Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <link rel="preconnect" href="//app.usercentrics.eu"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//api.usercentrics.eu"> <link rel="preload" href="//app.usercentrics.eu/browser-ui/latest/loader.js" as="script"> <script id="usercentrics-cmp" src="https://app.usercentrics.eu/browser-ui/latest/loader.js" data-settings-id="UqlAo79WV" data-tcf-enabled></script> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <title>Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case - Lexxion</title><link rel="preload" data-rocket-preload as="image" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kon-karampelas-HUBofEFQ6CA-unsplash-1.jpg.webp" fetchpriority="high"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/xmlrpc.php"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/" />  <meta name="description" content="Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The question might seem absurd, but a recent investigation by the Bundeskartellamt raises the question: it"/> <meta name="robots" content="follow, index, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1, max-image-preview:large"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case - Lexxion" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The question might seem absurd, but a recent investigation by the Bundeskartellamt raises the question: it" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Lexxion" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/LexxionPublisher" /> <meta property="article:section" content="Feature" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2020-07-06T13:03:46+02:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kon-karampelas-HUBofEFQ6CA-unsplash-1-1024x683.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kon-karampelas-HUBofEFQ6CA-unsplash-1-1024x683.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="750" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2018-03-15T11:11:11+01:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2020-07-06T13:03:46+02:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case - Lexxion" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The question might seem absurd, but a recent investigation by the Bundeskartellamt raises the question: it" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@lexxion" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@lexxion" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kon-karampelas-HUBofEFQ6CA-unsplash-1-1024x683.jpg" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="rank-math-schema-pro">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/#organization/","name":"Lexxion","url":"https://www.lexxion.eu","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/LexxionPublisher","https://twitter.com/lexxion","https://www.linkedin.com/company/lexxion-publisher"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/#logo/","url":"https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Lexxion-Logo_EN.png","contentUrl":"https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Lexxion-Logo_EN.png","caption":"Lexxion","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"285","height":"285"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/#website/","url":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/","name":"Lexxion","alternateName":"Lexxion Verlag","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/#organization/"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kon-karampelas-HUBofEFQ6CA-unsplash-1.jpg","url":"https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kon-karampelas-HUBofEFQ6CA-unsplash-1.jpg","width":"2560","height":"1707","inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/#webpage","url":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/","name":"Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt\u2019s Facebook case - Lexxion","datePublished":"2018-03-15T11:11:11+01:00","dateModified":"2020-07-06T13:03:46+02:00","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/#website/"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kon-karampelas-HUBofEFQ6CA-unsplash-1.jpg"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/#author","name":"Friso Bostoen","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/85084a38817474041c7224f55164b705?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/85084a38817474041c7224f55164b705?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Friso Bostoen","inLanguage":"en-US"},"worksFor":{"@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/#organization/"}},{"@type":"NewsArticle","headline":"Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt\u2019s Facebook case - Lexxion","datePublished":"2018-03-15T11:11:11+01:00","dateModified":"2020-07-06T13:03:46+02:00","author":{"@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/#author","name":"Friso Bostoen"},"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/#organization/"},"description":"Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The question might seem absurd, but a recent investigation by the Bundeskartellamt raises the question: it","copyrightYear":"2020","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/#organization/"},"name":"Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt\u2019s Facebook case - Lexxion","@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/#richSnippet","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/#webpage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kon-karampelas-HUBofEFQ6CA-unsplash-1.jpg"},"inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/#webpage"}}]}</script>  <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Lexxion » Feed" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Lexxion » Comments Feed" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Lexxion » Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case Comments Feed" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/feed/" /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='rank-math-toc-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol{counter-reset:item}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li{display:block}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li:before{content:counters(item, ".") ". ";counter-increment:item} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='events-manager-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/events-manager/includes/css/events-manager.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='events-manager-inline-css' type='text/css'> body .em { --font-family : inherit; --font-weight : inherit; --font-size : 1em; --line-height : inherit; } </style> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='events-manager-pro-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/events-manager-pro/includes/css/events-manager-pro.css?ver=1733999354' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-legacy-dropdown-0-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/legacy-dropdown/style.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-menu-item-0-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/menu-item/style.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='cms-navigation-style-base-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/wpml-cms-nav/res/css/cms-navigation-base.css?ver=1733999354' type='text/css' media='screen' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='cms-navigation-style-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/wpml-cms-nav/res/css/cms-navigation.css?ver=1733999354' type='text/css' media='screen' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='_tk-bootstrap-wp-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/lexxion/includes/css/bootstrap-wp.css?ver=1733999354' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='_tk-bootstrap-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/lexxion/includes/resources/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=1733999354' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='_tk-font-awesome-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/lexxion/includes/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=1733999354' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='_tk-style-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/lexxion/style.css?ver=1733999354' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='_tk-bxslider-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/assets/bxslider/jquery.bxslider.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='_tk-chosen-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/assets/public/js/chosen_v1.8.7/chosen.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='_tk-lex-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/lexxion/assets/public/css/lexxion.css?ver=1733999354' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='wpgdprc-front-css-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/plugins/wp-gdpr-compliance/Assets/css/front.css?ver=1733999354' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wpgdprc-front-css-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp-gdpr--bar--background-color: #000000;--wp-gdpr--bar--color: #ffffff;--wp-gdpr--button--background-color: #000000;--wp-gdpr--button--background-color--darken: #000000;--wp-gdpr--button--color: #ffffff;} </style> <style id='rocket-lazyload-inline-css' type='text/css'> .rll-youtube-player{position:relative;padding-bottom:56.23%;height:0;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;}.rll-youtube-player:focus-within{outline: 2px solid currentColor;outline-offset: 5px;}.rll-youtube-player iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:100;background:0 0}.rll-youtube-player img{bottom:0;display:block;left:0;margin:auto;max-width:100%;width:100%;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;border:none;height:auto;-webkit-transition:.4s all;-moz-transition:.4s all;transition:.4s all}.rll-youtube-player img:hover{-webkit-filter:brightness(75%)}.rll-youtube-player .play{height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;position:absolute;background:url(https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/assets/img/youtube.png) no-repeat center;background-color: transparent !important;cursor:pointer;border:none;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/legacy-dropdown/script.min.js?ver=1" id="wpml-legacy-dropdown-0-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/enable-jquery-migrate-helper/js/jquery/jquery-1.12.4-wp.js?ver=1.12.4-wp" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/enable-jquery-migrate-helper/js/jquery-migrate/jquery-migrate-1.4.1-wp.js?ver=1.4.1-wp" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/assets/public/js/journal-toc.js?ver=1.0.0" id="_tk-journal-toc-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/includes/resources/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="_tk-bootstrapjs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/includes/js/bootstrap-wp.js?ver=6.6.2" id="_tk-bootstrapwp-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/assets/bxslider/jquery.bxslider.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="_tk-bxslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/assets/public/js/chosen_v1.8.7/chosen.jquery.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="_tk-chosen-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/assets/public/js/slick.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="_tk-slick-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="_tk-ownjs-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var myajax = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.lexxion.eu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/assets/public/js/lexxion.js?ver=6.6.2" id="_tk-ownjs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/assets/public/js/plus-b.js?ver=6.6.2" id="_tk-plusb-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpgdprc-front-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpgdprcFront = {"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/www.lexxion.eu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajaxNonce":"13cbfca3d2","ajaxArg":"security","pluginPrefix":"wpgdprc","blogId":"1","isMultiSite":"","locale":"en_US","showSignUpModal":"","showFormModal":"","cookieName":"wpgdprc-consent","consentVersion":"","path":"\/","prefix":"wpgdprc"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/wp-gdpr-compliance/Assets/js/front.min.js?ver=1651588098" id="wpgdprc-front-js-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/en/?p=21602' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexxion.eu%2Fen%2Fcoreblogpost%2Fbundeskartellamt-facebook-case%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexxion.eu%2Fen%2Fcoreblogpost%2Fbundeskartellamt-facebook-case%2F&format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="WPML ver:4.6.14 stt:1,3;" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var jQueryMigrateHelperHasSentDowngrade = false; window.onerror = function( msg, url, line, col, error ) { // Break out early, do not processing if a downgrade reqeust was already sent. if ( jQueryMigrateHelperHasSentDowngrade ) { return true; } var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); var nonce = 'f59f4b0597'; var jQueryFunctions = [ 'andSelf', 'browser', 'live', 'boxModel', 'support.boxModel', 'size', 'swap', 'clean', 'sub', ]; var match_pattern = /\)\.(.+?) is not a function/; var erroredFunction = msg.match( match_pattern ); // If there was no matching functions, do not try to downgrade. if ( null === erroredFunction || typeof erroredFunction !== 'object' || typeof erroredFunction[1] === "undefined" || -1 === jQueryFunctions.indexOf( erroredFunction[1] ) ) { return true; } // Set that we've now attempted a downgrade request. jQueryMigrateHelperHasSentDowngrade = true; xhr.open( 'POST', 'https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php' ); xhr.setRequestHeader( 'Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' ); xhr.onload = function () { var response, reload = false; if ( 200 === xhr.status ) { try { response = JSON.parse( xhr.response ); reload = response.data.reload; } catch ( e ) { reload = false; } } // Automatically reload the page if a deprecation caused an automatic downgrade, ensure visitors get the best possible experience. if ( reload ) { location.reload(); } }; xhr.send( encodeURI( 'action=jquery-migrate-downgrade-version&_wpnonce=' + nonce ) ); // Suppress error alerts in older browsers return true; } </script> <style type="text/css"> .em-coupon-message { display:inline-block; margin:5px 0 0; } .em-coupon-success { color:green; } .em-coupon-error { color:red; } .em-cart-coupons-form .em-coupon-message{ margin:0 20px 0 0; } .em-coupon-error .em-icon { background-color: red; -webkit-mask-image: var(--icon-cross-circle); mask-image: var(--icon-cross-circle); } .em-coupon-success .em-icon { background-color: green; -webkit-mask-image: var(--icon-checkmark-circle); mask-image: var(--icon-checkmark-circle); } .em-coupon-code.loading { background: var(--icon-spinner) calc(100% - 10px) 50% no-repeat; background-size: 20px; } </style> <style type="text/css"> .site-title, .site-description { position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> var wpmlAjax = 'https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/wp-mailinglist/wp-mailinglist-ajax.php'; var wpmlUrl = 'https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/wp-mailinglist'; var wpmlScroll = "N"; var newsletters_locale = "en"; var newsletters_ajaxurl = 'https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?lang=en&'; $ = jQuery.noConflict(); jQuery(document).ready(function() { if (jQuery.isFunction(jQuery.fn.select2)) { jQuery('.newsletters select').select2(); } if (jQuery.isFunction(jQuery.fn.tooltip)) { jQuery('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip(); } }); </script> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/favicon-256x256-1-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/favicon-256x256-1.