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Consent Manager Tag v3.0 (for TCF 2.2) (function() { var host = 'www.codeguru.com'; var element = document.createElement('script'); var firstScript = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; var url = 'https://cmp.inmobi.com' .concat('/choice/', 'vPn77x7pBG57Y', '/', host, '/choice.js?tag_version=V3'); var uspTries = 0; var uspTriesLimit = 3; element.async = true; element.type = 'text/javascript'; element.src = url; firstScript.parentNode.insertBefore(element, firstScript); function makeStub() { var TCF_LOCATOR_NAME = '__tcfapiLocator'; var queue = []; var win = window; var cmpFrame; function addFrame() { var doc = win.document; var otherCMP = !!(win.frames[TCF_LOCATOR_NAME]); if (!otherCMP) { if (doc.body) { var iframe = doc.createElement('iframe'); iframe.style.cssText = 'display:none'; iframe.name = TCF_LOCATOR_NAME; doc.body.appendChild(iframe); } else { setTimeout(addFrame, 5); } } return !otherCMP; } function tcfAPIHandler() { var gdprApplies; var args = arguments; if (!args.length) { return queue; } else if (args[0] === 'setGdprApplies') { if ( args.length > 3 && args[2] === 2 && typeof args[3] === 'boolean' ) { gdprApplies = args[3]; if (typeof args[2] === 'function') { args[2]('set', true); } } } else if (args[0] === 'ping') { var retr = { gdprApplies: gdprApplies, cmpLoaded: false, cmpStatus: 'stub' }; if (typeof args[2] === 'function') { args[2](retr); } } else { if(args[0] === 'init' && typeof args[3] === 'object') { args[3] = Object.assign(args[3], { tag_version: 'V3' }); } queue.push(args); } } function postMessageEventHandler(event) { var msgIsString = typeof event.data === 'string'; var json = {}; try { if (msgIsString) { json = JSON.parse(event.data); } else { json = event.data; } } catch (ignore) {} var payload = json.__tcfapiCall; if (payload) { window.__tcfapi( payload.command, payload.version, function(retValue, success) { var returnMsg = { __tcfapiReturn: { returnValue: retValue, success: success, callId: payload.callId } }; if (msgIsString) { returnMsg = JSON.stringify(returnMsg); } if (event && event.source && event.source.postMessage) { event.source.postMessage(returnMsg, '*'); } }, payload.parameter ); } } while (win) { try { if (win.frames[TCF_LOCATOR_NAME]) { cmpFrame = win; break; } } catch (ignore) {} if (win === window.top) { break; } win = win.parent; } if (!cmpFrame) { addFrame(); win.__tcfapi = tcfAPIHandler; win.addEventListener('message', postMessageEventHandler, false); } }; makeStub(); function makeGppStub() { var CMP_ID = 10; var SUPPORTED_APIS = [ '2:tcfeuv2', '6:uspv1', '7:usnatv1', '8:usca', '9:usvav1', '10:uscov1', '11:usutv1', '12:usctv1' ]; window.__gpp_addFrame = function (n) { if (!window.frames[n]) { if (document.body) { var i = document.createElement("iframe"); i.style.cssText = "display:none"; i.name = n; document.body.appendChild(i); } else { window.setTimeout(window.__gpp_addFrame, 10, n); } } }; window.__gpp_stub = function () { var b = arguments; __gpp.queue = __gpp.queue || []; __gpp.events = __gpp.events || []; if (!b.length || (b.length == 1 && b[0] == "queue")) { return __gpp.queue; } if (b.length == 1 && b[0] == "events") { return __gpp.events; } var cmd = b[0]; var clb = b.length > 1 ? b[1] : null; var par = b.length > 2 ? b[2] : null; if (cmd === "ping") { clb( { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // IAB assigned CMP ID, may be 0 during stub/loading sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "addEventListener") { if (!("lastId" in __gpp)) { __gpp.lastId = 0; } __gpp.lastId++; var lnr = __gpp.lastId; __gpp.events.push({ id: lnr, callback: clb, parameter: par, }); clb( { eventName: "listenerRegistered", listenerId: lnr, // Registered ID of the listener data: true, // positive signal pingData: { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // list of supported APIs sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "removeEventListener") { var success = false; for (var i = 0; i < __gpp.events.length; i++) { if (__gpp.events[i].id == par) { __gpp.events.splice(i, 1); success = true; break; } } clb( { eventName: "listenerRemoved", listenerId: par, // Registered ID of the listener data: success, // status info pingData: { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // CMP ID sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "hasSection") { clb(false, true); } else if (cmd === "getSection" || cmd === "getField") { clb(null, true); } //queue all other commands else { __gpp.queue.push([].slice.apply(b)); } }; window.