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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Figueres and the Caribbean Legion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figueres_and_the_Caribbean_Legion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948_elections_and_violent_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_elections_and_violent_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1948 elections and violent aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_elections_and_violent_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beginning of civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ideological context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Cartago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Cartago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fall of Cartago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Cartago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_of_Picado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_of_Picado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Surrender of Picado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender_of_Picado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الأهلية الكوستاريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأهلية الكوستاريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_kodus%C3%B5da" title="Costa Rica kodusõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Costa Rica kodusõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_de_Costa_Rica_de_1948" title="Guerra civil de Costa Rica de 1948 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra civil de Costa Rica de 1948" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_civile_costaricaine" title="Guerre civile costaricaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre civile costaricaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="코스타리카 내전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코스타리카 내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostarikanski_gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Kostarikanski građanski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kostarikanski građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Kosta_Rika" title="Perang Saudara Kosta Rika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Saudara Kosta Rika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarastr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0_%C3%A1_Kosta_R%C3%ADka" title="Borgarastríðið á Kosta Ríka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borgarastríðið á Kosta Ríka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civile_costaricana" title="Guerra civile costaricana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra civile costaricana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_domowa_w_Kostaryce" title="Wojna domowa w Kostaryce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna domowa w Kostaryce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_na_Costa_Rica_em_1948" title="Guerra Civil na Costa Rica em 1948 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Civil na Costa Rica em 1948" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_(1948)" title="Гражданская война в Коста-Рике (1948) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская война в Коста-Рике (1948)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Грађански рат у Костарики – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грађански рат у Костарики" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostarikanski_gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Kostarikanski građanski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kostarikanski građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican_sis%C3%A4llissota" title="Costa Rican sisällissota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Costa Rican sisällissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costaricanska_inb%C3%B6rdeskriget" title="Costaricanska inbördeskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Costaricanska inbördeskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosta_Rika_%C4%B0%C3%A7_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Kosta Rika İç Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kosta Rika İç Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%8E%E5%8A%A0%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="哥斯达黎加内战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥斯达黎加内战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">1948 conflict in Costa Rica</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the civil war of 1948. For the civil war of 1823, see <a href="/wiki/Ochomogo_War" title="Ochomogo War">Ochomogo War</a>. For that of 1835, see <a href="/wiki/League_War" title="League War">League War</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Costa Rican Civil War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_los_caidos_en_la_Guerra_de_1048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Monumento_a_los_caidos_en_la_Guerra_de_1048.jpg/220px-Monumento_a_los_caidos_en_la_Guerra_de_1048.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Monumento_a_los_caidos_en_la_Guerra_de_1048.jpg/330px-Monumento_a_los_caidos_en_la_Guerra_de_1048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Monumento_a_los_caidos_en_la_Guerra_de_1048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="286" /></a></span><br />Monument in memory of those who died in the Civil War of 1948, located in Ernesto Zumbado park in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_District,_Dota" title="Santa María District, Dota">Santa María de Dota</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>12 March – 24 April 1948<br />(1 month, 1 week and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Rebel victory </p> <ul><li>Overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaraguan</a>-backed authoritarian president <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Picado_Michalski" title="Teodoro Picado Michalski">Teodoro Picado Michalski</a></li> <li>Installation of a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a>-backed transitional president <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rican military abolished after nearly half a century of its establishment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Constitutional_Assembly_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Rican Constitutional Assembly election, 1948">Constitutional assembly is elected</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Constitution of Costa Rica">A new Constitution is created and enacted</a></li></ul></li> <li>Provisional government transfers power to <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Otilio Ulate">Otilio