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id="toc-Late_antique_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antique_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Late antique usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antique_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Medieval usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_during_the_Reformation_and_in_modern_Protestant_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_during_the_Reformation_and_in_modern_Protestant_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Usage during the Reformation and in modern Protestant churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_during_the_Reformation_and_in_modern_Protestant_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Catholic_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Catholic_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern Catholic usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Catholic_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_Classical_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_Classical_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison with Classical Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Classical_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_and_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_and_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Latin and the Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_and_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breviaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breviaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Breviaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breviaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Other documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecclesiastical Latin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerklatyn" title="Kerklatyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kerklatyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لاتينية كنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاتينية كنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llat%C3%ADn_eclesi%C3%A1sticu" title="Llatín eclesiásticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llatín eclesiásticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llat%C3%AD_eclesi%C3%A0stic" title="Llatí eclesiàstic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llatí eclesiàstic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADrkevn%C3%AD_latina" title="Církevní latina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Církevní latina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchenlatein" title="Kirchenlatein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kirchenlatein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%ADn_eclesi%C3%A1stico" title="Latín eclesiástico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Latín eclesiástico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eklezia_latino" title="Eklezia latino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eklezia latino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="لاتین کلیسایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین کلیسایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_eccl%C3%A9siastique" title="Latin ecclésiastique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Latin ecclésiastique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C_%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4%EC%96%B4" title="교회 라틴어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교회 라틴어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crkveni_latinski_jezik" title="Crkveni latinski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crkveni latinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin_Gerejawi" title="Bahasa Latin Gerejawi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Latin Gerejawi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_ecclesiastic" title="Latino ecclesiastic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Latino ecclesiastic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_latina_ecclesiastica" title="Lingua latina ecclesiastica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua latina ecclesiastica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Latina_ecclesiastica" title="Lingua Latina ecclesiastica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Latina ecclesiastica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerklatijn" title="Kerklatijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kerklatijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="教会ラテン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="教会ラテン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkelatin" title="Kirkelatin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kirkelatin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latim_eclesi%C3%A1stico" title="Latim eclesiástico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Latim eclesiástico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina_ecleziastic%C4%83" title="Latina ecleziastică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Latina ecleziastică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Церковная латынь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Церковная латынь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ecclesiastical Latin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lating_Pansimbahan" title="Lating Pansimbahan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lating Pansimbahan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Церковна латина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Церковна латина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat%C3%A9n_d%27_eglijhe" title="Latén d' eglijhe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Latén d' eglijhe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="教會拉丁文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="教會拉丁文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="教会拉丁语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="教会拉丁语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1247932#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the version of Latin prevalent throughout Western Christianity. For its use in Christian liturgy, see <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a>. For Latin as a formal lingua franca outside the Church, see <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of Latin used by churches</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Ecclesiastical Latin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Church Latin, Liturgical Latin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Never spoken as a native language; other uses vary widely by period and location</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Still used for many purposes, mostly as a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, and (rarely) in <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossLivingstone2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also used in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antiochian_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antiochian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ecclesiastical Latin</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>la-VA</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missale_romanum1962.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Missale_romanum1962.JPG/220px-Missale_romanum1962.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Missale_romanum1962.JPG/330px-Missale_romanum1962.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Missale_romanum1962.JPG/440px-Missale_romanum1962.