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id="toc-For_polymers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiplasticizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiplasticizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Antiplasticizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiplasticizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Safety and toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_polymer_plasticizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_polymer_plasticizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Common polymer plasticizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_polymer_plasticizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ortho_phthalates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ortho_phthalates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Ortho phthalates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ortho_phthalates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terephthalates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terephthalates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Terephthalates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terephthalates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trimellitates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trimellitates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Trimellitates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trimellitates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adipates_&_Sebacates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adipates_&_Sebacates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Adipates & Sebacates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adipates_&_Sebacates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organophosphates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organophosphates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>Organophosphates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organophosphates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_inorganic_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_inorganic_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>For inorganic materials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-For_inorganic_materials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle For inorganic materials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-For_inorganic_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concrete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Concrete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stucco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stucco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stucco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stucco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energetic_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energetic_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Energetic materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energetic_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plasticizers_for_energetic_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasticizers_for_energetic_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Plasticizers for energetic materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasticizers_for_energetic_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ملدن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملدن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastifik%C3%A1tor" title="Plastifikátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plastifikátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weichmacher" title="Weichmacher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weichmacher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastifikaatorid" title="Plastifikaatorid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plastifikaatorid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Πλαστικοποιητής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλαστικοποιητής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastificante" title="Plastificante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plastificante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastifikatzaile" title="Plastifikatzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plastifikatzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="روان‌کننده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روان‌کننده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastifiant_pour_mati%C3%A8re_plastique" title="Plastifiant pour matière plastique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plastifiant pour matière plastique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaisteach%C3%A1n" title="Plaisteachán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Plaisteachán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%86%8C%EC%A0%9C" title="가소제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가소제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պլաստիֆիկատորներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլաստիֆիկատորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="सुघट्यताकारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुघट्यताकारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemlastis" title="Pemlastis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemlastis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastificante" title="Plastificante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plastificante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пластификаторлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пластификаторлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastifikatorius" title="Plastifikatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plastifikatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastificant" title="Plastificant – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Plastificant" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC" title="പ്ലാസ്റ്റിസൈസർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലാസ്റ്റിസൈസർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekmaker" title="Weekmaker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weekmaker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91%E5%89%A4" title="可塑剤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="可塑剤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastyfikator" title="Plastyfikator – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plastyfikator" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastificante" title="Plastificante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plastificante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastifiant" title="Plastifiant – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plastifiant" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B)" title="Пластификаторы (пластмассы и полимеры) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пластификаторы (пластмассы и полимеры)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muovinpehmennin" title="Muovinpehmennin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muovinpehmennin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjukg%C3%B6rare" title="Mjukgörare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mjukgörare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastikle%C5%9Ftirici" title="Plastikleştirici – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plastikleştirici" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пластифікатор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пластифікатор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%C3%B3a_d%E1%BA%BBo" title="Chất hóa dẻo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất hóa dẻo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%91%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" title="塑化劑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塑化劑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="Plasticizers">Plasticizers</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Substance added to a material to make it softer and more flexible</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laying_sewer_hi_res_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg/220px-Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg/330px-Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg/440px-Laying_sewer_hi_res_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption>PVC, used extensively in sewage pipes, is only useful because of plasticizers.