languages" title="Leko–Nimbari languages">Leko–Nimbari</a> (close to Gur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vyemo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyemo language">Vyemo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyefo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyefo language">Tyefo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wara%E2%80%93Natyoro_languages" title="Wara–Natyoro languages">Wara–Natyoro</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusya</a> (Win)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbum%E2%80%93Day_languages" title="Mbum–Day languages">Mbum–Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambukic_languages" title="Bambukic languages">Bambukic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Zande_languages" title="Zande languages">Zande</a></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Baa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baa language">Baa</a> (Kwa)</i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Oblo_language" title="Oblo language">Oblo</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort3149">nort3149</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Savannas family</b> of languages, also known as <b>Gur–Adamawa</b> (Adamawa–Gur), is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Greenberg's</a> <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adamawa%E2%80%93Ubangi_languages" title="Adamawa–Ubangi languages">Adamawa–Ubangui</a> families. The link was demonstrated in Kleinewillinghöfer (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been accepted as established by later researchers, who have gone further in noting that the Adamawa and Gur languages do not form coherent groups, and are not necessarily more closely related internally than they are to each other. There are several clusters of Adamawa languages; among the Gur languages, only the core of that proposal (Central Gur) has been retained, though it is possible that some of the 'peripheral' languages may turn out to be related to each other. Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012) note that a reconstruction of proto-Central Gur noun classes needs to include several Adamawa families.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a> (ex-Gur) and <a href="/wiki/Fali_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Fali languages">Fali</a> (ex-Adamawa) are excluded from Savannas, as they appear to be some of the more divergent branches of Niger–Congo. Dimmendaal (2008) excludes the <a href="/wiki/Ubangi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubangi languages">Ubangian</a> family from Niger–Congo altogether, stating that it "probably constitutes an independent language family that cannot or can no longer be shown to be related to Niger–Congo (or any other family)," though the Ubangian languages are themselves not a valid group, and the Gbaya branch may turn out to be related to Gur. Apart from such exceptions, Dimmendaal notes that the Savanna languages "can be shown to be genetically related beyond any reasonable doubt. The evidence is not only lexical in nature, it is based primarily on a range of cognate grammatical morphemes."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2></div> <p>The Savannas languages, with an agnostic approach to internal classification, are as follows: </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Savannas  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(Central) <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a> (<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AKA</span></span> "Kulango–Lorhon": ex-Gur) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></i> (<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AKA</span></span> "Baatonũ": ex-Gur) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Vyemo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyemo language">Vyemo</a></i> (ex-Gur) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tyefo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyefo language">Tyefo</a></i> (ex-Gur) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Wara%E2%80%93Natyoro_languages" title="Wara–Natyoro languages">Wara–Natyoro</a> (ex-Gur) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusya</a></i> (<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AKA</span></span> "Win": ex-Gur) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chamba%E2%80%93Mumuye_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamba–Mumuye languages">Chamba–Mumuye</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AKA</span></span> Leko–Nimbari (ex-Adamawa: G2, G4, G5, G12) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mbum%E2%80%93Day_languages" title="Mbum–Day languages">Mbum–Day</a> (ex-Adamawa: G6, G13, G14, & <i>Day</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bambukic_languages" title="Bambukic languages">Bambukic</a> (ex-Adamawa: G7, G9, G10) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Waja_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Waja languages">Waja</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kam_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kam language (Nigeria)">Kam</a> (ex-Adamawa: G1, G8) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>? <i><a href="/wiki/Baa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baa language">Baa</a></i> (<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AKA</span></span> "Kwa") </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a> (ex-Ubangian) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>? <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>? <a href="/wiki/Zande_languages" title="Zande languages">Zande</a> (ex-Ubangian) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The moribund <a href="/wiki/Oblo_language" title="Oblo language">Oblo language</a> was left unclassified within Adamawa, and has not been addressed in Savannas. </p><p>Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012) note that the reconstruction of the noun-class system indicates that Waja ('Tula–Waja') and Leko–Nimbari ('Sama–Duru') (and possibly other Adamawa groups) belong with Central Gur, and that the noun-class system they reconstruct for these languages is akin to those of Bantu, Senoufo, Tyefo, Vyemo, Tusya, and "Samu". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1996. 'Relationship between Adamawa and Gur: The case of Waja.' <i>Gur Papers / Cahiers Voltaiques</i> 1.25–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miehe, Kleinewillinghöfer, von Roncador, & Winkelmann, 2012. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/fichiers/nigercongo/abstracts/Kleinewillinghoefer_miehe_von_winkelmann.pdf">Overview of noun classes in Gur (II)</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008, "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", <i>Language and Linguistics Compass</i> 2/5:841.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li>Blench (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf">List of Adamawa languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-048">Rapid appraisal and lexicostatistical analysis surveys of Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai and Oblo (PDF)</a> by Michael & Charlene Ayotte, 2002. SIL Electronic Survey Reports SILESR 2002-048.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bondy.ird.fr/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/sci_hum/19379.pdf">Vocabulaires comparés des instruments aratoires dans le Nord-Cameroun</a>, Tourneaux</li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&oldid=645515378">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savannas_languages&oldid=645515378</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Category:Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adamawa_languages" title="Category:Adamawa languages">Adamawa languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gur_languages" title="Category:Gur languages">Gur languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unnamed_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Articles with unnamed Glottolog code">Articles with unnamed Glottolog code</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 February 2015, at 22:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. 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