__gpp_msghandler = function (event) { var msgIsString = typeof event.data === "string"; try { var json = msgIsString ? JSON.parse(event.data) : event.data; } catch (e) { var json = null; } if (typeof json === "object" && json !== null && "__gppCall" in json) { var i = json.__gppCall; window.__gpp( i.command, function (retValue, success) { var returnMsg = { __gppReturn: { returnValue: retValue, success: success, callId: i.callId, }, }; event.source.postMessage(msgIsString ? JSON.stringify(returnMsg) : returnMsg, "*"); }, "parameter" in i ? i.parameter : null, "version" in i ? i.version : "1.1" ); } }; if (!("__gpp" in window) || typeof window.__gpp !== "function") { window.__gpp = window.__gpp_stub; window.addEventListener("message", window.__gpp_msghandler, false); window.__gpp_addFrame("__gppLocator"); } }; makeGppStub(); var uspStubFunction = function() { var arg = arguments; if (typeof window.__uspapi !== uspStubFunction) { setTimeout(function() { if (typeof window.__uspapi !== 'undefined') { window.__uspapi.apply(window.__uspapi, arg); } }, 500); } }; var checkIfUspIsReady = function() { uspTries++; if (window.__uspapi === uspStubFunction && uspTries < uspTriesLimit) { console.warn('USP is not accessible'); } else { clearInterval(uspInterval); } }; if (typeof window.__uspapi === 'undefined') { window.__uspapi = uspStubFunction; var uspInterval = setInterval(checkIfUspIsReady, 6000); } })(); // End InMobi Choice. Consent Manager Tag v3.0 (for TCF 2.2) /** * DataLayer Push & CCPA Support * * Version 2.0.7 */ (function() { //URLs need to be externalized based on environments, during build update. var get_iab_vendors_url = 'https://cmp.inmobi.com/GVL-v3/vendor-list.json'; var get_google_atp_url = "https://cmp.inmobi.com/tcfv2/google-atp-list.json"; var iab_vendors, iab_vendor_ids, iab_vendor_names; var google_vendors, google_vendor_ids, google_vendor_names; var google_vendors_arr = [], google_vendor_ids_arr = [], google_vendor_names_arr = []; var iab_vendors_arr = [], iab_vendor_ids_arr = [], iab_vendor_names_arr = []; var non_iab_vendors, non_iab_vendor_ids, non_iab_vendor_names; var non_iab_vendors_arr = [], non_iab_vendor_ids_arr = [], non_iab_vendor_names_arr = []; var publisher_consents, publisher_legitimate_interests; var purpose_consents, purpose_legitimate_interests; function resultToList(a) {b = ','; for (var i in a){if (a[i]){b+=i+','}} return b;} /** * Get a full list of Non-IAB Vendors, specific to the Quantcast Universal Tag ID, using tcfapi */ function vendors_getNonIABVendorList() { window.__tcfapi('getConfig', 2, function(retObj) { if(retObj.hasOwnProperty('nonIabVendorsInfo')){ if(retObj.nonIabVendorsInfo.hasOwnProperty('nonIabVendorList')) { non_iab_vendors = retObj.nonIabVendorsInfo.nonIabVendorList; // Dont assume array key = vendor id, set key as vendor id with iab_vendors[i].id Object.keys(non_iab_vendors).forEach(function (i) { non_iab_vendors_arr[non_iab_vendors[i].vendorId] = non_iab_vendors[i].name; }); } } }); } /** * Get a full list of IAB Vendors. */ function vendors_getIABVendorList() { var xhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhttp.onreadystatechange = function() { if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) { var res = JSON.parse(this.responseText); if(res.hasOwnProperty('vendors')) { iab_vendors = res.vendors; // Dont assume array key = vendor id, set key as vendor id with iab_vendors[i].id Object.keys(iab_vendors).forEach(function (i) { iab_vendors_arr[iab_vendors[i].id] = iab_vendors[i].name; }); } } }; xhttp.open("GET", get_iab_vendors_url, true); xhttp.send(); } /** * Get a full list of google atp list */ function vendors_getGoogleVendorList() { var xhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhttp.onreadystatechange = function() { if (this.readyState == 4 && this.status == 200) { google_vendors = JSON.parse(this.responseText); google_vendors.forEach(function (vendor) { google_vendors_arr[vendor.provider_id] = vendor.provider_name; }); } }; xhttp.open("GET", get_google_atp_url, true); xhttp.send(); } /** * CMP Loaded. * * Push __cmpLoaded event to the data layer. */ function dlSend_tcLoaded(tcData) { window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ 'event': '__cmpLoaded', '__cmpLoaded': true, 'gdpr': tcData.gdprApplies, }); } /** * IAB Vendors. * * Push __cmpIABConsents event to the datalayer, along with iab vendor consent ids. */ function dlSend_consentData(tcData) { window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; iab_vendor_names_arr = []; iab_vendor_ids_arr = []; non_iab_vendor_names_arr = []; non_iab_vendor_ids_arr = []; google_vendor_names_arr = []; google_vendor_ids_arr = []; if(tcData.hasOwnProperty('publisher')) { if(tcData.publisher.hasOwnProperty('consents')) { publisher_consents = resultToList(tcData.publisher.consents); } publisher_legitimate_interests = resultToList(tcData.publisher.legitimateInterests); } if(tcData.hasOwnProperty('purpose')) { if(tcData.purpose.hasOwnProperty('consents')) { purpose_consents = resultToList(tcData.purpose.consents); } purpose_legitimate_interests = resultToList(tcData.purpose.legitimateInterests); } // Run this in an interval (every 0.1s) just in case we are still waiting // on the return with our iab_vendors list calls, bail after 10 seconds var cnt = 0; var interval = setInterval(function(){ cnt += 1; if(cnt === 100){ clearInterval(interval); } if(iab_vendors) { clearInterval(interval); if(tcData.gdprApplies) { // Create name & id arrays of iab vendors with consent. if(tcData.hasOwnProperty('vendor')) { Object.keys(tcData.vendor.consents).forEach(function(vendorId) { if(tcData.vendor.consents[vendorId] || ! tcData.gdprApplies) { iab_vendor_names_arr[vendorId] = iab_vendors_arr[vendorId]; iab_vendor_ids_arr[vendorId] = vendorId; } }); } } else { // GDPR does not apply, add all vendor names/ids iab_vendor_names_arr = iab_vendors_arr; iab_vendors_arr.forEach(function(vendorName, vendorId) { iab_vendor_ids_arr[vendorId] = vendorId; }); } if(tcData.addtlConsent && google_vendors_arr) { // Create name and id arrays of google vendors with consent. // addtlConsent: "1~39.43.46.55.61. // 1~ is the version and the rest are the decoded ids google_vendor_ids_arr = tcData.addtlConsent.split('1~')[1].split('.'); google_vendor_ids_arr && google_vendor_ids_arr.forEach(function(google_id) { google_vendor_names_arr.push(google_vendors_arr[google_id]); }); } // Non IAB Vendors window.__tcfapi('getNonIABVendorConsents',2, function(nonIabConsent, nonIabSuccess) { if (nonIabSuccess) { if(nonIabConsent.gdprApplies) { // Create name & id arrays of non iab vendors with consent. nonIabConsent.nonIabVendorConsents && Object.keys(nonIabConsent.nonIabVendorConsents).forEach(function(vendorId) { if(nonIabConsent.nonIabVendorConsents[vendorId] || ! nonIabConsent.gdprApplies) { non_iab_vendor_names_arr[vendorId] = non_iab_vendors_arr[vendorId]; non_iab_vendor_ids_arr[vendorId] = vendorId; } }); } else { // GDPR does not apply, add all non iab vendor names/ids non_iab_vendor_names_arr = non_iab_vendors_arr; non_iab_vendors_arr.forEach(function(vendorName, vendorId) { non_iab_vendor_ids_arr[vendorId] = vendorId; }); } } // Join our array values, skipping empty items and joing them with a delimiter iab_vendor_names = iab_vendor_names_arr.filter(Boolean).join('|'); iab_vendor_ids = iab_vendor_ids_arr.filter(Boolean).join(','); google_vendor_names = google_vendor_names_arr.filter(Boolean).join('|'); google_vendor_ids = google_vendor_ids_arr.filter(Boolean).join('|'); non_iab_vendor_names = non_iab_vendor_names_arr.filter(Boolean).join('|'); non_iab_vendor_ids = non_iab_vendor_ids_arr.filter(Boolean).join(','); // Push __cmpIABConsents signals to the data layer. window.dataLayer.push({ 'event': '__cmpConsents', '__cmpConsents': { 'iabVendorConsentIds': iab_vendor_ids, 'iabVendorsWithConsent': iab_vendor_names, 'nonIABVendorConsentIds': non_iab_vendor_ids, 'nonIABVendorsWithConsent': non_iab_vendor_names, 'googleVendorConsentIds': google_vendor_ids, 'googleVendorsWithConsent': google_vendor_names, 'gdpr': tcData.gdprApplies, 'publisherConsents': publisher_consents, 'publisherLegitimateInterests': publisher_legitimate_interests, 'purposeConsents': purpose_consents, 'purposeLegitimateInterests': purpose_legitimate_interests, } }); }); } }, 100); } /** * CCPA footer message. */ function ccpa_footerMsg(tcData) { window.__uspapi('uspPing', 1, function(obj, status) { var footer_msg = document.getElementById('choice-footer-msg'); // get the footer container for our CCPA message if (status && obj.mode.includes('USP') && footer_msg !== null) { footer_msg.innerHTML = footer_msg.innerHTML + 'We use cookies' + ' and other data collection technologies' + ' to provide the best experience for our customers. You may request' + ' that your data not be shared with third parties here: ' + '<a href="#" onclick="window.__uspapi(\'displayUspUi\');"' + '>Do Not Sell My Data</a>' + '.'; // Add the 'ccpa-msg-added' class to the container for post message add styling. footer_msg.classList.add("ccpa-msg-added"); window.__uspapi('setUspDftData', 1, function(obj, status) { if (!status) { console.log("Error: USP string not updated!") } }); } }); } // Only get the IAB and Non-IAB vendor lists if the the Data layer push functionality // is enabled, otherwise we do not need the vendor lists. window.