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmannPVC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmannPVC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>plasticizer</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <b>plasticiser</b>) is a substance that is added to a material to make it softer and more flexible, to increase its <a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plasticity</a>, to decrease its <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, and/or to decrease <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> during its handling in manufacture. </p><p>Plasticizers are commonly added to <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a>, either to facilitate the handling of the raw material during fabrication, or to meet the demands of the end product's application. Plasticizers are especially key to the usability of <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC), the third most widely used plastic. In the absence of plasticizers, PVC is hard and brittle; with plasticizers, it is suitable for products such as <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_siding" title="Vinyl siding">vinyl siding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roofing_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Roofing material">roofing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_flooring_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Vinyl flooring (disambiguation)">vinyl flooring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">rain gutters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a>, and electric wire insulation/coating.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmannPVC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmannPVC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plasticizers are also often added to <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> formulations to make them more workable and fluid for pouring, thus allowing the water contents to be reduced. Similarly, they are often added to <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid rocket">solid rocket fuel</a>, and other pastes prior to molding and forming. For these applications, plasticizers largely overlap with <a href="/wiki/Dispersant" title="Dispersant">dispersants</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="For_polymers">For polymers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: For polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EP_Plasticisers_Market_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/EP_Plasticisers_Market_2017.png/260px-EP_Plasticisers_Market_2017.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/EP_Plasticisers_Market_2017.png/390px-EP_Plasticisers_Market_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/EP_Plasticisers_Market_2017.png/520px-EP_Plasticisers_Market_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Europe's and Global Plasticiser Use by type 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EP_Graphs_2019-04_Europes_Use.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EP_Graphs_2019-04_Europes_Use.png/250px-EP_Graphs_2019-04_Europes_Use.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EP_Graphs_2019-04_Europes_Use.png/375px-EP_Graphs_2019-04_Europes_Use.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/EP_Graphs_2019-04_Europes_Use.png/500px-EP_Graphs_2019-04_Europes_Use.png 2x" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Europe's Plasticiser Use 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EP_2017_Plasticiser_Market_trends.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/EP_2017_Plasticiser_Market_trends.png/250px-EP_2017_Plasticiser_Market_trends.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/EP_2017_Plasticiser_Market_trends.png/375px-EP_2017_Plasticiser_Market_trends.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/EP_2017_Plasticiser_Market_trends.png/500px-EP_2017_Plasticiser_Market_trends.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Europe's Plasticiser Market Trends 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Plasticizers for polymers are either liquids with low volatility or solids. According to 2017 data, the total global market for plasticizers was 7.5 million metric tonnes. In North America the 2017 volume was ~1.01 million metric tonnes and in Europe the figure was 1.35 million metric tonnes, split between various end-use applications with a chemical type trend moving to higher molecular weight (HMW) orthophthalates and alternative types following regulatory issues concerning lower molecular weight (LMW) orthophthalates. </p><p>Almost 90% of polymer plasticizers, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, are used in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>, giving this material improved flexibility and durability.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other polymers which can contain high loadings of plasticizers include <a href="/wiki/Acrylate_polymer" title="Acrylate polymer">acrylates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>-type plastics, such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">cellulose acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate_butyrate" title="Cellulose acetate butyrate">cellulose acetate butyrate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was commonly thought that plasticizers work by embedding themselves between the chains of <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, spacing them apart (increasing the "free volume"),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or swelling them and thus significantly lowering the <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">glass transition</a> temperature for the plastic and making it softer. It was later shown that the free volume explanation could not account for all of the effects of plasticization.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mobility of a polymer chain is more complex in the presence of plasticizer than what the <a href="/wiki/Flory%E2%80%93Fox_equation" title="Flory–Fox equation">Flory–Fox equation</a> predicts for a simple polymer chain. </p><p>The molecules of plasticizer take control over mobility of the chain - a polymer chain does not show an increase of the free volume around polymer ends. If plasticizer/water creates hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic parts of the polymer, the associated free volume can be decreased. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effect of plasticizers on <a href="/wiki/Elastic_modulus" title="Elastic modulus">elastic modulus</a> is dependent on both temperature and plasticizer concentration. Below a certain concentration, referred to as the crossover concentration, a plasticizer can decrease the modulus of a material. The material's glass transition temperature will decrease, however, at all concentrations. In addition to a crossover concentration, a crossover temperature exists. Below the crossover temperature the plasticizer will also increase the modulus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_lamp_cord_-_brittle_after_50_yrs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Plastic_lamp_cord_-_brittle_after_50_yrs.jpg/220px-Plastic_lamp_cord_-_brittle_after_50_yrs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Plastic_lamp_cord_-_brittle_after_50_yrs.jpg/330px-Plastic_lamp_cord_-_brittle_after_50_yrs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Plastic_lamp_cord_-_brittle_after_50_yrs.jpg/440px-Plastic_lamp_cord_-_brittle_after_50_yrs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Migration of plasticizers out of their host plastics leads to loss of flexibility, embrittlement, and cracking. This decades-old plastic lamp cord crumbles when flexed, due to loss of the plasticizers.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection">Selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the last 60 years more than 30,000 different substances have been evaluated for their suitability as polymer plasticizers. Of these, only a small number – approximately 50 – are today in commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-CEH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">Ester</a> plasticizers are selected based upon cost-performance evaluation. The rubber compounder must evaluate ester plasticizers for compatibility, processibility, permanence and other performance properties. The wide variety of ester chemistries that are in production include <a href="/wiki/Sebacate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebacate">sebacates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid#Adipate_salts_and_esters" title="Adipic acid">adipates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terephthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Terephthalate">terephthalates</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibenzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibenzoate (page does not exist)">dibenzoates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glutarate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutarate">glutarates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalates</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azelate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azelate (page does not exist)">azelates</a>, and other specialty blends. This broad product line provides an array of performance benefits required for the many <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomer</a> applications such as tubing and hose products, flooring, wall-coverings, seals and gaskets, belts, wire and cable, and print rolls. </p><p>Low to high polarity esters provide utility in a wide range of elastomers including <a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">nitrile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychloroprene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychloroprene">polychloroprene</a>, <a href="/wiki/EPDM" class="mw-redirect" title="EPDM">EPDM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_polyethylene" title="Chlorinated polyethylene">chlorinated polyethylene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epichlorohydrin" title="Epichlorohydrin">epichlorohydrin</a>. Plasticizer-elastomer interaction is governed by many factors such as <a href="/wiki/Solubility#Quantification_of_solubility" title="Solubility">solubility parameter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a>, and chemical structure. Compatibility and performance attributes are key factors in developing a rubber formulation for a particular application.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plasticizers used in PVC and other plastics are often based on <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> of polycarboxylic acids with linear or branched aliphatic alcohols of moderate chain length. These compounds are selected on the basis of many critieria including low toxicity, compatibility with the host material, nonvolatility, and expense. Phthalate esters of straight-chain and branched-chain alkyl alcohols meet these specifications and are common plasticizers. Ortho-phthalate esters have traditionally been the most dominant plasticizers, but regulatory concerns have led to the move away from classified substances to non-classified which includes high molecular weight ortho-phthalates and other plasticisers, especially in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiplasticizers">Antiplasticizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antiplasticizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antiplasticizers are <a href="/wiki/Polymer_additive" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer additive">polymer additives</a> that have effect opposite to those of plasticizers. They increase the modulus while decreasing the glass transition temperature. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg/220px-Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg/330px-Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg/440px-Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29phthalate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate</a> is a common plasticizer.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_toxicity">Safety and toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Safety and toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantial concerns have been expressed over the safety of some polymer plasticizers, especially because some low molecular weight ortho-phthalates have been classified as potential <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptors</a> with some developmental toxicity reported.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plasticizers can escape plastics due to migration and abrasion of the plastic since they are not bound to the polymer matrix. The "<a href="/wiki/New_car_smell" title="New car smell">new car smell</a>" is often attributed to plasticizers or their degradation products,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, multiple studies on the makeup of the smell do not find phthalates in appreciable amounts, likely due to their extremely low volatility and vapor pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_polymer_plasticizers">Common polymer plasticizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Common polymer plasticizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ortho_phthalates">Ortho phthalates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ortho phthalates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalate</a>-based plasticizers are used in situations where good resistance to water and oils is required. Some common phthalate plasticizers are:</li> <li><b>Low Molecular Weight Ortho Phthalates</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_phthalate" title="Dimethyl phthalate">Dimethyl phthalate</a> (DMP), used in fragrances, as an insect repellent, and in several industrial processes as a solvent/carrier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_phthalate" title="Diethyl