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Please research the article's assertions. Whatever is credible should be sourced, and what is not should be removed. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF"><b>Oh no, they're talking about</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Politics</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#97DEFF;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics"><img alt="Icon politics.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/f/f2/Icon_politics.svg/100px-Icon_politics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/f2/Icon_politics.svg/150px-Icon_politics.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/f2/Icon_politics.svg/200px-Icon_politics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>Theory</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms of</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>Practice</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy"><font color="white">Philosophies</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minarchism" title="Minarchism">Minarchism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terms" title="Category:Political terms"><font color="white">Terms</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">Scapegoat</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>As usual</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" title="KP Sharma Oli">KP Sharma Oli</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>Country sections</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <center><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_politics" title="Category:United States politics"><img alt="United States politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/53px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_politics" title="Category:British politics"><img alt="British politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="21" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_politics" title="Category:Canadian politics"><img alt="Canadian politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/53px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/70px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_politics" title="Category:Chinese politics"><img alt="Chinese politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/53px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:French_politics" title="Category:French politics"><img alt="French politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/120px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:German_politics" title="Category:German politics"><img alt="German politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="21" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/53px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/70px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_politics" title="Category:Indian politics"><img alt="Indian politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/53px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/70px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_politics" title="Category:Iranian politics"><img alt="Iranian politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="20" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Israeli_politics" title="Category:Israeli politics"><img alt="Israeli politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/35px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="25" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/53px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/70px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_politics" title="Category:Japanese politics"><img alt="Japanese politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:South_Korean_politics" title="Category:South Korean politics"><img alt="South Korean politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/120px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_politics" title="Category:Turkish politics"><img alt="Turkish politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/53px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/70px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </center> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics" title="Template:Politics">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics" title="Template talk:Politics">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Political spectrums</b> or <b>political echiquiers</b> are heuristic representations of different <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologies">ideologies</a> and how they relate to one another. It can function as a useful tool for understanding how different ideas, parties and people compare and differ but, like all heuristics, it is an over-simplification and one should be careful not to <a href="/wiki/Mistaking_the_map_for_the_territory" title="Mistaking the map for the territory">mistake the map for the territory</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#The_one-dimensional_model"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">The one-dimensional model</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Problems_with_a_one-dimensional_model"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Problems with a one-dimensional model</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_two-dimensional_models"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The two-dimensional models</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Problems_with_the_two-dimensional_models"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Problems with the two-dimensional models</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_one-dimensional_model">The one-dimensional model</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The one-dimensional model">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>At its most basic, the political spectrum consists of a continuum from left to right, with varying shades of opinion in between. Usually, there are five political positions described in the one dimensional model: <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a>, with the occasional inclusion of "centre-left" and "centre-right" groups. </p><p>A common way of characterizing the left-right spectrum is that the left tends to support <a href="/wiki/Equality" title="Equality">equality</a> while the right tends to support hierarchy, be it <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">politically</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social" class="mw-redirect" title="Social">socially</a> or <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economically</a>. Another common association is that the left tends to progress beyond the current status quo, while the right tends to preserve it. Historically, the origins of these associations