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Please research the article's assertions. Whatever is credible should be sourced, and what is not should be removed. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #1E90FF; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF"><b>Oh no, they're talking about</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Politics</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#97DEFF;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics"><img alt="Icon politics.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/f/f2/Icon_politics.svg/100px-Icon_politics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/f2/Icon_politics.svg/150px-Icon_politics.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/f2/Icon_politics.svg/200px-Icon_politics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>Theory</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms of</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>Practice</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy"><font color="white">Philosophies</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terms" title="Category:Political terms"><font color="white">Terms</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useful_idiot" title="Useful idiot">Useful idiot</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>As usual</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Germany" title="Political parties of Germany">Political parties of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#1E90FF; text-align:center;"><b>Country sections</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#97DEFF;"> <center><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_politics" title="Category:United States politics"><img alt="United States politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/53px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_politics" title="Category:British politics"><img alt="British politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="21" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_politics" title="Category:Canadian politics"><img alt="Canadian politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/53px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/70px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_politics" title="Category:Chinese politics"><img alt="Chinese politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/53px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:French_politics" title="Category:French politics"><img alt="French politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/120px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:German_politics" title="Category:German politics"><img alt="German politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="21" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/53px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/70px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_politics" title="Category:Indian politics"><img alt="Indian politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/53px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/70px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_politics" title="Category:Iranian politics"><img alt="Iranian politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="20" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Israeli_politics" title="Category:Israeli politics"><img alt="Israeli politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/35px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="25" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/53px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/70px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_politics" title="Category:Japanese politics"><img alt="Japanese politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:South_Korean_politics" title="Category:South Korean politics"><img alt="South Korean politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/120px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_politics" title="Category:Turkish politics"><img alt="Turkish politics" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/53px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/70px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </center> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics" title="Template:Politics">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics" title="Template talk:Politics">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Minarchism</b> is a political philosophy advocating the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> functions to a minimum scope, providing people with only bare-bones services such as law and security. It's considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a>, and since it finds some useful role for the state, it's incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> (Unless, of course, you consider the Friedmanesque voucher a bridge between anarcho-capitalism and minarchism), another major form of libertarianism. <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s views could be described as minarchist.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> </p><p>Minarchists advocate a <b>"night-watchman state"</b> that is not responsible for the education, health care, employment or transportation of its citizens, neither makes it any use of natural resources in its territory. All of this is instead held privately or publicly, but is never susceptible to any interference of the state, its law or its representatives. Minarchy is, of course, different from <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>, since the latter term means a complete absence of a government with <i>all</i> services, including even law and security, done or exercised by people themselves. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Discussion"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Discussion</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Response_to_criticism"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Response to criticism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Reponse_to_Criticisms_Response"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reponse to Criticisms Response</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Left_minarchism"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Left minarchism</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Discussion">Discussion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minarchism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discussion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The following two sections describe how a person supporting and another opposing minarchism would argue. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minarchism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Even the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" title="Austrian school">Austrian Economists</a> do not advocate this.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> fails utterly when dealing with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_good">Public Goods</a>, that is, goods that are non-rivalrous — my consumption of the good doesn't diminish your ability to consume it — and non-excludable — you can't stop me from consuming it. For example, there are only so many fish in a location, and Alice can't stop Bob from fishing there, so Alice and Bob catch too many fish and next year there are practically no fish left. Alice and Bob could make some sort of agreement, but nothing prevents Charlie, Denise and Emily from still fishing. So everyone is poorer than had there been some sort of limit on over-fishing. </p><p>Next comes <a href="/wiki/Externalities" title="Externalities">Externalities</a>, which are detriments (or benefits) that the producer of the good or service doesn't have to deal with. An example of this is pollution. If a firm can lower their average costs in order to make significantly more profit by dumping their waste in the local river, so long as the <a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">owners don't drink from said river</a>, it will probably do so to maximise its profit margins. This generally harms the local population far more than the company gains from not properly disposing its waste, so overall it's a net loss for society. The third party effects arising from production of this good are greater than that of the private benefits incurred. </p><p>Things like education, safety regulations, roads, research subsidies, and so forth often add to the economy more than they cost. Welfare and subsidised housing are often far more effective at reducing crime — for cheaper — than extra police alone.