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/favicon-256x256-1.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/favicon-256x256-1.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .newsletters.newsletters-form-wrapper form label.control-label.wpmlcustomfield1, .newsletters.newsletters-form-wrapper form label.control-label.wpmlcustomfield3, .newsletters.newsletters-form-wrapper form label.control-label.wpmlcustomfield4 { display: block !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy h1.page-title, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .nav-tabs > li > a, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .left:before, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .lexx-sidebar a/*, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy*/ { color: #ec5b46 !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy span.coreblog, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .state-aid, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy a.right.ebb{ background-color: #ec5b46 !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .tags a, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .lexx-sidebar a span:before, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .search-form .search-input, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .search-form .search-input, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .lexx-sidebar a{ color:#ec5b46 !important; border-color: #ec5b46 !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy a.right.ebb { border-color:#ec5b46 !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy input#searchsubmit{ background:#ec5b46 !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .left { text-decoration-color: #ec5b46 !important; } .nav-tabs>li>a.order_now_button.sbc.sbb{ border-color: #174711 !important; background: #174711 !important; } .post-type-archive .content-blog .post-item .post-content .expert-bottom .left { text-decoration-color: inherit !important; } .content-blog .post-item .post-content a { color: #174711 !important; } body .subheader .custom-arrow-btn { border-color: #174711 !important; color: #174711 !important; } body .subheader .custom-arrow-btn:before { color: #174711 !important; } .main-content .newsletter-full-grey .split-banner-wrapper .content-middle .plit_line{ background: #cecece !important; } .post_date a { color: inherit; } .home-magazine img { width: 100%; } .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy a#order_now_button { background-color: #ec5b46 !important; border-color: #ec5b46 !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .post-content a, .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .post-content .left{ color: #ec5b46 !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.case-c-264-23-booking-com-ancillary-restraints-and-market-definition-in-the-platform-economy .search-form .search-input::placeholder, .content-padder.content-blog.i-compensation-can-be-state-aid-ii-failure-to-act .search-input::placeholder{ color: inherit !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.i-compensation-can-be-state-aid-ii-failure-to-act .lexx-sidebar a, .content-padder.content-blog.i-compensation-can-be-state-aid-ii-failure-to-act .blog_subscribe .sample_r_icon:before{ color: #174711 !important; border-color: #174711 !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.i-compensation-can-be-state-aid-ii-failure-to-act .search-form .search-input { color: #174711 !important; border-color: #174711 !important; } .content-padder.content-blog.i-compensation-can-be-state-aid-ii-failure-to-act .search-form .search-submit{ background-color:#174711 !important; } #stickThis.stick { top: 114px !important; } body.archive.post-type-archive.post-type-archive-dpi.post-type-archive-stateaidpost .newsletter-full-grey .split-banner-wrapper .content-right a { color: #fff !important; border-color: #d92520 !important; } .home-magazine img { height: 470px !important; } .bx-wrapper .bx-controls-direction a{ bottom: -50px; } .button-grid{ padding-top:40px } div#home_magazine_bxslider .bx-wrapper { max-width: 100% !important; } .blog_box a.custom-arrow-btn { margin-top: 20px !important; } body.post-type-archive-cclr-blog .content-blog .post-item .post-header .state-aid, body.post-type-archive-cclr-blog .content-blog .post-item .post-header .state-aid.ebg, body.post-type-archive-stateaidpost.post-type-archive-cclr-blog .content-blog .post-item .post-header .state-aid, body.post-type-archive-stateaidpost.post-type-archive-cclr-blog .content-blog .post-item .post-header .state-aid.ebg { background-color: #00467e !important; } </style> <noscript><style id="rocket-lazyload-nojs-css">.rll-youtube-player, [data-lazy-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript>  <script type="text/plain" data-usercentrics="Friendly Analytics"> var _mtm = window._mtm = window._mtm || []; _mtm.push({'mtm.startTime': (new Date().getTime()), 'event': 'mtm.Start'}); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src='https://app.friendlyanalytics.com/js/container_mPa9v8mH.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); </script>  <script defer src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/includes/js/fontawesome-all.js"></script> <link data-minify="1" rel='stylesheet' id='_tk-font-awesome-css' href='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/cache/min/1/wp-content/themes/lexxion/includes/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=1733999354' type='text/css' media='all'/> <script type="text/javascript"> var RecaptchaOptions = { lang : 'en' }; </script>  <style data-nooptimize> .event-categories-abfall-und-umweltrecht .ebb, .event-categories-environmental-climate-law .ebb { border: 1px solid var(--c-auu) !important; } .event-categories-abfall-und-umweltrecht .ebg, .event-categories-environmental-climate-law .ebg{ background-color: var(--c-auu) !important; } .event-categories-abfall-und-umweltrecht .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title, .event-categories-environmental-climate-law .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title { border-left-color: var(--c-auu) !important; } .event-categories-abfall-und-umweltrecht #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-abfall-und-umweltrecht #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-abfall-und-umweltrecht #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit, .event-categories-environmental-climate-law #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-environmental-climate-law #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-environmental-climate-law #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit { background: var(--c-auu) !important; border-color: var(--c-auu) !important; color: #fff !important; } .event-categories-eu-struktur-fonds .ebb, .event-categories-european-structural-and-investment-funds .ebb { border: 1px solid var(--c-esf) !important; } .event-categories-eu-struktur-fonds .ebg, .event-categories-european-structural-and-investment-funds .ebg { background-color: var(--c-esf) !important; } .event-categories-eu-struktur-fonds .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title, .event-categories-european-structural-and-investment-funds .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title { border-left-color: var(--c-esf) !important; } .event-categories-eu-struktur-fonds #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-eu-struktur-fonds #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-eu-struktur-fonds #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit, .event-categories-european-structural-and-investment-funds #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-european-structural-and-investment-funds #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-european-structural-and-investment-funds #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit { background: var(--c-esf) !important; border-color: var(--c-esf) !important; color: #fff !important; } .event-categories-vergaberecht-und-ppp .ebb, .event-categories-public-procurement-ppp-law .ebb { border: 1px solid var(--c-vup) !important; } .event-categories-vergaberecht-und-ppp .ebg, .event-categories-public-procurement-ppp-law .ebg { background-color: var(--c-vup) !important; } .event-categories-vergaberecht-und-ppp .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title, .event-categories-public-procurement-ppp-law .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title { border-left-color: var(--c-vup) !important; } .event-categories-vergaberecht-und-ppp #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-vergaberecht-und-ppp #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-vergaberecht-und-ppp #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit, .event-categories-public-procurement-ppp-law #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-public-procurement-ppp-law #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-public-procurement-ppp-law #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit{ background: var(--c-vup) !important; border-color: var(--c-vup) !important; color: #fff !important; } .event-categories-reach-lebensmittel-und-pharmarecht .ebb, .event-categories-food-chemical-and-pharmaceutical-law .ebb { border: 1px solid var(--c-rlup) !important; } .event-categories-reach-lebensmittel-und-pharmarecht .ebg, .event-categories-food-chemical-and-pharmaceutical-law .ebg { background-color: var(--c-rlup) !important; } .event-categories-reach-lebensmittel-und-pharmarecht .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title, .event-categories-food-chemical-and-pharmaceutical-law .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title { border-left-color: var(--c-rlup) !important; } .event-categories-reach-lebensmittel-und-pharmarecht #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-reach-lebensmittel-und-pharmarecht #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-reach-lebensmittel-und-pharmarecht #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit, .event-categories-food-chemical-and-pharmaceutical-law #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-food-chemical-and-pharmaceutical-law #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-food-chemical-and-pharmaceutical-law #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit{ background: var(--c-rlup) !important; border-color: var(--c-rlup) !important; color: #fff !important; } .event-categories-wettbewerbsrecht .ebb, .event-categories-competition-law .ebb { border: 1px solid var(--c-wr) !important; } .event-categories-wettbewerbsrecht .ebg, .event-categories-competition-law .ebg { background-color: var(--c-wr) !important; } .event-categories-wettbewerbsrecht .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title, .event-categories-competition-law .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title { border-left-color: var(--c-wr) !important; } .event-categories-wettbewerbsrecht #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-wettbewerbsrecht #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-wettbewerbsrecht #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit, .event-categories-competition-law #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-competition-law #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-competition-law #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit{ background: var(--c-wr) !important; border-color: var(--c-wr) !important; color: #fff !important; } .event-categories-europaeisches-beihilfenrecht .ebb, .event-categories-european-state-aid-law .ebb { border: 1px solid var(--c-eb) !important; } .event-categories-europaeisches-beihilfenrecht .ebg, .event-categories-european-state-aid-law .ebg { background-color: var(--c-eb) !important; } .event-categories-europaeisches-beihilfenrecht .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title, .event-categories-european-state-aid-law .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title { border-left-color: var(--c-eb) !important; } .event-categories-europaeisches-beihilfenrecht #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-europaeisches-beihilfenrecht #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-europaeisches-beihilfenrecht #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit, .event-categories-european-state-aid-law #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-european-state-aid-law #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-european-state-aid-law #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit{ background: var(--c-eb) !important; border-color: var(--c-eb) !important; color: #fff !important; } .event-categories-emerging-technologies .ebb, .event-categories-emerging-technologies .ebb{ border:1px solid var(--c-et) !important; } .event-categories-emerging-technologies .ebg, .event-categories-emerging-technologies .ebg{ background-color:var(--c-et) !important; } .event-categories-emerging-technologies .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title, .event-categories-emerging-technologies .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title { border-left-color: var(--c-et) !important; } .event-categories-emerging-technologies #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-emerging-technologies #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-emerging-technologies #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit, .event-categories-emerging-technologies #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-emerging-technologies #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-emerging-technologies #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit{ background: var(--c-et) !important; border-color: var(--c-et) !important; color: #fff !important; } .event-categories-datenschutz-und-informationsrecht .ebg, .event-categories-data-protection-law .ebg{ background-color:var(--c-dui) !important; } .event-categories-datenschutz-und-informationsrecht .ebb, .event-categories-data-protection-law .ebb{ border:1px solid var(--c-dui) !important; } .event-categories-datenschutz-und-informationsrecht .