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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth_habit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_habit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Growth habit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_habit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Culinary usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicinal_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicinal_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Medicinal usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicinal_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Weed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Solanum nigrum</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastergal" title="Nastergal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nastergal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%8B%8D%E1%8C%A5" title="ኣውጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኣውጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="مغد أسود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغد أسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C" title="সৰু-পকমৌ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সৰু-পকমৌ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_nigrum" title="Solanum nigrum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Solanum nigrum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="قارا قوشوزومو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا قوشوزومو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF" title="কাকমাচি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাকমাচি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%82_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ҡара эт ҡарағаты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара эт ҡарағаты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Паслён чорны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паслён чорны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Черно кучешко грозде – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черно кучешко грозде" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morella_vera" title="Morella vera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Morella vera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хура йытçырли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хура йытçырли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolagtab" title="Bolagtab – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bolagtab" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilek_%C4%8Dern%C3%BD" title="Lilek černý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lilek černý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnerone" title="Cinnerone – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cinnerone" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codwarth_du" title="Codwarth du – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Codwarth du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_natskygge" title="Sort natskygge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sort natskygge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Nachtschatten" title="Schwarzer Nachtschatten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Nachtschatten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carna_ronica" title="Carna ronica – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Carna ronica" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_maavits" title="Must maavits – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must maavits" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%86%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Στύφνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στύφνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_nigrum" title="Solanum nigrum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Solanum nigrum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_nigrum" title="Solanum nigrum – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Solanum nigrum" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairu-belar" title="Mairu-belar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mairu-belar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="بادنجان تاجریزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بادنجان تاجریزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelle_noire" title="Morelle noire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Morelle noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herba_moura_(planta)" title="Herba moura (planta) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Herba moura (planta)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цискакомар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Цискакомар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%8C%EB%A7%88%EC%A4%91" title="까마중 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="까마중" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4_%D5%BD%D6%87" title="Մորմ սև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մորմ սև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF" title="मकोय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मकोय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Corne_wr%C3%B3nid%C5%82o" title="Čorne wrónidło – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čorne wrónidło" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_pomo%C4%87nica" title="Crna pomoćnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crna pomoćnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranti" title="Ranti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ranti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Сау куыдзыбага – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау куыдзыбага" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAmskuggi" title="Húmskuggi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Húmskuggi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_nigrum" title="Solanum nigrum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solanum nigrum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סולנום שחור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סולנום שחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1" title="ಕಾಕಮಾಚಿ-ಕಾಗೆ ಗಿಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಕಮಾಚಿ-ಕಾಗೆ ಗಿಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D0%B0" title="Қара алқа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара алқа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnavu" title="Mnavu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnavu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoman" title="Agoman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Agoman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_naktene" title="Melnā naktene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā naktene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_kiauliauog%C4%97" title="Juodoji kiauliauogė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji kiauliauogė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_csucsor" title="Fekete csucsor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete csucsor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Зрнец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зрнец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voanantay" title="Voanantay – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voanantay" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="മണിത്തക്കാളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മണിത്തക്കാളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="مغد اسود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مغد اسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terung_meranti" title="Terung meranti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Terung meranti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CC%A4-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-%C5%AD" title="Lō̤-chṳ̄-ŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lō̤-chṳ̄-ŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_nachtschade" title="Zwarte nachtschade – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte nachtschade" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="कबाई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कबाई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8C%E3%83%9B%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%82%AD" title="イヌホオズキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イヌホオズキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCnjbei" title="Hünjbei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hünjbei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%85" title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮਕੋਅ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮਕੋਅ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatukem" title="Tatukem – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tatukem" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="میکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psianka_czarna" title="Psianka czarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Psianka czarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erva-moura" title="Erva-moura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erva-moura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27aya-q%27aya" title="Q'aya-q'aya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'aya-q'aya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD_%D1%87%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Паслён чёрный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паслён чёрный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/atimsi" title="atimsi – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="atimsi" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuulb%C3%A4ie_(Solanum_nigrum)" title="Fuulbäie (Solanum nigrum) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fuulbäie (Solanum nigrum)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڪانول پيرون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪانول پيرون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDu%C4%BEok_%C4%8Dierny" title="Ľuľok čierny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľuľok čierny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Помоћница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Помоћница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C4%87nica" title="Pomoćnica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pomoćnica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leunca" title="Leunca – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Leunca" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustakoiso" title="Mustakoiso – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mustakoiso" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattskatta" title="Nattskatta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nattskatta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="மணித்தக்காளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மணித்தக்காளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/wasiq" title="wasiq – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="wasiq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF" title="కామంచి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కామంచి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81" title="มะแว้งนก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะแว้งนก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B7" title="Авранҷ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Авранҷ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಾರೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಾರೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pek_%C3%BCz%C3%BCm%C3%BC" title="Köpek üzümü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köpek üzümü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Паслін чорний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паслін чорний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_lu_%C4%91%E1%BB%B1c" title="Lu lu đực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lu lu đực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_nigrum" title="Solanum nigrum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Solanum nigrum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E8%91%B5" title="龙葵 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="龙葵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E8%91%B5" title="龍葵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="龍葵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiauloug%C4%97" title="Kiaulougė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kiaulougė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E8%91%B5_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="龙葵 (植物) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="龙葵 (植物)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Гадово яблучко – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Гадово яблучко" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of flowering plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Solanum nigrum</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Solanum_nigrum_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Solanum_nigrum_flower.jpg/220px-Solanum_nigrum_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Solanum_nigrum_flower.jpg/330px-Solanum_nigrum_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Solanum_nigrum_flower.jpg/440px-Solanum_nigrum_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="562" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Solanum" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum"><i>Solanum</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. nigrum</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Solanum nigrum</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>S. nigrum</i> subsp. <i>nigrum</i><br /> <i>S. nigrum</i> subsp. <i>schultesii</i><br /> <i>S. nigrum</i> subsp. <i>vulgare</i><br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg/220px-Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg/330px-Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg/440px-Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4080" /></a><figcaption>Ripe berries of S. nigrum</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Solanum nigrum</b></i>, the <b>European black nightshade</b> or simply <b><a href="/wiki/Black_nightshade" title="Black nightshade">black nightshade</a></b> or <b>blackberry nightshade</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a species of flowering plant in the family <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>, native to <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Ripe berries and cooked leaves of edible strains are used as food in some locales, and plant parts are used as a traditional <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. Some other species may also be referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Black_nightshade" title="Black nightshade">black nightshade</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Moh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Solanum nigrum</i> has been recorded from deposits of the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> era of ancient <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> and it is suggested by the botanist and ecologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Salisbury" title="Edward James Salisbury">Edward Salisbury</a> that it was part of the native flora there before <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in the first century AD and by the great <a href="/wiki/Herbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalists">herbalists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1753, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> described six varieties of <i>Solanum nigrum</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Nightshade_-_Flickr_-_treegrow_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Black_Nightshade_-_Flickr_-_treegrow_%282%29.jpg/225px-Black_Nightshade_-_Flickr_-_treegrow_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Black_Nightshade_-_Flickr_-_treegrow_%282%29.jpg/338px-Black_Nightshade_-_Flickr_-_treegrow_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Black_Nightshade_-_Flickr_-_treegrow_%282%29.jpg/450px-Black_Nightshade_-_Flickr_-_treegrow_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="2793" /></a><figcaption>Black nightshade flowers</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solanum_nigrum_habit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solanum_nigrum_habit.jpg/226px-Solanum_nigrum_habit.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solanum_nigrum_habit.jpg/339px-Solanum_nigrum_habit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Solanum_nigrum_habit.jpg/452px-Solanum_nigrum_habit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Habit</figcaption></figure> <p>Black nightshade is a common herb or short-lived perennial shrub, found in many wooded areas, as well as disturbed habitats. It reaches a height of 30 to 120 cm (12 to 47 in), leaves 4.0 to 7.5 cm (1.6 to 3.0 in) long and 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) wide; ovate to heart-shaped, with wavy or large-toothed edges; both surfaces hairy or hairless; <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> 1 to 3 cm (0.5 to 1 in) long with a winged upper portion. The flowers have petals greenish to whitish, recurved when aged and surround prominent bright yellow anthers. The berry is mostly 6 to 8 mm (0.24 to 0.31 in) in diam., dull black or purple-black.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, another strain is found with berries that turn red when ripe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes <i>S. nigrum</i> is confused for the more toxic deadly nightshade (<i><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></i>), which is in a different genus within <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>. A comparison of the fruit shows that the black nightshade berries grow in bunches, whereas the deadly nightshade berries grow individually. Another distinction is black nightshade flowers have white petals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_habit">Growth habit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth habit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The suited soil pH value of black nightshade is between 5.5 and 6.5. It is rich in organic matter, water and fertility on the strong soil growth, in the lack of organic matter, poor ventilation clay, its roots will be stunted, plant growth is weak, commodity is poor. It is difficult to grow under the condition of high temperature and high humidity, the plant grows slowly, the tender shoot is easy to aging fiber, and the commodity is poor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Solanum nigrum</i> is a highly variable species with many varieties and forms described.<sup id="cite_ref-Sou_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sou-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recognized subspecies are:<sup id="cite_ref-Ed_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1. <i>S. nigrum</i> L. subsp. <i>nigrum</i> — glabrous to slightly hairy with appressed non-glandular hairs<br /> 2. <i>S. nigrum</i> L. subsp. <i>schultesii</i> (Opiz) Wessley — densely hairy with patent, glandular hairs<br /> 3. <i>S. nigrum</i> L. subsp. <i>vulgare</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (September 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> — found in cooler regions, has a more spreading habit and its leaves might be more wrinkled compared to the typical subspecies. </p><p>The <b><i>Solanum nigrum</i> complex</b> — also known as <b><i>Solanum</i> L. section <i>Solanum</i></b> — is the group of black nightshade species characterized by their lack of prickles and stellate hairs, their white flowers, and their green or black fruits arranged in an umbelliform fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Sou_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sou-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Solanum</i> species in this group can be <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomically</a> confused, more so by intermediate forms and hybridization between the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the major species within the <i>S. nigrum</i> complex are: <i>S. nigrum</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_americanum" title="Solanum americanum">S. americanum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_douglasii" title="Solanum douglasii">S. douglasii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_opacum" title="Solanum opacum">S. opacum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_ptychanthum" class="mw-redirect" title="Solanum ptychanthum">S. ptychanthum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_retroflexum" title="Solanum retroflexum">S. retroflexum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_sarrachoides" title="Solanum sarrachoides">S. sarrachoides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_scabrum" title="Solanum scabrum">S. scabrum</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_villosum" title="Solanum villosum">S. villosum</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solanum_nigrum_leafs_flowers_fruits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Solanum_nigrum_leafs_flowers_fruits.jpg/220px-Solanum_nigrum_leafs_flowers_fruits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Solanum_nigrum_leafs_flowers_fruits.jpg/330px-Solanum_nigrum_leafs_flowers_fruits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Solanum_nigrum_leafs_flowers_fruits.jpg/440px-Solanum_nigrum_leafs_flowers_fruits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Leaves, flowers and fruit of <i>S. nigrum</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">Solanine</a> levels in <i>S. nigrum</i> have been tested, and the plant is rarely fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solanine poisoning symptoms may occur when immature green fruit (looks similar to green peas) or mature leaves are ingested raw. They are typically delayed for 6 to 12 hours after ingestion.