Ulate</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/46px-Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)">National Liberation Army</a></b><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Union Party (Costa Rica)">Ulatista Forces</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Legion" title="Caribbean Legion">Caribbean Legion</a><br /> <b>Supported by:</b> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg/46px-State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Government of Costa Rica</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rafael_%C3%81ngel_Calder%C3%B3n_Guardia" title="Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia">Calderon forces</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vanguard_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="People's Vanguard Party (Costa Rica)">People's Vanguard Party</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" title="National Guard (Nicaragua)">Nicaraguan National Guard</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/46px-Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg/46px-Bandera_de_Partido_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> Frank Marshall Jiménez<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Bandera_Partido_Uni%C3%B3n_Nacional_1948_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate Blanco</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg/46px-State_Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%281906-1964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Picado_Michalski" title="Teodoro Picado Michalski">Teodoro Picado Michalski</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Bandera_Partido_Republicano_Nacional_%281932-1952%29_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rafael_%C3%81ngel_Calder%C3%B3n_Guardia" title="Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia">Rafael Calderón</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Bandera_Partido_Vanguardia_Popular_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mora" title="Manuel Mora">Manuel Mora</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Anastasio Somoza García">Anastasio Somoza</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> approx. 2,000 killed</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Costa_Rica" title="Category:History of Costa Rica">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">History of <span class="fn org label">Costa Rica</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Costa Rica"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="905" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_history_of_Costa_Rica" title="Pre-Columbian history of Costa Rica">Pre-Columbian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Spanish Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Central_America" title="Act of Independence of Central America">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Costa_Rica" title="Free State of Costa Rica">Free State of Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_War" title="League War">League War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Costa_Rican_Republic" title="First Costa Rican Republic">First Costa Rican Republic (1848–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Costa_Rican_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1870 Costa Rican coup d'état">1870 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Costa_Rican_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1917 Costa Rican coup d'état">1917 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_Tinoco_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of the Tinoco Brothers">Dictatorship of the Tinoco Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_State" title="Liberal State">The Liberal State</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948 Costa Rican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Junta_of_the_Second_Republic" title="Founding Junta of the Second Republic">Founding Junta of the Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Constitution of Costa Rica">1949 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_State" title="Reform State">The Reform State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica">COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Costa_Rica" title="Portal:Costa Rica">Costa Rica Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Costa_Rica" title="Template:History of Costa Rica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Costa_Rica" title="Template talk:History of Costa Rica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Costa_Rica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Costa Rica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Costa Rican Civil War</b> took place from 12 March to 24 April 1948. The conflict followed the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_general_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Rican general election, 1948">presidential elections of 8 February 1948</a>, in which opposition candidate <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate</a> defeated the ruling party's <a href="/wiki/Rafael_%C3%81ngel_Calder%C3%B3n_Guardia" title="Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia">Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia</a>. The pro-government representatives who dominated the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Costa_Rica" title="Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica">Legislative Assembly</a> alleged that that Ulate's victory was <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">fraudulent</a>, and on 1 March, the legislature voted to annul the results of the election. This triggered an armed uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a>, a businessman who had not participated in the elections, against the government of President <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Picado_Michalski" title="Teodoro Picado Michalski">Teodoro Picado</a>. </p><p>The uprising was resisted by the small, ill-equipped Costa Rican army and, more significantly, by the militias of the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vanguard_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="People's Vanguard Party (Costa Rica)">People's Vanguard Party</a>, which was part of the governing coalition in the Legislative Assembly and had voted to annul the presidential elections. Figueres' rebels rapidly defeated the government forces and their Communist allies, forcing President Picado to step down and leave the country along with former president Calderón Guardia. About 2,000 people are believed to have died during the war, making it the bloodiest event in 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a> history. </p><p>After the war, Figueres toppled the army and ruled the country for 18 months as head of a provisional government <a href="/wiki/Junta_(governing_body)" title="Junta (governing body)">junta</a>, which oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Constitutional_Assembly_election,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Rican Constitutional Assembly election, 1948">election of a Constitutional Assembly</a> in December. That Assembly adopted the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Constitution of Costa Rica">1949 constitution</a>, after which the junta was dissolved and power was handed to Ulate as the new constitutional president. </p><p>Costa Rica has since experienced some riots, but no political violence reaching the severity of the civil war. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1940s, the Costa Rican political scene came to be dominated by Rafael Ángel Calderón, a medical doctor who served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">President of Costa Rica</a> from 1940 to 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-ref10_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution forbade consecutive reelection, so for the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_general_election,_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Rican general election, 1944">1944 elections</a>, Calderón's National Republican Party nominated <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Picado_Michalski" title="Teodoro Picado Michalski">Teodoro Picado</a>, a law professor who was perceived as a weak figure controlled by Calderón. </p><p>The Picado administration resorted several times to military force to keep the peace, and pro-Calderón elements within the military institution often become involved in street violence, which helped to sully the image of the military in the minds of the people. The Costa Rican <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> movement, organized in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vanguard_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="People's Vanguard Party (Costa Rica)">Popular Vanguard Party</a> led by congressman <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mora" title="Manuel Mora">Manuel Mora</a>, was allied to Picado's government and contributed to the unrest by deploying its militia against the opposition. As the violence grew, supporters of the opposition began to carry guns, and the police began to threaten the use of firearms rather than just beating demonstrators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Disgust with the government's violent reprisals against the opposition led to the <i>Huelga de Brazos Caídos,</i> a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> that stalled commerce in Costa Rica for seven days.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pro-Calderón and communist demonstrators began to sack businesses that participated in the strike; Picado's government intimidated participating merchants and professionals and threatened workers with dismissal and military service.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the end of the strike, police and military forces patrolled the streets, and San José appeared as if under siege.<sup id="cite_ref-ref5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calderón returned as the ruling party's candidate for the election of 1948 and there were widespread fears that the government would intervene to ensure his triumph against his main opponent, journalist <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref10_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To assuage these fears, Picado's government for the first time in Costa Rican history placed the election under the control of an independent electoral tribunal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figueres_and_the_Caribbean_Legion">Figueres and the Caribbean Legion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Figueres and the Caribbean Legion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Legion" title="Caribbean Legion">Caribbean Legion</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres</a>, a Costa Rican businessman, had been forced into exile in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> on April 12, 1942, after he strongly criticized the Calderón regime during a radio broadcast. Figueres returned to Costa Rica after the election of Picado. Before the elections of 1948, Figueres had already been planning for a war. Unlike Ulate, former president <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Cort%C3%A9s_Castro" title="León Cortés Castro">León Cortés</a>, and the other members of the Costa Rican opposition, Figueres believed that Calderón would never allow a fair election to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figueres began training the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Legion" title="Caribbean Legion">Caribbean Legion</a>, an irregular force of 700. Hoping to use Costa Rica as a base, the Legion planned to move against other authoritarian governments in <a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle America</a>. U.S. officials followed the Legion's activities with concern, especially after Figueres carried out terrorist attacks inside Costa Rica during 1945 and 1946 that were meant to incite a general strike. The people did not respond.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref9_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1948_elections_and_violent_aftermath">1948 elections and violent aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1948 elections and violent aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After a highly contentious electoral process plagued by violence and irregularities concluded on February 8, 1948, the independent electoral tribunal, by a split vote of 2 to 1, declared that opposition candidate Otilio Ulate of the National Union Party, had been elected president. The ruling party's Calderón claimed that this result had been obtained by fraud and petitioned Congress, where the coalition of his own party and the Popular Vanguard Party held a majority, to void the results and call for a new election. When Congress granted this request, the country erupted in chaos, as both sides accused the other of vote tampering and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref8_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the day that the government annulled the elections, police surrounded the home of Dr. Carlos Luis Valverde, the acting campaign manager for Union National, where <a href="/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Ulate</a> was and Figueres had been only moments before. Shots rang out, and Valverde fell dead on his doorstep. Ulate escaped but was later captured and imprisoned, all of which helped to paint an especially distasteful image of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-ref6_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_civil_war">Beginning of civil war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginning of civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The annulment of the election results in 1948 and the killing of Valverde on the same day seemed to give Figueres the evidence that he needed that the government had no intention of peacefully accepting the popular will, thus justifying a violent insurrection. On March 11, Figueres made the call that brought in the arms and military leaders he needed for a successful military campaign. On March 12, his National Liberation Army exchanged fire with government forces, and the war began.