__tcfapi('addEventListener', 2, function(getConfig, listenerSuccess) { vendors_getIABVendorList(); // Get global IAB vendor list vendors_getGoogleVendorList(); // Get google vendor list vendors_getNonIABVendorList(); // Get UTID specific Non-IAB vendors }); // CCPA ccpa_footerMsg(); // Add our main listener. window.__tcfapi('addEventListener', 2, function(tcData,listenerSuccess) { if (listenerSuccess) { /** * User Visits: * 1st visit/no cookie = 'cmpuishown' called and then 'useractioncomplete' after user make their selection * Repeat visit/has cookie = only 'tcloaded' is called as the UI does not show unless the user clicks to show */ switch (tcData.eventStatus) { case 'cmpuishown': // Data Layer dlSend_tcLoaded(tcData); break; case 'tcloaded': // Data Layer if(tcData && tcData.gdprApplies) { dlSend_tcLoaded(tcData); dlSend_consentData(tcData); } break; case 'useractioncomplete': // Data Layer dlSend_consentData(tcData) break; } } }); })(); </script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.codeguru.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.codeguru.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/19747" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.codeguru.com/wp/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.1" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.codeguru.com/?p=19747' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.codeguru.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.codeguru.com%2Fcsharp%2Fc-sharp-versus-c%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.codeguru.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.codeguru.com%2Fcsharp%2Fc-sharp-versus-c%2F&format=xml" />  <script type="text/javascript"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NR3XXWX8'); </script>  <script> window.tdb_global_vars = {"wpRestUrl":"https:\/\/www.codeguru.com\/wp-json\/","permalinkStructure":"\/%category%\/%postname%\/"}; window.tdb_p_autoload_vars = {"isAjax":false,"isAdminBarShowing":false,"autoloadStatus":"off","origPostEditUrl":null}; </script> <style id="tdb-global-colors">:root{--accent-color:#fff}</style> <link rel="preload" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" as="script"> <script nodelay async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script>  <script nodelay> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({"event":"CMS_Data","category":["csharp"],"keywords":["c","programming","software-development"],"taxonomy":["product development platform framework dotnet","product development architecture modeling","product development programming languages csharp","product development client side","product development cloud","product development components libraries","product development","product development tools","product development distributed","product development components libraries .net","product development embedded","audience purchase stage implementation","product development embedded internet of things","product development interoperability","product development mobile","product development multiexperience development","product development open source software development","product development platform framework","product development programming languages","product development security","product development server side","product development services web or platform","product development methodologies softwaredevelopmentlifecycle sdl","product staffing training certifications events training certifications software development training certifications","industry technology","product development testing debugging qa","product web internet development"]}); </script>   <script nodelay> window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; const fetchWithFallback = (request) => { return fetch(request, { cache: 'force-cache' }) .catch(e => e instanceof TypeError && e.message === "Failed to fetch" ? 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.tdb-title-text{background:none;color:#080a19}.tdi_55 .tdb-title-line:after{height:2px;bottom:40%}.tdi_55 .tdb-title-line{height:50px}.td-theme-wrap .tdi_55{text-align:left}.tdi_55 .tdb-first-letter{left:-0.36em;right:auto;font-family:brother-xl!important;font-weight:700!important}.tdi_55 .tdb-add-text{font-family:brother-xl!important}@media (min-width:1019px) and (max-width:1140px){.tdi_55 .tdb-title-text{font-size:48px!important}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_55 .tdb-title-text{font-size:36px!