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title, .event-categories-data-protection-law .em.em-event-booking-form h3.em-booking-section-title { border-left-color: var(--c-dui) !important; } .event-categories-datenschutz-und-informationsrecht #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-datenschutz-und-informationsrecht #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-datenschutz-und-informationsrecht #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit, .event-categories-data-protection-law #register #choice .cbuttons.selected, .event-categories-data-protection-law #register #finner .all_topics_btn_wrapper .all_topics_btn .all_topics, .event-categories-data-protection-law #register .em-booking-buttons #em-booking-submit{ background: var(--c-dui) !important; border-color: var(--c-dui) !important; color: #fff !important; } @media screen and (max-width: 767px) { .nav-tabs { float: none; } .single-coreblogpost .nav-tabs.blog-single, .single-stateaidpost .nav-tabs.blog-single { margin: 10px 0 20px 0; } } </style> <meta name="generator" content="WP Rocket 3.17.3" data-wpr-features="wpr_lazyload_images wpr_lazyload_iframes wpr_oci wpr_minify_css wpr_desktop wpr_preload_links" /></head> <body class="coreblogpost-template-default single single-coreblogpost postid-21602"> <header data-rocket-location-hash="cdb51407544536235391241d3334bef9" id="masthead" class="site-header site-header-v2" role="banner"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="6005da2017e5fd3302f88d75d9af55c2" class="container"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="8cf8b233c168af269a213b6e05d249f9" class="row"> <div class="site-header-inner col-sm-4 col-xs-8"> <div class="site-branding-image desktop"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/" title="Lexxion" rel="home"> <picture title="Lexxion" class="no-lazy"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/lexxion-logo-engl.png.webp"/> <img src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/lexxion-logo-engl.png" alt="logo"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="site-branding-image mobile"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/" title="Lexxion" rel="home"> <picture title="Lexxion" class="no-lazy"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/lexxion-logo-engl.png.webp"/> <img src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/lexxion-logo-engl.png" alt="logo"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="site-header-inner col-sm-8 col-xs-4"> <div class="navbar navbar-default"> <div class="navbar-header">  <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-collapse"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation </span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button>  <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/" title="Lexxion" rel="home">Lexxion</a> </div>  <div class="collapse navbar-collapse desktop"><ul id="main-menu" class="nav navbar-nav"><li id="menu-item-72846" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-72846"><a title="Workshops & Conferences" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/eventslist/">Workshops & Conferences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72847" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-72847"><a title="Journals" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journalslist/">Journals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72848" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-72848"><a title="Books" target="_blank" href="https://books.lexxion.eu/books/index?_locale=en">Books</a></li> <li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-3761-de" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-3761 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-de wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-first-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-3761-de"><a title="DE" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/"><span class="glyphicon DE"></span> <span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="de">DE</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-3761-en" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-3761 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-current-language wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-last-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-3761-en"><a title="EN" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/"><span class="glyphicon EN"></span> <span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="en">EN</span></a></li> </ul></div> <div class="mobile-nav-wrapper collapse navbar-collapse"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle navbar-mobile-hide" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-collapse"> <svg viewPort="0 0 12 12" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <line x1="1" y1="36" x2="38" y2="1" stroke="#D92520" stroke-width="2"/> <line x1="1" y1="1" x2="38" y2="36" stroke="#D92520" stroke-width="2"/> </svg> </button> <div class="menu-header-main-menu-en-container"><ul id="header-mobile-1" class="nav navbar-nav header-mobile-1"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-72846"><a title="Workshops & Conferences" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/eventslist/">Workshops & Conferences</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-72847"><a title="Journals" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journalslist/">Journals</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-72848"><a title="Books" target="_blank" href="https://books.lexxion.eu/books/index?_locale=en">Books</a></li> <li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-3761 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-de wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-first-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-3761-de"><a title="DE" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/"><span class="glyphicon DE"></span> <span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="de">DE</span></a></li> <li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-3761 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-current-language wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-last-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-3761-en"><a title="EN" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/"><span class="glyphicon EN"></span> <span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="en">EN</span></a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div id="search_layer"> <form method="get" action="/suche/"> <input autocomplete=”off” type="text" name="q" value="" placeholder="Search on our website"> <button type="submit"> <i class="fa fa-search"></i> </button> </form> <form method="get" action="https://shop.lexxion.eu/search" target="_blank"> <label>Looking for a specific article or book?</label> <input autocomplete=”off” type="text" name="query" placeholder="Search on our online shop (open new site)"> <button type="submit"> <i class="fa fa-search"></i> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div data-rocket-location-hash="19692b59f0f3bd64fdfeffa6baff82c8" class="breadcrumb-wrapper" id="bcw"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="0841f15ebf099eeaba6f2c7f735d0671" class="container"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="ca722c0fa35488ed8b185d1aa84c8a90" class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="breadcrumb"> You are here:  <span property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a property="item" typeof="WebPage" title="Go to Lexxion." href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/" class="home"><span property="name">Lexxion</span></a><meta property="position" content="1"></span> > <span property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a property="item" typeof="WebPage" title="Go to Competition Blogs." href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/" class="archive post-coreblogpost-archive"><span property="name">Competition Blogs</span></a><meta property="position" content="2"></span> > <span property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a property="item" typeof="WebPage" title="Go to the Features Core Blog Kategorie archives." href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogcategory/feature/" class="taxonomy coreblogcategory" ><span property="name">Features</span></a><meta property="position" content="3"></span> > <span class="post post-coreblogpost current-item">Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="535dd9dbb63e4c35234e27d5d9400050" class="main-content"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="e6eb6fcccd8ab4e0754c54f80a5d14c0" class="container"> <style> .sbb { background-color: !important; } .sbc { color: !important; } #single_rp .rp-wrapper .comment_rp:before { color: !important; } .content-blog .subheader a { color: !important; } .backto.large { background-color: #fff!important; border-color: !important; color: !important; } #single_rp .rp-wrapper .readmore_rp a, .content_submit_guest a.sbc, .content_submit_guest a.sbb { background-color: !important; border-color: !important; color: #fff!important; } #form_newsletter #form_newsletter_inner .newsletters-subscribe-form button.newsletters-button { background-color: !important; border-color: !important; color: #fff!important; } .post-type-archive-coreblogpost .content-blog .post-item .post-header .state-aid { background-color: !important; } .post-type-archive-coreblogpost .content-blog h1 { color: !important; } .content-blog .coreblog, .content-blog .stateaidlaw { background-color: !important; } .content-blog .post-item .post-content .expert-bottom .right { background-color: !important; color: #fff !important; border-color: !important; } .content-blog .post-item .post-content .expert-bottom .left { color: !important; } .content-blog .post-item .post-content a { color: !important; } .newsletter-full-grey .split-banner-wrapper .content-middle .plit_line { background: !important; } /*.newsletter-full-grey .split-banner-wrapper .content-right a { color: !important; border-color: !important; }*/ .nav-tabs>li>a.order_now_button.sbc.sbb { background-color: !important; color: #fff !important; } .nav-tabs>li.active>a.order_now_button.sbc.sbb { background-color: #fff !important; color: !important; border-color: !important; } .content-blog .post-item .post-content .expert-bottom .left, .content-blog .post-item .post-title h2, .post-type-archive .content-blog .post-item .post-content .expert-bottom .left, .post-type-archive .content-blog .post-item .post-title h2, header h1.page-title { color: !important; } .content-blog .coreblog, .content-blog .stateaidlaw { background-color: !important; } .close-cat { color: !important; } .single-coreblogpost .entry-content h1, .single-coreblogpost .entry-content h2, .single-coreblogpost .entry-content h3, .single-coreblogpost .entry-content h4, .single-coreblogpost .entry-content h5 { color: !important; } #commentform .form-submit input { background-color: !important; } .tags a { color: !important; border-color: !important; } .lexx-sidebar a { color: !important; border-color: !important; } .search-form .search-input { color: !important; border-color: !important; } .search-form .search-submit { background-color: !important; } ::placeholder { /* Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Safari 10.1+ */ color: !important; opacity: 1; } :-ms-input-placeholder { /* Internet Explorer 10-11 */ color: !important; } ::-ms-input-placeholder { /* Microsoft Edge */ color: !important; } .lexx-sidebar a span:before { color: !important; } h1.blog-single { color: !important; } /* Related posts */ .title_rp { color: !important; } .pagination-area a { color: !important; } body .subheader .custom-arrow-btn, body .custom-arrow-btn:hover { border-color: !important; } body .subheader .custom-arrow-btn:before { color: !important; } </style> <div data-rocket-location-hash="e5505145684c3a44ae0acd15e68d93e7" id="post-21602" class="bundeskartellamt-facebook-case post-21602 coreblogpost type-coreblogpost status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry coreblogcategory-feature coreblogtags-bundeskartellamt coreblogtags-competition coreblogtags-data coreblogtags-excessive coreblogtags-facebook coreblogtags-pricing coreblogtags-terms-and-conditions coreblogtags-unfair"> <div data-rocket-location-hash="ccad82ffb95c64be72b27eb2537e8a5c" class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs blog-single" role="tablist" id="tablist"> <li class="active"><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/#overview" class="external sbc" >All</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/#authors" class="external sbc" >Editors</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/#case-digest" class="external sbc" >Case Digests</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/#features" class="external sbc" >Features</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/#submit" id="order_now_button" class="external sbc sbb order_now_button white_font" >Submit guest blog post</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="content" class="main-content-inner col-sm-9 col-md-9"> <article id="post-21602" class="post-21602 coreblogpost type-coreblogpost status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry coreblogcategory-feature coreblogtags-bundeskartellamt coreblogtags-competition coreblogtags-data coreblogtags-excessive coreblogtags-facebook coreblogtags-pricing coreblogtags-terms-and-conditions coreblogtags-unfair"> <header> <h1 class="page-title blog-single">Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case</h1> <div class="post_date"> 15. March 2018  |   <span class="state-aid feature sbc"><a class="sbc" href="/core-blog?filter_cat=63">Features</a></span> by <span class='sbc'>Friso Bostoen</span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="entry-content-thumbnail"> <picture class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" title="Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case 1"> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kon-karampelas-HUBofEFQ6CA-unsplash-1.jpg.webp"/> <img data-no-lazy="" width="2560" height="1707" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kon-karampelas-HUBofEFQ6CA-unsplash-1.jpg" alt="Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case - kon karampelas HUBofEFQ6CA unsplash 1" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high"/> </picture> </div> <p>Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The question might seem absurd, but a recent investigation by the Bundeskartellamt raises the question: it is accusing Facebook, which offers its services for free, of an infringement that looks a lot like excessive pricing. In this blog post, I unpack the Facebook case by explaining the social network’s business model, analyzing the Bundeskartellamt’s preliminary assessment and looking at broader developments.