<sup id="cite_ref-Schep_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schep-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial symptoms of toxicity include <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, sweating, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, abdominal pain, diarrhea, confusion, and <a href="/wiki/Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Death from ingesting large amounts of the plant results from <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCS_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livestock have also been poisoned from nitrate toxicity by grazing the mature leaves and green berries of <i>S. nigrum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in central Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Great_bustard" title="Great bustard">great bustard</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Otis_tarda" class="mw-redirect" title="Otis tarda">Otis tarda</a></i>) may act as a seed disperser of European black nightshade (<i>Solanum nigrum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bravo2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bravo2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black nightshade is highly variable, and some advise to avoid eating the berries unless they are a known edible strain.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toxin levels may also be affected by the plant's growing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> in <i>S. nigrum</i> are most concentrated in the unripe green berries, and immature fruit should be treated as toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-Schep_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schep-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPCS_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cases of suspected poisoning are due to consumption of leaves or unripe fruit. There are <a href="/wiki/Ethnobotanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnobotanical">ethnobotanical</a> accounts of <i>S. nigrum</i> young leaves and shoots being boiled as a vegetable with the cooking water being discarded and replaced several times to remove toxins.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solanine is water-soluble and is destroyed by boiling.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCS_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>S. nigrum</i> leaves may be different from this perspective. Young cooked leaves of Solanum complex sp. are a source of many useful nutrients similar to levels found in spinach.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solanum complex berries have been consumed since ancient times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makoi_or_Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Makoi_or_Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg/225px-Makoi_or_Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Makoi_or_Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg/338px-Makoi_or_Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Makoi_or_Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg/450px-Makoi_or_Solanum_nigrum_berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Ripe berries of the "Red Makoi" variety of <i>S. nigrum</i> are edible</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the uses ascribed to <i>S. nigrum</i> in literature may actually apply to other black nightshade species within the same species complex, and proper species identification is essential for food and medicinal uses (see <i>Taxonomy</i> section).<sup id="cite_ref-Moh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sou_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sou-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary_usage">Culinary usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culinary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>S. nigrum</i> has been widely used as a food since early times, and the fruit was recorded as a <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a> in 15th-century China.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite toxicity issues with some forms, the ripe berries and boiled leaves of edible strains are eaten. The thoroughly boiled leaves — although strong and slightly bitter flavours — are used like spinach as <a href="/wiki/Horta_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horta (food)">horta</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Fataya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fataya">fataya</a> pies and <a href="/wiki/Quiche" title="Quiche">quiches</a>. The ripe black berries are described as sweet and salty, with hints of <a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">liquorice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Irv_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irv-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, among the <a href="/wiki/Kisii_people" title="Kisii people">Abagusii</a>, <i>S. nigrum</i> (<span title="Gusii-language text"><i lang="guz">rinagu</i></span> - singular; <span title="Gusii-language text"><i lang="guz">amanagu</i></span> - plural) is a vegetable delicacy which when blanched and sauteed or boiled to soften and then salted or sauteed and eaten with <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</a> (a corn meal product). In the rest of Kenya, <i>S. nigrum</i> (managu) is eaten in a similar way. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <i>S. nigrum</i> (<span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">mnafu</i></span> or <span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">mnamvu</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Kiswahili</a>) is a popular green vegetable. Sautéed with chicken or pork, eaten with <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</a>, it is an expensive meal in most restaurants in urban areas. Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqw_people" title="Iraqw people">Iraqw people</a> in northern Tanzania have used <i>S. nigrum</i> (<span title="Iraqw-language text"><i lang="irk">manakw</i></span>) as vegetable for generations, eaten with special ‘ugali’ (<span title="Iraqw-language text"><i lang="irk">xwante</i></span>), stiff porridge made with <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> flour. An <a href="/wiki/Ethnobotanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnobotanical">ethnobotanical</a> survey conducted in the mid 1990s on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pemba_Island" title="Pemba Island">Pemba</a> indicated that <i>S. nigrum</i> was referred to as <span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="sw">vwevwe</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Kiswahili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the berries are casually grown and eaten, but not cultivated for commercial use. In South India, the leaves and berries are routinely consumed as food after cooking with <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>, onion, and <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a> seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The berries are referred to as "fragrant tomato". Although not very popular across much of its growing region, the fruit and dish are common in Tamil Nadu (<a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" class="extiw" title="ta:மணத்தக்காளி">மணத்தக்காளி</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>), Kerala, southern Andhra Pradesh, and southern Karnataka. They are used not only fresh but also dried. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, the ripe berries are picked and eaten by children. During famines, all affected people would eat berries. In addition, the leaves are collected by women and children, who cook the leaves in salty water and consume them like any other vegetable. Farmers in the <a href="/wiki/Konso_Special_Woreda" class="mw-redirect" title="Konso Special Woreda">Konso Special Woreda</a> report that because <i>S. nigrum</i> matures before the maize is ready for harvesting, it is used as a food source until their crops are ready.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Welayta_people" title="Welayta people">Welayta people</a> in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Wolayita_Zone" title="Wolayita Zone">Wolayita Zone</a> do not weed out <i>S. nigrum</i> that appears in their gardens since they likewise cook and eat the leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, they are called <i>kwaansusuaa</i>, and are used in preparing various soups and stews, including the popular <a href="/wiki/Palm_nut_soup" title="Palm nut soup">palm nut soup</a> commonly eaten with <i><a href="/wiki/Banku_(dish)" title="Banku (dish)">banku</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solanum_Nigrum_Berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Solanum_Nigrum_Berries.jpg/220px-Solanum_Nigrum_Berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Solanum_Nigrum_Berries.jpg/330px-Solanum_Nigrum_Berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Solanum_Nigrum_Berries.jpg/440px-Solanum_Nigrum_Berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Ripe and unripe <i>S nigrum</i> berries on the same stalk</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the very ripe and hand-selected fruit (<i><span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">nastergal</i></span></i> in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and <i><span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu">umsobo</i></span></i> in <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>) is cooked into a runny purple jam.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the fruit used in South Africa is more likely to be <a href="/wiki/Solanum_retroflexum" title="Solanum retroflexum">Solanum retroflexum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Greece and Turkey, the leaves are called <i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">istifno</i></span></i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> known as <i>stifno</i>. They are one of the ingredients included in the salad of <a href="/wiki/Boiled_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiled greens">boiled greens</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Horta_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horta (food)"><i>horta</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the young fruits and leaves of cultivated forms are used and are known as <i><span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">ranti</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>) or <i><span title="Sundanese-language text"><i lang="su">leunca</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>). The fruit and leaves are eaten raw as part of a traditional salad <a href="/wiki/Lalab" title="Lalab"><i>lalapan</i></a>, or the fruit is cooked (fried) with <i><a href="/wiki/Oncom" title="Oncom">oncom</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was imported into Australia from <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> in the 1850s as a vegetable during the <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes#Notable_gold_finds_which_started_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">gold rush</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Irv_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irv-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <i>S. nigrum</i> is now prohibited for trade as a food by the <a href="/wiki/Australia_New_Zealand_Food_Standards_Code" title="Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code">Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During ancient times in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaii</a> young shoots, leaves, small white flowers, and small black berries were eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves, among other greens, were cooked by rolling hot stones among them in a covered gourd.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicinal_usage">Medicinal usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medicinal usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plant has a long history of medicinal usage, dating back to ancient Greece. "... In the fourteenth century, we hear of the plant under the name of Petty Morel being used for canker and with Horehound and wine taken for <a href="/wiki/Dropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropsy">dropsy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Grieve_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grieve-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a traditional European medicine used as a strong <a href="/wiki/Sudorific" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudorific">sudorific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a> with powerful <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotic</a> properties, but was considered a "somewhat dangerous remedy".<sup id="cite_ref-Grieve_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grieve-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medguide_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medguide-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internal use has fallen out of favor in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">herbalism</a> due to its variable <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and toxicity, but it is used topically as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">herpes zoster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is much disagreement as to whether the leaves and fruit of <i>S. nigrum</i> are poisonous. But many countries grow this plant as a food crop. The toxicity of <i>S. nigrum</i> may vary by the region and species where it grows.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a> use the berries' juice as a laxative, they also take the young leaves boiled to relieve sore throats and coughs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>S. nigrum</i> is an important ingredient in traditional Indian medicines. Infusions are used in <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> complaints, and <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The juice of the plant is used on <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcers</a> and other skin diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fruits are used as a <a href="/wiki/Herbal_tonic" title="Herbal tonic">tonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a> stimulant, and for treating <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and "excessive thirst".<sup id="cite_ref-Jain_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jain-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally the plant was used to treat <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This plant's leaves are used to treat mouth ulcers that happen during winter periods of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India. In North India, the boiled extracts of leaves and berries are also used to alleviate liver-related ailments, including jaundice. The juice from its roots is used against asthma and whooping cough.