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_55 .tdb-title-text{font-size:18px!important;line-height:1.6!important}}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"><h1 class="tdb-title-text">C# versus C</h1><div></div><div class="tdb-title-line"></div></div></div><div class="td_block_wrap tdb_single_author tdi_56 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_2 tdb-post-meta" data-td-block-uid="tdi_56" > <style>.tdi_56{margin-bottom:0px!important}</style> 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.tdb-author-name{color:#238fee;font-family:Rubik!important;font-size:14px!important;font-weight:400!important;text-transform:capitalize!important}.tdi_56 .tdb-author-name:hover{color:#b361e0}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"><a class="tdb-author-photo" href="https://www.codeguru.com/author/nrini/" title="Nicholas Rini"><img alt='Nicholas Rini' src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%2030%2030'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset='https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2023/03/cropped-nick.rini-headshot-Nicholas-Rini-1-60x60.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-30 photo' height='30' width='30' decoding='async' data-lazy-src="https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2023/03/cropped-nick.rini-headshot-Nicholas-Rini-1-30x30.jpg"/><noscript><img alt='Nicholas Rini' src='https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2023/03/cropped-nick.rini-headshot-Nicholas-Rini-1-30x30.jpg' srcset='https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2023/03/cropped-nick.rini-headshot-Nicholas-Rini-1-60x60.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-30 photo' height='30' width='30' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/></noscript></a><div class="tdb-author-name-wrap"><span class="tdb-author-by">By</span> <a class="tdb-author-name" href="https://www.codeguru.com/author/nrini/">Nicholas Rini</a></div></div></div><div class="td_block_wrap tdb_single_date tdi_57 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_2 tdb-post-meta" data-td-block-uid="tdi_57" > <style>.tdi_57{margin-bottom:2px!important;margin-left:10px!important}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_57{margin-right:10px!important}}</style> <style>.tdb_single_date{line-height:30px}.tdb_single_date a{vertical-align:middle}.tdb_single_date .tdb-date-icon-svg{position:relative;line-height:0}.tdb_single_date svg{height:auto}.tdb_single_date svg,.tdb_single_date svg *{fill:#444}.tdi_57{display:inline-block;color:#a5a5a5;font-family:Rubik!important;font-size:14px!important;font-weight:400!important;text-transform:capitalize!important;letter-spacing:.05px!important}.tdi_57 svg{width:14px}.tdi_57 .tdb-date-icon{margin-right:5px}.tdi_57 svg,.tdi_57 svg *{fill:#a5a5a5}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2023-03-22T04:28:51+00:00">March 22, 2023</time></div></div> <div class="td_block_wrap tdb_single_post_share tdi_58 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_2" data-td-block-uid="tdi_58" > <style>.tdi_58{margin-top:20px!important;margin-bottom:60px!important}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_58{margin-top:15px!important;margin-bottom:40px!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_58{margin-bottom:20px!important}}</style> <style>.tdb_single_post_share{margin-bottom:23px}.tdb-share-classic{position:relative;height:20px;margin-bottom:15px}.td-post-sharing-show-all-icons 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We may make money when you click on links to our partners. <a href="/editorial-policy/" target="_blank">Learn More</a>. </p><p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-19533 size-medium" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="C# Programming Tutorials" width="300" height="200" data-lazy-srcset="https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-300x200.png 300w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-1024x683.png 1024w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-768x512.png 768w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-696x464.png 696w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-1068x712.png 1068w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-630x420.png 630w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips.png 1251w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" data-lazy-src="https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-300x200.png" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-19533 size-medium" src="https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-300x200.png" alt="C# Programming