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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nasal concha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornete_nasal" title="Cornete nasal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cornete nasal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudur-maskor" title="Sudur-maskor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sudur-maskor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet_nasal" title="Cornet nasal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cornet nasal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinati" title="Turbinati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turbinati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A3" title="קונכיות האף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונכיות האף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrkagyl%C3%B3" title="Orrkagyló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orrkagyló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neusschelp" title="Neusschelp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neusschelp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E7%94%B2%E4%BB%8B" title="鼻甲介 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鼻甲介" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concha_nasal" title="Concha nasal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concha nasal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornetul_nazal_(concha_nazal%C4%83)" title="Cornetul nazal (concha nazală) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cornetul nazal (concha nazală)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Носова раковина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Носова раковина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E7%94%B2" title="鼻甲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鼻甲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Piece of bone in the breathing passage of humans and other animals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Nasal concha/turbinate</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray153.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray153.png/260px-Gray153.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray153.png/390px-Gray153.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray153.png/520px-Gray153.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="501" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lateral wall of nasal cavity, showing <a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">ethmoid bone</a> in position. (Superior and middle in pink, and inferior in blue.)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg/260px-Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg/390px-Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>conchae nasales</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014420">D014420</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma57456">57456</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11216176" class="extiw" title="d:Q11216176">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png/220px-Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png/330px-Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png/440px-Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of upper respiratory system</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, a <b>nasal concha</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>conchae</b>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'shell'), also called a <b>nasal turbinate</b> or <b>turbinal</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Maynard_Downes_2019_pp._109–121_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maynard_Downes_2019_pp._109–121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_2019_pp._303–319_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson_2019_pp._303–319-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a long, narrow, curled shelf of <a href="/wiki/Bone_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone tissue">bone</a> that protrudes into the breathing passage of the <a href="/wiki/Nose" title="Nose">nose</a> in humans and various other animals. The conchae are shaped like an elongated <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">seashell</a>, which gave them their name (Latin <i>concha</i> from Greek <i>κόγχη</i>). A concha is any of the scrolled spongy <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal passages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In humans, the conchae divide the nasal airway into four groove-like air passages, and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nasal_mucosa" title="Nasal mucosa">nasal mucosa</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">ciliated</a> mucous membrane with shallow blood supply, the nasal mucosa cleans, humidifies and warms the inhaled air in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>. </p><p>A rapidly dilating arteriolar circulation to these bones may lead to a sharp increase in the pressure within, in response to acute cooling of the body core. The pain from this pressure is often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_headache" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice cream headache">brain freeze</a>", and is frequently associated with the rapid consumption of <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>. The shallowness of the venous blood supply of the mucosa contributes to the ease with which <a href="/wiki/Nosebleed" title="Nosebleed">nosebleed</a> can occur. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conchae are composed of <a href="/wiki/Pseudostratified_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudostratified epithelium">pseudostratified</a> <a href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelia">columnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciliated" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliated">ciliated</a> <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">respiratory epithelium</a> with a thick, <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">vascular</a>, and erectile <a href="/wiki/Glandular" class="mw-redirect" title="Glandular">glandular</a> tissue layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conchae are located laterally in the nasal cavities, curling <a href="/wiki/Human_Anatomical_Terms#Anatomical_directions" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Anatomical Terms">medially</a> and downward into the nasal airway. Each pair is composed of one concha in either side of the nasal cavity, divided by the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">septum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Superior_nasal_concha" title="Superior nasal concha">superior conchae</a></i> are smaller structures, connected to the middle conchae by nerve-endings, and serve to protect the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Superior_nasal_concha" title="Superior nasal concha">superior conchae</a> attach to the <a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">ethmoid bone</a>. The openings to the posterior ethmoidal sinuses exist under the superior meatus.