</p> <h2><span style="font-size: 20px"><strong>Facebook’s business model</strong></span></h2> <p>Facebook is a social networking site with <a href="http://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2 billion active users</a>. Those users do not have to dig up their credit card to use the social network, something Facebook prides itself on: its homepage reads ‘It’s free and always will be.’ However, ‘free’ is used here in the strict sense. Indeed, Facebook does not charge you any money, but this does not mean that you are not giving Facebook anything in return. In fact, you are giving Facebook two valuable things: your information and your attention. EU Competition Commissioner Vestager <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2014-2019/vestager/announcements/making-data-work-us_en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">said</a> as much in a speech:</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px"><em>Social networks let people keep in touch with friends, wherever they are in the world. And they don’t pay a single penny for those services. Instead, they pay with their data. That doesn’t have to be a problem, as long as people are happy that the data they share is a fair price to pay for the services they get in return. Personal data has become a valuable commodity.</em></p> <p>Indeed, personal data has become so valuable it is being <a href="http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21721656-data-economy-demands-new-approach-antitrust-rules-worlds-most-valuable-resource" target="_blank" rel="noopener">referred</a> to as ‘the oil of the digital era’. The oilrigs of this new era are online platforms. From a consumer perspective, data is also being <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/s/426235/is-personal-data-the-new-currency/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pointed</a> to as ‘the currency of the 21<sup>st</sup> century’. In other words, when consumers ‘only’ hand over data to use a service, they are paying something. More specifically, it is useful to distinguish between information and attention costs—a taxonomy <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2474874" target="_blank" rel="noopener">suggested</a> by Newman.</p> <p>The <em>information cost</em> for users consists in handing over their personal data such as name, gender, e-mail address, phone number, <em>etc</em>. This data is surrendered consciously to gain access to certain free services. However, many information costs are more subtle: for example, you tell Google what you are looking for by typing in a search query, and you signal Facebook your preferences by liking certain pages or posts. Moreover, many apps track their users’ location.</p> <p>Companies put this data to a variety of uses, the most benign one being the improvement of its products. More profitably, however, data is used to target consumers with advertising. This is where <em>attention costs</em> come into play. Sometimes these costs will be quite tangible. Think, for example, of the advertisement you have to sit through before you can watch certain content on Youtube. At other times, such as when you are scrolling through your Facebook newsfeed glossing over advertisement after advertisement, the cost is subtler. In any case, according to Newman, ‘costs arise because advertisements take time to watch, view, or hear.’ In this sense, time is quite literally money.</p> <h2><span style="font-size: 20px"><strong>The Bundeskartellamt’s case against Facebook</strong></span></h2> <p>So can a social network demand too much information and attention costs from the consumer, or in other words, can it set its zero-price too high? At least when it comes to information, this appears possible. In March 2016, the Bundeskartellamt (German Competition Authority) broke the <a href="https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Meldung/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2016/02_03_2016_Facebook.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">news</a> that it was initiating proceedings against Facebook—a more elaborate <a href="http://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Meldung/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2017/19_12_2017_Facebook.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">preliminary assessment</a> and complementary <a href="http://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Publikation/EN/Diskussions_Hintergrundpapiere/2017/Hintergrundpapier_Facebook.html?nn=3600108" target="_blank" rel="noopener">background paper</a> followed in December 2017. So what exactly does the authority take issue with?</p> <p>First of all, the Bundeskartellamt shows a thorough understanding of Facebook’s business model, which is not surprising: it has been researching platforms in depth for the past couple of years, publishing reports on, <em>inter alia</em>, their <a href="https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Meldung/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2016/09_06_2016_ThinkTank.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">market power</a> and their <a href="https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Meldung/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2016/10_05_2016_Big%20Data%20Papier.html?nn=3591568" target="_blank" rel="noopener">use of data</a>. The authority describes Facebook’s two-sided business model as follows: ‘On the one hand the social network offers a free service, on the other it offers attractive advertising space, which is so valuable because Facebook has huge amounts of personalized data at its disposal.’</p> <p>The proceedings concern an alleged abuse of dominance, so the Bundeskartellamt takes care to define the market and establish Facebook’s dominant position on it. The authority considers the relevant market that of <em>social networks in Germany</em>, excluding professional networks such as Linkedin, messaging services such as Snapchat, or other social media such as Youtube or Twitter. Facebook’s market power is then explained by its high market shares and the characteristics that are typical for online platforms, i.e. (in)direct network effects, high barriers to entry, user lock-in, economies of scale and ‘access to competitively relevant data’.</p> <p>The abuse allegations concern the way in which Facebook acquires this data. The authority notes that this acquisition, in principle, does not raise competition concerns; after all, ‘users have to expect a certain processing of their data if they use such a free service.’ Therefore, the Bundeskartellamt is explicitly <em>not</em> examining the acquisition of data generated by the use of Facebook’s social network itself (which it labels ‘on Facebook’). Instead, it focuses on user data obtained from third-party sources (labeled ‘off Facebook’). In the words of the authority:</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px"><em>Facebook is abusing [its] dominant position by making the use of its social network conditional on its being allowed to limitlessly amass every kind of data generated by using third-party websites and merge it with the user’s Facebook account. These third-party sites include firstly services owned by Facebook such as WhatsApp or Instagram, and secondly websites and apps of other operators with embedded Facebook APIs.</em></p> <p>Thus, two sorts of data are relevant: the data gathered from Facebook-owned services WhatsApp and Instagram on the one hand, and the data collected through websites and apps that make use of the Facebook API on the other. Let us consider each in turn.</p> <p>The first kind of data has a history to it. In October 2014, the Commission gave the <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m7217_20141003_20310_3962132_EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">green light</a> for Facebook’s $19 billion acquisition of messaging service WhatsApp. Facebook thus <a href="http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/032515/whatsapp-best-facebook-purchase-ever.asp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">paid</a> $55 for each user of a service that was suffering significant losses. One theory of harm investigated by the Commission was whether Facebook could start collecting data from WhatsApp users to better target ads on Facebook (for those WhatsApp users that are also Facebook users). However, this would require matching WhatsApp with Facebook accounts, and Facebook declared that ‘there are major obstacles thereto.’</p> <p>In August 2016, WhatsApp announced it would start linking WhatsApp user phone numbers with Facebook user identities in order to display more relevant advertising on WhatsApp users’ Facebook accounts. As this move contradicted statements made by Facebook during the acquisition process, it was served with a <a href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-4473_en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">statement of objections</a>. In May 2017, the Commission then <a href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1369_en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fined</a> Facebook 110 million EUR for providing misleading information. Specifically, the Commission found that, contrary to Facebook’s statements, it was already aware of the technical possibility of automatically matching Facebook and WhatsApp users’ identities during the merger review process.</p> <p>The second kind of data concerns those collected through the use of Facebook’s API (or application programming interface). Many websites and apps offer the option to like or share their content on Facebook, which is made technically possible by using the Facebook API. However, when users visit websites or apps that have embedded this API (even without pressing the ‘like’ or ‘share’ button), their data is transmitted to Facebook, which then processes it to target advertising. Contrary to data generated on the social network itself, ‘users cannot expect data which is generated when they use services other than Facebook to be added to their Facebook account to this extent.’</p> <p>Facebook is thus collecting data from related services (WhatsApp and Instagram) and unrelated websites (that use the Facebook API). How does this constitute an abuse of dominant position? The Bundeskartellamt takes issue with Facebook’s all-or-nothing approach: users can either accept ‘the whole Facebook package’, extensive data collection included, or they can go look for a different social network. The authority qualifies this behavior as an exploitative (as opposed to an exclusionary) abuse. German competition law recognizes two kinds of exploitative abuse: excessive prices and unfair business terms. As users ‘pay’ for Facebook with their data, one might expect that demanding too much data is a form of excessive prices. However, the authority qualifies Facebook’s data grab as a case of unfair business terms, which may have something to do with the high bar set by the excessive pricing doctrine.</p> <p>Coming up with an effective theory of harm is more difficult, given that users do not pay for Facebook. The Bundeskartellamt tries to tackle this objection by acknowledging that Facebook’s offers its services for free, and its users therefore do not suffer a direct financial loss due to the exploitative business terms. However, the Bundeskartellamt argues that ‘the damage for the <em>users</em> lies in a loss of control: they are no longer able to control how their personal data are used.’ Additionally, the Bundeskartellamt notes that as a consequence of the abuse, Facebook is becoming more and more indispensable for advertising customers. It therefore believes there is also ‘potential for competitive harm on the side of <em>advertising customers</em> who are faced with a dominant supplier of advertising space.’</p> <h2><span style="font-size: 20px"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h2> <p>This brings us back to the initial question: can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s answer is positive, with two nuances. First, consumers do not exactly pay nothing. Rather, they pay with their information and attention, although the authority has not put it this way explicitly yet. Secondly, the authority chooses not to go with ‘too much’ or ‘excessive’, but rather with ‘unfair’—a broad term that is becoming more and more popular in European competition enforcement.</p> <p>It will be interesting to see how the Bundeskartellamt specifies its theory of harm, as the current ‘loss of control’ over data appears quite vague. More fundamentally, there is the question of how to square this case with the Commission’s <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m7217_20141003_20310_3962132_EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">position</a> that ‘any privacy-related concerns […] do not fall within the scope of the EU competition law rules but within the scope of the EU data protection rules.’ The decision itself, which is expected in summer 2018, may bring clarification.</p> <p>Finally, the case is not isolated from other developments. In anticipation of the General Data Protection Regulation, Facebook stated in January 2018 that it is <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/23/facebook-new-privacy-tools-response-to-eu-privacy-laws-sheryl-sandberg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">redesigning</a> its privacy policy with a focus on transparency. In that same month, a Berlin regional court <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/12/facebook-personal-data-privacy-settings-ruled-illegal-german-court" target="_blank" rel="noopener">declared</a> certain clauses in Facebook’s terms of service invalid. Last month, the Commission again <a href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-761_en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">urged</a> Facebook to make its terms of service comply more fully with EU consumer rules. Finally, in a recent judgment with similarities to the Bundeskartellamt’s preliminary assessment, a court in Brussels <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-16/facebook-must-stop-tracking-belgian-web-users-court-rules" target="_blank" rel="noopener">considered</a> Facebook’s tracking of users on other websites (amongst others via the Facebook API) illegal. These developments—and the changes to Facebook’s terms of service they prompt—may also shape the Bundeskartellamt’s final decision.