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> What Minarchists have a hard time understanding is that their income depends on things like roads and communication systems being available, that having access to <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">adequate healthcare</a> increases worker productivity, and a whole slew of other things. Even if you built your business out of gumption and bootstraps alone, virtually all of your customers and employees relied on <i>something</i> provided via government, and without those customers you wouldn't have that business to be taxed in the first place. It's far better to pay 50% tax on $200,000 than pay 5% on $20,000. </p><p>Without international bodies imposing rules on corporations (such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) there also wouldn't be any universal standards and regulations to which all corporations should abide, meaning that literally every single corporate entity has to expand or cooperate with another one to form any sort of coherent universal standard and even then you'd be lucky if every corporation in the world agreed by it. While that may not seem all that shocking at first, this means that there will be situations where you can't phone some of your friends because their telephones don't know how to register your telephone signal or that you can't do your job abroad without re-learning how to do it because the machines they work with have notably different architecture from the ones you are used to work with. In the end it ends up complicating the life for corporations and people alike. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Response_to_criticism">Response to criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minarchism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Response to criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Proponents for minarchism <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> argue that the assignment of property rights would solve both the issue of negative externalities and the issue of the conservation of common (i.e 'non-rivalrous) goods. Let us return to the scenarios outlined in the previous section, we can see that by awarding either party ownership of the lake will reduce both the rate of pollution, and extirpate any chance of over-fishing. If we give property rights over the lake to Bob, he will have an active, personal interest in preserving the number of fish in the lake. He would likely begin issuing fishing permits, and or an upper-limit on the fish which may be caught by fishermen using his property. These measures will speedily eliminate the risk of over-fishing <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p><p>The issue of pollution would be solved in a similar manner. If we award ownership of the relevant lake to the polluter, the polluter will either recognize that using the lake (read; their property) as a rubbish-dump is not a profitable utilization of the asset, and will instead move to conserve the asset to preserve its value and put it to some alternative use. Alternatively, even if the polluter determines that the lake is best used as a refuse-pit, victims of the pollution can launch legal action (public courts of law which exist to defend human and proprietary rights being-- of course-- characteristic of minarchism)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> on the grounds that the pollution is harming their property (i.e., their bodies). Now forced to pay compensation to the individuals who have suffered property damage (i.e, bodily harm) as a result of the polluter's use of the lake, the polluter will be compelled-- by reason of simple profit and loss-- to either limit their pollution to a rate that does not harm anyone's body, or transition to another method of waste disposal; whichever option is cheaper will prevail. This bears repeating: if the benefit of dumping is offset by the cost of the compensation payments completely, the polluter will-- of its own volition-- seek other methods of waste management.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>The assertions that the free market would be unable to provide services like education, regulation, and infrastructure have been long debunked. Although hard to imagine for those who have grown dependent on government, all these services would be provided more freely and more efficiently under a free market. The essential reason for the private market's superiority-- with respect to the provision of goods and services-- comes down to the private sector being beholden to profit-and-loss considerations, proprietary interest, and competition.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>Corporate regulation comes freely and naturally by its nature in a free market as well. This occurs all across the world, and readily occurs even in jurisdictions already laden with regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Professional associations create standards and give "seals of approval" to businesses that adhere to their guidelines, and in turn the consumer is protected from predatory practices by the people who understand the business the most. To suggest that corporations will not self-regulate is akin to saying that school children will simply not cooperate unless ordered to by their school-master-- a clearly specious assertion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reponse_to_Criticisms_Response">Reponse to Criticisms Response</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minarchism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reponse to Criticisms Response">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Of course, all of this is dependent upon the relevant actors being reasonable. This is an issue with all governments and hierarchies, but its a problem that is exacerbated within systems where individuals are given less checks upon power. Wealth alone has not been proven to be a viable check upon unreasonable actors. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Left_minarchism">Left minarchism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minarchism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Left minarchism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Minarchy has also been advocated by some non-anarchist libertarian socialists and other left-libertarians.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Minarcho-socialism is also an ideology that combines the principles of minarchy with socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minarchism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minarchism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:80%; -webkit-column-count:80%; column-count:80%; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See, Robert Nozick, Tibor Machan, Roderick T. Long, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karpoff, Jonathan M., The Tragedy of ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ – Hardin vs. the Property Rights Theorists (July 5, 2021). Forthcoming, The Journal of Law and Economics, European Corporate Governance Institute – Finance Working Paper No. 750/2021, Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3531981">https://ssrn.com/abstract=3531981</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3531981">http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3531981</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nozick, Robert (2013). Anarchy, State and Utopia (Reprint ed.). ISBN 978-0465051007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bei Zhang (2013) Market-based solutions: An appropriate approach to resolve environmental problems, Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 11:1, 87-91, DOI: 10.1080/10042857.2013.777526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Larson, Paul. (2009). Public vs. Private sector perspectives on supply chain management. Journal of Public Procurement. 9. 222-247. 10.1108/JOPP-09-02-2009-B003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cipe.org/resources/role-private-sector-improving-public-services-arab-nations/">https://www.cipe.org/resources/role-private-sector-improving-public-services-arab-nations/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://fee.org/articles/how-governments-hijack-corporate-self-regulation/">https://fee.org/articles/how-governments-hijack-corporate-self-regulation/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Curioni, A., Voinov, P., Allritz, M., Wolf, T., Call, J., & Knoblich, G. (2022). Human adults prefer to cooperate even when it is costly. Proceedings. Biological sciences, 289(1973), 20220128. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0128">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0128</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible" class="extiw" title="wp:Demanding the Impossible" rel="nofollow">Demanding the Impossible</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polcompball.miraheze.org/wiki/Minarcho-Socialism">Minarcho-Socialism</a>, polcompball.miraheze.org.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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