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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-classical history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Kurdistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Kurdistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Northern Kurdistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Kurdistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi_Kurdistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_Kurdistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Iraqi Kurdistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_Kurdistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Syrian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivisions_(Upper_and_Lower_Kurdistan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions_(Upper_and_Lower_Kurdistan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Subdivisions (Upper and Lower Kurdistan)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions_(Upper_and_Lower_Kurdistan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Water resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum_and_mineral_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_and_mineral_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Petroleum and mineral resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_and_mineral_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurdistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerdistan" title="Koerdistan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koerdistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كردستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كردستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdist%C3%A1n" title="Kurdistán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kurdistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdist%C3%A1n" title="Curdistán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Curdistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कुर्दिस्तान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कुर्दिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrd%C3%BCstan" title="Kürdüstan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kürdüstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوردوستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوردوستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কুর্দিস্তান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুর্দিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Курдистан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Курдыстан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Курдыстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кюрдистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кюрдистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdist%C3%A1n" title="Kurdistán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kurdistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwrdistan" title="Cwrdistan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwrdistan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Κουρδιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουρδιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdist%C3%A1n" title="Kurdistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kurdistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdio" title="Kurdio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kurdio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کردستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کردستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerdistan" title="Koerdistan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koerdistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chordast%C3%A1in" title="An Chordastáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chordastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdist%C3%A1n" title="Kurdistán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kurdistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌺𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="쿠르디스탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠르디스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuludiskana" title="Kuludiskana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kuludiskana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Քուրդիստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քուրդիստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कुर्दिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुर्दिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Курдистан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BArdistan" title="Kúrdistan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kúrdistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="כורדיסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כורדיסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdhistan" title="Kurdhistan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kurdhistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ქურთისტანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქურთისტანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Күрдістан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күрдістан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ເຄີດິສຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຄີດິສຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdistania" title="Curdistania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Curdistania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdist%C4%81na" title="Kurdistāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurdistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistanas" title="Kurdistanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kurdistanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdistan" title="Curdistan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Curdistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdiszt%C3%A1n" title="Kurdisztán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kurdisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Курдистан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordist%C3%A0na" title="Kordistàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kordistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurut%C4%81nga" title="Kurutānga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kurutānga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कुर्दिस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुर्दिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ქურთისტანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქურთისტანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="کوردستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوردستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerdistan" title="Koerdistan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koerdistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कुर्दिस्तान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुर्दिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="クルディスタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クルディスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Кхурдойчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кхурдойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdistan" title="Curdistan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Curdistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdiston" title="Kurdiston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kurdiston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੁਰਦਿਸਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਰਦਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کردستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کردستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوردستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوردستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdystan" title="Kurdystan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kurdystan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curdist%C3%A3o" title="Curdistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Curdistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurthisuyu" title="Kurthisuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kurthisuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Курдистан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistani" title="Kurdistani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kurdistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوردستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوردستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Курдистан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="குர்திசுத்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குர்திசுத்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Көрдстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көрдстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="เคอร์ดิสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคอร์ดิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Курдистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Курдистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrdistan" title="Kürdistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kürdistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrd%C3%BCstan" title="Kürdüstan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kürdüstan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨀᨘᨑᨉᨔᨈᨓᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨀᨘᨑᨉᨔᨈᨓᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Курдистан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курдистан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کردستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کردستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كۇردىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۇردىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="库尔德斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="库尔德斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="קורדיסטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קורדיסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="庫爾德斯坦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="庫爾德斯坦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd%C4%B1stan_(m%C4%B1nt%C4%B1qa)" title="Kurdıstan (mıntıqa) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kurdıstan (mıntıqa)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li 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extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of West Asia with a historical Kurdish presence</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kurdistan (disambiguation)">Kurdistan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kurdistan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl">کوردستان</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish-inhabited_areas_(orthographic_projection_with_inset).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kurdish-inhabited areas (according to the CIA, 1992)[1][2]"><img alt="Kurdish-inhabited areas (according to the CIA, 1992)[1][2]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kurdish-inhabited_areas_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg/250px-Kurdish-inhabited_areas_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kurdish-inhabited_areas_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg/375px-Kurdish-inhabited_areas_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kurdish-inhabited_areas_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg/500px-Kurdish-inhabited_areas_%28orthographic_projection_with_inset%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Kurdish-inhabited areas (according to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, 1992)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zaza%E2%80%93Gorani_languages" title="Zaza–Gorani languages">Zaza–Gorani</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Integrated parts <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> with varying degrees of autonomy in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Kurdistan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">392,000 km<sup>2</sup> (151,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Kurdistan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25-30 million<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kurdistan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">کوردستان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Kurdistan</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'land of the Kurds'; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ku-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">[ˌkʊɾdɪˈstɑːn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cc\/Ku-Kurdistan.oga\/Ku-Kurdistan.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ku-Kurdistan.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Ku-Kurdistan.oga/Ku-Kurdistan.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ku-Kurdistan.oga" title="File:Ku-Kurdistan.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaKurdistan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaKurdistan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Greater Kurdistan</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a roughly defined geo-<a href="/wiki/Cultural_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural region">cultural region</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> wherein the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> form a prominent majority population<sup id="cite_ref-Zaken_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaken-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> have historically been based.