phthalate">Diethyl phthalate</a> (DEP), used in fragrances as a carrier and extender/fixative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">Diisobutyl phthalate</a> (DIBP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di-n-butyl_phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Di-n-butyl phthalate">Di-n-butyl phthalate</a> (DBP), used for cellulose plastics, food wraps, adhesives, perfumes, and cosmetics - about a third of <a href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">nail polishes</a>, glosses, enamels, and hardeners contain it, together with some <a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreens</a>, skin <a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">emollients</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">insect repellents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyl_benzyl_phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Butyl benzyl phthalate">Butyl benzyl phthalate</a> (benzyl butyl phthalate, BBzP) is found in vinyl tiles, traffic cones, food <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">conveyor belts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">artificial leather</a>, and plastic foams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate</a> (DEHP) also commonly known as (dioctyl phthalate,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DOP or diethylhexyl phthalate), historically used in flooring materials, medical devices, myriad consumer <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a>, and high <a href="/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">explosives</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a>. DEHP was the most common plasticizer for decades and still holds that title globally even as it has largely been replaced now with higher molecular weight phthalates and alternatives in the US and Europe</li></ul></li> <li><b>High Molecular Weight Ortho Phthalates</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">Diisononyl phthalate</a> (DINP), used in flooring materials, found in garden hoses, shoes, toys, and building materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPHP" title="DPHP">Bis(2-propylheptyl) phthalate</a> (DPHP), used in cables, wires and roofing materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">Diisodecyl phthalate</a> (DIDP), used for insulation of wires and cables, car undercoating, shoes, carpets, pool liners</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diisoundecyl_phthalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diisoundecyl phthalate (page does not exist)">Diisoundecyl phthalate</a> (DIUP), used for insulation of wires and cables, car undercoating, shoes, carpets, pool liners. Good high temperature and outdoor weathering performance</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ditridecyl_phthalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ditridecyl phthalate (page does not exist)">Ditridecyl phthalate</a> (DTDP) is the highest molecular weight phthalate plasticizer, providing greater performance at high temperature. It is the preferred plasticizer for automotive cable and wire application.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terephthalates">Terephthalates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terephthalates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terephthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Terephthalate">Terephthalates</a> are isomeric with ortho phthalates but have proven to have cleaner toxicological results due to their inability to form stable monoesters during hydrolysis and metabolic breakdown. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_terephthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate">Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate</a> (DEHT; Dioctyl terephthalate, DOTP) (Eastman Chemical Company Trademark: Eastman 168™), used as a replacement for DEHP and DINP</li> <li>Diisopentyl terephthalate (DiPT)(Evonik Industries Trademark: ELATUR® DPT), used as a replacement for DBP and DiBP</li> <li>Dibutyl terephthalate (DBT)(Eastman Chemical Trademark: Eastman Effusion™), used as a replacement for DBP and DiBP</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trimellitates">Trimellitates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trimellitates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimellitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimellitate">Trimellitates</a> are used in automobile interiors and other applications where resistance to high temperature is required. They have extremely low volatility. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tri(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tri(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate (page does not exist)">Tri(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate</a> (TEHTM) (TOTM, Trioctyl Trimellitate<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plasticizer)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tri(isononyl)trimellitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tri(isononyl)trimellitate (page does not exist)">Tri(isononyl)trimellitate</a> (TINTM)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tri(isodecyl)trimellitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tri(isodecyl)trimellitate (page does not exist)">Tri(isodecyl)trimellitate</a> (TIDTM)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tri(isotridecyl)trimellitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tri(isotridecyl)trimellitate (page does not exist)">Tri(isotridecyl)trimellitate</a> (TITDTM)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adipates_&_Sebacates"><span id="Adipates_.26_Sebacates"></span>Adipates & Sebacates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adipates & Sebacates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid#Adipate_salts_and_esters" title="Adipic acid">Adipate</a>-based plasticizers are used for low-temperature or resistance to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light. An example is: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate">Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate</a> (DEHA, dioctyl adipate plasticizer)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebacate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebacate">Sebacate</a>- based plasticizers provide excellent compatibility with a range of plastic materials and synthetic rubbers (specifically nitrile rubber and neoprene), superior properties at low temperatures, and good oil resistivity. Some examples are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_sebacate" title="Dibutyl sebacate">Dibutyl sebacate</a> (DBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_sebacate" title="Dioctyl sebacate">Di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate</a>, Di-octyl Sebacate<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or DOS plasticizer)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organophosphates">Organophosphates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organophosphates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphates">Organophosphates</a> include the following: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricresyl_phosphate" title="Tricresyl phosphate">Tricresyl phosphate</a> (TCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Ethylhexyl_diphenyl_phosphate" title="2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate">2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Cyclohexane_dicarboxylic_acid_diisononyl_ester" title="1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester">1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester</a> (BASF