Tutorials" width="300" height="200" srcset="https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-300x200.png 300w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-1024x683.png 1024w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-768x512.png 768w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-696x464.png 696w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-1068x712.png 1068w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips-630x420.png 630w, https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2022/12/c-sharp-tutorials-tips.png 1251w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></noscript></p> <p>Without a doubt, C and C# are two of the most powerful and popular programming languages used for software development in the world. Both languages share certain similarities, as their names suggest; however, they are also very different in terms of structure, syntax, performance, and, perhaps most notably, memory management. In addition, C and C# differ in terms of why a developer or programmer would choose to work with one over the other. This programming tutorial will compare C and C#, discuss their differences, and highlight each language’s strengths and weaknesses.</p> <p><b>Read:</b> <a href="https://www.codeguru.com/csharp/best-c-sharp-courses/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Top Online Courses to Learn C#</a></p> <h2>What are the Differences Between C# and C?</h2> <p>Below, we will discuss some of the differences between C# and C, which include:</p> <ul> <li>Procedural versus Object Oriented Programming</li> <li>Syntax</li> <li>Manipulating Strings</li> <li>Exception Handling</li> <li>Performance and efficiency</li> <li>Memory Management</li> </ul> <h3>Procedural versus Object Oriented Programming</h3> <p>C, at its core, is a <i>procedural</i> programming language, which refers to its step-by-step, “top down” method of programming. C uses <i>functions</i> – or <i>procedures</i> – that get called in a particular sequence in order to achieve an outcome. This top-down programming approach breaks down a problem, issue, or task into smaller tasks, which are then “solved” by working from the main problem down into its smaller problems.</p> <p>C#, meanwhile, is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language. This means that C# is based on the concept of <i>objects</i> and <i>classes</i> and a parent-child-inheritance principle. Objects are made of both <i>data</i> and <i>behavior</i>, and are used to represent real-world <i>things</i>. These objects are created from classes, which can be thought of as the blueprints for objects.</p> <p>Classes, for their part, are self-contained pieces of code that consist of the <i>properties</i> and <i>methods</i> of the objects that are created from them. Finally, in C#, developers use the principles of OOP, such as encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism to make code more secure, reusable, readable, and maintainable.</p> <p>You can learn more about object-oriented programming concepts in the following tutorials:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.codeguru.com/csharp/object-oriented-programming-oop-c-sharp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">C# Object Oriented Programming for Beginners</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.codeguru.com/csharp/c-sharp-classes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Introduction to Classes in C#</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.codeguru.com/csharp/c-sharp-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">C# Objects: A Deep Dive</a></li> </ul> <p>C’s top-down programming approach is great for problem-solving smaller projects or tasks that can easily be broken down into easy, discrete steps. One good question to ask yourself when considering this type of programming methodology is whether or not the problem can be solved in a sequential or step-by-step manner.</p> <p>C#’s OOP approach is better suited for larger projects that involve complex relationships and behaviors between objects and in situations where coding efficiency, security, flexibility, modulation, and reusability are more important.</p> <h3>Syntax Differences Between C and C#</h3> <p>One of the biggest differences between C# and C has to do with their syntax. C’s syntax focuses on low-level programming constructs, while C#’s syntax places a greater emphasis on object-oriented concepts and principles.