</p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <h3 class="bg-line"><span>Tags</span></h3> <div class="posttags_blog tags"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=331">Bundeskartellamt</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=327">competition</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=396">data</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=567">excessive</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=342">Facebook</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=568">pricing</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=562">terms and conditions</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=587">unfair</a> </div> <h3 class="bg-line"><span>About</span></h3> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3"> <picture class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" decoding="async"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Friso-Bostoen-1.jpg-150x150.png.webp"/> <img width="150" height="150" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20150%20150'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Friso-Bostoen-1.jpg-150x150.png"/><noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Friso-Bostoen-1.jpg-150x150.png" alt="" decoding="async"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h4>Friso Bostoen</h4> <p><strong>Blog Editor</strong></p> <p>Assistant Professor of Competition Law and Digital Regulation, Tilburg University</p> <p>Friso Bostoen is an assistant professor of competition law and digital regulation at Tilburg University. Previously, he was a Max Weber Fellow at the European University Institute. He holds degrees from KU Leuven (PhD, LLM) and Harvard University (LLM). Friso’s research focuses on antitrust enforcement in digital markets. His work has resulted in numerous international publications, presentations, and awards (including the AdC Competition Policy Award 2019 and the Concurrences PhD Award 2022). In addition, Friso edits the CoRe Blog and hosts the Monopoly Attack podcast.</p> <p><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/speaker/friso-bostoen-core-blog-editor/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">>> Friso’s CoRe Blog posts >></a></p> </div> </div> <div class="single-core-blog-comments"> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel Reply</a></small></h3><p class="must-log-in">You must be <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexxion.eu%2Fen%2Fcoreblogpost%2Fbundeskartellamt-facebook-case%2F">logged in</a> to post a comment.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="single_rp"> <h3>Related Posts</h3> <div data-rocket-location-hash="1ded919732da144e02a015d2156ecef5" class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rp-wrapper container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="date_rp">07. Nov 2023</div> <div class="cat_rp"><span class='state-aid feature ebg'>Features</span> by <span class='sbc'>Daniel Mandrescu</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"><picture class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" decoding="async" title="The ACM vs. Apple AppStore – A Second Chance To Get It Right 2"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-1024x768.jpg.webp 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-300x225.jpg.webp 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-768x576.jpg.webp 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-1536x1152.jpg.webp 1536w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-2048x1536.jpg.webp 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/> <img width="750" height="563" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20750%20563'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="app store, apple, abuse of dominance, platforms, ACM, art. 102 TFEU." decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-2048x1536.jpg 2048w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-1024x768.jpg"/><noscript><img width="750" height="563" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-1024x768.jpg" alt="app store, apple, abuse of dominance, platforms, ACM, art. 102 TFEU." decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pexels-brett-jordan-5444435-2048x1536.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="title_rp"><h2>The ACM vs. Apple AppStore – A Second Chance To Get It Right</h2></div> <div class="content_rp">The Dutch case concerning the Apple App Store appears to make a (welcome) comeback. The case that started in 2019 came to a rather disappointing end in the summer of 2022 when the Dutch competition authority issued a public statement that gave the impression that it was satisfied with Apple’s adjustments to the App Store front in the Netherlands. This […]</div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="comment_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/the-acm-vs-apple-appstore-a-second-chance-at-getting-it-right/#comments">0 Comments</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="readmore_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/the-acm-vs-apple-appstore-a-second-chance-at-getting-it-right/">read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div data-rocket-location-hash="68e122c6b23b4519e49c5a2a57b5f054" class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rp-wrapper container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="date_rp">31. Aug 2023</div> <div class="cat_rp"> by <span class='sbc'>Parsa Tonkaboni</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"><picture class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" decoding="async" title="The ECJ Judgment in CK Telecoms – Setting the Record Straight? 3"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-1024x576.jpg.webp 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-300x169.jpg.webp 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-768x432.jpg.webp 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-1536x864.jpg.webp 1536w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post.jpg.webp 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/> <img width="750" height="422" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20750%20422'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="The ECJ Judgment in CK Telecoms – Setting the Record Straight? - 0122 Blog post" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post.jpg 1920w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-1024x576.jpg"/><noscript><img width="750" height="422" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-1024x576.jpg" alt="The ECJ Judgment in CK Telecoms – Setting the Record Straight? - 0122 Blog post" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/0122-Blog-post.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="title_rp"><h2>The ECJ Judgment in CK Telecoms – Setting the Record Straight?</h2></div> <div class="content_rp">Introduction On 13 July 2023, the European Court of Justice (‘ECJ’) delivered its highly anticipated ruling in CK Telecoms UK Investments v European Commission (‘CK Telecoms’). The Grand Chamber judgment is significant at the most fundamental level. It clarifies some of the core legal concepts and principles at the very heart of EU merger control. The five crucial issues the […]</div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="comment_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/the-ecj-judgment-in-ck-telecoms-setting-the-record-straight/#comments">0 Comments</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="readmore_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/the-ecj-judgment-in-ck-telecoms-setting-the-record-straight/">read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rp-wrapper container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="date_rp">18. Jan 2023</div> <div class="cat_rp"><span class='state-aid feature ebg'>Features</span> by <span class='sbc'>Daniel Mandrescu</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"><picture class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" decoding="async" title="Case C-42/21P Lithuanian Railways – another clarification on the Bronner case law and the non-exhaustive character of art. 102 TFEU 4"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-1024x678.jpg.webp 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-300x199.jpg.webp 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-768x509.jpg.webp 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280.jpg.webp 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/> <img width="750" height="497" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20750%20497'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="competition law, abuse of dominance, refusal to supply, Lithuanian railways, bronner, essential facility, art. 102 TFEU" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-1024x678.jpg 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-300x199.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-768x509.jpg 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280.jpg 1280w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-1024x678.jpg"/><noscript><img width="750" height="497" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-1024x678.jpg" alt="competition law, abuse of dominance, refusal to supply, Lithuanian railways, bronner, essential facility, art. 102 TFEU" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-1024x678.jpg 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-300x199.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280-768x509.jpg 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/train-gf1b1a611c_1280.jpg 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="title_rp"><h2>Case C-42/21P Lithuanian Railways – another clarification on the Bronner case law and the non-exhaustive character of art. 102 TFEU</h2></div> <div class="content_rp">The recent case of Lithuanian Railways provides yet another clarification on the scope of application of the Bronner case law. The Judgement of the CJEU reconfirms exceptional character of the Bronner case law and the type of situations it is intended to apply to. By doing so the CJEU potentially helps prevent future disputes of a similar nature in the […]</div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="comment_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/case-c-42-21p-lithuanian-railways-another-clarification-on-the-bronner-case-law-and-the-non-exhaustive-character-of-art-102-tfeu/#comments">0 Comments</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="readmore_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/case-c-42-21p-lithuanian-railways-another-clarification-on-the-bronner-case-law-and-the-non-exhaustive-character-of-art-102-tfeu/">read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rp-wrapper container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="date_rp">03. Jan 2023</div> <div class="cat_rp"><span class='state-aid feature ebg'>Features</span> by <span class='sbc'>Daniel Mandrescu</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"><picture class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" decoding="async" title="On-platform Tying or Another Case of Leveraging- A Discussion on Facebook Marketplace 5"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/facebook-g854e84260_640.png.webp 640w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/facebook-g854e84260_640-300x199.png.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"/> <img width="640" height="425" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20425'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="facebook, competition law, abuse of dominance, art. 102 TFEU, multisided platforms, dominant position, tying and bundling, unfair trading conditions, competition economics, european commission," decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/facebook-g854e84260_640.png 640w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/facebook-g854e84260_640-300x199.png 300w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/facebook-g854e84260_640.png"/><noscript><img width="640" height="425" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/facebook-g854e84260_640.png" alt="facebook, competition law, abuse of dominance, art. 102 TFEU, multisided platforms, dominant position, tying and bundling, unfair trading conditions, competition economics, european commission," decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/facebook-g854e84260_640.png 640w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/facebook-g854e84260_640-300x199.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="title_rp"><h2>On-platform Tying or Another Case of Leveraging- A Discussion on Facebook Marketplace</h2></div> <div class="content_rp">Just before 2022 ended the Commission sent a statement of objections to Meta regarding the potential abusive behaviour of Facebook. According to the statement of objections, Facebook may be engaging in (i) abusive tying practices with regard to Facebook Marketplace as users (i.e. consumers) that log into Facebook and are automatically also offered access to the Facebook Marketplace, without the […]</div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="comment_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/on-platform-tying-or-another-case-of-leveraging-what-to-do-with-facebook-marketplace/#comments">0 Comments</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="readmore_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/on-platform-tying-or-another-case-of-leveraging-what-to-do-with-facebook-marketplace/">read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rp-wrapper container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="date_rp">07. Dec 2022</div> <div class="cat_rp"><span class='state-aid feature ebg'>Features</span> by <span class='sbc'>Daniel Mandrescu</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"><picture class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" decoding="async" title="The draft notice on market definition and multisided (digital) platforms – avoiding rather than resolving some of the main challenges 6"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/update-g052ccbc73_640.jpg.webp 640w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/update-g052ccbc73_640-300x136.jpg.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"/> <img width="640" height="291" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20291'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="market definition notice, relevant market, market power, market analysis, notice update, digital platforms, multisided markets, multisided platforms, online platforms, SSNIP test, SSNDQ test, Google android, Google shopping, merger control, abuse of dominance" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/update-g052ccbc73_640.jpg 640w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/update-g052ccbc73_640-300x136.jpg 300w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/update-g052ccbc73_640.jpg"/><noscript><img width="640" height="291" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/update-g052ccbc73_640.jpg" alt="market definition notice, relevant market, market power, market analysis, notice update, digital platforms, multisided markets, multisided platforms, online platforms, SSNIP test, SSNDQ test, Google android, Google shopping, merger control, abuse of dominance" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/update-g052ccbc73_640.jpg 640w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/update-g052ccbc73_640-300x136.