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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of Latin on Wikipedia.</b><div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Latin in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Help_talk:IPA/Latin" title="Help talk:IPA/Latin">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="H:IPA-LA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-LA&redirect=no">H:IPA-LA</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Latin</div> <p>The charts below show the way in which the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a> represents <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">Template:IPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation#Entering_IPA_characters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters</a>. </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin phonology and orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_regional_pronunciation" title="Latin regional pronunciation">Latin regional pronunciation</a> for a more thorough look at the sounds of Latin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Key" data-mw-thread-id="h-Key"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Key"></span>Key<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Key"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Latin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="background:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">Consonants</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">IPA</th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin<br/>alphabet</a></th> <th rowspan="2">Examples</th> <th rowspan="2">English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Class.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Eccl.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>b</big> </td> <td><b>b</b>ellum </td> <td><b>b</b>ean </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>d</big> </td> <td><b>d</b>ecem </td> <td><b>d</b>eck </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>z</big><sup id="cite_ref-greek_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>z</b>ēlus </td> <td>a<b>dds</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>g</big><sup id="cite_ref-palatalized_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palatalized-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>g</b>ēns </td> <td><b>g</b>iant </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>f</big> </td> <td><b>f</b>aciō </td> <td><b>f</b>an </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>g</big> </td> <td><b>g</b>ravis </td> <td><b>g</b>ear </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>h</big><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>h</b>abeō </td> <td><b>h</b>er <i>or</i> <b>h</b>our </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>i</big><sup id="cite_ref-semivowel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semivowel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>j</big><sup id="cite_ref-semivowel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semivowel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>j</b>ūvo </td> <td><b>y</b>es </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>c, k</big> </td> <td><b>c</b>aput </td> <td>s<b>c</b>ar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ch</big><sup id="cite_ref-greek_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td><b>ch</b>arta </td> <td><b>c</b>ar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span></big> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><big>qu</big><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td><b>qu</b>attuor </td> <td>s<b>qu</b>ash </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">kᶣ</a></span></big> </td> <td><b>qu</b>ī </td> <td><i>(French)</i> <b>cu</b>isine </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>l</big> </td> <td><b>l</b>ītus </td> <td><b>l</b>eave </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>l</big><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>mu<b>l</b>tus </td> <td>a<b>ll</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>m</big><sup id="cite_ref-nasalization_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasalization-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>m</b>anus </td> <td><b>m</b>an </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><big>n</big><sup id="cite_ref-nasalization_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasalization-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>n</b>oster </td> <td><b>n</b>ext </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big> </td> <td>lo<b>n</b>gus<sup id="cite_ref-gn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">so<b>ng</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>g</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>i<b>g</b>nis<sup id="cite_ref-gn_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>gn</big> </td> <td>i<b>gn</b>is<sup id="cite_ref-gn_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>o<b>ni</b>on </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>p</big> </td> <td><b>p</b>āx </td> <td>s<b>p</b>an </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ph</big><sup id="cite_ref-greek_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td><b>ph</b>aretra </td> <td><b>p</b>an </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>r</big> </td> <td><b>r</b>egiō </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">trilled</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar flap">tapped r</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>s</big><sup id="cite_ref-sz_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>s</b>um </td> <td>between <b>s</b>ip and <b>sh</b>ip (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Retracted_alveolar" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">retracted</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>sc</big><sup id="cite_ref-palatalized_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palatalized-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>sc</b>indō </td> <td><b>sh</b>ip </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>t</big> </td> <td><b>t</b>abula </td> <td>s<b>t</b>one </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>th</big><sup id="cite_ref-greek_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td><b>th</b>alamus </td> <td><b>t</b>one </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>t</big><sup id="cite_ref-palatalized_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palatalized-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>por<b>t</b>iō </td> <td>Bo<b>ts</b>wana </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>c</big><sup id="cite_ref-palatalized_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palatalized-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>c</b>entum </td> <td><b>ch</b>ange </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>u</big><sup id="cite_ref-semivowel_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semivowel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>u</b>erbum </td> <td><b>w</b>est </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>v</big><sup id="cite_ref-semivowel_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semivowel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>v</b>est </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>z</big><sup id="cite_ref-greek_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td><b>z</b>ēlus </td> <td rowspan="2">between <b>z</b>one and <b>g</b>enre (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Retracted_alveolar" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">retracted</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>s</big><sup id="cite_ref-sz_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>mi<b>s</b>erēre </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">Vowels</a><sup id="cite_ref-long_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-long-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">IPA</th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin<br/>alphabet</a></th> <th rowspan="2">Examples</th> <th rowspan="2">English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Class.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Eccl.