Trademark: Hexamoll DINCH)</li> <li>Bis(2-ethylhexyl) cyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate (Hanwha Trademark: Eco-DEHCH)</li> <li>Alkyl sulphonic acid phenyl ester (ASE). (Lanxess Chemical Trademark: Mesamoll)</li> <li>Triethylene glycol di-2ethylhexanoate (Eastman Chemical Trademark: Eastman TEG-EH)</li></ul> <p>Bio-based plasticizers have been investigated, such as <a href="/wiki/Glycerol_triacetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerol triacetate">glycerol triacetate</a> (Triacetin) and <a href="/wiki/Acetyltributylcitrate" title="Acetyltributylcitrate">acetyltributylcitrate</a>. They are used in niche applications. <a href="/wiki/Epoxidized_soybean_oil" title="Epoxidized soybean oil">Epoxidized soybean oil</a> is used broadly as a secondary plasticizer in many vinyl applications. </p> <ul><li>Note: <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a>, or BPA, is not a plasticizer,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is often wrongly described as one.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="For_inorganic_materials">For inorganic materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: For inorganic materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concrete">Concrete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Concrete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> technology, plasticizers and <a href="/wiki/Superplasticizer" title="Superplasticizer">superplasticizers</a> are also called high range water reducers. When added to concrete mixtures, they confer a number of properties including improved <a href="/wiki/Workability" title="Workability">workability</a> and strength. The strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the amount of water added, i.e., the water-cement (w/c) ratio. In order to produce stronger concrete, less water is added (without "starving" the mix), which makes the concrete mixture less workable and difficult to mix, necessitating the use of plasticizers, water reducers, superplasticizers, fluidizer or dispersants.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plasticizers are also often used when <a href="/wiki/Pozzolanic_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Pozzolanic ash">pozzolanic ash</a> is added to concrete to improve strength. This method of mix proportioning is especially popular when producing high-strength concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete. </p><p>Adding 1-2% plasticizer per unit weight of cement is usually sufficient. Adding an excessive amount of plasticizer will result in excessive <a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_concrete" title="Segregation in concrete">segregation of concrete</a> and is not advisable. Depending on the particular chemical used, use of too much plasticizer may result in a retarding effect. </p><p>Plasticizers are commonly manufactured from <a href="/wiki/Lignosulfonates" title="Lignosulfonates">lignosulfonates</a>, a by-product from the <a href="/wiki/Paper_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper industry">paper industry</a>. Superplasticizers have generally been manufactured from <a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">sulfonated</a> <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a> condensate or sulfonated <a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">melamine</a> <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, although newer products based on polycarboxylic ethers are now available. Traditional lignosulfonate-based plasticisers, naphthalene and melamine sulfonate-based superplasticisers disperse the flocculated cement particles through a mechanism of electrostatic repulsion (see <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a>). In normal plasticisers, the active substances are <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbed</a> on to the cement particles, giving them a negative charge, which leads to repulsion between particles. <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a>, naphthalene, and melamine sulfonate superplasticisers are organic polymers. The long molecules wrap themselves around the cement particles, giving them a highly negative charge so that they repel each other. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarboxylate_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polycarboxylate ether (page does not exist)">Polycarboxylate ether</a> <a href="/wiki/Superplasticizer" title="Superplasticizer">superplasticizer</a> (PCE) or just <b>polycarboxylate</b> (PC), work differently from sulfonate-based superplasticizers, giving cement dispersion by steric stabilisation. This form of dispersion is more powerful in its effect and gives improved workability retention to the cementitious mix.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stucco">Stucco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stucco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plasticizers can be added to <a href="/wiki/Wallboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallboard">wallboard</a> <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> mixtures to improve workability. In order to reduce the energy consumed drying wallboard, less water is added, which makes the gypsum mixture very unworkable and difficult to mix, necessitating the use of plasticizers, water reducers, or dispersants. Some studies also show that too much lignosulfonate dispersant could result in a set-retarding effect. Data showed that amorphous crystal formations occurred that detracted from the mechanical needle-like crystal interaction in the core, preventing a stronger core. The sugars, chelating agents in lignosulfonates such as <a href="/wiki/Aldonic_acid" title="Aldonic acid">aldonic acids</a> and extractive compounds are mainly responsible for set retardation. These low range water reducing dispersants are commonly manufactured from <a href="/wiki/Lignosulfonates" title="Lignosulfonates">lignosulfonates</a>, a by-product from the <a href="/wiki/Paper_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper industry">paper industry</a>. </p><p>High range superplasticizers (dispersants) have generally been manufactured from <a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">sulfonated</a> <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a> condensate, although polycarboxylic ethers represent more modern alternatives. Both of these high range water reducers are used at 1/2 to 1/3 of the lignosulfonate types.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional lignosulfonate and <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a> sulfonate-based plasticisers disperse the flocculated gypsum particles through a mechanism of electrostatic repulsion (see <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloid</a>). In normal plasticisers, the active substances are <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbed</a> on to the gypsum particles, giving them a negative charge, which leads to repulsion between particles. Lignin and naphthalene sulfonate plasticizers are organic polymers. The long molecules wrap themselves around the gypsum particles, giving them a highly negative charge so that they repel each other.