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_sinus" title="Sphenoid sinus">sphenoid sinus</a> ostium exists medial to the superior turbinate.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_nasal_concha" title="Middle nasal concha">middle conchae</a></i> are smaller but have the most complex anatomy of the nasal turbinates. They originate from the lateral edge of the <a href="/wiki/Cribriform_plate" title="Cribriform plate">cribriform plate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">ethmoid bone</a>. They insert anteriorly into the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_process_of_maxilla" title="Frontal process of maxilla">frontal process</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> and posteriorly into the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_plate_of_palatine_bone" title="Perpendicular plate of palatine bone">perpendicular plate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">palatine bone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three mutually perpendicular segments of the middle turbinate: from proximal to distal, there is the horizontal segment (<a href="/wiki/Axial_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Axial plane">axial plane</a>), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basal_lamella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basal lamella (page does not exist)">basal lamella</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronal_plane" title="Coronal plane">coronal plane</a>), and the vertical segment (<a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane" title="Sagittal plane">sagittal plane</a>). They project downwards over the openings of the <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_sinus" title="Maxillary sinus">maxillary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_sinus" title="Ethmoid sinus">anterior and middle ethmoid</a> sinuses, and act as buffers to protect the sinuses from coming in direct contact with pressurized nasal airflow. Most inhaled airflow travels between the inferior concha and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_meatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle meatus">middle meatus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, they are usually as long as the <a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">little finger</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Inferior_nasal_concha" title="Inferior nasal concha">inferior conchae</a></i> are the largest turbinates, can be as long as the <a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">index finger</a> in humans, and are responsible for the majority of airflow direction, humidification, heating, and filtering of air inhaled through the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Inferior_nasal_concha" title="Inferior nasal concha">inferior conchae</a></i> are graded 1–4 based on the inferior concha classification system (known as the <i>inferior turbinate classification system</i>) in which the total amount of the airway space that the inferior concha takes up is estimated. Grade 1 is 0–25% of the airway, grade 2 is 26–50% of the airway, grade 3 is 51–75% of the airway and grade 4 is 76–100% of the airway.<sup id="cite_ref-TurbinateGrades_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurbinateGrades-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is sometimes a pair of <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_nasal_concha" title="Supreme nasal concha">supreme conchae</a></i> superior to the superior conchae. When present, these usually take the form of a small crest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conchae comprise most of the <a href="/wiki/Mucosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosal">mucosal</a> tissue of the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a> and are required for functional <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiration</a>. They are enriched with airflow pressure and temperature-sensing nerve receptors (linked to the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a> route, the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_cranial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth cranial nerve">fifth cranial nerve</a>), allowing for tremendous erectile capabilities of <a href="/wiki/Nasal_congestion" title="Nasal congestion">nasal congestion</a> and decongestion, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> conditions and changing needs of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the erectile tissue undergoes an often unnoticed cycle of partial congestion and decongestion called the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cycle" title="Nasal cycle">nasal cycle</a>. The flow of blood to the nasal mucosa in particular the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpus_cavernosus_conchae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpus cavernosus conchae (page does not exist)">venous plexus of the conchae</a> is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Pterygopalatine_ganglion" title="Pterygopalatine ganglion">pterygopalatine ganglion</a> and heats or cools the air in the nose. </p><p>The nasopulmonary and nasothoracic <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflexes</a> regulate the mechanism of breathing through deepening of inhalation. Triggered by the flow of the air, the pressure of the air in the nose, and the quality of the air, impulses from the nasal mucosa are transmitted by the trigeminal nerve to the <a href="/wiki/Control_of_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of respiration">breathing centres</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>, and the generated response is transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal muscle">intercostal muscles</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>. </p><p>The conchae are also responsible for <a href="/wiki/Filter_(air)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (air)">filtration</a>, heating, and humidification of air inhaled through the nose. Of these three, filtration is achieved mostly by other more effective means such as mucus and cilia. As air passes over the conchae, it is heated to 32–34 °C (89–93 °F), humidified (up to 98% <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">water saturation</a>) and filtered.