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros</a> and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus</a> mountain ranges. </p><p>Kurdistan generally comprises the following four regions: southeastern Turkey (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Northern Kurdistan</a>), northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Southern Kurdistan</a>), northwestern Iran (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Eastern Kurdistan</a>), and northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Western Kurdistan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some definitions also include parts of southern <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">Transcaucasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalist</a> organizations seek to create an independent <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> consisting of some or all of these areas with a Kurdish majority, while others campaign for greater autonomy within the existing national boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delineation of the region remains disputed and varied, with some maps greatly exaggerating its boundaries. </p><p>Historically, the word "Kurdistan" is first attested in 11th century <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many disparate <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries" title="List of Kurdish dynasties and countries">Kurdish dynasties, emirates, principalities, and chiefdoms</a> were established from the 8th to 19th centuries. Administratively, the 20th century saw the establishment of the short-lived areas of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_state_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Kurdish state (1918–1919)">Kurdish state</a> (1918–1919), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a> (1921–1924), <a href="/wiki/Kurdistansky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistansky Uyezd">Kurdistansky Uyezd</a> i.e. "Red Kurdistan" (1923–1929), <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a> (1927–1930), and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> (1946). </p><p>In Iraq, following the <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi-Kurdish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Iraqi-Kurdish War">First Iraqi-Kurdish War</a>, the government entered into an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi-Kurdish_Autonomy_Agreement_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi-Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970">agreement</a> with the rebellious Kurds, granting Kurds local self-rule. Soon after, however, the agreement <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi-Kurdish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Iraqi-Kurdish War">collapsed</a>. Later, during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">Iraqi no-fly zones conflict</a>, which followed the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the Iraqi military withdrew from northern and southern Iraq, allowing the Kurds to fill the vacuum and regain lost control in northern Iraq. After the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>, and since the creation of the new Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal state</a>, the new constitution issued in 2005 recognises <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> as a federal region;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the constitution does not include the term “autonomy”, it emphasises <a href="/wiki/Decentralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralisation">decentralisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a>, allowing regions and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Governorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Governorates">governorates</a> to administer local affairs. In practice, however, only Kurdistan Region has exercised this authority granted by the constitution. In September 2017, Iraqi Kurds held a one-sided <a href="/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">independence referendum</a>, which eventually <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi-Kurdish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict">failed</a> and was abandoned. The subsequent effort by the Iraqi government to punish Kurdistan Region has resulted in it losing authorities it had previously possessed,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the future of Kurdish autonomy in Iraq has been called into question.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraqi Kurdish officials have also complained of efforts by the Iraqi government to return to the pre-2003 <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralized government</a> and dismantle Kurdistan Region altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Province">Kurdistan Province</a> in Iran, which is not self-ruled. Kurds fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> were able to take control of large sections of northern Syria and establish <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Rojava">self-governing regions</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (commonly called Rojava), where they seek autonomy in a <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">federal Syria</a> after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_delineation">Etymology and delineation</h2></div> <p>Kurdistan means "Land of the Kurds"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was first attested in 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2010_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact origins of the name <i>Kurd</i> are unclear. The suffix <i><a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">-stan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: ـستان, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">translit.</a></small> <i>stân</i>) is <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> for land. </p><p>"Kurdistan" was also formerly spelled <i>Curdistan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the ancient names of this region was <i><a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A.D._Lee,_1991_pp._366–374_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.D._Lee,_1991_pp._366–374-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Eyalet" title="Kurdistan Eyalet">Kurdistan Eyalet</a> was the first time that the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> used the term 'Kurdistan' to refer to an <a href="/wiki/Administrative_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative unit">administrative unit</a> rather than a geographical region.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Albeit admitting a thorough delineation is difficult, the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> delineated Kurdistan as following:<sup id="cite_ref-BRILL_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRILL-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Turkey, the Kurds inhabit the whole of the eastern region of the country. According to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Trotter_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Trotter (Indian Army officer)">Trotter</a> (1878), the limit of their extent to the north was the line <a href="/wiki/Divri%C4%9Fi" title="Divriği">Divriği</a>—<a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>—<a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>... The Kurds also occupy the western slopes of Ararat, the districts of <a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%9F%C4%B1zman" title="Kağızman">Kağızman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuzluca" title="Tuzluca">Tuzluca</a>. On the west they extend in a wide belt beyond the course of the Euphrates, and, in the <a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">region of Sivas</a>, in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Kangal" title="Kangal">Kangal</a> and Divriği. Equally, the whole region includes areas to the east and south-east of these limits... <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a> numbers at least 17 of them almost totally: in the north-east, the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Erzincan_Province" title="Erzincan Province">Erzincan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a>; in the centre, going from west to east and from north to south, the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elazığ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province" title="Bingöl Province">Bingöl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a>, Karaköse (<a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a>), then <a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province" title="Adıyaman Province">Adıyaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siirt_Province" title="Siirt Province">Siirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a>; Finally, the southern provinces of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a> and Çölamerik (<a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkarî</a>)... </p><p>[Kurds] inhabit the north-west of Iran. Firstly in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="West Azerbaijan Province">West Azerbaijan</a>, to the east of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Rida'iyya</a>..., the districts of <a href="/wiki/Maku,_Iran" title="Maku, Iran">Maku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qotur" class="mw-redirect" title="Qotur">Kotur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Shahpur</a>, and to the south of the lake, <a href="/wiki/Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a> (ex-Sabla); in the province of Ardalan, called the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Province">province of Kurdistan</a>, whose capital is Senna or <a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avroman" title="Avroman">Hawraman</a>; in the province of <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermanshah Province">Kermanshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qasr-e_Shirin" title="Qasr-e Shirin">Qasr-e Shirin</a>... </p><p>In Iraq, the Kurds occupy the north and northeast of the country in the liwaʾs or provinces of <a href="/wiki/Duhok_Governorate" title="Duhok Governorate">Duhok</a>... Left outside their administration are <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ain_Sifni" title="Ain Sifni">Shekhan</a>, peopled by the <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>; the liwaʾs of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Arbil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah</a> (entirely Kurdish) and, in the... nahiyas of <a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandali,_Iraq" title="Mandali, Iraq">Mandali</a>, where they are neighbours of the Kurds of Iran to the west of the Zagros. </p><p> In Syria, they constitute three distinct belts, in the north of the country and to the south of the highway which forms a frontier and where they are in direct contact with their compatriots in Turkey... [I]n the <a href="/wiki/Kurd_Dagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd Dagh">Kurd Dagh</a>;..., to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> where the river enters Syria near <a href="/wiki/Jarablus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarablus">Jarablus</a>; and finally, a belt of 250 km. in length by 30 km. in depth in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_Province" title="Al-Jazira Province">Jazira</a>.</p></blockquote><p>Many of the maps delineating Kurdistan are greatly exaggerated, also incorporating non-Kurdish regions, which has made the subject very controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaya_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaya-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds" title="History of the Kurds">History of the Kurds</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutian people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Mannaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_den_stores_rike,_Nordisk_familjebok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alexander_den_stores_rike%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.jpg/252px-Alexander_den_stores_rike%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alexander_den_stores_rike%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.jpg/378px-Alexander_den_stores_rike%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alexander_den_stores_rike%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.jpg/504px-Alexander_den_stores_rike%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="1343" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ancient Kurdistan as Kard-uchi, during <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s Empire, 4th century BCE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_East_ancient_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Near_East_ancient_map.jpg/232px-Near_East_ancient_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Near_East_ancient_map.jpg/348px-Near_East_ancient_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Near_East_ancient_map.jpg/464px-Near_East_ancient_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">19th-century map showing the location of the Kingdom of Corduene in 60 BCE</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Various groups, among them the <a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Guti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, Mannai (<a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Mannaeans</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, lived in this region in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original Mannaean homeland was situated east and south of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a>, roughly centered around modern-day <a href="/wiki/Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region came under <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> rule during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>. </p><p>The Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a>, which emerged from the declining <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, was located to the south and south-east of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a> between Persia and Mesopotamia and ruled northern Mesopotamia and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> from 189 BC to AD 384 as vassals of the vying <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> empires. Corduene became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> state of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 66 BC and remained allied with the Romans until AD 384. After 66 BC, it passed another 5 times between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> and Persia. Corduene was situated to the east of <a href="/wiki/Tigranocerta" title="Tigranocerta">Tigranocerta</a>, that is, to the east and south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a> in south-eastern Turkey. </p><p>Some historians have correlated a connection between Corduene with the modern names of Kurds and Kurdistan;<sup id="cite_ref-A.D._Lee,_1991_pp._366–374_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.D._Lee,_1991_pp._366–374-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>T. A. Sinclair</i> and other scholars have dismissed this identification as false,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a common association is asserted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the ancient districts of Kurdistan and their corresponding modern names:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Corduene or Gordyene (<a href="/wiki/Siirt" title="Siirt">Siirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitlis" title="Bitlis">Bitlis</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak" title="Şırnak">Şırnak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophene" title="Sophene">Sophene</a> (Diyarbakır)</li> <li>Zabdicene or Bezabde (<i>Gozarto d'Qardu</i> or <i>Jazirat Ibn</i> or <a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a>)</li> <li>Basenia (<a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fubeyaz%C4%B1t" class="mw-redirect" title="Doğubeyazıt">Bayazid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxoene" title="Moxoene">Moxoene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F" title="Muş">Muş</a>)</li> <li>Nephercerta (<i>Miyafarkin</i>)</li> <li>Artemita (<a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a>)</li></ol> <p>One of the earliest records of the phrase <i>land of the Kurds</i> is found in an <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> Christian document of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, describing the stories of Assyrian saints of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Abdisho_(died_345)" title="Abdisho (died 345)">Abdisho</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">Marzban</a> asked Mar Abdisho about his place of origin, he replied that according to his parents, they were originally from <i>Hazza,</i> a village in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. However, they were later driven out of Hazza by <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian paganism">pagans</a>, and settled in <i>Tamanon,</i> which according to Abdisho was in the <i>land of the Kurds.