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="title_rp"><h2>The draft notice on market definition and multisided (digital) platforms – avoiding rather than resolving some of the main challenges</h2></div> <div class="content_rp">Approximately a month ago the Commission published its draft notice on the definition of the relevant market. The new notice is supposed to replace the old one that dates back to 1997 and thereby bring the entire process up to date with today’s new challenges, particularly in the context of digital markets. A first read of this long awaited document […]</div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="comment_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/the-draft-notice-on-market-definition-and-multisided-digital-platforms-avoiding-rather-than-resolving-some-of-the-main-challenges/#comments">0 Comments</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="readmore_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/the-draft-notice-on-market-definition-and-multisided-digital-platforms-avoiding-rather-than-resolving-some-of-the-main-challenges/">read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rp-wrapper container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="date_rp">18. Jan 2022</div> <div class="cat_rp"><span class='state-aid feature ebg'>Features</span> by <span class='sbc'>Daniel Mandrescu</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"><picture class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" decoding="async" title="The Apple App Store case in the Netherlands – a potential game changer 7"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartphone-menu.jpg.webp 640w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartphone-menu-300x188.jpg.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"/> <img width="640" height="400" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20400'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="smartphone menu" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartphone-menu.jpg 640w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartphone-menu-300x188.jpg 300w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartphone-menu.jpg"/><noscript><img width="640" height="400" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartphone-menu.jpg" alt="smartphone menu" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartphone-menu.jpg 640w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartphone-menu-300x188.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="title_rp"><h2>The Apple App Store case in the Netherlands – a potential game changer</h2></div> <div class="content_rp">Just before 2021 ended, Apple suffered a loss in the Netherlands where a national court in preliminary relief proceedings struck down its attempt to block the remedies imposed by the Dutch competition authority following a finding of abuse of dominance. As a result, as of last weekend, Apple is forced to accept third-party payment solutions implemented in (paid) dating apps […]</div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="comment_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/the-apple-app-store-case-in-the-netherlands-a-potential-game-changer/#comments">0 Comments</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="readmore_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/the-apple-app-store-case-in-the-netherlands-a-potential-game-changer/">read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rp-wrapper container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="date_rp">19. Apr 2021</div> <div class="cat_rp"><span class='state-aid feature ebg'>Features</span> by <span class='sbc'>Friso Bostoen</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"><picture class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" decoding="async" title="The Commission’s Article 22 EUMR Guidance: catching killer acquisitions through the merger referral procedure? 8"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-1024x683.jpg.webp 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-300x200.jpg.webp 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-768x512.jpg.webp 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280.jpg.webp 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/> <img width="750" height="500" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20750%20500'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Article 22, Merger Regulation, European Commission, Guidance, killer acquisitions, GAFAM" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280.jpg 1280w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-1024x683.jpg"/><noscript><img width="750" height="500" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-1024x683.jpg" alt="Article 22, Merger Regulation, European Commission, Guidance, killer acquisitions, GAFAM" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/collector-3930337_1280.jpg 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="title_rp"><h2>The Commission’s Article 22 EUMR Guidance: catching killer acquisitions through the merger referral procedure?</h2></div> <div class="content_rp">Over the past five years, the EU’s merger control regime has been hotly debated. The main concern driving the debate has been the intensive acquisition activity in the tech and pharmaceutical sectors. However, many of those acquisitions escape the jurisdictional thresholds of the EU Merger Regulation (EUMR) and therefore cannot be reviewed by the European Commission (EC). On 26 March […]</div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="comment_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/article-22-referral-guidance/#comments">0 Comments</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="readmore_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/article-22-referral-guidance/">read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rp-wrapper container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="date_rp">22. Sep 2020</div> <div class="cat_rp"><span class='state-aid feature ebg'>Features</span> by <span class='sbc'>Daniel Mandrescu</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"><picture class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" decoding="async" title="Epic v Apple (2): market power and foreclosure in the app distribution market(s) 9"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game.jpg.webp 880w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game-300x200.jpg.webp 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game-768x511.jpg.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/> <img width="750" height="499" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20750%20499'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Epic, Fortnite, Apple, battle royale, competition law, antitrust, district court, monopolization, monopoly, essential facilities, refusal to supply, tying, abuse of dominance" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game.jpg 880w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game-768x511.jpg 768w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game.jpg"/><noscript><img width="750" height="499" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game.jpg" alt="Epic, Fortnite, Apple, battle royale, competition law, antitrust, district court, monopolization, monopoly, essential facilities, refusal to supply, tying, abuse of dominance" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game.jpg 880w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fortnite-video-games-epic-games-phone-mobile-gamers-gaming-android-fortnite-game-768x511.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="title_rp"><h2>Epic v Apple (2): market power and foreclosure in the app distribution market(s)</h2></div> <div class="content_rp">Epic’s battle against Apple has been extensively covered in media in the past month. This attention is undoubtedly due to Epic’s explicit move against Apple’s terms and conditions as well as Apple’s fierce reaction to cut all ties with Epic. Epic’s legal dispute is, however, not only against Apple but also against Google who has removed Epic from its Play […]</div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="comment_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/epic-vs-apple-2-market-power-and-foreclosure-in-the-app-distribution-markets/#comments">0 Comments</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="readmore_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/epic-vs-apple-2-market-power-and-foreclosure-in-the-app-distribution-markets/">read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rp-wrapper container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="date_rp">09. Jun 2020</div> <div class="cat_rp"><span class='state-aid feature ebg'>Features</span> by <span class='sbc'>Alice Rinaldi</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"><picture class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" decoding="async" title="Re-imagining the Abuse of Economic Dependence in a Digital World 10"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-1024x536.jpg.webp 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-300x157.jpg.webp 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-768x402.jpg.webp 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1.jpg.webp 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/> <img width="750" height="393" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20750%20393'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Mobile apps image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-300x157.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-768x402.jpg 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1.jpg 1200w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-1024x536.jpg"/><noscript><img width="750" height="393" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-1024x536.jpg" alt="Mobile apps image" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-300x157.jpg 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1-768x402.jpg 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/mobile-apps-pile-fade-ss-1920-1200x628-1.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="title_rp"><h2>Re-imagining the Abuse of Economic Dependence in a Digital World</h2></div> <div class="content_rp">As proven by the recent consultation on the Digital Services Act, the European Union is actively pursuing new solutions to cope with the challenges posed by digitalization. This post proposes a new approach to conducts taking place in the context of online commercial relationships, such as refusals to access platforms or datasets. Namely, it suggests that the European legislator should […]</div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="comment_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/re-imagining-the-abuse-of-economic-dependence-in-a-digital-world/#comments">0 Comments</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="readmore_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/re-imagining-the-abuse-of-economic-dependence-in-a-digital-world/">read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="rp-wrapper container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="date_rp">28. May 2020</div> <div class="cat_rp"><span class='state-aid feature ebg'>Features</span> by <span class='sbc'>Marios Iacovides</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-3"><picture class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" decoding="async" title="Covid-19 and the transformative power of State Aid: a framework for a democratically legitimate recovery 11"> <source type="image/webp" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-1024x576.png.webp 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-300x169.png.webp 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-768x432.png.webp 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-1536x864.png.webp 1536w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland.png.webp 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/> <img width="750" height="422" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20750%20422'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="corona virus" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-1024x576.png 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-300x169.png 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-768x432.png 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-1536x864.png 1536w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland.png 1600w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px" data-lazy-src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-1024x576.png"/><noscript><img width="750" height="422" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-1024x576.png" alt="corona virus" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-1024x576.png 1024w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-300x169.png 300w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-768x432.png 768w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland-1536x864.png 1536w, https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/StateAidHub_Corona-Update-Poland.png 1600w" sizes="(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px"/></noscript> </picture> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <div class="title_rp"><h2>Covid-19 and the transformative power of State Aid: a framework for a democratically legitimate recovery</h2></div> <div class="content_rp">By Julian Nowag and Marios Iacovides The coronavirus pandemic has led to major shocks to the global economy and the EU Member States, with hardly any State spared. The European Commission estimates that the EU economy will contract by 7.5 % in 2020. Unemployment is forecast to rise from 6.7% in 2019 to 9% in 2020. Within this context, the […]</div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="comment_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/covid-19-and-the-transformative-power-of-state-aid-a-framework-for-a-democratically-legitimate-recovery/#comments">0 Comments</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="readmore_rp"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/covid-19-and-the-transformative-power-of-state-aid-a-framework-for-a-democratically-legitimate-recovery/">read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div>                                                        <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12"> <a class="backto large" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/">back