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Usage of Ecclesiastical Latin in the Traditional Roman Missal</figcaption></figure> <p><b><span dir="ltr">Ecclesiastical</span> Latin</b>, also called <b>Church Latin</b> or <b>Liturgical Latin</b>, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> developed to discuss <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian thought</a> in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> and used in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, and church administration to the present day, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. It includes words from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> (as well as <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>) re-purposed with Christian meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopediaChurchLatin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncyclopediaChurchLatin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is less stylized and rigid in form than Classical Latin, sharing vocabulary, forms, and syntax, while at the same time incorporating informal elements which had always been with the language but which were excluded by the literary authors of Classical Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its pronunciation was partly standardized in the late 8th century during the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s educational reforms, and this new letter-by-letter pronunciation, used in France and England, was adopted in Iberia and Italy a couple of centuries afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time passed, pronunciation diverged depending on the local vernacular language, giving rise to even highly divergent forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_English_pronunciation_of_Latin" title="Traditional English pronunciation of Latin">traditional English pronunciation of Latin</a>, which has now been largely abandoned for reading Latin texts. Within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and in certain <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a>, a pronunciation based on modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian phonology</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Italianate_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Italianate Latin">Italianate Latin</a>, has become common since the late 19th century. </p><p>Ecclesiastical Latin is the language of <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgical rites</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antiochian_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antiochian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is occasionally used in <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Church</a> liturgies as well.<sup id="cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossLivingstone2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, ecclesiastical Latin is primarily used in official documents of the Catholic Church, in the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>, and it is still learned by clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopediaChurchLatin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncyclopediaChurchLatin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossLivingstone2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ecclesiastical Latin that is used in theological works, liturgical rites and dogmatic proclamations varies in style: syntactically simple in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulgate Bible">Vulgate Bible</a>, hieratic (very restrained) in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Canon">Roman Canon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>, terse and technical in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>'s <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Ciceronianism" title="Ciceronianism">Ciceronian</a> (syntactically complex) in <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>'s encyclical letter <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la-VA"><a href="/wiki/Fides_et_Ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fides et Ratio">Fides et Ratio</a></i></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antique_usage">Late antique usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Late antique usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of Latin in the Church started in the late fourth century<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the split of the Roman Empire after <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Emperor Theodosius</a> in 395. Before this split, Greek was the primary language of the Church (the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was written in Greek and the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> – a Greek translation of the Hebrew bible – was in widespread use among both Christians and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenized Jews</a>) as well as the language of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">eastern half of the Roman Empire</a>. Following the split, early theologians like <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> translated Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin, the dominant language of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. The loss of Greek in the Western half of the Roman Empire, and the loss of Latin in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire were not immediate, but changed the culture of language as well as the development of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What especially differentiates Ecclesiastical Latin from Classical Latin is the consequences of its use as a language for translating, since it has borrowed and assimilated constructions and vocabulary from the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek"><i>koine</i> Greek</a>, while adapting the meanings of some Latin words to those of the <i>koine</i> Greek originals, which are sometimes themselves translations of Hebrew originals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_usage">Medieval usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance#Reform_of_Latin_pronunciation" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance § Reform of Latin pronunciation</a></div> <p>At first there was no distinction between Latin and the actual Romance vernacular, the former being just the traditional written form of the latter. For instance, in ninth-century Spain <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Romance languages collective text"><i lang="roa-ES">saeculum</i></span>⟩</span> was simply the correct way to spell <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sjeɡlo]</span>, meaning 'century'. The writer would not have actually read it aloud as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɛkulum/</span> any more than an English speaker today would pronounce ⟨knight⟩ as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/knɪxt/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spoken version of Ecclesiastical Latin was created later during the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>. The English scholar <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>, tasked by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> with improving the standards of Latin writing in France, prescribed a pronunciation based on a fairly literal interpretation of Latin spelling. For example, in a radical break from the traditional system, a word such as ⟨<span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">viridiarium</i></span>⟩ 'orchard' now had to be read aloud precisely as it was spelled rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/verdʒjær/</span> (later spelled as <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">vergier</i></span>). The Carolingian reforms soon brought the new Church Latin from France to other lands where Romance was spoken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_during_the_Reformation_and_in_modern_Protestant_churches">Usage during the Reformation and in modern Protestant churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage during the Reformation and in modern Protestant churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of Latin in the Western Church continued into the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a>. One of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s tenets during the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> was to have services and religious texts in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">common tongue</a>, rather than Latin, a language that at the time, many did not understand. Protestants refrained from using Latin in services, however Protestant clergy had to learn and understand Latin as it was the language of higher learning and theological thought until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran church">Lutheran churches</a>, Latin was retained as the language of the Mass for weekdays, although for the Sunday Sabbath, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a> was to be said.