came from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, where those in the National Assembly who upheld revolutionary and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> ideal sat on the left and those who supported the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocracy">nobility</a> sat on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>One way to place the ideologies in the political spectrum are as follows: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism"><b><font color="black">Anarchism</font></b></a> — <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism"><b><font color="darkred">Communism</font></b></a> — <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism"><b><font color="red"> Socialism</font></b></a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism"><b><font color="blue">Social Liberalism</font></b></a> — <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism"><b><font color="gray">Centrism</font></b></a> — <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism"><b><font color="orange">Classical Liberalism</font></b></a> — <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative"><b><font color="deepskyblue">Conservatism</font></b></a> — <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary"><b><font color="indigo">Monarchism</font></b></a> — <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism"><b><font color="brown">Fascism</font></b></a> </p><p>Typically, leftist ideologies will be more critical of unregulated <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and its perceived issues regarding inequality and exploitation, seeking to heavily regulate it or <a href="/wiki/Abolition" title="Abolition">abolish</a> it altogether. Culturally, they tend to support various <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movements</a> and measures to end social inequality and discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The right, meanwhile, tends to view capitalism and traditional cultural roles and notions more positively, believing them to be <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">natural</a>, inevitable, or even beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Problems_with_a_one-dimensional_model">Problems with a one-dimensional model</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Problems with a one-dimensional model">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>There are a number of problems with this model. One is that it flattens differences between a number of very different political schools of thought. For example, it groups together the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinists</a> and anarchists on the left despite the former advocating for a repressive one-party <a href="/wiki/State" title="State">state</a> while the latter advocates for the abolition of all forms of rulership and subordination. Similarly, pro-capitalist <a href="/wiki/Libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarians">libertarians</a> who believe in bodily autonomy and are <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a>, pro-<a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug liberalization">drug liberalization</a>, skeptical of the <a href="/wiki/Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Police">police</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> can find themselves forced to rub shoulders with <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">anti-abortion</a>, pro-<a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>, cop-loving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_hawk" class="extiw" title="wp:War hawk" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: War hawk">war-hawks</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which many of them resent. In other words, a single axis can often be unhelpful to actually determine the kinds of political positions one has. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_spectrum_horseshoe_model.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Political_spectrum_horseshoe_model.svg/200px-Political_spectrum_horseshoe_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Political_spectrum_horseshoe_model.svg/300px-Political_spectrum_horseshoe_model.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Political_spectrum_horseshoe_model.svg/400px-Political_spectrum_horseshoe_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="266" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_spectrum_horseshoe_model.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The horseshoe theory.</div></div></div> <p>Another problem is the similarities the two extremes can often have on the regular one-dimensional axis. For example, both fascism and Stalinism support an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regimes which brutally suppresses its opposition. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">horseshoe theory</a> was formulated, which argued "the two extremes meet", with only the centre being the most distinct ideology between them all.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> However, this model ignores the differences which <i>do</i> exist between the different ideologies. In general, academic findings have disagreed with the horseshoe's conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pavlopoulos_2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavlopoulos_2014-8">[8]</a></sup> In other words, it only further exacerbates the issue of oversimplification inherently present in a one-dimensional spectrum by not only grouping the ideologies of the same extreme, but of <i>all</i> the extremes. Additionally, it also ignores the similarities the <i>centrists</i> have with the extremists, including cases where the centrists helped fascist and other far-right regimes in cases where the far-left was ardently opposed to them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_two-dimensional_models">The two-dimensional models</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The two-dimensional models">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nolan-chart.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nolan-chart.svg/300px-Nolan-chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nolan-chart.svg/450px-Nolan-chart.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nolan-chart.svg/600px-Nolan-chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="275" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nolan-chart.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Nolan Chart</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Compass.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/9/92/Compass.png/300px-Compass.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/9/92/Compass.png/450px-Compass.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/9/92/Compass.png/600px-Compass.