</i> Tamanon lies just north of the modern Iraq-Turkey border, while Hazza is 12 km southwest of modern <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>. In another passage in the same document, the region of the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Tigris)" title="Khabur (Tigris)">Khabur River</a> is also identified as <i>land of the Kurds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>, Tamanon was located on the south-western or southern slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other geographical references to the Kurds in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a> sources appear in <a href="/wiki/Zuqnin_Chronicle" title="Zuqnin Chronicle">Zuqnin</a> chronicle, writings of <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a>. They mention the mountains of Qardu, city of Qardu and country of Qardawaye.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical_history">Post-classical history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawadids">Rawadids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kurdistan_Map,_Ibn_Hawqal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Old_Kurdistan_Map%2C_Ibn_Hawqal.png/225px-Old_Kurdistan_Map%2C_Ibn_Hawqal.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Old_Kurdistan_Map%2C_Ibn_Hawqal.png/338px-Old_Kurdistan_Map%2C_Ibn_Hawqal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Old_Kurdistan_Map%2C_Ibn_Hawqal.png/450px-Old_Kurdistan_Map%2C_Ibn_Hawqal.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a> (mountains of northeastern Mesopotamia), highlighting "Summer and winter resorts of the Kurds", the Kurdish lands. Redrawn from <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a>, 977 CE.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashgari_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kashgari_map.jpg/225px-Kashgari_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kashgari_map.jpg/338px-Kashgari_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kashgari_map.jpg/450px-Kashgari_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>The map from <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk</a></i> (1072–74), included Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunes_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunes-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the tenth and eleventh centuries, several <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish principalities">Kurdish principalities</a> emerged in the region: in the north the <a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a> (951–1174) (in east <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Araxes</a> rivers) and the <a href="/wiki/Rawadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawadids">Rawadids</a> (955–1221) (centered on <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and which controlled all of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>), in the east the <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a> (959–1015) (in Zagros between Shahrizor and <a href="/wiki/Khuzistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzistan">Khuzistan</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a> (990–1116) (centered in <a href="/wiki/Hulwan" title="Hulwan">Hulwan</a>) and in the west the <a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a> (990–1096) to the south of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a> and north of <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurdistan in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> was a collection of semi-independent and independent states called <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirates</a>. It was nominally under indirect political or religious influence of <a href="/wiki/Khalif" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalif">Khalifs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahs</a>. A comprehensive history of these states and their relationship with their neighbors is given in the text of <i>Sharafnama</i>, written by Prince <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_Bitlisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi">Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi</a> in 1597.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emirates included <a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badinan_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Badinan Emirate">Badinan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garmiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Garmiyan">Garmiyan</a> in the south; Bakran, Bohtan (or Botan) and <a href="/wiki/Badlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Badlis">Badlis</a> in the north, and <a href="/wiki/Mukriyan" title="Mukriyan">Mukriyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ardalan" title="Ardalan">Ardalan</a> in the east. </p><p>The earliest medieval attestation of the <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> <i>Kurdistan</i> is found in a 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> historical text by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Edessa" title="Matthew of Edessa">Matteos Urhayeci</a>. He described a battle near <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Amid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siverek" title="Siverek">Siverek</a> in 1062 as to have taken place in <i>Kurdistan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second record occurs in the prayer from the <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> of an Armenian manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>, written in 1200.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A later use of the term <i>Kurdistan</i> is found in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> documents in 1336<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <i><a href="/wiki/Nuzhat_al-Qulub" title="Nuzhat al-Qulub">Nuzhat al-Qulub</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a> in 1340.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Government_memoranda_regarding_Article_25_of_the_Palestine_Mandate_with_respect_to_Transjordan,_March_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Government_memoranda_regarding_Article_25_of_the_Palestine_Mandate_with_respect_to_Transjordan%2C_March_1921.jpg/220px-British_Government_memoranda_regarding_Article_25_of_the_Palestine_Mandate_with_respect_to_Transjordan%2C_March_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Government_memoranda_regarding_Article_25_of_the_Palestine_Mandate_with_respect_to_Transjordan%2C_March_1921.jpg/330px-British_Government_memoranda_regarding_Article_25_of_the_Palestine_Mandate_with_respect_to_Transjordan%2C_March_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/British_Government_memoranda_regarding_Article_25_of_the_Palestine_Mandate_with_respect_to_Transjordan%2C_March_1921.jpg/440px-British_Government_memoranda_regarding_Article_25_of_the_Palestine_Mandate_with_respect_to_Transjordan%2C_March_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>British Government 1921 proposal from the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, for an autonomous region of Kurdistan.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedid_Atlas_(Middle_East)_1803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg/300px-Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg/450px-Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg/600px-Cedid_Atlas_%28Middle_East%29_1803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10840" data-file-height="8199" /></a><figcaption>1803 map from the <i><a href="/wiki/Cedid_Atlas" title="Cedid Atlas">Cedid Atlas</a></i>, the first Muslim atlas, showing Kurdistan in blue</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi in his <a href="/wiki/Sharafnama" title="Sharafnama">Sharafnama</a>, the boundaries of the Kurdish land begin at the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and stretch on an even line to the end of <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Marash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, who traveled in the region between 1640 and 1655, mentioned that Kurdistan includes <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amadiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya">Imaddiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahrizor" title="Shahrizor">Shahrizor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harir" class="mw-redirect" title="Harir">Harir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardalan" title="Ardalan">Ardalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Derne, Derteng, until <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century, after prolonged wars, Kurdish-inhabited areas were split between the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> empires. A major division of Kurdistan occurred in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a> in 1514, and was formalized in the 1639 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a geography textbook of late Ottoman military school by <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevad_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevad Pasha">Ahmet Cevad</a> Kurdistan span over the cities <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymanyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakir</a> among others and was one out of six regions of Ottoman Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <p>After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> contrived to split Kurdistan (as detailed in the ultimately unratified <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>) among several countries, including Kurdistan, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and others. However, the reconquest of these areas by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a> (and other pressing issues) caused the Allies to accept the renegotiated <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a> and the borders of the modern Republic of Turkey, leaving the Kurds without a self-ruled region.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Kurdish areas were assigned to the new British and French <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandated</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WholeRegionSevres.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/WholeRegionSevres.gif/300px-WholeRegionSevres.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/WholeRegionSevres.gif/450px-WholeRegionSevres.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/WholeRegionSevres.gif/600px-WholeRegionSevres.gif 2x" data-file-width="4553" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>Kurdistan (shaded area) as suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peace_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Peace Conference">San Francisco Peace Conference</a> of 1945, the Kurdish delegation proposed consideration of territory claimed by the Kurds, which encompassed an area extending from the Mediterranean shores near <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> to the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a>, and included the <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lur</a> inhabited areas of southern <a href="/wiki/Zagros" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros">Zagros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Tejel" title="Jordi Tejel">Jordi Tejel</a> has identified "Greater Kurdistan" as being one of the "Kurdish myths" that the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a> (KDPS) were involved in promoting to Kurds in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An academic source published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> has described maps of greater Kurdistan created in the 1940s and forward as: "These maps have become some of the most influential propaganda tools for the Kurdish nationalist discourse. They depict a territorially exaggerated version of the territory of Kurdistan, extending into areas with no majority Kurdish populations. Despite their production with political aims related to specific claims on the demographic and ethnographic structure of the region, and their questionable methodologies, they have become 'Kurdistan in the minds of Kurds' and the boundaries they indicate have been readily accepted."<sup id="cite_ref-Kaya_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaya-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">Coalition</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">no-fly zone over northern Iraq to provide humanitarian relief to and safeguard the Kurds</a> who would be subjected to Iraqi air attacks. Amid the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from three northern provinces, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> emerged in 1992 as an autonomous entity inside Iraq with its own local government and parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 US report, written before the instability in Syria and Iraq that exists as of 2014, attested that "Kurdistan may exist by 2030".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weakening of the Iraqi state following the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">2014 Northern Iraq offensive</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> has also presented an opportunity for independence for Iraqi Kurdistan,<sup id="cite_ref-opportunity_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opportunity-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> augmented by Turkey's move towards acceptance of such a state although it opposes moves toward Kurdish autonomy in Turkey and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-turkey_ok_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkey_ok-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Kurdistan">Northern Kurdistan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png/220px-Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png/330px-Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png/440px-Abdullah_%C3%96calan.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a> pictured 1997</figcaption></figure> <p>The incorporation into Turkey of the Kurdish-inhabited regions of eastern Anatolia was opposed by many Kurds, and has resulted in a long-running separatist conflict in which tens of thousands of lives have been lost. The region saw several major Kurdish rebellions, including the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri rebellion</a> of 1920 under the Ottomans, then successive insurrections under the Turkish state, including the 1924 <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a> in 1927, and the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a>. All were forcefully put down by the authorities. The region was declared a closed military area from which foreigners were banned between 1925 and 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">deny their existence</a>, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Turks">Mountain Turks</a>" until 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government.<sup id="cite_ref-bahar_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahar-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Military_coup_of_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup of 1980">military coup of 1980</a>, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTK_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTK-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, political parties that represented Kurdish interests were banned.<sup id="cite_ref-bahar_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahar-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, the Kurdish provinces were included in the <a href="/wiki/OHAL" class="mw-redirect" title="OHAL">state of emergency region</a>, which was placed under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in response to the activities of the militant separatist organization the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK).<sup id="cite_ref-hue_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hue-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> took place through the 1980s and 1990s in which much of the countryside was evacuated, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_villages_depopulated_by_Turkey" title="Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey">thousands of Kurdish villages were destroyed by the government</a>, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> were carried out by both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cengiz_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cengiz-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ocpw_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocpw-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food embargoes were placed on Kurdish villages and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-muftah_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muftah-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tens of thousands were killed in the violence and hundreds of thousands were forced to leave their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Turkey has historically feared that a Kurdish state in Northern Iraq would encourage and support Kurdish separatists in the adjacent Turkish provinces, and have therefore historically strongly opposed Kurdish independence in Iraq. However, following the chaos in Iraq after <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">the US invasion</a>, Turkey has increasingly worked with the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word 'Kurdistan', whether written or spoken, can still lead to detention and prosecution in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurdistan has been characterized as an "international colony" by the scholar <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Be%C5%9Fik%C3%A7i" title="İsmail Beşikçi">Ismail Besikci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian,_Iraqi,_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg/240px-Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg/360px-Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg/480px-Syrian%2C_Iraqi%2C_and_Lebanese_insurgencies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>Military situation on <span data-sort-value="000000002019-08-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">August 27, 2019</span>:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffa6; color:black;"> </span> Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Syrian Kurds</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d2cd7e; color:black;"> </span> Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Iraqi Kurds</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b4b2ae; color:black;"> </span> Controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State in Iraq and Syria</a> (ISIL, ISIS, IS)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraqi_Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</h4></div> <p>The successful <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">2014 Northern Iraq offensive</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIS), and the resultant weakening of the ability of the Iraqi state to project power at the time, also presented a "golden opportunity" for the Kurds to increase their independence and possibly declare an independent Kurdish state.<sup id="cite_ref-opportunity_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opportunity-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant</a>, who took more than 80 Turkish persons captive in Mosul during their offensive, is an enemy of Turkey, making Kurdistan useful for Turkey as a buffer state. On 28 June 2014 <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_%C3%87elik" title="Hüseyin Çelik">Hüseyin Çelik</a>, a spokesman for the ruling <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP), made comments to the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> indicating Turkey's readiness to accept an independent Kurdistan in northern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-turkey_ok_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkey_ok-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became increasingly less likely, however, when in July 2017, the Iraqi government declared victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Battle of Mosul</a> against ISIS in the group’s last stronghold in the country. Following this, in September 2017, Iraqi Kurds held a one-sided <a href="/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">independence referendum</a> which eventually triggered a <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi-Kurdish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict">military operation</a> wherein the Iraqi government forces attacked the Kurds, defeating them and forcing them to abandon the referendum. A month later, Iraq declared full victory over ISIS and re-established control over all previously occupied territory. Following the Kurds’ failed attempt to achieve independence, the government of Iraq has exacted severe punishment against KRI in a number of punitive measures.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Kurdish officials in Iraq have described this as evidence of the Iraqi government’s aim to return to a centralised political system and abandon the federal system it adopted in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a leaked letter published by <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a></i> in September 2023, <a href="/wiki/Masrour_Barzani" title="Masrour Barzani">Masrour Barzani</a>, the prime minister of KRG warned about an imminent collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal model</a> in Iraq (i.e. a return to <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralism</a>) and urged the United States to intervene, saying: "I write to you now at another critical juncture in our history, one that I fear we may have difficulty overcoming. …[W]e are bleeding economically and hemorrhaging politically. For the first time in my tenure as prime minister, I hold grave concerns that this dishonorable campaign against us may cause the collapse of … the very model of a Federal Iraq that the United States sponsored in 2003 and purported to stand by since."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a report published in 2024 by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Institute for Near East Policy">Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a>, Kurdistan Region's autonomy "hangs in the balance" due to several punitive measures imposed against the former by the government of Iraq in an effort to punish it and ultimately strip it completely of its autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdish%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)">Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)</a></div> <p>Various sources have reported that <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra</a> has issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatw%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatwā">fatwā</a> calling for Kurdish women and children in Syria to be killed,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fighting in Syria has led tens of thousands of refugees to flee to <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Iraq's Kurdistan region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, Turkey was actively supporting Al-Nusra,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of January 2017, Turkey's foreign ministry has said that Al-Nusra is a terrorist group and has acted accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the demographics of the Kurdistand Region of the Republic of Iraq, see <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region#Demographics" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region § Demographics</a>.</div> <p>According to 2016 estimate <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Institute_of_Paris" title="Kurdish Institute of Paris">Kurdish Institute of Paris</a>, total population of Kurdistan is around 34.5 million, and Kurds making 86% of population of Northern Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> (Syriac), <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijani</a> minorities in Northern Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Southern Kurdistan there are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> (Assyrian and Armenian) and Turkish (Turkmen) minorities as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a> share close ties with Turkish people and do not identify with the <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peyrouse2015_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peyrouse2015-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheNewYorkTimes_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNewYorkTimes-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kushner1987p202_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner1987p202-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriana2017168_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETriana2017168-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bassem2016_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bassem2016-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurdistan has also significant Caucasian population, Caucasians of Kurdistan included <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingushes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Varto_District" title="Varto District">Varto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-checheningush2_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-checheningush2-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ahlat_District" title="Ahlat District">Ahlat</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gorman2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorman2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>. From early stage on, these Caucasians went through a process of <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a> and thereby had Kurdish as their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cerkes_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cerkes-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Kurdistan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ancient_Kurdistan.png/225px-Ancient_Kurdistan.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ancient_Kurdistan.png/338px-Ancient_Kurdistan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Ancient_Kurdistan.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Historic map from 1721 showing borders of Curdistan provinces in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, Kurdistan covers about 190,000 km<sup>2</sup> (or 73,000 square miles), and its chief towns are <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a> (Amed), <a href="/wiki/Bitlis" title="Bitlis">Bitlis</a> (Bedlîs) and <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a> (Wan) in Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> (Hewlêr) and <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a> in Iraq, and <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a> (Kirmanşan), <a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a> (Sine), <a href="/wiki/Ilam,_Iran" title="Ilam, Iran">Ilam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a> (Mehabad) in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, Kurdistan covers around 190,000 km<sup>2</sup> (73,000 sq mi) in Turkey, 125,000 km<sup>2</sup> (48,000 sq mi) in Iran, 65,000 km<sup>2</sup> (25,000 sq mi) in Iraq, and 12,000 km<sup>2</sup> (4,600 sq mi) in Syria, with a total area of approximately 392,000 km<sup>2</sup> (151,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a> encompasses a large area of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Anatolia Region">southeastern Anatolia</a> of Turkey and it is home to an estimated 6 to 8 million Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions_(Upper_and_Lower_Kurdistan)"><span id="Subdivisions_.28Upper_and_Lower_Kurdistan.29"></span>Subdivisions (Upper and Lower Kurdistan)</h3></div> <p>In <i>A Dictionary of Scripture Geography</i> (published 1846), John Miles describes Upper and Lower Kurdistan as following: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_States_1902_-outlined.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kurdish_States_1902_-outlined.jpg/220px-Kurdish_States_1902_-outlined.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kurdish_States_1902_-outlined.jpg/330px-Kurdish_States_1902_-outlined.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kurdish_States_1902_-outlined.jpg/440px-Kurdish_States_1902_-outlined.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>The States outlined in red are two Kurdish States named Hakkiari and Mosul in this 1902 map. They are referred to as Upper Kurdistan and Lower Kurdistan respectively.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Modern Curdistan is of much greater extent than the ancient Assyria, and is composed of two parts the Upper and Lower. In the former is the province of Ardelan, the ancient Arropachatis, now nominally a part of Irak Ajami, and belonging to the north west division called Al Jobal. It contains five others namely, Betlis, the ancient Carduchia, lying to the south and south west of the lake Van. East and south east of Betlis is the principality of Julamerick, south west of it is the principality of Amadia. the fourth is Jeezera ul Omar, a city on an island in the Tigris, and corresponding to the ancient Bezabde. the fifth and largest is Kara Djiolan, with a capital of the same name. The pashalics of Kirkook and Solimania also comprise part of Upper Curdistan. Lower Curdistan comprises all the level tract to the east of the Tigris, and the minor ranges immediately bounding the plains and reaching thence to the foot of the great range, which may justly be denominated the Alps of western Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The northern, northwestern and northeastern parts of Kurdistan are referred to as upper Kurdistan, and includes the areas from west of Amed to Lake Urmia. </p><p>The lowlands of southern Kurdistan are called lower Kurdistan. The main cities in this area are Kirkuk and Arbil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>Much of the region is typified by a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> – hot in the summer, cold in the winter. Despite this, much of the region is fertile and has historically exported <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. Precipitation varies between 200 and 400 mm a year in the plains, and between 700 and 3,000 mm a year on the high plateau between mountain chains.