<sup id="cite_ref-Waquet2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waquet2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, among the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Reformed churches</a>, "persons called before the <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Protestantism)" title="Consistory (Protestantism)">consistory</a> to prove their faith answered by reciting the <i>Paternoster</i>, the <i>Ave Maria</i>, and the <i>Credo</i> in Latin."<sup id="cite_ref-Waquet2002_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waquet2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> was published in Latin, alongside English.<sup id="cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossLivingstone2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist church">Methodist churches</a>, "used Latin text in doctrinal writings",<sup id="cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossLivingstone2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Martin Luther and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> did in their era.<sup id="cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossLivingstone2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the training of Protestant clergy in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, universities instructed divinity students in Latin and their examinations were conducted in this language.<sup id="cite_ref-Waquet2002_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waquet2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Montauban, under Reformed auspices, required that seminarians complete two theses, with one being in Latin; thus Reformed ministers were "Latinist by training", comparable to Catholic seminarians.<sup id="cite_ref-Waquet2002_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waquet2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Catholic_usage">Modern Catholic usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Catholic usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecclesiastical Latin continues to be the official language of the Catholic Church. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–1965) decreed that the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> would be translated into <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church produces liturgical texts in Latin, which provide a single clear point of reference for translations into all other languages. The same holds for the texts of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopediaChurchLatin_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncyclopediaChurchLatin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> gave his unexpected <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI">resignation speech</a> in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holy See has for some centuries usually drafted documents in a modern language, but the authoritative text, published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i>, is usually in Latin. Some texts may be published initially in a modern language and be later revised, according to a Latin version (or "editio typica"), after this Latin version is published. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> was drafted and published, in 1992, in French. The Latin text appeared five years later, in 1997, and the French text was corrected to match the Latin version, which is regarded as the official text. The Latin-language department of the Vatican Secretariat of State (formerly the <i>Secretaria brevium ad principes et epistolarum latinarum</i>) is charged with the preparation in Latin of papal and curial documents. Sometimes, the official text is published in a modern language, e.g., the well-known edict <i><a href="/wiki/Tra_le_sollecitudini" title="Tra le sollecitudini">Tra le sollecitudini</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1903) by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> (in Italian) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i> (1937) by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> (in German). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Classical_Latin">Comparison with Classical Latin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comparison with Classical Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation#Ecclesiastical_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Latin spelling and pronunciation § Ecclesiastical pronunciation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_regional_pronunciation" title="Latin regional pronunciation">Latin regional pronunciation</a></div> <p>There are not many differences between Classical Latin and Church Latin. <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">One can understand Church Latin knowing the Latin of classical texts, as the main differences between the two are in pronunciation and spelling, as well as vocabulary.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=""as well as vocabulary" seems to contradict the rest of the sentence. (January 2024)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In many countries, those who speak Latin for liturgical or other ecclesiastical purposes use the pronunciation that has become traditional in Rome by giving the letters the value they have in modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> but without distinguishing between <a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology#Vowels" title="Italian phonology">open and close <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span></a>. <span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span> coalesce with <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>. <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> before <span class="nowrap">⟨ae⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> (English <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> (English <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span>), respectively. <span class="nowrap">⟨ti⟩</span> before a vowel is generally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsi/</span> (unless preceded by <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>). Such speakers pronounce consonantal <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> (not written as <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>) as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> as in English, not as Classical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>. Like in Classical Latin, double consonants are pronounced with <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The distinction in Classical Latin between long and short vowels is ignored, and instead of the '<a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)" title="Apex (diacritic)">apex</a>', lines to mark the long vowel, an acute accent is used for stress. The first syllable of two-syllable words is stressed; in longer words, an acute accent is placed over the stressed vowel: adorémus 'let us adore'; Dómini 'of the Lord'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_materials">Language materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The complete text of the Bible in Latin, the revised Vulgate, appears at Nova Vulgata – Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives the entire Bible, in the Douay version, verse by verse, accompanied by the Vulgate Latin of each verse. </p><p>In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Latinitas_Foundation" title="Latinitas Foundation">Latinitas Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Opus Fundatum Latinitas</i> in Latin) was established by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> to promote the study and use of Latin. Its headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. The foundation publishes an <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> quarterly in Latin. The foundation also published a 15,000-word Italian-Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Recentis_Latinitatis" title="Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis">Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis</a></i> (<i>Dictionary of Recent Latin</i>), which provides Latin coinages for modern concepts, such as a bicycle (<i>birota</i>), a cigarette (<i>fistula nicotiana</i>), a computer (<i>instrumentum computatorium</i>), a cowboy (<i>armentarius</i>), a motel (<i>deversorium autocineticum</i>), shampoo (<i>capitilavium</i>), a strike (<i>operistitium</i>), a terrorist (<i>tromocrates</i>), a trademark (<i>ergasterii nota</i>), an unemployed person (<i>invite otiosus</i>), a waltz (<i>chorea Vindobonensis</i>), and even a miniskirt (<i>tunicula minima</i>) and hot pants (<i>brevissimae bracae femineae</i>). Some 600 such terms extracted from the book appear on a page<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Vatican website. The Latinitas Foundation was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_for_Latin" title="Pontifical Academy for Latin">Pontifical Academy for Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Pontificia Academia Latinitatis</i>) in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_use">Current use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law of the Catholic Church</a></div> <p>Latin remains an oft-used language of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a> of the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 1960s and still later in Roman colleges like the Gregorian, Catholic <a href="/wiki/Priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Priests">priests</a> studied theology using Latin textbooks and the language of instruction in many <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a> was also Latin, which was seen as the language of the Church Fathers. The use of Latin in <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a> and in theological research, however, has since declined. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a> requires for seminary formation to provide for a thorough training in Latin,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though "the use of Latin in seminaries and pontifical universities has now dwindled to the point of extinction."<sup id="cite_ref-2005CrossLivingstone_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005CrossLivingstone-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin was still spoken in recent international gatherings of Catholic leaders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, and it is still used at <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">conclaves</a> to elect a new <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. The Tenth Ordinary <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops">General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops</a> in 2004 was the most recent to have a Latin-language group for discussions. </p><p>Although Latin is the traditional liturgical language of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Western (Latin) Church</a>, the liturgical use of the vernacular has predominated since the liturgical reforms that followed the Second Vatican Council: <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">liturgical law</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> may be celebrated either in Latin or another language in which the liturgical texts, translated from Latin, have been legitimately approved.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The permission granted for continued use of the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> in its 1962 form authorizes use of the vernacular language in proclaiming the Scripture readings after they are first read in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In historic Protestant churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Lutheran_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Lutheran Federation">Lutheran churches</a>, Ecclesiastical Latin is occasionally employed in sung celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossLivingstone2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CrossLivingstone2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossLivingstone2005_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 961. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192802903" title="Special:BookSources/9780192802903"><bdi>9780192802903</bdi></a>. <q>The Second Vatican Council declared that the use of Latin was to be maintained in the liturgy, though permission was granted for some use of the vernacular; in the outcome, the use of the vernacular has almost entirely triumphed, although the official books continue to be published in Latin. In the Church of England the Latin versions of the Book of Common Prayer have never been widely used, though, for instance, John Wesley used Latin text in doctrinal writings. The option of using traditional Latin texts in sung worship has been retained by choirs in both the Anglican and Lutheran Churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=961&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192802903&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antiochian-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antiochian_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antiochian_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiochian.org/node/22396">"On the Western Rite Liturgy | Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese"</a>. <i>antiochian.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=antiochian.org&rft.atitle=On+the+Western+Rite+Liturgy+%7C+Antiochian+Orthodox+Christian+Archdiocese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiochian.org%2Fnode%2F22396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CatholicEncyclopediaChurchLatin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopediaChurchLatin_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopediaChurchLatin_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopediaChurchLatin_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09019a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Church Latin"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Church+Latin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09019a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, <i>Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin</i>, pg. vi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1982" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Roger (1982). <i>Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France</i>. ARCA (Classical & Medieval Texts, Papers & Monographs). Vol. 8. Liverpool: Francis Cairns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780905205120" title="Special:BookSources/9780905205120"><bdi>9780905205120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Latin+and+Early+Romance+in+Spain+and+Carolingian+France&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.series=ARCA+%28Classical+%26+Medieval+Texts%2C+Papers+%26+Monographs%29&rft.pub=Francis+Cairns&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780905205120&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, <i>Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin</i>, pg. vi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardt2013" class="citation