to overview</a> </div> </div> </footer> </article> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 col-md-3 lexx-sidebar" id="sidebar_inh"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/insider/" class="blog_subscribe rrr" target="_blank"> <span class="sample_r_icon"></span> <span class="sample_r_word"> Subscribe now! </span> </a> <form class="search-form" action="/suche/" method="get"> <input type="text" class="search-input" name="s" placeholder="Search"> <input class="search-submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" type="submit"> <input type="hidden" value="1" name="coreblog"> </form> <h3>Categories</h3> <div class="categories"> <ul> <li> <a class="" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_cat=61">Case Digests  </a> </li> <li> <a class="" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_cat=62">CoRe News  </a> </li> <li> <a class="" href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_cat=63">Features  </a> </li> </ul> </div> <h3>Tags</h3> <div class="tags"> <div class="tags"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=328" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-328 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">EU competition law</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=321" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-321 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">Abuse of dominance</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=325" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-325 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">Article 102 TFEU</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=323" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-323 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">Antitrust</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=329" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-329 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">European Court of Justice</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=327" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-327 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">competition</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=330" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-330 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">online platforms</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=399" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-399 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">European Commission</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=326" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-326 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">cartel</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=339" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-339 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">competition law</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=358" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-358 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">digital economy</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=337" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-337 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">Apple</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=324" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-324 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">Article 101 TFEU</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=535" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-535 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">Merger Control</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=322" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-322 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">Amazon</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=345" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-345 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">google</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=405" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-405 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">market power</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=372" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-372 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">two-sided platforms</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=481" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-481 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">market definition</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=378" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-378 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">competition fines</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=355" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-355 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">anti-competitive</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=331" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-331 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">Bundeskartellamt</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=512" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-512 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">Commission</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=485" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-485 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">tying</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=557" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-557 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">merger</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=552" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-552 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">damages claim</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=525" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-525 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">private damage claims</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=529" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-529 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">CoRe News</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=530" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-530 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">app stores</a> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/?filter_tag=636" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-636 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 16.279569892473pt;">regulation</a> </div> </div> <div class="grey_box"> </div> <h2>Recent Posts</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/calendar-year-2017/">Calendar year 2017</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/2017-190-report/">2017-190 report - Samsung SID Co. Ltd and Samsung SDI (Malaysia) Bhd v European Commission</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/2017-314-report/">2017-314 Report - Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/2017-520-report/">2017-520 Report - Toshiba Corporation v European Commission</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/2017-597-report/">2017-597 Report - Persidera SpA v Autorità per le Garanzie nelle Comunicazioni</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/2017-679-report/">2017-679 Report - LG Electronics v Commission</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/dice-director-justus-haucap-consumers-paying-with-data-is-a-bad-analogy/">DICE Director Justus Haucap: “Consumers Paying with Data” Is a Bad Analogy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/the-first-judgement-of-2018-the-preliminary-ruling-in-hoffman-la-roche-v-agcm-case-c-179-16-a-remarkable-case-for-its-unremarkable-implications/">The first judgement of 2018: Hoffman-La Roche v AGCM (Case C- 179/16) – a remarkable case for its unremarkable implications</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/">Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/the-eu-commissions-qualcomm-decision-does-it-take-two-to-tango/">The EU Commission’s Qualcomm decision – does it take two to tango?</a></li> </ul><h2>Recent Comments</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/coreblogpost/online-platforms-and-abuse-of-dominance-the-case-of-funda-real-estate/#comment-701">China to Discipline Online Platforms with Antitrust Enforcement? - Kluwer Competition Law Blog in "Online platforms and abuse of dominance – the case of Funda Real Estate"</a></li></ul>        </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-rocket-location-hash="836e16c645c3c37856fe842165a17b27" class="newsletter-full-grey"> <div class="container"> <div id="custom" name="custom"> <div class="split-banner-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-5 content-left"> <p>Subscribe to our newsletter for updates on legal developments, upcoming conferences, workshops, and publications in your areas of interest.</p> </div> <div class="col-xs-2 content-middle"> <div class="plit_line"></div> </div> <div class="col-xs-5 content-right"> <div> <p>Newsletter: <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/newsletter/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Subscribe now</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer data-rocket-location-hash="709d3096149baf3302283254dce9058c" id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-inner"> <div class="site-footer-inner col-sm-3 footer-col-1"> <aside id="custom_html-10" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h4 class="widget-title">How to reach us</h4><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"></div></aside><aside id="custom_html-12" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><p>Lexxion Publisher<br> <i class="fas fa-phone"></i> <a href=tel:+49308145060>+49 30 814506-0</a><br> (9am – 5pm CET, Monday – Friday)<br> <i class="fas fa-at"></i> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#bbd2d5ddd4fbd7dec3c3d2d4d595dece"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f0999e969fb09c958888999f9ede9585">[email protected]</span></a><br> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/contact/">Further Contact Options</a></p></div></aside><aside id="text-6" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><p>LinkedIn: Follow us!</p> </div> </aside><aside id="nav_menu-6" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-social-menue-en-container"><ul id="menu-social-menue-en" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-232" class="linkedin menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-232"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/lexxion-publisher">LinkedIn</a></li> </ul></div></aside><aside id="custom_html-14" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h4 class="widget-title">Deutschsprachige Version</h4><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget">Dies ist die englische Version der Lexxion-Website.<br> Für die deutsche Version klicken Sie bitte unten:</div></aside><aside id="icl_lang_sel_widget-5" class="widget widget_icl_lang_sel_widget"> <div class="wpml-ls-sidebars-footer-1 wpml-ls wpml-ls-legacy-dropdown js-wpml-ls-legacy-dropdown"> <ul> <li tabindex="0" class="wpml-ls-slot-footer-1 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-current-language wpml-ls-last-item wpml-ls-item-legacy-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="js-wpml-ls-item-toggle wpml-ls-item-toggle"> <span class="wpml-ls-native">EN</span></a> <ul class="wpml-ls-sub-menu"> <li class="wpml-ls-slot-footer-1 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-de wpml-ls-first-item"> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/coreblogpost/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case/" class="wpml-ls-link"> <span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="de">DE</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="site-footer-inner col-sm-2 footer-col-2"> <aside id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h4 class="widget-title">About Lexxion</h4><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"></div></aside><aside id="nav_menu-3" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-2-en-container"><ul id="menu-footer-2-en" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-75057" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-75057"><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/eventslist/">Upcoming Workshops & Conferences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-75056" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-75056"><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/tailor-made-courses/">Inhouse Trainings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-991" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-991"><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/newsletter/">Newsletter: Subscribe now!</a></li> <li id="menu-item-987" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-987"><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/about-us/">About Lexxion Publisher</a></li> <li id="menu-item-64823" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-64823"><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/about-us/#jobs">Job Vacancies at Lexxion</a></li> </ul></div></aside><aside id="nav_menu-7" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-shop-footer-menue-en-container"><ul id="menu-shop-footer-menue-en" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-235" class="shoplink menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-235"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://shop.lexxion.eu/?_locale=en">Online Shop</a></li> <li id="menu-item-236" class="loginlink menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-236"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://shop.lexxion.eu/login?