<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunological_role">Immunological role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immunological role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">respiratory epithelium</a> that covers the erectile tissue (or <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a>) of the conchae plays a major role in the body's first line of <a href="/wiki/Immunological" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunological">immunological</a> defense. The <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">respiratory epithelium</a> is partially composed of <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>-producing <a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">goblet cells</a>. This secreted mucus covers the nasal cavities, and serves as a filter, by trapping air-borne particles larger than 2 to 3 <a href="/wiki/Micrometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrometers">micrometers</a>. The respiratory epithelium also serves as a means of access for the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>, which protects the body from being infected by viruses or bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smell">Smell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Smell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conchae provide, first and foremost, the humidity needed to preserve the delicate <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_epithelium" title="Olfactory epithelium">olfactory epithelium</a>, which in turn is needed to keep the olfactory receptors healthy and alert. If the epithelial layer gets dry or irritated, it may cease to function. This is usually a temporary condition but, over time, may lead to chronic <a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">anosmia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turbinates also increase the <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> of the inside of the nose, and, by directing and deflecting airflow across the maximum mucosal surface of the inner nose, they are able to propel the inspired air. This, coupled with the humidity and filtration provided by the conchae, helps to carry more scent molecules towards the higher, and very narrow regions of the nasal airways, where olfaction nerve receptors are located.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The superior conchae completely cover and protect the nerve axons piercing through the <a href="/wiki/Cribriform_plate" title="Cribriform plate">cribriform plate</a> (a porous bone plate that separates the nose from the brain) into the nose. Some areas of the middle conchae are also <a href="/wiki/Innervate" class="mw-redirect" title="Innervate">innervated</a> by the olfactory bulb. All three pairs of conchae are innervated by <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> receptors, via the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a> (or, the fifth <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nerve">cranial nerve</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has shown that there is a strong connection between these nerve endings and activation of the olfactory receptors, but science has yet to fully explain this interaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dysfunction">Dysfunction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dysfunction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large, swollen conchae, often referred to clinically as turbinates, may lead to blockage of nasal breathing. <a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">Allergies</a>, exposure to environmental <a href="/wiki/Irritation" title="Irritation">irritants</a>, or a persistent <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> within the sinuses can lead to turbinate swelling. Deformity of the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a> can also result in enlarged turbinates.<sup id="cite_ref-SIC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment of the underlying allergy or irritant may reduce turbinate swelling. In cases that do not resolve, or for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Deviated_septum" class="mw-redirect" title="Deviated septum">deviated septum</a>, turbinate surgery may be required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turbinectomy" title="Turbinectomy">Turbinectomy</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Turbinate_reduction_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbinate reduction surgery">Turbinate reduction</a> is a surgery to reduce the size of the turbinates (typically <a href="/wiki/Inferior_turbinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior turbinates">inferior turbinates</a>). There are different techniques, including bipolar <a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation" title="Radiofrequency ablation">radiofrequency ablation</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Somnoplasty" title="Somnoplasty">somnoplasty</a>), <a href="/wiki/Electrocautery" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocautery">electrocautery</a>, and use of cold steel instruments (e.g. microdebrider). </p><p>In the case of turbinate reduction, only small amounts of turbinate tissue are removed because the turbinates are essential for respiration. Turbinectomy is usually reserved for patients who have persistent symptoms despite previous turbinate reduction surgery. Risks of reduction of the inferior or middle turbinates include <a href="/wiki/Empty_nose_syndrome" title="Empty nose syndrome">empty nose syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Steven M. Houser suggested, "this is especially true in cases of anterior inferior turbinate (IT) resection because of its important role in the internal nasal valve."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Concha_bullosa" title="Concha bullosa">Concha bullosa</a> is an abnormal pneumatization of the middle turbinate, which may interfere with normal ventilation of the <a href="/wiki/Sinus_ostium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus ostium">sinus ostia</a> and can result in recurrent <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a>. In some cases, the concha bullosa may be resected to help resolve persistent symptoms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pferdesch%C3%A4del.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pferdesch%C3%A4del.jpg/300px-Pferdesch%C3%A4del.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pferdesch%C3%A4del.jpg/450px-Pferdesch%C3%A4del.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pferdesch%C3%A4del.jpg/600px-Pferdesch%C3%A4del.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>The horse <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_the_horse" title="Respiratory system of the horse">breathes</a> through <a href="/wiki/Nare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nare">nares</a> (nostrils) which expand during exercise. The nasal passages have two turbinates on either side which increase the surface area to which air is exposed.