<sup id="cite_ref-ref7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guerra_48._Costa_Rica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Guerra_48._Costa_Rica.JPG/240px-Guerra_48._Costa_Rica.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Guerra_48._Costa_Rica.JPG/360px-Guerra_48._Costa_Rica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Guerra_48._Costa_Rica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Rifle and helmet used during the Costa Rican civil war of 1948. Temporary exhibition in the National Museum of Costa Rica.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideological_context">Ideological context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideological context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Costa Rican politics have traditionally been guided by personal allegiances far more than by ideological consistency, and the Civil War of 1948 provides a striking example of this. Calderón had been elected president in 1940 as the candidate of the right, closely allied with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and with the business elite, but his enthusiastic support for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and especially his punitive measures against the rich and influential <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> community in Costa Rica, caused that elite to withdraw its support for him. </p><p>Calderón then created a different political base by allying himself with the Costa Rican communists (the Popular Vanguard Party), led by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mora" title="Manuel Mora">Manuel Mora</a>, and with the socially progressive Catholic Archbishop of San José, Víctor Manuel Sanabria, in order to pass legislation guaranteeing <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a> and establishing a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. Mora's communist militias provided important armed support for the government, both during the tense years of Picado's administration (1944–48) and during the Civil War itself. </p><p>The rebel forces led by Figueres were a mix of anti-communist right-wingers, economically conservative elements weary of the welfare state (represented by the winner of the 1948 election himself, Otilio Ulate), and a <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> intelligentsia which sought to strengthen the new welfare state while ensuring democratic transparency. After their victory this alliance quickly fell apart. The right-wing faction, led by the junta's Minister of Public Safety, Édgar Cardona, attempted to overthrow Figueres and was excluded from the government thereafter. Figueres himself became closely identified with the social democratic faction, which later dominated his own <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)">National Liberation Party</a> (PLN). The economically conservative groups under Ulate ended up allying themselves in the 1950s with Calderón's supporters to form a broad anti-PLN coalition. </p><p>This lack of ideological consistency is further underscored by the fact that during the Civil War, the government forces, despite being allied to the Costa Rican communists, enjoyed the support of right-wing <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaraguan</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Anastasio Somoza García">Anastasio Somoza</a>, while Figueres's rebels, who as anti-communists were tacitly supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, received significant aid from leftist <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemalan</a> president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Juan José Arévalo">Juan José Arévalo</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_Cartago">Fall of Cartago</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fall of Cartago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Liberation Army, as the rebel army called itself, slowly worked their way up the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American Highway">Pan American Highway</a>, capturing small but important cities and ports with relative ease. The official army, which was then led by Picado's brother, was unable to organize an effective resistance to Figueres' National Liberation Army. Figueres also contended against the communist militias commanded by congressman <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Luis_Fallas" title="Carlos Luis Fallas">Carlos Luis Fallas</a> and against Nicaraguan soldiers who had been sent by Somoza to help the government retain power. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cartago,_Costa_Rica" title="Cartago, Costa Rica">Cartago, Costa Rica</a>'s second-largest city, located only 12 miles from the capital, Figueres' forces met considerable military opposition; however, the limited forces and supplies of the governmental forces quickly ran out, and Cartago was captured by the rebels on April 12. Costa Rican President Picado, realizing that defeat was inevitable, sent notice to Figueres that he was willing to compromise. </p><p>Picado's long-time political ally, Manuel Mora of the communist Popular Vanguard Party, had no intention of negotiating with Figueres. Mora's forces had sealed themselves up inside the capital of San José, and were determined not to capitulate as quickly as Picado. As the target of many of Figueres' criticisms about Costa Rica, Mora and his party were worried that a Figueres-led takeover might well lead to their expulsion from politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrender_of_Picado">Surrender of Picado</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surrender of Picado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The day after the fall of Cartago, Picado—low on supplies and without any other source of support—sent a letter to Mora and Calderón stating that "the attempt to hold San José would be futile and catastrophic." Mora, facing the reality that now the United States was ready to act against him as well, gave in to Picado's plea. </p><p>On April 19, Picado and Father Benjamín Núñez, an eminent labor leader within Costa Rica, signed the so-called Pact of the Mexican Embassy, ending the armed uprising. Picado resigned the next day, leaving <a href="/wiki/Santos_Le%C3%B3n_Herrera" title="Santos León Herrera">Santos León Herrera</a> as interim president. Picado and former president Calderón Guardia went into exile in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. On 24 April, Figueres' forces entered San José, almost six weeks after beginning their revolt in southern Costa Rica. On 8 May the provisional junta presided by Figueres formally took over the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref10-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref10_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref10_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolzhauer2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Holzhauer, Ian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222001428/https://sites.google.com/site/reachian/seniorthesis2"><i>The Presidency of Calderón Guardia</i></a> (B.A.). University of Florida. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/reachian/seniorthesis2">the original</a> on 2016-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Presidency+of+Calder%C3%B3n+Guardia&rft.inst=University+of+Florida&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Holzhauer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Freachian%2Fseniorthesis2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref5_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/45020.html">"How Costa Rica Lost Its Military"</a> citing: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBell1971">Bell 1971</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBird1984">Bird 1984</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/opinion/costa-rica-s-fierce-pacifist.html">"Costa Rica's Fierce Pacifist"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Costa+Rica%27s+Fierce+Pacifist&rft.date=1990-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F06%2F17%2Fopinion%2Fcosta-rica-s-fierce-pacifist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1990" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Myrna (June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-09-mn-591-story.html">"Jose Figueres, 82; Former Costa Rican President"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Jose+Figueres%2C+82%3B+Former+Costa+Rican+President&rft.date=1990-06&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Myrna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-06-09-mn-591-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref6_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref6_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref6_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/45020.html">"How Costa Rica Lost Its Military"</a> citing: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmeringer,_Charles_D.1978" class="citation book cs1">Ameringer, Charles D. (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donpepepolitical00amer"><i>Don Pepe: A political biography of José Figueres of Costa Ricas</i></a></span>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0480-3"><bdi>978-0-8263-0480-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don+Pepe%3A+A+political+biography+of+Jos%C3%A9+Figueres+of+Costa+Ricas&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-0480-3&rft.au=Ameringer%2C+Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonpepepolitical00amer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBird1984">Bird 1984</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBell1971">Bell 1971</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHøivikAas1981" class="citation journal cs1">Høivik, Tord; Aas, Solveig (December 1981). "Demilitarization in Costa Rica: A Farewell to Arms?". <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 333–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002234338101800403">10.1177/002234338101800403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110377590">110377590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Demilitarization+in+Costa+Rica%3A+A+Farewell+to+Arms%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=333-350&rft.date=1981-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110377590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002234338101800403&rft.aulast=H%C3%B8ivik&rft.aufirst=Tord&rft.au=Aas%2C+Solveig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez,_Iván_Molina1997" class="citation book cs1">Jiménez, Iván Molina (1997). <i>Costa Rica: Historia de Costa Rica</i>. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9977-67-411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9977-67-411-7"><bdi>978-9977-67-411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costa+Rica%3A+Historia+de+Costa+Rica&rft.pub=Editorial+de+la+Universidad+de+Costa+Rica&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9977-67-411-7&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez%2C+Iv%C3%A1n+Molina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-ref8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref8_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref8_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref8_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPace1990" class="citation news cs1">Pace, Eric (June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/09/obituaries/jose-figueres-ferrer-is-dead-at-83-led-costa-ricans-to-democracy.html">"Jose Figueres Ferrer Is Dead at 83; Led Costa Ricans to Democracy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jose+Figueres+Ferrer+Is+Dead+at+83%3B+Led+Costa+Ricans+to+Democracy&rft.date=1990-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F06%2F09%2Fobituaries%2Fjose-figueres-ferrer-is-dead-at-83-led-costa-ricans-to-democracy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref9-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref9_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref9_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelparPerez2000" class="citation journal cs1">Delpar, Helen; Perez, Louis A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100018689">"Inter-American Relations and Encounters: Recent Directions in the Literature"</a>. <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>35</b> (3). Benjamin Welles, Daniela Spenser, Friedrich E. Schuler, Maria Emilia Paz, Michael L. Krenn, Michael D. Gambone, Kyle Longley, James G. Blight, Peter Kornbluh, Lars Schoultz, Gilbert M. Joseph, Catherine C. LeGrand, Ricardo D. Salvatore (eds.): 