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountainous zone along the borders with Iran and Turkey experiences <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">dry summers</a>, rainy and sometimes snowy winters, and damp springs, while to the south the climate progressively transitions toward <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert</a> zones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <p>Kurdistan is one of the most mountainous regions in the world with a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">cold climate</a> receiving annual <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> adequate to sustain temperate forests and <a href="/wiki/Shrubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrubs">shrubs</a>. Mountain chains harbor pastures and forested valleys, totaling approximately 16 million hectares (160,000 km<sup>2</sup>), including <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">firs</a> and countryside is mostly <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">conifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platanus" title="Platanus">platanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> and, to the west of Kurdistan, <a href="/wiki/Olive_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive trees">olive trees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region north of the mountainous region on the border with Iran and Turkey features meadow grasses and such wild trees as, <a href="/wiki/Abies_cilicica" title="Abies cilicica">Abies cilicica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_calliprinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus calliprinos">Quercus calliprinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_brantii" title="Quercus brantii">Quercus brantii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_infectoria" title="Quercus infectoria">Quercus infectoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_ithaburensis" title="Quercus ithaburensis">Quercus ithaburensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercus_macranthera" title="Quercus macranthera">Quercus macranthera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens">Cupressus sempervirens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platanus_orientalis" title="Platanus orientalis">Platanus orientalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_brutia" title="Pinus brutia">Pinus brutia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_foetidissima" title="Juniperus foetidissima">Juniperus foetidissima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_excelsa" title="Juniperus excelsa">Juniperus excelsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_oxycedrus" title="Juniperus oxycedrus">Juniperus oxycedrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_cerasus" title="Prunus cerasus">Prunus cerasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">Salix alba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Fraxinus excelsior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paliurus_spina-christi" title="Paliurus spina-christi">Paliurus spina-christi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olea_europaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Olea europaea">Olea europaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ficus_carica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ficus carica">Ficus carica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus_euphratica" title="Populus euphratica">Populus euphratica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus_nigra" title="Populus nigra">Populus nigra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna">Crataegus monogyna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crataegus_azarolus" title="Crataegus azarolus">Crataegus azarolus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_cerasifera" title="Prunus cerasifera">Prunus cerasifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">rose hips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cercis_siliquastrum" title="Cercis siliquastrum">Cercis siliquastrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistachio tree">pistachio trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrus_elaeagrifolia" title="Pyrus elaeagrifolia">pear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorbus_graeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbus graeca">Sorbus graeca</a>. The desert in the south is mostly <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> and would feature <a href="/wiki/Xeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeric">xeric</a> plants such as <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">tamarix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">fraxinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poa" title="Poa">poa</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_wormwood" class="mw-redirect" title="White wormwood">white wormwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chenopodiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenopodiaceae">chenopodiaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> and desert in the south, by contrast, have such species as <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>. </p><p>Animals found in the region include the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_brown_bear" title="Syrian brown bear">Syrian brown bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_crested_porcupine" title="Indian crested porcupine">Indian crested porcupine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">goitered gazelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-eared_hedgehog" title="Long-eared hedgehog">long-eared hedgehog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">onager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangar_(fish)" title="Mangar (fish)">mangar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_softshell_turtle" title="Euphrates softshell turtle">Euphrates softshell turtle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds include, the <a href="/wiki/Hooded_crow" title="Hooded crow">hooded crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_starling" title="Common starling">common starling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_magpie" title="Eurasian magpie">Eurasian magpie</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_robin" title="European robin">European robin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pipit" title="Water pipit">water pipit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotted_flycatcher" title="Spotted flycatcher">spotted flycatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namaqua_dove" title="Namaqua dove">namaqua dove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saker_falcon" title="Saker falcon">saker falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griffon_vulture" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffon vulture">griffon vulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_crake" title="Little crake">little crake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collared_pratincole" title="Collared pratincole">collared pratincole</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains">Mountains</h3></div> <p>Mountains are important geographical and symbolic features of Kurdish life, as evidenced by the saying "Kurds have no friends but the mountains."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountains are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">sacred</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included in the region are <a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Ararat</a> (both prominent in Kurdish folklore), <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qandil_Mountains" title="Qandil Mountains">Qandil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Shingal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abdulaziz" title="Mount Abdulaziz">Mount Abdulaziz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurd_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd Mountains">Kurd Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Akrad" title="Jabal al-Akrad">Jabal al-Akrad</a>, Shaho, Gabar, <a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nisir" title="Mount Nisir">Nisir</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h3></div> <p>Iraqi Kurdistan is a region relatively rich in water, especially for countries in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> region. It is the source for much of the water supply for neighboring countries. It means that political stability and peace in the region are important to the water supply of the region and preventing wars.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many think that for conserving the water "returning to traditional water-conserving cultivation techniques" will be needed, as well as "communal economy"<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Rivers</b> </p><p>The plateaus and mountains of Kurdistan, which are characterized by heavy rain and snow fall, act as a water reservoir for the Near and Middle East, forming the source of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> rivers, as well as other numerous smaller rivers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Little_Khabur" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Khabur">Little Khabur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a>, Tharthar, Ceyhan, <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Araxes</a>, Kura, Sefidrud, Karkha, and Hezil. Among rivers of historical importance to Kurds are the <a href="/wiki/Murat_River" title="Murat River">Murat</a> (Arasān) and Buhtān rivers in Turkey; the Peshkhābur, the <a href="/wiki/Little_Zab" title="Little Zab">Little Zab</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Zab" title="Great Zab">Great Zab</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Diyala_River" title="Diyala River">Diyala</a> in Iraq; and the Jaghatu (Zarrinarud), the Tātā'u (Siminarud), the Zohāb (Zahāb), and the Gāmāsiyāb in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These rivers, which flow from heights of three to four thousand meters above sea level, are significant both as water sources and for the production of energy. Iraq and Syria dammed many of these rivers and their tributaries. Turkey has an extensive dam system under construction as part of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Project" title="Southeastern Anatolia Project">GAP (Southeast Anatolia Project)</a>; though incomplete, the GAP already supplies a significant proportion of Turkey's electrical energy needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the extraordinary archaeological richness of the region, almost any dam impacts historic sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, Turkey was accused of withholding water from the reservoir <a href="/wiki/Lake_Assad" title="Lake Assad">Lake Assad</a> in Syria, while filling the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Dam" title="Atatürk Dam">Atatürk dam</a> in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Lakes</b> </p><p>Kurdistan extends to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a> in Iran on the east. The region includes Lake Van, the largest body of water in Turkey; the only lake in the Middle East with a larger surface is Lake Urmia – though not nearly as deep as Lake Van, which has a much larger volume. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Urmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Van</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Zarivar_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarivar Lake">Zarivar Lake</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Marivan" title="Marivan">Marivan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dukan" title="Lake Dukan">Lake Dukan</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>, are frequented by tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurdistanica_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurdistanica-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_and_mineral_resources">Petroleum and mineral resources</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> is estimated to contain around 45 billion barrels (7.2<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of oil, making it the sixth largest reserve in the world. Extraction of these reserves began in 2007. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah</a> province, also known as <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Jazira</a> region, has geopolitical importance of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and is suitable for agricultural lands. </p><p>In November 2011, <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a> challenged the Iraqi central government's authority with the signing of oil and gas contracts for exploration rights to six parcels of land in Kurdistan, including one contract in the disputed territories, just east of the Kirkuk mega-field.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act caused Baghdad to threaten to revoke Exxon's contract in its southern fields, most notably the <a href="/wiki/West_Qurna_Field" title="West Qurna Field">West-Qurna</a> Phase 1 project.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exxon responded by announcing its intention to leave the West-Qurna project.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of July 2007, the Kurdish government solicited foreign companies to invest in 40 new oil sites, with the hope of increasing regional oil production over the following five years by a factor of five, to about 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d).<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gas and associated gas reserves are in excess of 2,800 km<sup>3</sup> (100<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>12</sup> cu ft). Notable companies active in Kurdistan include <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Total_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Total S.A.">Total</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talisman_Energy" title="Talisman Energy">Talisman Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genel_Energy" title="Genel Energy">Genel Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunt Oil">Hunt Oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Keystone_Petroleum" title="Gulf Keystone Petroleum">Gulf Keystone Petroleum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other mineral resources that exist in significant quantities in the region include <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> (which is used to produce <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. The world's largest deposit of rock sulfur is located just southwest of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2012, Turkey and the Kurdistan Region signed an agreement by which Turkey would regularly supply the KRG with refined petroleum products in exchange for crude oil.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AKurdistan&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+23+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Kurdistan">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azhdar_Show" title="Azhdar Show">Azhdar Show</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newen_village_in_Hawraman_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical Kurdish village in Hawraman, Kurdistan"><img alt="A typical Kurdish village in Hawraman, Kurdistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Newen_village_in_Hawraman_2015.jpg/150px-Newen_village_in_Hawraman_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Newen_village_in_Hawraman_2015.jpg/225px-Newen_village_in_Hawraman_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Newen_village_in_Hawraman_2015.jpg/300px-Newen_village_in_Hawraman_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical Kurdish village in <a href="/wiki/Hawraman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawraman">Hawraman</a>, Kurdistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canyon,_north_eastern_Kurdistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canyon in Rawanduz in northern Iraqi Kurdistan"><img alt="Canyon in Rawanduz in northern Iraqi Kurdistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canyon%2C_north_eastern_Kurdistan.jpg/200px-Canyon%2C_north_eastern_Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canyon%2C_north_eastern_Kurdistan.jpg/300px-Canyon%2C_north_eastern_Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Canyon%2C_north_eastern_Kurdistan.jpg/400px-Canyon%2C_north_eastern_Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canyon in <a href="/wiki/Rawanduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawanduz">Rawanduz</a> in northern Iraqi Kurdistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebar_valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zê river in Zebari region, Iraqi Kurdistan."