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energetic_materials">Energetic materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Energetic materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Energetic_material" title="Energetic material">Energetic material</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_composition" title="Pyrotechnic composition">pyrotechnic compositions</a>, especially solid <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket propellants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powders</a> for guns, often employ plasticizers to improve physical properties of the propellant binder or of the overall propellant, to provide a secondary fuel, and ideally, to improve specific energy yield (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a>, energy yield per gram of propellant, or similar indices) of the propellant. An energetic plasticizer improves the physical properties of an energetic material while also increasing its specific energy yield. Energetic plasticizers are usually preferred to non-energetic plasticizers, especially for solid <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket propellants</a>. Energetic plasticizers reduce the required mass of propellant, enabling a rocket vehicle to carry more payload or reach higher velocities than would otherwise be the case. However, safety or cost considerations may demand that non-energetic plasticizers be used, even in rocket propellants. The solid <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket propellant</a> used to fuel the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid rocket booster</a> employs <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl-terminated_polybutadiene" title="Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene">HTPB</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>, as a non-energetic secondary fuel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plasticizers_for_energetic_materials">Plasticizers for energetic materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Plasticizers for energetic materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here are some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energetic_plasticizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energetic plasticizer (page does not exist)">energetic plasticizers</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket propellants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powders</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroglycerine">Nitroglycerine</a> (NG, aka "nitro", glyceryl trinitrate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanetriol_trinitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Butanetriol trinitrate">Butanetriol trinitrate</a> (BTTN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrotoluene" title="Dinitrotoluene">Dinitrotoluene</a> (DNT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylolethane_trinitrate" title="Trimethylolethane trinitrate">Trimethylolethane trinitrate</a> (TMETN, aka Metriol trinitrate, METN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylene_glycol_dinitrate" title="Diethylene glycol dinitrate">Diethylene glycol dinitrate</a> (DEGDN, less commonly DEGN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethylene_glycol_dinitrate" title="Triethylene glycol dinitrate">Triethylene glycol dinitrate</a> (TEGDN, less commonly TEGN)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)formal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)formal (page does not exist)">Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)formal</a> (BDNPF)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal (page does not exist)">Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal</a> (BDNPA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2,2-Trinitroethyl_2-nitroxyethyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2,2-Trinitroethyl 2-nitroxyethyl ether (page does not exist)">2,2,2-Trinitroethyl 2-nitroxyethyl ether</a> (TNEN)</li></ul> <p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary alcohol">secondary alcohol</a> groups, NG and BTTN have relatively low thermal stability. TMETN, DEGDN, BDNPF, and BDNPA have relatively low energies. NG and DEGDN have relatively high <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_plastic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of plastic objects">Conservation and restoration of plastic objects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ullmannPVC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ullmannPVC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmannPVC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllsoppVianello2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Allsopp, M. W.; Vianello, G. (2012). "Poly(Vinyl Chloride)". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a21_717">10.1002/14356007.a21_717</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poly%28Vinyl+Chloride%29&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a21_717&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Allsopp&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft.au=Vianello%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasticizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Cadogan and Christopher J. Howick "Plasticizers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2000, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a20_439">10.1002/14356007.a20_439</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1) Maeda, Y.; Paul, D. R. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 1987, 25, 957–980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1) Maeda, Y.; Paul, D. R. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 1987, 25, 1005–1016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1) Casalini, R.; Ngai, K. L.; Robertson, C. G.; Roland, C. M. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 2000, 38, 1841–1847.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapponiAlvarezRacko2020" class="citation cs2">Capponi, S.; Alvarez, F.; Racko, D. (2020), "Free Volume in a PVME Polymer–Water Solution", <i>Macromolecules</i>, <b>XXX</b> (XXX): XXX–XXX, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MaMol..53.4770C">2020MaMol..53.4770C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.macromol.0c00472">10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00472</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F218380">10261/218380</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219911779">219911779</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macromolecules&rft.atitle=Free+Volume+in+a+PVME+Polymer%E2%80%93Water+Solution&rft.volume=XXX&rft.issue=XXX&rft.pages=XXX-XXX&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F218380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219911779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.macromol.0c00472&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020MaMol..53.4770C&rft.aulast=Capponi&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+F.&rft.au=Racko%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasticizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CEH_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalveda,_Michael_P2015" class="citation journal cs1">Malveda, Michael P (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ihs.com/products/plasticizers-chemical-economics-handbook.html">"Chemical Economics Handbook Report on Plasticizers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chemical+Economics+Handbook+Report+on+Plasticizers&rft.date=2015-07&rft.au=Malveda%2C+Michael+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihs.com%2Fproducts%2Fplasticizers-chemical-economics-handbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasticizer" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hallstar.com/techdocs/The_Function-Selection_Ester_Plasticizers.