book cs1">Leonhardt, Jürgen (2013). <i>Latin: Story of a World Language</i>. Munich: Harvard University Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05807-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05807-1"><bdi>978-0-674-05807-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin%3A+Story+of+a+World+Language&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05807-1&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1982" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Roger (1982). <i>Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France</i>. Liverpool: Francis Cairns. pp. 44–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905205-12-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-905205-12-X"><bdi>0-905205-12-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Latin+and+Early+Romance+in+Spain+and+Carolingian+France&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=44-50&rft.pub=Francis+Cairns&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-905205-12-X&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanson2007" class="citation book cs1">Janson, Tore (2007). <i>Natural History of Latin: The Story of the World's Most Successful Language</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199214051" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199214051"><bdi>978-0199214051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History+of+Latin%3A+The+Story+of+the+World%27s+Most+Successful+Language&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199214051&rft.aulast=Janson&rft.aufirst=Tore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waquet2002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waquet2002_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waquet2002_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waquet2002_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waquet2002_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaquet2002" class="citation book cs1">Waquet, Françoise (2002). <i>Latin, Or, The Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries</i>. Verso. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859844021" title="Special:BookSources/9781859844021"><bdi>9781859844021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin%2C+Or%2C+The+Empire+of+a+Sign%3A+From+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781859844021&rft.aulast=Waquet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Vatican-Council">"Second Vatican Council | Roman Catholic history [1962–1965]"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Second+Vatican+Council+%7C+Roman+Catholic+history+%5B1962%E2%80%931965%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FSecond-Vatican-Council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See it at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_271es-StQ">the Catholic News Service channel</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209100005/https://adoremus.org/1903/11/22/tra-le-sollecitudini/">"Tra Le Sollecitudini Instruction on Sacred Music"</a>. <i>Adoremus Bulletin</i>. November 22, 1903. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adoremus.org/1903/11/22/tra-le-sollecitudini/">the original</a> on February 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adoremus+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Tra+Le+Sollecitudini+Instruction+on+Sacred+Music&rft.date=1903-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadoremus.org%2F1903%2F11%2F22%2Ftra-le-sollecitudini%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Missal</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html">"Nova Vulgata – Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Nova+Vulgata+%E2%80%93+Bibliorum+Sacrorum+Editio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fbible%2Fnova_vulgata%2Fdocuments%2Fnova-vulgata_index_lt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/bible/gen001.htm">"HOLY BIBLE: Genesis 1"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=HOLY+BIBLE%3A+Genesis+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fbible%2Fgen001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/index_lt.htm">"Latinitas, Opus Fundatum in Civitate Vaticana"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Latinitas%2C+Opus+Fundatum+in+Civitate+Vaticana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Finstitutions_connected%2Flatinitas%2Fdocuments%2Findex_lt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/rc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html">"Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis, parvum verborum novatorum Léxicum"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Lexicon+Recentis+Latinitatis%2C+parvum+verborum+novatorum+L%C3%A9xicum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Finstitutions_connected%2Flatinitas%2Fdocuments%2Frc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official documents are frequently published in other languages. The Holy See's diplomatic languages are French and Latin (such as letters of credence from Vatican ambassadors to other countries are written in Latin <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Foster_(Latinist)" title="Reginald Foster (Latinist)">Fr. Reginald Foster</a>, on Vatican Radio, 4 June 2005]). Laws and official regulations of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, which is an entity that is distinct from the Holy See, are issued in Italian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PW.HTM">Can. 249</a>, <a href="/wiki/1983_CIC" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 CIC">1983 CIC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2005CrossLivingstone-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2005CrossLivingstone_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 961. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192802903" title="Special:BookSources/9780192802903"><bdi>9780192802903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=961&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192802903&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Leslie&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3A.HTM">Can. 928</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204185953/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3A.HTM">Archived</a> December 4, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/1983_CIC" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 CIC">1983 CIC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041117/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html">"Apostolic Letter: On the Use of the Roman Liturgy Prior to the 1970 Reform"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html">the original</a> on 2015-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-27</span></span> – via vatican.va.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Letter%3A+On+the+Use+of+the+Roman+Liturgy+Prior+to+the+1970+Reform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fmotu_proprio%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span> Motu proprio <i><a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></i>, article 6</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumeister" class="citation book cs1">Baumeister, Edmund J. <i>The New Missal Latin</i>. St. Mary's, KS: St. Mary's Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Missal+Latin&rft.place=St.+Mary%27s%2C+KS&rft.pub=St.+Mary%27s+Publishing&rft.aulast=Baumeister&rft.aufirst=Edmund+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne1999" class="citation web cs1">Byrne, Carol (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225190631/http://www.lms.org.uk/resources/shop/simplicissimus">"Simplicissimus"</a>. The Latin Mass Society of England and Wales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lms.org.uk/resources/shop/simplicissimus">the original</a> on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simplicissimus&rft.pub=The+Latin+Mass+Society+of+England+and+Wales&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lms.