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>a</big> </td> <td><b>a</b>nim<b>a</b> </td> <td>p<b>a</b>sta </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ā</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td><b>ā</b>cer, <b>ā</b>ctus </td> <td>f<b>a</b>ther </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>e</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>e</b>st </td> <td rowspan="2">m<b>e</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align: center;"><big>ae/æ<br/>oe/œ<br/>e</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ē</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center; background-color: darkgray;"> </td> <td><b>ē</b>l<b>ē</b>ctus </td> <td><i>Scottish</i><sup id="cite_ref-e_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> m<b>a</b>de </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>i</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td><b>i</b>nc<b>i</b>p<b>i</b>t </td> <td>m<b>i</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>i<br/>y</big> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>ī</b>ra, m<b>ī</b>lle </td> <td rowspan="2">m<b>ea</b>d </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ī</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>o</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>o</b>mnis </td> <td><b>o</b>ff </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>o</big> </td> <td>st<b>o</b>ry (<i>short</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ō</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td><b>ō</b>rd<b>ō</b> </td> <td>st<b>o</b>ry (<i>long</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>u</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td><b>u</b>rbs </td> <td>p<b>u</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>u</big> </td> <td rowspan="2">l<b>ū</b>na </td> <td>c<b>oo</b>l (<i>short</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ū</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray" rowspan="3"> </td> <td>c<b>oo</b>l (<i>long</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>y</big><sup id="cite_ref-greek_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>c<b>y</b>clus </td> <td><i>roughly like</i> r<b>oo</b>t <i>(some dialects<sup id="cite_ref-y_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; short)</i>; <i>French</i> t<b>u</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ȳ</big><sup id="cite_ref-greek_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greek-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>c<b>ȳ</b>ma </td> <td><i>roughly like</i> r<b>oo</b>t <i>(some dialects<sup id="cite_ref-y_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; long)</i>; <i>German </i> <b>ü</b>ber </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Vowels that precede vowels<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>eV</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray" rowspan="2"> </td> <td>m<b>e</b>a </td> <td><i>Scottish</i><sup id="cite_ref-e_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> m<b>a</b>te </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>iV</big> </td> <td>Ital<b>i</b>a </td> <td>p<b>ea</b>ce </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ae̯</span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ae</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray" rowspan="2"> </td> <td>c<b>ae</b>lum </td> <td>s<b>igh</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oe̯</span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>oe</big> </td> <td>p<b>oe</b>na </td> <td>b<b>oy</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au̯</span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>au</big> </td> <td><b>au</b>rum </td> <td>c<b>ow</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ei̯</span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>ei</big> </td> <td>m<b>ei</b> </td> <td>s<b>ay</b> (<i>most dialects</i><sup id="cite_ref-ei_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eu̯</span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>eu</big> </td> <td>d<b>eu</b>s </td> <td><i>roughly like</i> g<b>o</b> <i>(some dialects<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</i>; Spanish<i> <b>eu</b>ro</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ui̯</span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"><big>ui</big> </td> <td>c<b>ui</b> </td> <td>r<b>ui</b>n </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">Nasal vowels</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasalization_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasalization-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̃ː</span></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>um<br/>un</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>m<b>ōn</b>str<b>um</b> </td> <td><i>long nasal vowels</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">ˈ</a></span></big> </td> <td rowspan="2">Gāius<br/><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɡaː.i.ʊs]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> (placed before the stressed syllable)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">.</a></span></big> </td> <td>syllable marker, generally between vowels in <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Latin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">Geminate</a> (double) consonants are written with a doubled letter except for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jj/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ww/</span>: <i>anus</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈanʊs]</span>, <i>annus</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈannʊs]</span>. In IPA, they may be written as double or be followed by the length sign: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nn/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nː/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greek-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greek_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greek_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greek_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greek_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greek_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greek_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greek_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Only found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> loanwords.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palatalized-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palatalized_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatalized_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatalized_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatalized_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Classical Latin, <span class="nowrap">⟨c g t⟩</span> are always pronounced hard, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k<span class="wrap"> </span>g<span class="wrap"> </span>t]</span>. In Ecclesiastical Latin, <span class="nowrap">⟨c g sc⟩</span> are pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">soft</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ]</span> before the <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨e i y ae oe⟩</span>, and unstressed <span class="nowrap">⟨ti⟩</span> before a vowel is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsi]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> is generally silent. Sometimes, medial <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> in Ecclesiastical Latin: <i>mihi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmiki]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-semivowel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Classical Latin, <span class="nowrap">⟨i u⟩</span> represent the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>iː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span>, and the consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>. Between consonants or when marked with macrons or breves, <span class="nowrap">⟨i u⟩</span> are vowels. In some spelling systems, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j<span class="wrap"> </span>w/</span> are written with the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨j v⟩</span>. In other cases, consult a dictionary. <ul><li>Consonantal <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, between vowels, stands for <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">doubled</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jj/</span>: <i>cuius</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkʊjjʊs]</span>. The vowel before the double <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jj/</span> is usually short, but it is sometimes marked with a macron. When a prefix is added to a word beginning in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> is usually single: <i>trā-iectum</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[traːˈjɛktũː]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is doubled between vowels only in Greek words, such as <i>Euander</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛwˈwandɛr]</span>.</li></ul> In Ecclesiastical Latin, <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> represents the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> represents the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> represents the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> or (in the combinations <span class="nowrap">⟨gu su qu⟩</span>) the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> represents the fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The diagraph <span class="nowrap">⟨qu⟩</span> is pronounced as labio-velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʷ]</span> before the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a,<span class="wrap"> </span>aː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>oː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span>, and as labio-palatal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kᶣ]</span> before the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>iː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>eː/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> has two allophones in Classical Latin. The clear <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> occurs when geminated to /ll/ and before the vowels /ɪ/ and /iː/, as well as before /ʏ/ and /yː/. Elsewhere, a dark (velarized) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>]</span> occurs: at the end of a word, before another consonant, and before all other native vowels, including /ɛ/ and /eː/.