<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1 : Concha nasalis dorsalis  </div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2 : Concha nasalis media    </div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">3 : Concha nasalis ventralis</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, in animals, nasal conchae are convoluted structures of thin bone or cartilage located in the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>. These are lined with <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> that can perform two functions. They can improve the sense of smell by increasing the area available to absorb airborne chemicals, and they can warm and moisten inhaled air, and extract heat and moisture from exhaled air to prevent <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a> of the lungs. <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfactory</a> turbinates are found in all living <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory">respiratory</a> turbinates are found in most mammals and birds. </p><p>Animals with respiratory turbinates can breathe faster without drying out their lungs, and consequently can have a faster metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-ZC94_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZC94-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when the <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a> exhales, its nasal turbinates condense moisture from the air and absorbs it for reuse.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dogs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Canid" class="mw-redirect" title="Canid">canids</a> possess well-developed nasal turbinates.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang88_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These turbinates allow for heat exchange between small arteries and veins on their <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maxilloturbinal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:maxilloturbinal">maxilloturbinate</a> (turbinates positioned on <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> bone) surfaces in a counter-current heat-exchange system.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang88_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dogs are capable of prolonged chases, in contrast to the ambush predation of cats, and these complex turbinates play an important role in enabling this (cats only possess a much smaller and less-developed set of nasal turbinates).<sup id="cite_ref-Wang88_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This same complex turbinate structure help conserve water in arid environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang87_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water conservation and thermoregulatory capabilities of these well-developed turbinates in dogs may have been crucial adaptations that allowed dogs (including both domestic dogs and their wild prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a> ancestors) to survive in the harsh <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> environment and other cold areas of northern Eurasia and North America, which are both very dry and very cold.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang87_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptiles</a> and more primitive <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a> have olfactory turbinates that are involved in sensing smell rather than preventing desiccation.<sup id="cite_ref-HWJ94_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWJ94-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the maxilloturbinates of mammals are located in the path of airflow to collect moisture, sensory turbinates in both mammals and reptiles are positioned farther back and above the nasal passage, away from the flow of air.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruben2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruben2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Glanosuchus" title="Glanosuchus">Glanosuchus</a></i> has ridges positioned low in the nasal cavity, indicating that it had maxilloturbinates that were in the direct path of airflow. The maxilloturbinates may not have been preserved because they were either very thin or <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous">cartilaginous</a>. The possibility has also been raised that these ridges are associated with an olfactory <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> rather than turbinates.<sup id="cite_ref-KTS06_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KTS06-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the possible presence of maxilloturbinates suggests that <i>Glanosuchus</i> may have been able to rapidly breathe without drying out the nasal passage, and therefore could have been an endotherm.<sup id="cite_ref-ZC94_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZC94-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HWJ94_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWJ94-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KTS06_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KTS06-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bones of nasal turbinates are very fragile and seldom survive as fossils. In particular none have been found in fossil birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Witmer2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witmer2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But there is indirect evidence for their presence in some fossils. Rudimentary ridges like those that support respiratory turbinates have been found in advanced Triassic <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eucynodontia" title="Eucynodontia">Diademodon</a></i>. This suggests that they may have had fairly high metabolic rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Brink_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brink-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kemp_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paleontologist <a href="/wiki/John_Ruben" title="John Ruben">John Ruben</a> and others have argued that no evidence of nasal turbinates has been found in dinosaurs. All the dinosaurs they examined had nasal passages that they claimed were too narrow and too short to accommodate nasal turbinates, so dinosaurs could not have sustained the breathing rate required for a mammal-like or bird-like metabolic rate while at rest, because their lungs would have dried out.