155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100018689">10.1017/S0023879100018689</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8791">0023-8791</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2692045">2692045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252740729">252740729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Inter-American+Relations+and+Encounters%3A+Recent+Directions+in+the+Literature&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0023-8791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252740729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2692045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100018689&rft.aulast=Delpar&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Perez%2C+Louis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0023879100018689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref4_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLa_Feber1993">La Feber 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2014" class="citation book cs1">Bell, John Patrick (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKKDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>Crisis in Costa Rica: The 1948 Revolution - Page 129</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292772588" title="Special:BookSources/9780292772588"><bdi>9780292772588</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Costa+Rica%3A+The+1948+Revolution+-+Page+129&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780292772588&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKKDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref7_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/45020.html">"How Costa Rica Lost Its Military"</a> citing: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBell1971">Bell 1971</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFJiménez1997">Jiménez 1997</a></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1971" class="citation book cs1">Bell, John Patrick (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisincostaric0000bell"><i>Crisis in Costa Rica: The 1948 Revolution</i></a></span>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70147-2"><bdi>978-0-292-70147-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Costa+Rica%3A+The+1948+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70147-2&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=John+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrisisincostaric0000bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird1984" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Leonard (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/costaricaunarmed00bird"><i>Costa Rica: The Unarmed Democracy</i></a></span>. Seven Hills Book Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900661-37-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900661-37-2"><bdi>978-0-900661-37-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costa+Rica%3A+The+Unarmed+Democracy&rft.pub=Seven+Hills+Book+Distributors&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-900661-37-2&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcostaricaunarmed00bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallas-Santana,_Agustín2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fallas-Santana, Agustín (2006). "Don José Figueres Ferrer y el Desarrollo de Costa Rica". <i>Revista Parlamentaria, Asamblea Legislativa, Costa Rica</i>. <b>14</b> (1, 2, and 3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1409-0007">1409-0007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Parlamentaria%2C+Asamblea+Legislativa%2C+Costa+Rica&rft.atitle=Don+Jos%C3%A9+Figueres+Ferrer+y+el+Desarrollo+de+Costa+Rica&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1%2C+2%2C+and+3&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1409-0007&rft.au=Fallas-Santana%2C+Agust%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez1997" class="citation book cs1">Jiménez, Iván Molina (1997). <i>Costa Rica: Historia de Costa Rica</i>. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9977-67-411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9977-67-411-7"><bdi>978-9977-67-411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costa+Rica%3A+Historia+de+Costa+Rica&rft.pub=Editorial+de+la+Universidad+de+Costa+Rica&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9977-67-411-7&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez&rft.aufirst=Iv%C3%A1n+Molina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Feber1993" class="citation book cs1">La Feber, Walter (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inevitablerevolu00laferich/page/103"><i>Inevitable Revolutions The United States in Central America</i></a></span>. Norton Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inevitablerevolu00laferich/page/103">103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03434-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03434-9"><bdi>978-0-393-03434-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inevitable+Revolutions+The+United+States+in+Central+America&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Norton+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03434-9&rft.aulast=La+Feber&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finevitablerevolu00laferich%2Fpage%2F103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongley,_Kyle1997" class="citation book cs1">Longley, Kyle (1997). <i>The Sparrow and the Hawk: Costa Rica and the United States During the Rise of Jose Figueres</i>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0831-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0831-5"><bdi>978-0-8173-0831-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sparrow+and+the+Hawk%3A+Costa+Rica+and+the+United+States+During+the+Rise+of+Jose+Figueres&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0831-5&rft.au=Longley%2C+Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosta+Rican+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_Civil_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elespiritudel48.org/docu/h_i01.htm">Costa Rica and the 1948 Revolution</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Costa_Rica" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_Costa_Rica" title="Template:Armed conflicts involving Costa Rica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_Costa_Rica" title="Template talk:Armed conflicts involving Costa Rica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_Costa_Rica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving Costa Rica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Costa_Rica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>listed chronologically</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ochomogo_War" title="Ochomogo War">Ochomogo War</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_War" title="League War">League War</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrios%27_War_of_Reunification" title="Barrios' War of Reunification">Barrios' War of Reunification</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_Tinoco_Brothers#Uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of