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasalization-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasalization_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalization_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalization_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Classical Latin, the combination of a vowel and <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> at the end of a word, or a vowel and <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> before <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span>, represents a long <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gn-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gn_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gn_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gn_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In both Classical and Ecclesiastical Latin, <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span>. The digraph <span class="nowrap">⟨gn⟩</span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋn]</span> in Classical Latin, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> in Ecclesiastical Latin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sz-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sz_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sz_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Ecclesiastical Latin, <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> between vowels is often pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-long-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-long_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Classical Latin has <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long and short vowels</a>. If vowel length is marked, long vowels are marked with <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macrons</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ⟩</span>, and short vowels with <a href="/wiki/Breves" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Breves">breves</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, y̆⟩</span>. Ecclesiastical Latin does not distinguish between long and short vowels.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also most forms of <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern England English">Northern England English</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Mancunian</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-y_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These dialects include modern <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> and most forms of <a href="/wiki/English_English" class="mw-redirect" title="English English">English English</a> (with some exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire English">Yorkshire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African English">White South African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a> English. Other dialects of English, such as <a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">Northern American</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Vernacular English">African American Vernacular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Republic of Ireland</a> English, have no close equiavalent vowel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Classical Latin, short <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> have a more closed articulation, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> when they occur before another vowel, instead of their normal Classical values of [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>] and [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span>].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ei-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ei_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluding <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> and most forms of <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern England English">Northern England English</a> (but not <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Mancunian</a>), which pronounce the vowel of <i>say</i> closer to Latin [eː], listed above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These dialects include <a href="/wiki/Southern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern England English">Southern England</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Midlands_English" title="Midlands English">English Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore English">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a> and younger <a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">Californian</a> English. Other dialects of English, such as most other forms of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern England English">Northern England English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish English</a>, have no close equivalent vowel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In words of two syllables, the stress is on the first syllable. In words of three or more syllables, the stress is on the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penultimate syllable</a> if <a href="/wiki/Syllable_weight" title="Syllable weight">heavy</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Antepenult" class="mw-redirect" title="Antepenult">antepenultimate syllable</a> otherwise. There are some exceptions, most caused by <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contraction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This does not indicate a glottal stop [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>]; glottal stops are not reconstructed for Latin prosody in word-internal hiatus.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Latin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> keys</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic" title="Help:IPA/Amharic">Amharic</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Assamese" title="Help:IPA/Assamese">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">Australian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Berber" title="Help:IPA/Berber">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Insular_Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Insular Catalan">Insular</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Wu_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Wu Chinese">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Corsican" title="Help:IPA/Corsican">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol" title="Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol">Emilian-Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Esperanto" title="Help:IPA/Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Fijian" title="Help:IPA/Fijian">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Alemannic_German" title="Help:IPA/Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">Colognian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greenlandic" title="Help:IPA/Greenlandic">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Igbo" title="Help:IPA/Igbo">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inuktitut" title="Help:IPA/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inupiaq" title="Help:IPA/Inupiaq">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Central_Italian" title="Help:IPA/Central Italian">Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lakota" title="Help:IPA/Lakota">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese" title="Help:IPA/Marshallese">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mauritian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Navajo" title="Help:IPA/Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese" title="Help:IPA/Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help:IPA/West Frisian">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yoruba" title="Help:IPA/Yoruba">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">IPA conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia pronunciation respelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Other English pronunciation respellings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Introductory guides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Introduction" title="Help:IPA/Introduction">For English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Manual of Style: Pronunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Latin&oldid=1254583782">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Latin&oldid=1254583782</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a 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