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fshop%2Fsimplicissimus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span> (A course in ecclesiastical Latin.)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin</i> by John F. Collins, (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of America Press">Catholic University of America Press</a>, 1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8132-0667-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8132-0667-7">0-8132-0667-7</a>. A learner's first textbook, comparable in style, layout, and coverage to <i><a href="/wiki/Wheelock%27s_Latin" title="Wheelock's Latin">Wheelock's Latin</a></i>, but featuring text selections from the liturgy and the Vulgate: unlike Wheelock, it also contains translation and composition exercises.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohrmann1957" class="citation book cs1">Mohrmann, Christine (1957). <i>Liturgical Latin, Its Origins and Character: Three Lectures</i>. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liturgical+Latin%2C+Its+Origins+and+Character%3A+Three+Lectures&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Mohrmann&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarre1933" class="citation book cs1">Scarre, Annie Mary (1933). <i>An Introduction to Liturgical Latin</i>. Ditchling: Saint Dominic's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Liturgical+Latin&rft.place=Ditchling&rft.pub=Saint+Dominic%27s+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Scarre&rft.aufirst=Annie+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunn1922" class="citation book cs1">Nunn, H. P. G. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IntroductionToEcclesiasticalLatin_201810"><i>Introduction to Ecclesiastical Latin</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IntroductionToEcclesiasticalLatin_201810/page/n184">186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Ecclesiastical+Latin&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Nunn&rft.aufirst=H.+P.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIntroductionToEcclesiasticalLatin_201810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ecclesiastical Latin</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ecclesiastical+Latin&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ecclesiastical+Latin">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ecclesiastical+Latin&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_and_the_Catholic_Church">Latin and the Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Latin and the Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_XXIII1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1999) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adoremus.org/VeterumSapientia.html">"Veterum Sapientia: Apostolic Constitution on the Promotion of the Study of Latin"</a>. Adoremus: Society for the Renewal of the Sacred Liturgy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veterum+Sapientia%3A+Apostolic+Constitution+on+the+Promotion+of+the+Study+of+Latin&rft.pub=Adoremus%3A+Society+for+the+Renewal+of+the+Sacred+Liturgy&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Pope+John+XXIII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adoremus.org%2FVeterumSapientia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_j-xxiii_apc_19620222_veterum-sapientia_lt.html">in Latin here</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/Introductio/Popes.html">"What the Church Says on the Latin Language"</a>. Michael Martin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+Church+Says+on+the+Latin+Language&rft.pub=Michael+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preces-latinae.org%2Fthesaurus%2FIntroductio%2FPopes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism_lt/index_lt.htm">Catechism of the Catholic Church in Latin</a></li> <li>Fr. Nikolaus Gihr, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holysacrificeofm00gihriala">The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass</a></i> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/language_gihr.pdf">The Language Used in the Celebration of the Holy Mass</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605055546/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/language_gihr.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibles">Bibles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html">The Latin Vulgate version of the Bible</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/bible/">NewAdvent.org</a> Side-by-side comparisons of the Ancient Greek, English, and Latin Vulgate Bibles.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914124311/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/TextContents/Index/4/SubIndex/67/TextIndex/9"><i>Ordo Missae</i> of the 1970 Roman Missal</a>, Latin and English texts, rubrics in English only</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredbible.org/studybible/index.htm"><i>Latin-English Study Bible</i></a> Side-by-side of the Vulgate Latin and English</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rosarybay.com/parallel-latin-english-psalter">Parallel Latin-English Psalter</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breviaries">Breviaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Breviaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://divinumofficium.com/cgi-bin/horas/officium.pl?expand=all&version=Divino%20Afflatu&lang2=English"><i>Divinum Officium</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breviary.net/">Latin-English pre-Vatican-II Breviary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_documents">Other documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/latin/latin_index.html">"Documenta Latina"</a>. The Holy See<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documenta+Latina&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Flatin%2Flatin_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/_index.html">"Documenta Catholica Omnia"</a>—Multi-language Catholic eBook database of all the writings of Holy Popes, Councils, Church Fathers and Doctors, and Allied Auctors. Retrieved November 2018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preces-latinae.org/index.htm">"Thesaurus Precum Latinarum: Treasury of Latin Prayers"</a>. Michael Martin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thesaurus+Precum+Latinarum%3A+Treasury+of+Latin+Prayers&rft.pub=Michael+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preces-latinae.org%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcclesiastical+Latin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/christian.html">The Christian Latin Library</a>—a collection of ecclesiastical Latin texts by Christian authors. Retrieved November 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinus.it/latino/index.htm">Complete Latin works of St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logoslibrary.eu/index.php?newsearch=1&code_language=LA">Latin Logos Library</a>—contains Classical, Medieval, and Ecclesiastical texts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logicmuseum.com/index.htm">The Logic Museum</a>—a collection of ecclesiastical Latin. Retrieved November 18.