the Tinoco Brothers">Anti-Tinoquista rebellion</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coto_War" title="Coto War">Coto War</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Costa Rican Civil War</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderonista_invasion_of_Costa_Rica" title="Calderonista invasion of Costa Rica">Nicaraguan invasion attempt</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a> (1965–1966)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/48px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/64px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Costa_Rica" title="Portal:Costa Rica">Costa Rica portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Costa_Rica_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Costa_Rica_topics" title="Template:Costa Rica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Costa_Rica_topics" title="Template talk:Costa Rica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Costa_Rica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Costa Rica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Costa_Rica_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Costa_Rica%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Costa Rica–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_history_of_Costa_Rica" title="Pre-Columbian history of Costa Rica">Pre-Columbian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General <span style="font-size:85%;">(Guatemalan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Costa_Rica" title="Free State of Costa Rica">Free State of Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Costa_Rican_Republic" title="First Costa Rican Republic">First Costa Rican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_State" title="Liberal State">Liberal State</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_State" title="Reform State">Reform State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Costa_Rica" title="Geography of Costa Rica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Conservation in Costa Rica">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Deforestation in Costa Rica">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of earthquakes in Costa Rica">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Costa_Rica" title="List of islands of Costa Rica">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Costa_Rica" title="Category:Mountains of Costa Rica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Costa_Rica" title="List of national parks of Costa Rica">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Costa_Rica" title="List of rivers of Costa Rica">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of volcanoes in Costa Rica">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Costa_Rica" title="Water resources management in Costa Rica">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Costa_Rica" title="Category:Waterfalls of Costa Rica">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Costa_Rica" title="Wildlife of Costa Rica">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Costa_Rica" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Costa Rica">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Costa_Rica" title="Politics of Costa Rica">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Costa_Rica" title="Administrative divisions of Costa Rica">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Costa_Rica" title="Provinces of Costa Rica">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Costa_Rica" title="Cantons of Costa Rica">Cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Costa_Rica" title="Districts of Costa Rica">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Costa_Rica" title="Elections in Costa Rica">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Costa_Rica" title="Foreign relations of Costa Rica">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Costa_Rica" title="International rankings of Costa Rica">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Costa_Rica" title="Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica">Legislative Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Deputies_of_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Deputies of Costa Rica">Deputies </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Costa_Rican_legislature" title="History of the Costa Rican legislature">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Costa_Rica" title="Human rights in Costa Rica">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Costa Rica">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of mayors in Costa Rica">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Force_of_Costa_Rica" title="Public Force of Costa Rica">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of political parties in Costa Rica">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Costa_Rica" title="List of presidents of Costa Rica">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finances_in_Costa_Rica" title="Public finances in Costa Rica">Public finances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Costa_Rica" title="Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Costa_Rica" title="List of presidents of the Supreme Court of Costa Rica">Presidents</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Costa_Rica" title="Agriculture in Costa Rica">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_col%C3%B3n" title="Costa Rican colón">Colón <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Costa_Rica" title="Telecommunications in Costa Rica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Tourism in Costa Rica">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Ecotourism in Costa Rica">Ecotourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Costa_Rica" title="Transport in Costa Rica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Costa_Rica" title="Trade unions in Costa Rica">Unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Costa_Rica" title="Category:Society of Costa Rica">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Costa_Rica" title="Demographics of Costa Rica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Costa_Rica" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Costa Rica">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Costa_Rica" title="Healthcare in Costa Rica">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Costa_Rica" title="Languages of Costa Rica">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Costa_Rica" title="Squatting in Costa Rica">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Water supply and sanitation in Costa Rica">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Costa_Rica" title="Culture of Costa Rica">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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