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327022326/http://www.hallstar.com/techdocs/The_Function-Selection_Ester_Plasticizers.pdf">Archived</a> March 27, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalden2010" class="citation journal cs1">Halden, Rolf U. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714">"Plastics and Health Risks"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Public Health</i>. <b>31</b>: 179–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714">10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20070188">20070188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Plastics+and+Health+Risks&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=179-194&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20070188&rft.aulast=Halden&rft.aufirst=Rolf+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev.publhealth.012809.103714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasticizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geiss, O.; Tirendi, S.; Barrero-Moreno, J.; Kotzias, D., "Investigation of volatile organic compounds and phthalates present in the cabin air of used private cars", Environment International 2009, 35, 1188-1195. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2009.07.016">10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chemical and Engineering News, 2002, 80(20), 45; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/8020stuff.html">http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/8020stuff.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DEHP (plasticizer)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TOTM as plasticizer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DEHS (plasticizer)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadoganHowick2000" class="citation book cs1">Cadogan DF, Howick CJ (2000). "Plasticizers". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a20_439">10.1002/14356007.a20_439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730" title="Special:BookSources/3527306730"><bdi>3527306730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plasticizers&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a20_439&rft.isbn=3527306730&rft.aulast=Cadogan&rft.aufirst=DF&rft.au=Howick%2C+CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasticizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCement_Admixture_Association" class="citation web cs1">Cement Admixture Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316071908/http://www.admixtures.org.uk/publications.asp">"CAA"</a>. www.admixtures.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admixtures.org.uk/publications.asp">the original</a> on March 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAA&rft.pub=www.admixtures.org.uk&rft.au=Cement+Admixture+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admixtures.org.uk%2Fpublications.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasticizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8241/8241process2.html">C&EN: Coverstory - Synthetic Chemistry Moves Into Concrete</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pharosproject.net/uploads/sources/lyondell-dispersants.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724004202/http://pharosproject.net/uploads/sources/lyondell-dispersants.pdf">Archived</a> July 24, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirbyJennifer_A._Lewis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kirby, Glen H.; Jennifer A. Lewis (2002). "Rheological property evolution in concentrated cement-polyelectrolyte suspensions". <i>Journal of the American Ceramic Society</i>. <b>85</b> (12): 2989–2994. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.2002.tb00568.x">10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00568.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Ceramic+Society&rft.atitle=Rheological+property+evolution+in+concentrated+cement-polyelectrolyte+suspensions&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2989-2994&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1151-2916.2002.tb00568.x&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Glen+H.&rft.au=Jennifer+A.+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlasticizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4745208.html">2,2,2-trinitroethyl 2-nitroxyethyl ether and a method of preparation - US Patent 4745208</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasticizer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Plasticizers">Plasticizers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plasticisers.org/">Plasticisers Information Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310132524/http://www.pslc.ws/mactest/tg.htm">Glass transition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813175235/https://www.plasticisers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/orats_summary_di-isodecylphthalate_en-3.pdf">DIDP</a>, *<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813193843/https://www.plasticisers.org/diisononyl-phthalate-dinp/">DINP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813175429/https://www.plasticisers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/DBP-Risk-Assesment-Full-Report.pdf">DBP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(ethyl methacrylate)">Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">Polyacrylic acid (PAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene (PB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate (PC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester (PEs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene (PE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">Polyimide (PI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/126px-Plastic_household_items.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/189px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/252px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_objects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/126px-Plastic_objects.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/189px-Plastic_objects.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/252px-Plastic_objects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1769" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plasticizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics <br />processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics_applications" title="Category:Plastics applications">Category:Plastics applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Identification codes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910212#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4131757-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Plasticizers"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85103152">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Plastifiants"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978209w">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Plastifiants"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978209w">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565133">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="změkčovadla"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph628964&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555713205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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