</p> <p>One example of the differences between C# and C’s syntax has to do with variable declaration. In C, developers declare variables with the data type placed <i>before</i> the name of the variable. Here is an example of variable declaration in C:</p> <pre>int num; float price; </pre> <p>In C#, variables are declared with the <b>var</b> keyword, which infers the data type. This is then followed by the variable name. Here is how programmers can declare a variable in C#:</p> <pre>var num = 0; float price = 0.0f; </pre> <p>Another syntactical difference between C# and C is the fact that C allows for low-level memory management via the use of <i>pointers</i>. The following code example shows how to declare a pointer in C using the <b>*</b> operator:</p> <pre>int* ptr; </pre> <p>C# does not allow developers to explicitly use pointers; to achieve the same type of functionality would require a C# programmer to use unsafe code, which is beyond the scope of this tutorial.</p> <p>As noted previously, C# is an object oriented language. C, meanwhile, is not, and therefore does not have built-in support for classes or other OOP concepts. C coders can, ultimately, mimic class functionality, but it requires complex structures to achieve what C# does naturally and with much less effort.</p> <p>Since C# <i>is</i> an object-oriented programming language, classes in C# can be declared with the <b>class</b> keyword, as shown in the code example below:</p> <pre>public class MyClass { // class members and methods } </pre> <h3>Manipulating Strings in C# and C</h3> <p>The way <b>string</b> data types are manipulated in C# and C is also a key difference between the two languages. In C, <b>strings</b> are represented as an <i>array</i> of characters and are null-terminated using the<b>\0</b> character. Here is an example of this in C:</p> <pre>char str[] = "Hello, World!!"; </pre> <p>In C#, <b>strings</b> are objects that are manipulated using the methods and properties of the <b>String</b> class. The C# code below achieves the same thing as the C code in our previous example:</p> <pre>string str = "Hello, World!";</pre> <p><b>Read:</b> <a href="https://www.codeguru.com/csharp/top-code-refactoring-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Top Code Refactoring Tools for C# Developers</a></p> <h3>Exception Handling</h3> <p>Exception handling and error handling differs between C# and C as well. In the C programming language, errors are typically handled using <i>return codes</i> giving information about the error or by terminating the program altogether.</p> <p>Handling errors is different in C#, where programmers use <i>exceptions</i> to handle errors, which can be “caught” using <b>try-catch</b> blocks, as shown in this example code:</p> <pre>Try { // code that might return an exception error } catch(Exception ex) { //code that handles the exception } </pre> <h3>Performance and Efficiency</h3> <p>C is well-known for being a high performance programming. This is due to its low-level programming constructs and direct access to memory. C#, on the other hand, is a higher-level language, meaning that, in some instances, it can be slower than C. This difference has mostly been mitigated in recent years, thanks to introduction of the .NET Core runtime and other C# language optimizations. Presently, C# is now considered comparable to C in terms of overall performance.</p> <h3>Memory Management in C# and C</h3> <p>Lastly, C, being a low-level programming language, gives developers direct access and control over memory management. This equates to greater efficiency and performance in created software; it also means that programmers need to be cautious to avoid memory leaks.</p> <p>C#, as a higher-level language, includes automatic memory management courtesy of the .NET runtime, which manages memory allocation and deallocation for the developer. This comes at a slight cost to performance, as <i>garbage collection</i> can be resource intensive in some instances/ However, this is mostly negligible and well-worth the trade off for many developers who do not wish to be burdened with memory management.</p> <h2>Which is Better: C# or C?</h2> <p>Deciding which language is better – C# or C – is a complicated process that largely depends on the needs of the developer and the project at hand, as well as which career path the programmer will pursue.</p> <p>C is often chosen for developers wanting to program systems or pursue embedded development (such as the IoT and smart devices), as it provides low-level access to hardware and the direct manipulation of memory resources. Developers creating an operating system, device driver, or system-level software, would be wise to choose C as their primary programming language.