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>S. nigrum</i> is a widely used plant in oriental medicine where it is considered to be antitumorigenic, <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a>, anti-inflammatory, <a href="/wiki/Hepatoprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatoprotective">hepatoprotective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antipyretic" title="Antipyretic">antipyretic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some experiments indicate that the plant inhibits growth of <a href="/wiki/Cervical_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical carcinoma">cervical carcinoma</a> in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The active ingredient of the plant, solanine, inhibits the proliferation of different cancer cells in vitro, such as breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. Its anti-tumor mechanism is mainly through the induction of different cell and molecular pathways, leading to apoptosis and autophagy of cells and molecules, and inhibiting tumor metastasis.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water extracts of <i>Solanum nigrum</i> have shown a citotoxic activity in reducing <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_ROS" title="Mitochondrial ROS">ROS generation</a> of the human MM cell line A-375.<sup id="cite_ref-10.2147/DDDT.S119214_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.2147/DDDT.S119214-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Solanum nigrum</i> is known to contain <a href="/wiki/Solasodine" title="Solasodine">solasodine</a> (a steroidal <a href="/wiki/Glycoalkaloid" title="Glycoalkaloid">glycoalkaloid</a> that can be used to make <a href="/wiki/16-DPA" class="mw-redirect" title="16-DPA">16-DPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">progenitor</a>); a possible commercial source could be via cultivating the hairy roots of this plant.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also a treatment of gastric ulcer. Through experiments on mice gastric ulcer model and control group, the results showed that the extract of black nightshade powder and methanol could significantly affect the secretion of gastric acid and protease in mice, thus significantly reducing the gastric ulcer index of mice.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Solanum nigrum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10.2147/DDDT.S119214_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.2147/DDDT.S119214-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tasmannia pepper leaf, <a href="/wiki/Anise_myrtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Anise myrtle">anise myrtle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemon_myrtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon myrtle">lemon myrtle</a> share a high concentration of polyphenols and polysaccharides, which take a role in inhibition of <a href="/wiki/INOS" class="mw-redirect" title="INOS">iNOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/COX-2" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2">COX-2</a> activities, resulting "a viable approach to inhibit inflammation and carcinogenesis and to prevent cancer."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uttroside B, a saponin, was identified as a bioactive chemotherapeutic agent, against hepatocellular carcinoma, obtained from the methanolic extract of <i>S. nigrum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lankalapalli et al. isolated uttroside B and provided its structure elucidation by derivatization, which afforded an enol ether, and characterized by detailed 2D NMR analysis in this publication.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uttroside B and uttroside A can be differentiated by the group present in C-22 with hydroxyl and methoxy groups, respectively. The structural resemblance of uttroside B and uttroside A poses a challenge in differentiation of these two molecules by NMR or other techniques. Recently, this group provided a correction of a NMR figure with respect to the structure of uttroside B, which enable differentiation of uttroside B from uttroside A with characteristic chemical shift difference in <sup>13</sup>C NMR of hemiketal carbon C-22 at 110.5 and 112.5 ppm, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US-FDA granted an orphan drug designation for uttroside B against hepatocellular carcinoma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black nightshade is cultivated as a food crop on several continents, including Africa and North America. The leaves of cultivated strains are eaten after cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-Irv_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irv-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A garden form with fruit about 1.27 cm (0.50 in) diam. is occasionally cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weed">Weed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Weed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black nightshade can be a serious agricultural <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weed</a> when it competes with <a href="/wiki/Crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Crops">crops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been reported as a weed in 61 countries and 37 crops. <a href="/wiki/Herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicides">Herbicides</a> are used extensively to control it in field crops such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrubbRaser-Rowland2012" class="citation book cs1">Grubb, Adam; Raser-Rowland, Annie (2012). <i>The Weed Forager's Handbook</i>. Australia: Hyland House Publishing Pty Ltd. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781864471212" title="Special:BookSources/9781864471212"><bdi>9781864471212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weed+Forager%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Hyland+House+Publishing+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781864471212&rft.aulast=Grubb&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Raser-Rowland%2C+Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolanum+nigrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moh_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moh_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohy-ud-dintKhanAhmadKashmiri2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mohy-ud-dint, A; Khan, Z; Ahmad, M; Kashmiri, MA (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/42(1)/PJB42(1)653.pdf">"Chemotaxonomic value of alkaloids in <i>Solanum nigrum</i> complex"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pakistan Journal of Botany</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">653–</span>660.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Chemotaxonomic+value+of+alkaloids+in+Solanum+nigrum+complex&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E653-%3C%2Fspan%3E660&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mohy-ud-dint&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Khan%2C+Z&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+M&rft.au=Kashmiri%2C+MA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakbs.org%2Fpjbot%2FPDFs%2F42%281%29%2FPJB42%281%29653.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolanum+nigrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury1961" class="citation book cs1">Salisbury, EJ (1961). <i>Weeds and Aliens</i>. New Naturalists Series. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weeds+and+Aliens&rft.place=London&rft.series=New+Naturalists+Series&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=EJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolanum+nigrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ed-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ed_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ed_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ed_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ed_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ed_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ed_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondsChewya1997" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, JM; Chewya, JA (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfau8bsLyUUC&q=solanum+nigrum+edmonds&pg=PA93"><i>Black Nightshades, </i>Solanum nigrum<i> L. and related species</i></a>. 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Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wonderberry&rft.pub=Center+for+New+Crops+%26+Plant+Products%2C+Purdue+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2FCrops%2FWonderberry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolanum+nigrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaab2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Taab, A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/2064"><i>Seed dormancy and germination in </i>Solanum nigrum<i> and </i>S. physalifolium<i> as influenced by temperature conditions</i></a> (Thesis). Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Seed+dormancy+and+germination+in+Solanum+nigrum+and+S.+physalifolium+as+influenced+by+temperature+conditions&rft.inst=Swedish+University+of+Agricultural+Sciences&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Taab&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpub.epsilon.slu.se%2F2064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolanum+nigrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeleyThullen1991" class="citation journal cs1">Keeley, PE; Thullen, RJ (1991). "Biology and Control of Black Nightshade <i>(Solanum nigrum)</i> in Cotton <i>(Gossypium hirsutum)</i>". <i>Weed Technology</i>. <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">713–</span>722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0890037X00033741">10.1017/S0890037X00033741</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3986881">3986881</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89885270">89885270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weed+Technology&rft.atitle=Biology+and+Control+of+Black+Nightshade+%28Solanum+nigrum%29+in+Cotton+%28Gossypium+hirsutum%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E713-%3C%2Fspan%3E722&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A89885270%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3986881%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0890037X00033741&rft.aulast=Keeley&rft.aufirst=PE&rft.au=Thullen%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolanum+nigrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solanum_nigrum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146400" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q146400">Q146400</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_nigrum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Solanum nigrum">Solanum nigrum</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=3568">3568</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/119782">119782</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/69530">69530</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/solanum-nigrum/">solanum-nigrum</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Solanum_nigrum.htm">Solanum_nigrum</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id40760">40760</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=101007">101007</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7658">7658</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4Y3H2">4Y3H2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1966">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Solanum_nigrum">Solanum_nigrum</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/418543">418543</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SOLNI">SOLNI</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/184958">184958</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7022">7022</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200020597">200020597</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Solanum%20nigrum">Solanum nigrum</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020597">200020597</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FoIO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/SOLNIG">SOLNIG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2932865">2932865</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=310124">310124</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/79141">79141</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=6457">6457</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30048260-2">30048260-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11272810">11272810</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/50540">50540</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=565525">565525</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.149275/">2.149275</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000004039">NBNSYS0000004039</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4112">4112</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NSWFlora" class="mw-redirect" title="NSWFlora">NSWFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Solanum~nigrum">Solanum~nigrum</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraNT" title="FloraNT">NTFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=5594">5594</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/d5686bae-89a2-40c5-a46a-f3482312ca3e">d5686bae-89a2-40c5-a46a-f3482312ca3e</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2714">2714</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/135711/">135711</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=494831">494831</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Solanum_nigrum">Solanum_nigrum</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=4707">4707</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SONI">SONI</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30048260-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30048260-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/65293/wd/Details">65293</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=2853-57">2853-57</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/29600125">29600125</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/9381">9381</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/6cbcccd1-0091-401e-ada9-5341a2dec101">6cbcccd1-0091-401e-ada9-5341a2dec101</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WoI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=493">493</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001029815">wfo-0001029815</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox736" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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