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruben2000_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruben2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruben1997_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruben1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruben1996_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruben1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, objections have been raised against this argument. Nasal turbinates are absent or very small in some birds, such as <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a>. They are also absent or very small in some mammals, such as anteaters, bats, elephants, whales and most primates, although these animals are fully endothermic and in some cases very active.<sup id="cite_ref-Bang1966_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bang1966-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bang1977_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bang1977-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scott1954_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott1954-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coulombeetal1965_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulombeetal1965-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, ossified turbinate bones have been identified in the <a href="/wiki/Ankylosauridae" title="Ankylosauridae">ankylosaurid</a> dinosaur <i><a href="/wiki/Saichania" title="Saichania">Saichania</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maryańska1977_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maryańska1977-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concha_nasalis.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Nasal conchae: Blocked/free"><img alt="Nasal conchae: Blocked/free" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Concha_nasalis.gif/120px-Concha_nasalis.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Concha_nasalis.gif/180px-Concha_nasalis.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Concha_nasalis.gif/240px-Concha_nasalis.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nasal conchae: Blocked/free</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NormalNose-CT-Front-cross-section-common-wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal Nose CT Front cross section"><img alt="Normal Nose CT Front cross section" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/NormalNose-CT-Front-cross-section-common-wiki.jpg/120px-NormalNose-CT-Front-cross-section-common-wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/NormalNose-CT-Front-cross-section-common-wiki.jpg/180px-NormalNose-CT-Front-cross-section-common-wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/NormalNose-CT-Front-cross-section-common-wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Normal Nose CT Front cross section</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray859.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coronal section of nasal cavities"><img alt="Coronal section of nasal cavities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gray859.png/120px-Gray859.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gray859.png/180px-Gray859.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gray859.png/240px-Gray859.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coronal section of nasal cavities</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Right-nasal-airway-passage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Right nasal airway passage"><img alt="Right nasal airway passage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Right-nasal-airway-passage.jpg/120px-Right-nasal-airway-passage.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Right-nasal-airway-passage.jpg/180px-Right-nasal-airway-passage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Right-nasal-airway-passage.jpg/240px-Right-nasal-airway-passage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Right nasal airway passage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasenmuscheln1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nasal conchae"><img alt="Nasal conchae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nasenmuscheln1.JPG/120px-Nasenmuscheln1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nasenmuscheln1.JPG/180px-Nasenmuscheln1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nasenmuscheln1.JPG/240px-Nasenmuscheln1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nasal conchae</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasal_cavity_-_anterior_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nasal concha"><img alt="Nasal concha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nasal_cavity_-_anterior_view.jpg/120px-Nasal_cavity_-_anterior_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nasal_cavity_-_anterior_view.jpg/180px-Nasal_cavity_-_anterior_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nasal_cavity_-_anterior_view.jpg/240px-Nasal_cavity_-_anterior_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nasal concha</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Maynard_Downes_2019_pp._109–121-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maynard_Downes_2019_pp._109–121_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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"Heat regulating function of the nasal mucous membrane". <i>Journal of Larynology and Otology</i>. <b>68</b> (5): 308–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022215100049707">10.1017/S0022215100049707</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13163588">13163588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32082759">32082759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Larynology+and+Otology&rft.atitle=Heat+regulating+function+of+the+nasal+mucous+membrane&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=308-317&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32082759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13163588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022215100049707&rft.au=Scott%2C+J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasal+concha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coulombeetal1965-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coulombeetal1965_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulombe,_H.N.,_Sam_H._Ridgway,_S.H.,_and_Evans,_W.E.1965" class="citation journal cs1">Coulombe, H.N., Sam H. Ridgway, S.H., and Evans, W.E. (1965). "Respiratory water exchange in two species of porpoise". <i>Science</i>. <b>149</b> (3679): 86–88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Sci...149...86C">1965Sci...149...86C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.149.3679.86">10.1126/science.149.3679.86</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17737801">17737801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38947951">38947951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Respiratory+water+exchange+in+two+species+of+porpoise&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3679&rft.pages=86-88&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.149.3679.86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38947951%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17737801&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965Sci...149...86C&rft.au=Coulombe%2C+H.N.