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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arval_qarda%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Arval qardaşları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arval qardaşları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Арвальскія браты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арвальскія браты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Арвалски братя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арвалски братя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvales" title="Arvales – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arvales" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arval%C5%A1t%C3%AD_brat%C5%99%C3%AD" title="Arvalští bratří – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arvalští bratří" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvalbr%C3%BCder" title="Arvalbrüder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arvalbrüder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Αδελφοί Αρβάλοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αδελφοί Αρβάλοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvales" title="Arvales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arvales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratoj_Arvalaj" title="Fratoj Arvalaj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fratoj Arvalaj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arval_anaiak" title="Arval anaiak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arval anaiak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="برادران آروال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برادران آروال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_Arvales" title="Frères Arvales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frères Arvales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="프라트레스 아르발레스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프라트레스 아르발레스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արվալյան եղբայրներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արվալյան եղբայրներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvali" title="Arvali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arvali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არვალელი ძმები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არვალელი ძმები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratres_Alvares" title="Fratres Alvares – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fratres Alvares" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratres_Arvales" title="Fratres Arvales – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fratres Arvales" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bractwo_Arwalskie" title="Bractwo Arwalskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bractwo Arwalskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irm%C3%A3os_arvais" title="Irmãos arvais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irmãos arvais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Арвальские братья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арвальские братья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvalska_bra%C4%87a" title="Arvalska braća – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arvalska braća" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvaaliveljet" title="Arvaaliveljet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arvaaliveljet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Arval+Brethren%22">"Arval Brethren"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Arval+Brethren%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Arval+Brethren%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Arval+Brethren%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Arval+Brethren%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Arval+Brethren%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucius_Verus_Frater_Arvalis_Louvre_Ma1169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lucius_Verus_Frater_Arvalis_Louvre_Ma1169.jpg/220px-Lucius_Verus_Frater_Arvalis_Louvre_Ma1169.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lucius_Verus_Frater_Arvalis_Louvre_Ma1169.jpg/330px-Lucius_Verus_Frater_Arvalis_Louvre_Ma1169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lucius_Verus_Frater_Arvalis_Louvre_Ma1169.jpg/440px-Lucius_Verus_Frater_Arvalis_Louvre_Ma1169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="2938" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> as an Arval Brother (ca. 160 AD)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;background:ivory; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:190px; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#b23938"><span style="color:white">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_religious_titles" title="Category:Ancient Roman religious titles"> <span style="color:White;">a series</span></a> on the</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#b23938"><span style="color:white">Priesthoods<br />of ancient Rome</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_flamen,_Louvre_museum,_Paris,_Ma431.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg/169px-Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg/254px-Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg/338px-Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1784" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">Flamen</a> <i>(AD 250–260)</i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#b23938;background:#F0ACAC"> Major <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">colleges</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">Pontifices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">Augures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">Flamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulones" title="Epulones">Septemviri epulonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quindecimviri_sacris_faciundis" title="Quindecimviri sacris faciundis">Quindecimviri sacris faciundis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#b23938;background:#F0ACAC"> Other colleges or <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#sodalitas" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">sodalities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fetial" title="Fetial">Fetiales</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fratres Arvales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titii" title="Titii">Titii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#Luperci" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Luperci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#b23938;background:#F0ACAC"> Priests</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Sacrorum" title="Rex Sacrorum">Rex Sacrorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen_Dialis" title="Flamen Dialis">Flamen Dialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen_Martialis" title="Flamen Martialis">Flamen Martialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen_Quirinalis" title="Flamen Quirinalis">Flamen Quirinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Nemorensis" title="Rex Nemorensis">Rex Nemorensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curio_maximus" title="Curio maximus">Curio maximus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#b23938;background:#F0ACAC"> Priestesses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin#Vestalis_Maxima" title="Vestal Virgin">Virgo Vestalis Maxima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen_Dialis#Flaminica_dialis" title="Flamen Dialis">Flaminica Dialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_sacrorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina sacrorum">Regina sacrorum</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#b23938;background:#F0ACAC"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion in ancient Rome</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman religion</a> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary of ancient Roman religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Priesthoods_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Priesthoods of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Priesthoods_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Priesthoods of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Priesthoods_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Priesthoods of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">ancient Roman religion</a>, the <b>Arval Brethren</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Fratres Arvales</i>, "Brothers of the Fields") or <b>Arval Brothers</b> were a body of priests who offered annual <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifices</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> and gods to guarantee good <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Inscriptions</a> provide evidence of their oaths, rituals and sacrifices. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arval_Brethren&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roman legend held that the priestly college was originated by <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, first king of Rome, who took the place of a dead son of his nurse <a href="/wiki/Acca_Laurentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acca Laurentia">Acca Laurentia</a>, and formed the priesthood with the remaining eleven sons. They were also connected originally with the <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabine</a> priesthood of <i>Sodales <a href="/wiki/Titii" title="Titii">Titii</a></i> who were probably originally their counterpart among the Sabines. Thus, it can be inferred that they existed before the founding of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is further proof of the high antiquity of the college in the verbal forms of the song with which, down to late times, a part of the ceremonies was accompanied, and which is still preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They persisted to the imperial period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_duties">Structure and duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arval_Brethren&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure and duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arval Brethren formed a college of twelve priests, although archaeologists have found only up to nine names at a time in the inscriptions. They were appointed for life and did not lose their status even in <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>. According to Pliny the Elder, their sign was a white band with the chaplet of sheaves of grain (<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Naturalis Historia</a></i> 18.2). </p><p>The Brethren assembled in the <a href="/wiki/Regia" title="Regia">Regia</a>. Their task was the worship of <a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a>, an old fertility goddess, possibly an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Maia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maia (mythology)">Maia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(Roman_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (Roman mythology)">Ceres</a>. On the three days of her May festival, they offered sacrifices and chanted secretly the <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Arvale" title="Carmen Arvale">Carmen Arvale</a></i> inside the temple of the goddess, at her <i><a href="/wiki/Lucus" title="Lucus">lucus</a></i>. The <i>magister</i> (master) of the college selected the exact three days of the celebration by an unknown method. </p><p>The celebration began in Rome on the first day, was transferred to a sacred grove outside the city wall on the second day and ended back in the city on the third day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their duties included ritual propitiations or thanksgivings such as the <i>Ambarvalia</i>, the sacrifices done at the borders of Rome at the fifth mile of the <i>Via Campana</i> or the <i>Salaria</i> (a place now on the hill Monte delle Piche at <a href="/wiki/Magliana" title="Magliana">Magliana</a> Vecchia on the right bank of the Tiber). Before the sacrifice, the sacrificial victim was led three times around a grain field where a chorus of farmers and farm-servants danced and sang praises for Ceres and offered her libations of milk, honey and wine. </p><p>Archaic traits of the rituals included the prohibition of the use of iron, the use of the <i>olla terrea</i> (a jar made of unbaked earth) and of the sacrificial burner of Dea Dia made of silver and adorned with grassy clods. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CILVI-2051tab1-ActaArvalium69AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/CILVI-2051tab1-ActaArvalium69AD.jpg/220px-CILVI-2051tab1-ActaArvalium69AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/CILVI-2051tab1-ActaArvalium69AD.jpg/330px-CILVI-2051tab1-ActaArvalium69AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/CILVI-2051tab1-ActaArvalium69AD.jpg/440px-CILVI-2051tab1-ActaArvalium69AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="2851" /></a><figcaption>1st-century inscription of the <i>Acta Arvalium</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration_of_the_priesthood">Restoration of the priesthood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arval_Brethren&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Restoration of the priesthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The importance of Arval Brethren apparently dwindled during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, but emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> revived their practices to enforce his own authority. In his time the college consisted of a master (<i>magister</i>), a vice-master (<i>promagister</i>), a priest (<i><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamen</a></i>), and a <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a></i>, with eight ordinary members, attended by various servants, and in particular by four chorus boys, sons of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senators</a>, having both parents alive. Each wore a wreath of corn, a white fillet and the <i><a href="/wiki/Toga_praetexta" class="mw-redirect" title="Toga praetexta">toga praetexta</a></i>. The election of members was by co-optation on the motion of the president, who, with a flamen, was himself elected for one year.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Augustus' time emperors and senators frequented the festivities. At least two emperors, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a>, were formally accepted as members of the Brethren. The first full descriptions of their rituals also originate from this time. </p><p>It is clear that, while the members were themselves always persons of distinction, the duties of their office were held in high respect. And yet no mention of them occurs in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> or <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, and literary allusions to them are very scarce. On the other hand, we possess a long series of the <i>acta</i> or minutes of their proceedings, drawn up by themselves, and inscribed on stone. Excavations, commenced in the 16th century and continued to the 19th, in the grove of the Dea Dia, yielded 96 of these records from 14 to 241 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last inscriptions <i>(<a href="/wiki/Acta_Arvalia" title="Acta Arvalia">Acta Arvalia</a>)</i> about the Arval Brethren date from about 325 AD. They were abolished along with Rome's other traditional priesthoods by 400 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arval_Brethren&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37437/Arval-Brothers">"Arval Brothers on Britannica"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arval+Brothers+on+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F37437%2FArval-Brothers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArval+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aulus Gellius VII 7, 7; Pliny XVII 2, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arval_Brothers" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arval Brothers">Arval Brothers</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 711.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arval+Brothers&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=711&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArval+Brethren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arval_Brethren&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Piganiol, André. Observations sur le rituel le plus récent des frères Arvales. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 90<sup>e</sup> année, N. 2, 1946. pp. 241–251. [DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1946.77986">https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1946.77986</a>]; www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1946_num_90_2_77986</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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