_locale=en">Journal Platform</a></li> </ul></div></aside><aside id="nav_menu-2" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-1-en-container"><ul id="menu-footer-1-en" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-980" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-980"><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/imprint/">Imprint</a></li> <li id="menu-item-979" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-979"><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/terms-conditions/">General Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-981" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-981"><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/data-protection/">Data Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul></div></aside> </div> <div class="site-footer-inner col-sm-3 footer-col-3"> <aside id="custom_html-15" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h4 class="widget-title">Blogs by Lexxion</h4><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><br> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/blog-overview/">All Blogs & Insiders</a> <br><br> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/state-aid-blog/">State Aid Uncovered by Prof Phedon Nicolaides</a> <br> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/dpi/">Data Protection Insider</a> <br> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/core-blog/">CoRe Blog</a> <br> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/uksci/">UK Subsidy Control Insider</a> <br> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/cclr-blog/">Climate Litigation Brief </a></div></aside> </div> <div class="site-footer-inner col-sm-4 footer-col-4"> <aside id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h4 class="widget-title">Journals published by Lexxion</h4><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><br> <a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/abfallr/">AbfallR – Journal for the Law of the Circular Economy</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/aire/">AIRe – Journal of AI Law and Regulation</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/cclr/">CCLR – Carbon & Climate Law Review</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/core/">CoRe – European Competition and Regulatory Law Review</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/edpl/">EDPL – European Data Protection Law Review</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/effl/">EFFL – European Food and Feed Law Review</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/ehpl/">EHPL – European Health & Pharmaceutical Law Review</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/epppl/">EPPPL – European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/estal/">EStAL – European State Aid Law Quarterly</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/eurup/">EurUP – Journal for European Environmental and Planning Law</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/icrl/">ICRL – International Chemical Regulatory and Law Review</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/StoffR/">StoffR – The European Journal for Substances and the Law</a> <br><a href="https://www.lexxion.eu/en/journals/UWP/">UWP – Environmental Law Contributions from Science and Practice</a></div></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer>  <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> _linkedin_partner_id = "108927"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(l) { if (!l){window.lintrk = function(a,b){window.lintrk.q.push([a,b])}; window.lintrk.q=[]} var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(window.lintrk); </script> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=108927&fmt=gif" /> </noscript>  <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-mailinglist-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newslettersmain = {"ajaxnonce":{"get_country":"f567e28cc8","serialkey":"bd22ea2891","refreshfields":"e409ee43d1","dismissed_notice":"8c82641faf"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/wp-mailinglist/js/wp-mailinglist.js?ver=1.0" id="wp-mailinglist-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="newsletters-functions-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newsletters = {"has_captcha":"1","captcha":"rsc","ajax_error":"An Ajax error occurred, please submit again.","ajaxnonce":{"subscribe":"9d9b84d3dd"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/wp-mailinglist/views/default2/js/functions.js?ver=6.6.2" id="newsletters-functions-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rocket-browser-checker-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ "use strict";var _createClass=function(){function defineProperties(target,props){for(var i=0;i<props.length;i++){var descriptor=props[i];descriptor.enumerable=descriptor.enumerable||!1,descriptor.configurable=!0,"value"in descriptor&&(descriptor.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(target,descriptor.key,descriptor)}}return function(Constructor,protoProps,staticProps){return protoProps&&defineProperties(Constructor.prototype,protoProps),staticProps&&defineProperties(Constructor,staticProps),Constructor}}();function _classCallCheck(instance,Constructor){if(!(instance instanceof Constructor))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker=function(){function RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker(options){_classCallCheck(this,RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker),this.passiveSupported=!1,this._checkPassiveOption(this),this.options=!!this.passiveSupported&&options}return _createClass(RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker,[{key:"_checkPassiveOption",value:function(self){try{var options={get passive(){return!(self.passiveSupported=!0)}};window.addEventListener("test",null,options),window.removeEventListener("test",null,options)}catch(err){self.passiveSupported=!1}}},{key:"initRequestIdleCallback",value:function(){!1 in window&&(window.requestIdleCallback=function(cb){var start=Date.now();return setTimeout(function(){cb({didTimeout:!1,timeRemaining:function(){return Math.max(0,50-(Date.now()-start))}})},1)}),!1 in window&&(window.cancelIdleCallback=function(id){return clearTimeout(id)})}},{key:"isDataSaverModeOn",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&!0===navigator.connection.saveData}},{key:"supportsLinkPrefetch",value:function(){var elem=document.createElement("link");return elem.relList&&elem.relList.supports&&elem.relList.supports("prefetch")&&window.IntersectionObserver&&"isIntersecting"in IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype}},{key:"isSlowConnection",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&"effectiveType"in navigator.connection&&("2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType||"slow-2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType)}}]),RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker}(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rocket-preload-links-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var RocketPreloadLinksConfig = {"excludeUris":"\/newsletter\/|\/en\/newsletter\/|\/kontakt\/|\/en\/contact\/|\/veranstaltungen\/|\/(?:.+\/)?feed(?:\/(?:.+\/?)?)?$|\/(?:.+\/)?embed\/|\/(index.php\/)?(.*)wp-json(\/.*|$)|\/refer\/|\/go\/|\/recommend\/|\/recommends\/","usesTrailingSlash":"1","imageExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|pdf|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|php","fileExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|pdf|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|php|html|htm","siteUrl":"https:\/\/www.lexxion.eu\/en\/","onHoverDelay":"100","rateThrottle":"3"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rocket-preload-links-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ (function() { "use strict";var r="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(e){return typeof e}:function(e){return e&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&e.constructor===Symbol&&e!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof e},e=function(){function i(e,t){for(var n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n];i.enumerable=i.enumerable||!1,i.configurable=!0,"value"in i&&(i.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(e,i.key,i)}}return function(e,t,n){return t&&i(e.prototype,t),n&&i(e,n),e}}();function i(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var t=function(){function n(e,t){i(this,n),this.browser=e,this.config=t,this.options=this.browser.options,this.prefetched=new Set,this.eventTime=null,this.threshold=1111,this.numOnHover=0}return e(n,[{key:"init",value:function(){!this.browser.supportsLinkPrefetch()||this.browser.isDataSaverModeOn()||this.browser.isSlowConnection()||(this.regex={excludeUris:RegExp(this.config.excludeUris,"i"),images:RegExp(".("+this.config.imageExt+")$","i"),fileExt:RegExp(".("+this.config.fileExt+")$","i")},this._initListeners(this))}},{key:"_initListeners",value:function(e){-1<this.config.onHoverDelay&&document.addEventListener("mouseover",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("mousedown",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("touchstart",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions)}},{key:"listener",value:function(e){var t=e.target.closest("a"),n=this._prepareUrl(t);if(null!==n)switch(e.type){case"mousedown":case"touchstart":this._addPrefetchLink(n);break;case"mouseover":this._earlyPrefetch(t,n,"mouseout")}}},{key:"_earlyPrefetch",value:function(t,e,n){var i=this,r=setTimeout(function(){if(r=null,0===i.numOnHover)setTimeout(function(){return i.numOnHover=0},1e3);else if(i.numOnHover>i.config.rateThrottle)return;i.numOnHover++,i._addPrefetchLink(e)},this.config.onHoverDelay);t.addEventListener(n,function e(){t.removeEventListener(n,e,{passive:!0}),null!==r&&(clearTimeout(r),r=null)},{passive:!0})}},{key:"_addPrefetchLink",value:function(i){return this.prefetched.add(i.href),new Promise(function(e,t){var n=document.createElement("link");n.rel="prefetch",n.href=i.href,n.onload=e,n.onerror=t,document.head.appendChild(n)}).catch(function(){})}},{key:"_prepareUrl",value:function(e){if(null===e||"object"!==(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))||!1 in e||-1===["http:","https:"].indexOf(e.protocol))return null;var t=e.href.substring(0,this.config.siteUrl.length),n=this._getPathname(e.href,t),i={original:e.href,protocol:e.protocol,origin:t,pathname:n,href:t+n};return this._isLinkOk(i)?i:null}},{key:"_getPathname",value:function(e,t){var n=t?e.substring(this.config.siteUrl.length):e;return n.startsWith("/")||(n="/"+n),this._shouldAddTrailingSlash(n)?n+"/":n}},{key:"_shouldAddTrailingSlash",value:function(e){return this.config.usesTrailingSlash&&!e.endsWith("/")&&!this.regex.fileExt.test(e)}},{key:"_isLinkOk",value:function(e){return null!==e&&"object"===(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))&&(!this.prefetched.has(e.href)&&e.origin===this.config.siteUrl&&-1===e.href.indexOf("?")&&-1===e.href.indexOf("#")&&!this.regex.excludeUris.test(e.href)&&!this.regex.images.test(e.href))}}],[{key:"run",value:function(){"undefined"!=typeof RocketPreloadLinksConfig&&new n(new RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker({capture:!0,passive:!0}),RocketPreloadLinksConfig).init()}}]),n}();t.run(); }()); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/themes/lexxion/includes/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js?ver=20130115" id="_tk-skip-link-focus-fix-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script>window.lazyLoadOptions=[{elements_selector:"img[data-lazy-src],.rocket-lazyload,iframe[data-lazy-src]",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"&&element.dataset.rocketLazyload=="fitvidscompatible"){if(element.classList.contains("lazyloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}},{elements_selector:".rocket-lazyload",data_src:"lazy-src",data_srcset:"lazy-srcset",data_sizes:"lazy-sizes",class_loading:"lazyloading",class_loaded:"lazyloaded",threshold:300,}];window.addEventListener('LazyLoad::Initialized',function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;if(window.MutationObserver){var observer=new MutationObserver(function(mutations){var image_count=0;var iframe_count=0;var rocketlazy_count=0;mutations.forEach(function(mutation){for(var i=0;i<mutation.addedNodes.length;i++){if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName!=='function'){continue} if(typeof mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByClassName!=='function'){continue} images=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName('img');is_image=mutation.addedNodes[i].tagName=="IMG";iframes=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByTagName('iframe');is_iframe=mutation.addedNodes[i].tagName=="IFRAME";rocket_lazy=mutation.addedNodes[i].getElementsByClassName('rocket-lazyload');image_count+=images.length;iframe_count+=iframes.length;rocketlazy_count+=rocket_lazy.length;if(is_image){image_count+=1} if(is_iframe){iframe_count+=1}}});if(image_count>0||iframe_count>0||rocketlazy_count>0){lazyLoadInstance.update()}});var b=document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];var config={childList:!0,subtree:!0};observer.observe(b,config)}},!1)</script><script data-no-minify="1" async src="https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/assets/js/lazyload/17.8.3/lazyload.min.js"></script><script>function lazyLoadThumb(e,alt,l){var t='<img data-lazy-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ID/hqdefault.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="360"><noscript><img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ID/hqdefault.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="360"></noscript>',a='<button class="play" aria-label="play Youtube video"></button>';if(l){t=t.replace('data-lazy-','');t=t.replace('loading="lazy"','');t=t.replace(/<noscript>.*?<\/noscript>/g,'');}t=t.replace('alt=""','alt="'+alt+'"');return t.replace("ID",e)+a}function lazyLoadYoutubeIframe(){var e=document.createElement("iframe"),t="ID?autoplay=1";t+=0===this.parentNode.dataset.query.length?"":"&"+this.parentNode.dataset.query;e.setAttribute("src",t.replace("ID",this.parentNode.dataset.src)),e.setAttribute("frameborder","0"),e.setAttribute("allowfullscreen","1"),e.setAttribute("allow","accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"),this.parentNode.parentNode.replaceChild(e,this.parentNode)}document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){var exclusions=[".slider_top_wrapper"];var e,t,p,u,l,a=document.getElementsByClassName("rll-youtube-player");for(t=0;t<a.length;t++)(e=document.createElement("div")),(u='https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ID/hqdefault.jpg'),(u=u.replace('ID',a[t].dataset.id)),(l=exclusions.some(exclusion=>u.includes(exclusion))),e.setAttribute("data-id",a[t].dataset.id),e.setAttribute("data-query",a[t].dataset.query),e.setAttribute("data-src",a[t].dataset.src),(e.innerHTML=lazyLoadThumb(a[t].dataset.id,a[t].dataset.alt,l)),a[t].appendChild(e),(p=e.querySelector(".play")),(p.onclick=lazyLoadYoutubeIframe)});</script> <script> jQuery('.search-form').first().prop("action","https://www.lexxion.eu/en/suche/"); jQuery('.search-form input').first().prop("name","q"); </script> <script>var rocket_beacon_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.lexxion.eu\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"6c242aaf7d","url":"https:\/\/www.lexxion.eu\/en\/coreblogpost\/bundeskartellamt-facebook-case","is_mobile":false,"width_threshold":1600,"height_threshold":700,"delay":500,"debug":null,"status":{"atf":true,"lrc":true},"elements":"img, video, picture, p, main, div, li, svg, section, header, span","lrc_threshold":1800}</script><script data-name="wpr-wpr-beacon" src='https://www.lexxion.eu/wp-content/plugins/wp-rocket/assets/js/wpr-beacon.min.js' async></script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Can consumers pay too much when they pay nothing? The Bundeskartellamt’s Facebook case - Lexxion