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Compass.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Political Compass</div></div></div> <p>Some contend that a full variety of opinions can be better represented by two-dimensional diagrams where the (economic) left-to-right spectrum is balanced with another (social) axis representing a varying level of restriction on civil and social freedoms, both of which can be either left and right-wing. Two examples of such a representation are the <a href="/wiki/Nolan_chart" title="Nolan chart">nolan chart</a> and the political compass, where political opinions can be plotted anywhere in a square grid based on the two axes. However, the theoretical merit of a two-dimensional political compass is a separate issue from its actual implementation in practice. Given that the actual political compass website classifies <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> as a centrist,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> its accuracy is questionable. </p><p>Two dimensional models like the political compass and the nolan chart <i>are</i>, however, a marked improvement on the one-dimensional model. At the very least, they are capable of distinguishing neo-Nazis from libertarians and <a href="/wiki/DPRK" class="mw-redirect" title="DPRK">DPRK</a> supporters from <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialists</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Problems_with_the_two-dimensional_models">Problems with the two-dimensional models</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Problems with the two-dimensional models">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>While we can now make more satisfactory distinctions between liberals and libertarians, there are still ways in which these spectrums mislead us and misconstrue the nature of political difference. </p><p>Under these models, both anarchists and right wing libertarians are described as "libertarian" despite the fact that they have very different ideas about what that word means. Anarchists tend to support a more positive form of liberty that includes rights to things like food, medical care, education, and participation in decision making. For right-wing libertarians, their conception of liberty is more "negative" and is primarily a freedom from external interference. Right-wing libertarians typically do not believe that you have a right to food, medical care, education, or participation in decision making at your place of work. Yet despite these massive conflicts in their desired outcomes, intended policies, and contradictory understandings of what the word liberty entails, both the Nolan chart and the political compass understand both these movements as "libertarian"... which skips over a lot of important distinctions. </p><p>Another problem that should be considered is the way in which these models position "authoritarianism" as though it were a value that is actively endorsed. For Marxist Leninists (who typically score as authoritarians), quickly crushing the opposition is important to defeat the forces of reaction, who may be <a href="/wiki/Pinochet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinochet">just as or even more tyrannical</a>. Anarchists (who typically score as libertarians) during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish civil war">Spanish civil war</a> also imprisoned political opponents, established labour camps, and engaged in terrorism and summary execution: actions which are often defended across much the same lines that they were necessary to prevent fascists from getting the upper-hand.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> In these cases, similar measures and methods are endorsed in practice, but because Marxist Leninists are typically more open about what their <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> will involve, they get classed as "authoritarian", whereas the anarchists don't. The difference being not so much in what each group values, but in what they are willing to admit. </p><p>It is also worth noting that terms like "economic freedom" could be considered politically weighted.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[note 1]</a></sup> Leftists might refer to it as "corporate authority" instead. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut" title="Wingnut">Wingnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_green" title="Hard green">Hard green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li></ul></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">It could also be argued that the idea of "complete economic freedom" tends to collapse into <a href="/wiki/Category:Misnomers" title="Category:Misnomers">a farce</a> in practice, as unrestrained businesses may engage in underhanded tactics to get ahead, making life <i>very difficult</i> for the lower classes and new businesses.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEldridge2025" class="citation web cs1">Eldridge, Stephen (Mar 7, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-spectrum">"Political spectrum"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Political+spectrum&rft.date=2025-03-07&rft.aulast=Eldridge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpolitical-spectrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3APolitical+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/left-wing_politics" class="extiw" title="wp:left-wing politics" rel="nofollow">left-wing politics</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/right-wing_politics" class="extiw" title="wp:right-wing politics" rel="nofollow">right-wing politics</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFMayer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, Nonna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/eu4vqp9ompqllr09iem47ao04">"Why extremes don't meet: Le Pen and Besancenot Voters in the 2007 Presidential Election"</a>. <i>French Politics, Culture & Society</i>. <b>29</b> (3). New York: Berghahn Books: <span class="nowrap">101–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Ffpcs.2011.290307">10.3167/fpcs.2011.290307</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147451564">147451564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Why+extremes+don%27t+meet%3A+Le+Pen+and+Besancenot+Voters+in+the+2007+Presidential+Election&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Ffpcs.2011.290307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147451564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Nonna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspire.sciencespo.fr%2Fhdl%3A%2F2441%2Feu4vqp9ompqllr09iem47ao04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3APolitical+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFVan_Hiel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Van Hiel, Alain (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2109499">"A Psycho-Political Profile of Party Activists and Left-Wing and Right-Wing Extremists"</a>. <i>European Journal of Political Research</i>. <b>51</b> (2). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: <span class="nowrap">166–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2011.01991.x">10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01991.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (identifier) (page does not exist)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-2109499">1854/LU-2109499</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-6765">1475-6765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=A+Psycho-Political+Profile+of+Party+Activists+and+Left-Wing+and+Right-Wing+Extremists&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-2109499&rft.issn=1475-6765&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2011.01991.x&rft.aulast=Van+Hiel&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F2109499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3APolitical+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFHanelHaddockZarzeczna2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hanel, Paul H. P.; Haddock, Geoffrey; Zarzeczna, Natalia (2019). "Sharing the Same Political Ideology Yet Endorsing Different Values: Left- and Right-Wing Political Supporters Are More Heterogeneous Than Moderates". <i>Social Psychological and Personality Science</i>. <b>10</b> (7). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: <span class="nowrap">874–</span>882. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1948550618803348">10.1177/1948550618803348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1948-5506">1948-5506</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52246707">52246707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychological+and+Personality+Science&rft.atitle=Sharing+the+Same+Political+Ideology+Yet+Endorsing+Different+Values%3A+Left-+and+Right-Wing+Political+Supporters+Are+More+Heterogeneous+Than+Moderates&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E874-%3C%2Fspan%3E882&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52246707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1948-5506&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1948550618803348&rft.aulast=Hanel&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.+P.&rft.au=Haddock%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Zarzeczna%2C+Natalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3APolitical+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFHershRoyden2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hersh, Eitan; Royden, Laura (25 June 2022). "Antisemitic Attitudes Across the Ideological Spectrum". <i>Political Research Quarterly</i>. <b>76</b> (2). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications on behalf of the University of Utah: <span class="nowrap">697–</span>711. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10659129221111081">10.1177/10659129221111081</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1065-9129">1065-9129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250060659">250060659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Antisemitic+Attitudes+Across+the+Ideological+Spectrum&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E697-%3C%2Fspan%3E711&rft.date=2022-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250060659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1065-9129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F10659129221111081&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Eitan&rft.au=Royden%2C+Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3APolitical+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pavlopoulos_2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pavlopoulos_2014_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFPavlopoulos2014" class="citation web cs1">Pavlopoulos, Vassilis (20 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.uoa.gr/~vpavlop/papers/invited/2014_Birkbeck.pdf">"Politics, Economics, and the Far Right in Europe: A Social Psychological Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Challenge of the Extreme Right in Europe: Past, Present, Future. London: Birkbeck, University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Economics%2C+and+the+Far+Right+in+Europe%3A+A+Social+Psychological+Perspective&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Challenge+of+the+Extreme+Right+in+Europe%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+Future&rft.pub=Birkbeck%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.aulast=Pavlopoulos&rft.aufirst=Vassilis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.uoa.gr%2F~vpavlop%2Fpapers%2Finvited%2F2014_Birkbeck.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3APolitical+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFChoat2017" class="citation web cs1">Choat, Simon (12 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/horseshoe-theory-is-nonsense-the-far-right-and-far-left-have-little-in-common-77588">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Horseshoe theory' is nonsense – the far right and far left have little in common"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. Melbourne. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2201-5639">2201-5639</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619000828/http://theconversation.com/horseshoe-theory-is-nonsense-the-far-right-and-far-left-have-little-in-common-77588">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=%27Horseshoe+theory%27+is+nonsense+%E2%80%93+the+far+right+and+far+left+have+little+in+common&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft.issn=2201-5639&rft.aulast=Choat&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhorseshoe-theory-is-nonsense-the-far-right-and-far-left-have-little-in-common-77588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3APolitical+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicalcompass.org/uselection2020">US Election 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27672986">Casanova, J. (2005). Terror and Violence: The Dark Face of Spanish Anarchism. International Labor and Working-Class History, 67, 79-99. doi:10.1017/S0147547905000098</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&oldid=2725791#Liberalism">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Political_spectrum&oldid=2725791#Liberalism</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Significantly_problematic_articles" title="Category:Significantly problematic articles">Significantly problematic articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terms" title="Category:Political terms">Political terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophies" title="Category:Political 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