%2C+Sam+H.+Ridgway%2C+S.H.%2C+and+Evans%2C+W.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasal+concha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maryańska1977-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maryańska1977_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryańska1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Marya%C5%84ska" title="Teresa Maryańska">Maryańska, T.</a> (1977). "Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia". <i>Palaeontologia Polonica</i>. <b>37</b>: 85–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontologia+Polonica&rft.atitle=Ankylosauridae+%28Dinosauria%29+from+Mongolia&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=85-151&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Marya%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasal+concha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasal_concha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoming_Wang_(paleontologist)" title="Xiaoming Wang (paleontologist)">Wang, Xiaoming</a> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnWdpK7ctI0C&q=%22Dogs%3A+Their+Fossil+Relatives+and+Evolutionary+History%22"><i>Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History</i></a> Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231509435" title="Special:BookSources/9780231509435">9780231509435</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anatomy_of_the_human_nose" title="Template:Anatomy of the human nose"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anatomy_of_the_human_nose" title="Template talk:Anatomy of the human nose"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomy_of_the_human_nose" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomy of the human nose"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_human_nose" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Anatomy of the human nose</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External nose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ala_of_nose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala of nose">Ala of nose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasal_cartilages" title="Nasal cartilages">nasal cartilages</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septal_nasal_cartilage" title="Septal nasal cartilage">Septal nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_nasal_cartilage" title="Lateral nasal cartilage">Lateral nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_alar_cartilage" title="Major alar cartilage">Major alar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_alar_cartilage" title="Minor alar cartilage">Minor alar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_cartilage" title="Vomeronasal cartilage">Vomeronasal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">Nasal cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Openings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vestibule" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vestibule">Nasal vestibule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">Nostril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choana" title="Choana">Choana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lateral wall</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nasal conchae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_nasal_concha" title="Supreme nasal concha">Supreme nasal concha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_nasal_concha" title="Superior nasal concha">Superior nasal concha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_nasal_concha" title="Middle nasal concha">Middle nasal concha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_nasal_concha" title="Inferior nasal concha">Inferior nasal concha</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_meatus" title="Nasal meatus">Nasal meatus</a>: (Supreme</li> <li>superior</li> <li>middle</li> <li>inferior)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoethmoidal_recess" title="Sphenoethmoidal recess">Sphenoethmoidal recess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bulla" title="Ethmoid bulla">Ethmoid bulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agger_nasi" title="Agger nasi">Agger nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoidal_infundibulum" title="Ethmoidal infundibulum">Ethmoidal infundibulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semilunar_hiatus" title="Semilunar hiatus">Semilunar hiatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_hiatus" title="Maxillary hiatus">Maxillary hiatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial wall</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">Nasal septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ" title="Vomeronasal organ">Vomeronasal organ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_mucosa" title="Nasal mucosa">Nasal mucosa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_mucosa" title="Olfactory mucosa">Olfactory mucosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">Paranasal sinuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_sinus" title="Maxillary sinus">Maxillary sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenoidal_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenoidal sinus">Sphenoidal sinuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_sinus" title="Frontal sinus">Frontal sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_sinus" title="Ethmoid sinus">Ethmoid sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">Naso</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_opening_of_auditory_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube">Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salpingopharyngeal_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Salpingopharyngeal fold">Salpingopharyngeal fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salpingopalatine_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Salpingopalatine fold">Salpingopalatine fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torus_tubarius" title="Torus tubarius">Torus tubarius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoid" title="Adenoid">Pharyngeal tonsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_recess" title="Pharyngeal recess">Pharyngeal recess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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