</p> <p>If you are into video game programming or game development, C# is a better option, as it provides a high-level, object-oriented approach that is more tailored for the complexities of game logic and working with graphics. C# game developers will also be supported by game development tools and game engines like Unity, which is built on C#. Game engines and mobile developer low-code platforms provide powerful, pre-built tools for game development, and C# is streamlined for creating complex game logic routines.</p> <p>For Enterprise-level software, C# gains the edge, because its reliance on OOP provides an object-oriented approach that makes it easier to work with larger, more complex applications. Developers that want to create a scalable enterprise application will want to choose C# because of its scalability, ease of use, easier learning curve, readability, ability to integrate with databases, and the option to incorporate frameworks such as .NET. Finally, C# provides flexibility and can be used to create complex business logic processes and user interfaces.</p> <h2>Final Thoughts on C# versus C</h2> <p>In this programming tutorial, we discuss both C and C# and the differences between the two programming languages, including their syntax, performance, string manipulation, and memory management. 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.tdb-social-item:hover i{color:#ffffff}.tdi_65 .tdb-social-item:hover{background-color:#238fee}.tdi_65 .tdb-author-photo:hover:before{opacity:0}@media (min-width:1019px) and (max-width:1140px){.tdi_65{border:1px solid #ededed}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1018px){.tdi_65{border:1px solid #ededed}.tdi_65 .tdb-author-descr{font-size:12px!important}}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_65{border:1px solid #ededed}}</style><div class="tdb-block-inner td-fix-index"><a href="https://www.codeguru.com/author/nrini/" class="tdb-author-photo" title="Nicholas Rini"><img alt='Nicholas Rini' src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20130%20130'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-lazy-srcset='https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2023/03/cropped-nick.rini-headshot-Nicholas-Rini-1-260x260.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-130 photo' height='130' width='130' decoding='async' data-lazy-src="https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2023/03/cropped-nick.rini-headshot-Nicholas-Rini-1-130x130.jpg"/><noscript><img alt='Nicholas Rini' src='https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2023/03/cropped-nick.rini-headshot-Nicholas-Rini-1-130x130.jpg' srcset='https://assets.codeguru.com/uploads/2023/03/cropped-nick.rini-headshot-Nicholas-Rini-1-260x260.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-130 photo' height='130' width='130' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/></noscript></a><div class="tdb-author-info"><a href="https://www.codeguru.com/author/nrini/" class="tdb-author-name">Nicholas Rini</a><div class="tdb-author-descr">Nick Rini is a 25-year industry veteran in the Computer Science and Medical Technology spaces, with a recent focus on Project Management and Info Security. He is known for leveraging his extensive knowledge base in SQL, Crystal Reports, C#, Java, JavaScript, and other platforms to help drive software development teams and other LIS professionals. 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block_tdi_68.found_posts = "1"; block_tdi_68.header_color = ""; block_tdi_68.ajax_pagination_infinite_stop = ""; block_tdi_68.max_num_pages = "1"; tdBlocksArray.push(block_tdi_68); </script><div class="td-block-title-wrap"><h4 class="td-block-title"><span class="td-pulldown-size">More by Author</span></h4></div><div id=tdi_68 class="td_block_inner td-mc1-wrap"> <div class="td_module_flex td_module_flex_1 td_module_wrap td-animation-stack td-cpt-post"> <div class="td-module-container td-category-pos-"> <div class="td-module-meta-info"> <h3 class="entry-title td-module-title"><a href="https://www.codeguru.com/csharp/c-sharp-vs-java/" rel="bookmark" title="C# vs Java">C# vs Java</a></h3> <div class="td-editor-date"> <a href="https://www.codeguru.com/csharp/" class="td-post-category" >C#</a> <span class="td-author-date"> <span class="td-post-author-name"><a href="https://www.codeguru.com/author/nrini/">Nicholas Rini</a> <span>-</span> </span> <span class="td-post-date"><time 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