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frcoulter.com/latin/first-message.html">Pope Benedict XVI's First Message</a> with interlinear Latin-English translations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course">Course</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Latin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frcoulter.com/latin/first/index.html">"First Experience Latin with Fr. Reginald Foster"</a>, an ecclesiastical Latin course. Retrieved November 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/rc_latinitas_20040601_lexicon_it.html">The Vatican's Lexicon</a> Retrieved November 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nd.edu/latgramm.htm">Latin Dictionary and Grammar Aid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130100754/http://archives.nd.edu/latgramm.htm">Archived</a> 2012-01-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Catholic Church)">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Eucharistic liturgies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_the_Presanctified_Gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts">Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great">Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_St._John_Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom">Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Mass" title="Low Mass">Low Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_cantata" title="Missa cantata">Missa Cantata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Mass" title="Solemn Mass">Solemn Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">Pontifical High Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Mass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Canonical hours</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgical hours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> (nighttime)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">Lauds</a> (early morning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_(liturgy)" title="Prime (liturgy)">Prime</a> (first hour of daylight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">Terce</a> (third hour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">Sext</a> (noon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_(liturgy)" title="Nones (liturgy)">Nones</a> (ninth hour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> (sunset/evening) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evensong</a> (Anglican Use Vespers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsha" title="Ramsha">Ramsha</a> (West Syriac Vespers)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a> (end of the day)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other liturgical services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperges" title="Asperges">Asperges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Exorcism in the Catholic Church">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_funeral" title="Catholic funeral">Funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession#Catholic_Church" title="Procession">Procession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">Liturgical literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">Antiphonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">Book of hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">Breviary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Breviary" title="Roman Breviary">Roman Breviary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_(liturgy)" title="Customary (liturgy)">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">Gradual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horologion" title="Horologion">Horologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_Daily_Office" title="Divine Worship: Daily Office">Divine Worship: Daily Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical" title="Pontifical">Pontifical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">Roman Pontifical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_The_Missal" title="Divine Worship: The Missal">Divine Worship: The Missal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonary" title="Tonary">Tonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Sacramentary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Liturgical language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Liturgical<br />rites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin<br />liturgical rites</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconciliar_rites_after_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council">Extraordinary Form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic<br />Churches</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic<br />liturgy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar rite">Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a><br />(by <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>'): <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> (with <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pierbattista Pizzaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">East Indies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Filipe Neri Ferrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rui_Val%C3%A9rio" title="Rui Valério">Rui Valério</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Venice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Moraglia" title="Francesco Moraglia">Francesco Moraglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> (?−1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (1276–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> (1098–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">West Indies</a> (1524–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (560–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1555–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Grado</a> (560–1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church#History" title="Latin Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Historical development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Martyrs_of_the_Church_of_Rome" title="First Martyrs of the Church of Rome">First Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African church">Early African church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Siracusa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siracusa">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Malta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta">Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Liturgical rites</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Liturgical days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary form">Extraordinary form</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_titular_sees" title="List of Catholic titular sees">Titular sees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_the_Latin_Bishops_of_the_Arab_Regions" title="Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions">Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>* also <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church#Latin_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_Church" title="Category:Latin Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ages_of_Latin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_periods" title="Template:Latin periods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_periods" title="Template talk:Latin periods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_periods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin periods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ages_of_Latin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ages of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>until 75 BC</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><i>75 BC – 200 AD</i></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>200–700</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>700–1500</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>1300–1500</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>1300–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i>1900–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary Latin</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History of Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin_studies" title="Neo-Latin studies">Neo-Latin studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" 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