><img alt="Zê river in Zebari region, Iraqi Kurdistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Zebar_valley.jpg/200px-Zebar_valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Zebar_valley.jpg/300px-Zebar_valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Zebar_valley.jpg/400px-Zebar_valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zê river in Zebari region, Iraqi Kurdistan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piranshahr2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The city of Piranshahr, center of Mokrian district, northwestern Iran"><img alt="The city of Piranshahr, center of Mokrian district, northwestern Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Piranshahr2014.jpg/200px-Piranshahr2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Piranshahr2014.jpg/300px-Piranshahr2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Piranshahr2014.jpg/400px-Piranshahr2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Piranshahr" title="Piranshahr">city of Piranshahr</a>, center of Mokrian district, northwestern Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batman(city).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The city of Batman, Northern Kurdistan (eastern Turkey)"><img alt="The city of Batman, Northern Kurdistan (eastern Turkey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Batman%28city%29.jpg/200px-Batman%28city%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Batman%28city%29.jpg/300px-Batman%28city%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Batman%28city%29.jpg/400px-Batman%28city%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Batman,_Turkey" title="Batman, Turkey">city of Batman</a>, Northern Kurdistan (eastern Turkey)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20190510_174828.Sargallu.Sulaymaniyah.Kurdistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Countryside in Sulaymaniyah"><img alt="Countryside in Sulaymaniyah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/20190510_174828.Sargallu.Sulaymaniyah.Kurdistan.jpg/200px-20190510_174828.Sargallu.Sulaymaniyah.Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/20190510_174828.Sargallu.Sulaymaniyah.Kurdistan.jpg/300px-20190510_174828.Sargallu.Sulaymaniyah.Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/20190510_174828.Sargallu.Sulaymaniyah.Kurdistan.jpg/400px-20190510_174828.Sargallu.Sulaymaniyah.Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10032" data-file-height="3808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Countryside in <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrin,south.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A picture of the city of Efrîn, taken in 2009 from the southern side. (Western Kurdistan)"><img alt="A picture of the city of Efrîn, taken in 2009 from the southern side. (Western Kurdistan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Afrin%2Csouth.jpg/200px-Afrin%2Csouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Afrin%2Csouth.jpg/300px-Afrin%2Csouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Afrin%2Csouth.jpg/400px-Afrin%2Csouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A picture of the city of <a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Efrîn</a>, taken in 2009 from the southern side. (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Western Kurdistan</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Modern_History_of_the_Kurds" title="A Modern History of the Kurds">A Modern History of the Kurds</a></i> by David McDowall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Ark</a> of <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam#In_culture" title="Noah in Islam">Nuh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Lists of active separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Ararat" title="Mountains of Ararat">Mountains of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamanin">Thamanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/kurdish_lands_92.jpg">"Kurdish lands"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish+lands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegacy.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Fmiddle_east_and_asia%2Fkurdish_lands_92.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/93682579/">"The Kurdish lands"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Kurdish+lands.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F93682579%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoisMinorskyMacKenzie2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bois, Th; Minorsky, V.; MacKenzie, D. N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kurds-kurdistan-COM_0544?s.num=167&s.start=100">"Kurds, Kurdistān"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>. <q>At present, the different provinces of Kurdistān cover around 190,000 km2 in Turkey, 125,000 km2 in Iran, 65,000 km2 in Irāḳ, and 12,000 km2 in Syria. The total area of Kurdistān can then be estimated at approximately 392,000 km2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.atitle=Kurds%2C+Kurdist%C4%81n&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Bois&rft.aufirst=Th&rft.au=Minorsky%2C+V.&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+D.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fkurds-kurdistan-COM_0544%3Fs.num%3D167%26s.start%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/18/world/kurdish-people-fast-facts/index.html">"Kurdish People Fast Facts"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 12 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Kurdish+People+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2023-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F08%2F18%2Fworld%2Fkurdish-people-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaKurdistan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaKurdistan_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kurdistan">"Kurdistan"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kurdistan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKurdistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/25122018">Turkey demands Google remove Greater Kurdistan map</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/Rudaw" title="Rudaw">Rudaw</a></i>, December 25, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaya2020" class="citation book cs1">Kaya, Zeynep (2020). <i>Mapping Kurdistan: Territory, Self-Determination and Nationalism</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 137, 177, 197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Kurdistan%3A+Territory%2C+Self-Determination+and+Nationalism&rft.pages=2%2C+137%2C+177%2C+197&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Kaya&rft.aufirst=Zeynep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaken-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaken_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaken2007" class="citation book cs1">Zaken, Mordechai (2007). <i>Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: BRILL. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161900" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161900"><bdi>9789004161900</bdi></a>. <q>Kurdistan was never a sovereign state, though the area with an ethnic and linguistic majority of Kurdish population is defined as Kurdistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Subjects+and+Their+Tribal+Chieftains+in+Kurdistan%3A+A+Study+in+Survival&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004161900&rft.aulast=Zaken&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. T. O'Shea, <i>Trapped between the map and reality: geography and perceptions of Kurdistan</i>, 258 pp., Routledge, 2004. (see p. 77)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengio2014" class="citation book cs1">Bengio, Ofra (2014). <i>Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland</i>. University of Texas Press. p. 2. <q>Hence the terms: <i>rojhalat</i> (east, Iran), <i>bashur</i> (south, Iraq), <i>bakur</i> (north, Turkey), and <i>rojava</i> (west, Syria).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Awakening%3A+Nation+Building+in+a+Fragmented+Homeland&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bengio&rft.aufirst=Ofra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-6409?rskey=qc0zxh&result=1"><i>Kurdistan</i></a> (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199546091" title="Special:BookSources/9780199546091"><bdi>9780199546091</bdi></a>. <q>Extensive mountainous and plateau region in sw Asia, inhabited by the Kurds and including parts of E Turkey, NE Iran, N Iraq, NE Syria, S Armenia and E Azerbaijan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdistan&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199546091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001%2Facref-9780199546091-e-6409%3Frskey%3Dqc0zxh%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamit Bozarslan “The Kurdish Question: Can it be solved within Europe?”, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJpvnC54S8EC&pg=PA84">page 84 “The years of silence and of renewal”</a> in Olivier Roy, ed. <i>Turkey Today: A European Country?</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2010-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2010_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2010_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2010">Mitchell 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iraqi Constitution, Article 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailybrief.oxan.com/Analysis/DB282383/Iraqi-Kurdistan-is-set-to-lose-much-of-its-autonomy">"Kurdistan Region set to lose much of its autonomy"</a>. Oxford Analytica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdistan+Region+set+to+lose+much+of+its+autonomy&rft.pub=Oxford+Analytica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailybrief.oxan.com%2FAnalysis%2FDB282383%2FIraqi-Kurdistan-is-set-to-lose-much-of-its-autonomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/rise-and-fall-kurdish-power-iraq">"The Rise and Fall of Kurdish Power in Iraq"</a>. Washington Institute for Near East Policy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Kurdish+Power+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Frise-and-fall-kurdish-power-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/393869">"Attacks targeting Kurdistan Region deliberate attempt to dismantle its structure, says PM Barzani"</a>. Kurdistan24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attacks+targeting+Kurdistan+Region+deliberate+attempt+to+dismantle+its+structure%2C+says+PM+Barzani&rft.pub=Kurdistan24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Fen%2Fstory%2F393869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19291072">"Kurds seek autonomy in democratic Syria"</a>. BBC. 16 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kurds+seek+autonomy+in+democratic+Syria&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-19291072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanlyVanly1977" class="citation journal cs1">Vanly, Ismet Chérif; Vanly, Ismet Cheriff (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25816505">"Coup d'oeil sur la culture nationale Kurde"</a>. <i>Oriente Moderno</i>. <b>57</b> (9/10): 445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22138617-0570910007">10.1163/22138617-0570910007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-5472">0030-5472</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25816505">25816505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriente+Moderno&rft.atitle=Coup+d%27oeil+sur+la+culture+nationale+Kurde&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=9%2F10&rft.pages=445&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0030-5472&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25816505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22138617-0570910007&rft.aulast=Vanly&rft.aufirst=Ismet+Ch%C3%A9rif&rft.au=Vanly%2C+Ismet+Cheriff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25816505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Edinburgh Encyclopædia, conducted by D. Brewster—Page 511, Original from Oxford University—published 1830</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Account of the State of Roman-Catholick Religion, Sir Richard Steele, Published 1715</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Maxoudian, "Early Armenia as an Empire: The Career of Tigranes III, 95–55 BC", <i>Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society</i>, Vol. 39, Issue 2, April 1952, pp. 156–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.D._Lee,_1991_pp._366–374-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A.D._Lee,_1991_pp._366–374_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A.D._Lee,_1991_pp._366–374_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A.D. Lee, <i>The Role of Hostages in Roman Diplomacy with Sasanian Persia</i>, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 40, No. 3 (1991), pp. 366–74 (see p. 371)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadirgi2017" class="citation book cs1">Yadirgi, Veli (3 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJsqDwAAQBAJ&q=kurdistan+eyaleti&pg=PA96"><i>The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107181236" title="Special:BookSources/9781107181236"><bdi>9781107181236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+Kurds+of+Turkey&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.isbn=9781107181236&rft.aulast=Yadirgi&rft.aufirst=Veli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJsqDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkurdistan%2Beyaleti%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoisMinorskyMacKenzie2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bois, Th; Minorsky, V.; MacKenzie, D. N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kurds-kurdistan-COM_0544?s.num=167&s.start=100">"Kurds, Kurdistān"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0544">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0544</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.atitle=Kurds%2C+Kurdist%C4%81n&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0544&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Bois&rft.aufirst=Th&rft.au=Minorsky%2C+V.&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+D.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fkurds-kurdistan-COM_0544%3Fs.num%3D167%26s.start%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheyholislami2011" class="citation book cs1">Sheyholislami, Jaffer (6 June 2011). <i>Kurdish Identity, Discourse, and New Media</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 224–225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Identity%2C+Discourse%2C+and+New+Media&rft.pages=224-225&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft.aulast=Sheyholislami&rft.aufirst=Jaffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaya-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaya_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaya_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaya2020" class="citation book cs1">Kaya, Zeynep N. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRzhDwAAQBAJ"><i>Mapping Kurdistan: Territory, Self-Determination and Nationalism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108474696" title="Special:BookSources/9781108474696"><bdi>9781108474696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Kurdistan%3A+Territory%2C+Self-Determination+and+Nationalism&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781108474696&rft.aulast=Kaya&rft.aufirst=Zeynep+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRzhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shea2021" class="citation book cs1">O'Shea, Maria T. (25 August 2021). <i>Routledge Library Editions: History of the Middle East</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021-08-25&rft.aulast=O%27Shea&rft.aufirst=Maria+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinti2021" class="citation book cs1">Tinti, Alessandro (29 November 2021). <i>Oil and National Identity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Conflicts at the Frontier of Petro-Capitalism</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+and+National+Identity+in+the+Kurdistan+Region+of+Iraq%3A+Conflicts+at+the+Frontier+of+Petro-Capitalism&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft.aulast=Tinti&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://kurdistanica.com/english/history/articles-his/his-articles-02.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501191513/http://kurdistanica.com/english/history/articles-his/his-articles-02.html">Archived</a> 1 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050086">"Mahabad"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mahabad&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9050086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawlinson, George, <i>The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, Vol. 7</i>, 1871. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16167">(copy at Project Gutenberg)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revue des études arméniennes, vol. 21, 1988–1989, p. 281, by Société des études armeniennes, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Published by Imprimerie nationale, P. Geuthner, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. A. Sinclair, "Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archaeological Survey", 1989, volume 3, page 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Marciak <i>Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West</i>, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwEtDwAAQBAJ&dq=karduchoi&pg=PA204">[2]</a> pp. 220-221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victoria Arekelova, Garnik S. Asatryan <i>Prolegomena To The Study Of The Kurds</i>, Iran and The Caucasus, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/8625114/GARNIK_ASATRIAN._PROLEGOMENA_TO_THE_STUDY_OF_THE_KURDS">[3]</a> pp. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Gershevitch, <i>The Cambridge history of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol periods</i>, Vol. 5, 762 pp., Cambridge University Press, 1968. (see p. 237 for "Rawwadids")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kurds.aspx">Kurds</a>, <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, Sixth Edition, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Bell, <i>A System of Geography. Popular and Scientific (A Physical, Political, and Statistical Account of the World and Its Various Divisions)</i>, pp. 133–4, Vol. IV, Fullarton & Co., Glasgow, 1832.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. T. Walker, <i>The Legend of <a href="/wiki/Mar_Qardagh" title="Mar Qardagh">Mar Qardagh</a>: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq</i> (368 pages), University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24578-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24578-4">0-520-24578-4</a>, 2006, pp. 26, 52, 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. A. Sinclair, "Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archaeological Survey", Vol. 3, Pindar Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904597-76-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904597-76-6">978-1-904597-76-6</a>, 1989, page 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouawad1992" class="citation journal cs1">Mouawad, R. J. (1992). "The Kurds and Their Christian Neighbors: The Case of Orthodox Syriacs". <i>Parole de l'Orient</i>. <b>XVII</b>: 127–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parole+de+l%27Orient&rft.atitle=The+Kurds+and+Their+Christian+Neighbors%3A+The+Case+of+Orthodox+Syriacs&rft.volume=XVII&rft.pages=127-141&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Mouawad&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunes-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gunes_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunesBozarslanYadirgi2021" class="citation book cs1">Gunes, Cengiz; Bozarslan, Hamit; Yadirgi, Veli, eds. (22 April 2021). <i>The Cambridge History of the Kurds</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021-04-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria T. O'Shea, <i>Trapped between the map and reality: geography and perceptions of Kurdistan </i>, 258 pp., Routledge, 2004. (see p. 68)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Gershevitch, <i>The Cambridge history of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol periods</i>, Vol. 5, 762 pp., Cambridge University Press, 1968. (see p. 237 for "Rawwadids")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mazdapublishers.com/book/sharafnama">"Sharafnama: History of the Kurdish Nation"</a>. Mazdapublishers.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sharafnama%3A+History+of+the+Kurdish+Nation&rft.pub=Mazdapublishers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mazdapublishers.com%2Fbook%2Fsharafnama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a list of these entities see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurdistanica.com/english/geography/maps/map-03.html">Kurdistan and its native Provincial subdivisions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051118033137/http://www.kurdistanica.com/english/geography/maps/map-03.html">Archived</a> 18 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt'eos Urhayec'i, <span class="languageicon">(in Armenian)</span> <i>Ժամանակագրություն</i> (Chronicle), ed. by M. Melik-Adamyan et al., Erevan, 1991. (p. 156)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Asatrian, <i>Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds</i>, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 13, pp. 1–58, 2009. (see p. 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.S. Mat'evosyan, <i>Colophons of the Armenian Manuscripts</i>, Erevan, 1988. (p. 307)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Asatrian, <i>Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds</i>, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 13, pp. 1–58, 2009. (p. 20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zehiroglu, Ahmet M. "Trabzon Imparatorlugu" 2016 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4567-52-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4567-52-2">978-605-4567-52-2</a>); p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Asatrian, <i>Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds</i>, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 13, pp. 1–58, 2009. (see p. 20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzoğlu2004" class="citation book cs1">Özoğlu, Hakan (2004). <i>Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State</i>. State University of New York Press. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5993-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-5993-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Notables+and+the+Ottoman+State&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5993-5&rft.aulast=%C3%96zo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzoğlu2004" class="citation book cs1">Özoğlu, Hakan (2004). <i>Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State</i>. State University of New York Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5993-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-5993-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Notables+and+the+Ottoman+State&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5993-5&rft.aulast=%C3%96zo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Dahlman, "The Political Geography of Kurdistan", <i>Eurasian Geography and Economics</i>, Vol.43, No.4, pp.271–299, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzkan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Özkan, Behlül (4 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2014.886569">"Making a National Vatan in Turkey: Geography Education in the Late Ottoman and Early Republican Periods"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Studies">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>50</b> (3): 461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2014.886569">10.1080/00263206.2014.886569</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144455272">144455272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Making+a+National+Vatan+in+Turkey%3A+Geography+Education+in+the+Late+Ottoman+and+Early+Republican+Periods&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461&rft.date=2014-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144455272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2014.886569&rft.aulast=%C3%96zkan&rft.aufirst=Behl%C3%BCl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2014.886569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sardar Aziz (2013). "Re-conceptualizing Kurdistan as a Battlefield." <i>"Un mondo senza stati è un mondo senza guerre". Politisch motivierte Gewalt im regionalen Kontext</i>, ed. by Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair and Günther Rautz (EURAC book 60), Bozen–Bolzano, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-88906-82-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-88906-82-9">978-88-88906-82-9</a>, pp. 45–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Dahlman, <i>The Political Geography of Kurdistan</i>, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol.43, No.4, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akakurdistan.com/kurds/map/map.html">"The map presented by the Kurdish League Delegation, March 1945"</a>. Akakurdistan.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+map+presented+by+the+Kurdish+League+Delegation%2C+March+1945&rft.pub=Akakurdistan.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akakurdistan.com%2Fkurds%2Fmap%2Fmap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTejel2008" class="citation book cs1">Tejel, Jordi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lh9AgAAQBAJ&q=%22Kurdish+myths+%28Kawa+and+%22Greater+Kurdistan%22%29%22"><i>Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society</i></a>. Routledge. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415613460" title="Special:BookSources/9780415613460"><bdi>9780415613460</bdi></a>. <q>The KDPS continued to promote the teaching of the Kurdish language in Latin characters and to cultivate the nationalist doctrine of the Syrian Kurds, using Kurdish myths (Kawa and "Greater Kurdistan")</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Kurds%3A+History%2C+Politics+and+Society&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415613460&rft.aulast=Tejel&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lh9AgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Kurdish%2Bmyths%2B%2528Kawa%2Band%2B%2522Greater%2BKurdistan%2522%2529%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGareth_R._V._Stansfield2003" class="citation book cs1">Gareth R. V. Stansfield (2003). <i>Iraqi Kurdistan - Political development and emergent democracy</i>. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 146–152. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.465.8736">10.1.1.465.8736</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30278-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30278-1"><bdi>0-415-30278-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Kurdistan+-+Political+development+and+emergent+democracy&rft.pages=146-152&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.465.8736%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.isbn=0-415-30278-1&rft.au=Gareth+R.+V.+Stansfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121112352/http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/12/turkey4356.htm">"Turkey may be divided, a Kurdish state could become a reality by 2030: U.S. Intelligence report"</a>. <i>ekurd.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/12/turkey4356.htm">the original</a> on 21 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ekurd.net&rft.atitle=Turkey+may+be+divided%2C+a+Kurdish+state+could+become+a+reality+by+2030%3A+U.S.+Intelligence+report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekurd.net%2Fmismas%2Farticles%2Fmisc2012%2F12%2Fturkey4356.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opportunity-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opportunity_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opportunity_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecairoreview.com/tahrir-forum/the-rise-of-isis-a-golden-opportunity-for-iraqs-kurds/">"The Rise of ISIS, a Golden Opportunity for Iraq's Kurds"</a>. <i>aucegypt.edu</i>. 27 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aucegypt.edu&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+ISIS%2C+a+Golden+Opportunity+for+Iraq%27s+Kurds&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecairoreview.com%2Ftahrir-forum%2Fthe-rise-of-isis-a-golden-opportunity-for-iraqs-kurds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turkey_ok-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turkey_ok_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turkey_ok_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/turkey-ready-accept-kurdish-state-northern-iraq-1454556">"Turkey Ready To Accept Kurdish State in Northern Iraq"</a>. <i>International Business Times UK</i>. 28 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times+UK&rft.atitle=Turkey+Ready+To+Accept+Kurdish+State+in+Northern+Iraq&rft.date=2014-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fturkey-ready-accept-kurdish-state-northern-iraq-1454556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.M. Gunter, <i>The Kurds and the future of Turkey</i>, 184 pp., Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. (see p. 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Chaliand, <i>A people without a country: the Kurds and Kurdistan</i>, 259 pp., Interlink Books, 1993. (see p. 250)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joost Jongerden, <i>The settlement issue in Turkey and the Kurds: an analysis of spatial policies, modernity and war</i>, 354 pp., BRILL Publishers, 2007. (see p. 37)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/turkey/26.htm">"Turkey – Linguistic and Ethnic Groups"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+%E2%80%93+Linguistic+and+Ethnic+Groups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fturkey%2F26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartkus, Viva Ona, <i>The Dynamic of Secession</i>, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 90–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇelik1999" class="citation book cs1">Çelik, Yasemin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y9PXcwFOLNcC&q=mountain+turks&pg=PA3"><i>Contemporary Turkish foreign policy</i></a> (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96590-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96590-7"><bdi>978-0-275-96590-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Turkish+foreign+policy&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96590-7&rft.aulast=%C3%87elik&rft.aufirst=Yasemin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9PXcwFOLNcC%26q%3Dmountain%2Bturks%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bahar-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bahar_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bahar_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaser2015" class="citation book cs1">Baser, Bahar (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MTVBgAAQBAJ"><i>Diasporas and Homeland Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2562-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-2562-1"><bdi>978-1-4724-2562-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diasporas+and+Homeland+Conflicts%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-2562-1&rft.aulast=Baser&rft.aufirst=Bahar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MTVBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTK-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTK_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toumani, Meline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/magazine/17turkey-t.html?ex=1361854800&en=df64cf85326e2103&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink">Minority Rules</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, 17 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2014" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Senem (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wTAWBQAAQBAJ"><i>Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05460-8"><bdi>978-1-107-05460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Building+in+Turkey+and+Morocco&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05460-8&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Senem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwTAWBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hue-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hue_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurd, <i>The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas</i>, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/28/world/africa/28iht-28iraq.7671792.html">[4]</a>, NY Times, 28 September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2000" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, Ferhad (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3kgierPu_7EC"><i>The Kurdisch conflict in Turkey : obstacles and chances for peace and democracy</i></a>. Münster : New York, N.Y.: Lit ; St. Martin's press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4744-9"><bdi>978-3-8258-4744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdisch+conflict+in+Turkey+%3A+obstacles+and+chances+for+peace+and+democracy&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster+%3A+New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Lit+%3B+St.+Martin%27s+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-4744-9&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Ferhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3kgierPu_7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cengiz-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cengiz_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunes2013" class="citation book cs1">Gunes, Cengiz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMB7pMf8TL4C"><i>The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance</i></a>. Routledge. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58798-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58798-6"><bdi>978-1-136-58798-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+National+Movement+in+Turkey%3A+From+Protest+to+Resistance&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-58798-6&rft.aulast=Gunes&rft.aufirst=Cengiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMB7pMf8TL4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocpw-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ocpw_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin van Bruinessen, "Kurdistan." <i>The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World</i>, 2nd edition. Joel Krieger, ed. Oxford University Press, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olson-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-olson_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Robert (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdishnationali00olso"><i>The Kurdish nationalist movement in the 1990s: its impact on Turkey and the Middle East</i></a></span>. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdishnationali00olso/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-0896-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-0896-4"><bdi>978-0-8131-0896-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+nationalist+movement+in+the+1990s%3A+its+impact+on+Turkey+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Ky.&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-0896-4&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurdishnationali00olso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muftah-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muftah_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaker" class="citation web cs1">Shaker, Nadeen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muftah.org/turkey-kurds-learning-kurdish-ban/">"After Being Banned for Almost a Century, Turkey's Kurds Are Clamoring to Learn Their Own Language"</a>. Muftah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+Being+Banned+for+Almost+a+Century%2C+Turkey%27s+Kurds+Are+Clamoring+to+Learn+Their+Own+Language&rft.pub=Muftah&rft.aulast=Shaker&rft.aufirst=Nadeen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuftah.org%2Fturkey-kurds-learning-kurdish-ban%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6537751.stm">Kurdish rebels kill Turkey troops</a>", BBC News, 8 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140829062511/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-06-18/half-price-kurdish-oil-threatens-iraq-breakup-with-turkish-help">"Bloomberg Business"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-06-18/half-price-kurdish-oil-threatens-iraq-breakup-with-turkish-help">the original</a> on 29 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+Business&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2014-06-18%2Fhalf-price-kurdish-oil-threatens-iraq-breakup-with-turkish-help&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2017" class="citation web cs1">Khalidi, Ari (1 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/9e53bc1a-9f82-4ade-8245-f4d1957e38f7/Three-raising-Kurdistan-flag-during-May-Day-arrested-in-Turkey">"Three raising Kurdistan flag during May Day arrested in Turkey"</a>. <i>www.kurdistan24.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kurdistan24.net&rft.atitle=Three+raising+Kurdistan+flag+during+May+Day+arrested+in+Turkey&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Fen%2Fnews%2F9e53bc1a-9f82-4ade-8245-f4d1957e38f7%2FThree-raising-Kurdistan-flag-during-May-Day-arrested-in-Turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">English, Duvar (29 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duvarenglish.com/police-detain-kurdish-man-for-calling-turkeys-southeast-kurdistan-news-59378">"Police detain Kurdish man for calling Turkey's southeast 'Kurdistan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.duvarenglish.com</i> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duvarenglish.com&rft.atitle=Police+detain+Kurdish+man+for+calling+Turkey%27s+southeast+%27Kurdistan%27&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Duvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duvarenglish.com%2Fpolice-detain-kurdish-man-for-calling-turkeys-southeast-kurdistan-news-59378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.bianet.org/english/human-rights/252577-police-detain-citizen-who-told-iyi-party-chair-aksener-kurdistan-is-denied">"Police detain citizen who told İYİ Party Chair Akşener 'Kurdistan is denied'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bianet" title="Bianet">Bianet</a></i>. October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bianet&rft.atitle=Police+detain+citizen+who+told+%C4%B0Y%C4%B0+Party+Chair+Ak%C5%9Fener+%27Kurdistan+is+denied%27&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.bianet.org%2Fenglish%2Fhuman-rights%2F252577-police-detain-citizen-who-told-iyi-party-chair-aksener-kurdistan-is-denied&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeniz_Duruiz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Deniz Duruiz (Summer 2020). Ayҫa Alemdaroğlu; Elif Babül; Arang Keshavarzian; Nabil Al-Tikriti (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merip.org/2020/08/tracing-the-conceptual-genealogy-of-kurdistan-as-international-colony/">"Tracing the Conceptual Genealogy of Kurdistan as International Colony"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Report" title="Middle East Report">Middle East Report</a></i> (295). <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Research_and_Information_Project" title="Middle East Research and Information Project">Middle East Research and Information Project</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Report&rft.atitle=Tracing+the+Conceptual+Genealogy+of+Kurdistan+as+International+Colony&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=295&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Deniz+Duruiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerip.org%2F2020%2F08%2Ftracing-the-conceptual-genealogy-of-kurdistan-as-international-colony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/iraq-demise-federalism">"Iraq: Demise of Federalism"</a>. Wilson Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+Demise+of+Federalism&rft.pub=Wilson+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Firaq-demise-federalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/iraq-and-demise-federalism">"Iraq and the Demise of Federalism"</a>. Wilson Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq+and+the+Demise+of+Federalism&rft.pub=Wilson+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Firaq-and-demise-federalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/220320243-amp">"Iraqi court decisions divide Kurdistan's ruling parties"</a>. Rudaw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+court+decisions+divide+Kurdistan%E2%80%99s+ruling+parties&rft.pub=Rudaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fkurdistan%2F220320243-amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/09/letter-biden-barzani-warns-iraqi-kurdistans-collapse-urges-mediation">"In letter to Biden, Barzani warns of Iraqi Kurdistan's collapse, urges mediation"</a>. Al-Monitor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+letter+to+Biden%2C+Barzani+warns+of+Iraqi+Kurdistan%27s+collapse%2C+urges+mediation&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2023%2F09%2Fletter-biden-barzani-warns-iraqi-kurdistans-collapse-urges-mediation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/house-divided-can-kurdistan-preserve-its-autonomy">"A House Divided: Can Kurdistan Preserve Its Autonomy?"</a>. Washington Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+House+Divided%3A+Can+Kurdistan+Preserve+Its+Autonomy%3F&rft.pub=Washington+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fhouse-divided-can-kurdistan-preserve-its-autonomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See * <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-l-phillips/iraqi-kurds-no-friend-but_b_4045389.html">David Phillips (World Post column)</a> "President Masoud Barzani of Iraqi Kurdistan has pledged protection for Syrian Kurds from al-Nusra, a terrorist organization, which issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> calling for the killing of Kurdish women and children" <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-l-phillips/unintended-consequneces-o_b_3902414.html">David Phillips (World Post column)</a> "Al-Nusra Front, Syria's Al-Qaeda affiliate, issued a fatwa condoning the killing of Kurdish women and children"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/en/shotlist//RTV/2013/08/20/RTV200813025/?v=1">ITNsource.com</a> "A fatwa (edict) has been issued permitting the shedding of the blood of the Kurds and they called from the mosque loudspeakers that the shedding of the Kurdish blood is halal"</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/521360479.html">"Some 30,000 Syrians flee to Iraq's Kurdistan region, more expected"</a>. UNHCR. 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+30%2C000+Syrians+flee+to+Iraq%27s+Kurdistan+region%2C+more+expected&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F521360479.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Chulov2013" class="citation web cs1">Martin Chulov (19 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/syrian-kurds-refugees-iraq">"Syrian Kurds continue to flee to Iraq in their thousands"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+continue+to+flee+to+Iraq+in+their+thousands&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft.au=Martin+Chulov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Faug%2F18%2Fsyrian-kurds-refugees-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/media/photogallery/iraq-syria-refugees-/25080506.html">"Syrian Kurds Flee To Iraq by the Thousands"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+Flee+To+Iraq+by+the+Thousands&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fmedia%2Fphotogallery%2Firaq-syria-refugees-%2F25080506.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Sengupta2015" class="citation news cs1">Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-antiassad-jihadists-10242747.html">"Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+Saudi+Arabia+alarm+the+West+by+backing+Islamist+extremists+the+Americans+had+bombed+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft.au=Kim+Sengupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-antiassad-jihadists-10242747.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-nusra/turkey-sees-nusra-front-as-terrorist-group-acts-accordingly-source-idUSKBN15A12U">"Turkey sees Nusra Front as terrorist group, acts accordingly: source Reuters Staff"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 26 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey+sees+Nusra+Front+as+terrorist+group%2C+acts+accordingly%3A+source+Reuters+Staff&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-nusra%2Fturkey-sees-nusra-front-as-terrorist-group-acts-accordingly-source-idUSKBN15A12U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.institutkurde.org/en/info/the-kurdish-population-1232551004">"The Kurdish population"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Institute_of_Paris" title="Kurdish Institute of Paris">Kurdish Institute of Paris</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kurdish+Institute+of+Paris&rft.atitle=The+Kurdish+population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutkurde.org%2Fen%2Finfo%2Fthe-kurdish-population-1232551004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peyrouse2015-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peyrouse2015_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyrouse2015" class="citation book cs1">Peyrouse, Sebastien (2015). <i>Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11552-1"><bdi>978-0-230-11552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmenistan%3A+Strategies+of+Power%2C+Dilemmas+of+Development&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11552-1&rft.aulast=Peyrouse&rft.aufirst=Sebastien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheNewYorkTimes-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheNewYorkTimes_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/world/middleeast/who-are-the-turkmens-of-syria.html?_r=1">"Who Are the Turkmens of Syria?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114085556/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/25/world/middleeast/who-are-the-turkmens-of-syria.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Turkmens+of+Syria%3F&rft.date=2015&rft.au=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F25%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fwho-are-the-turkmens-of-syria.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kushner1987p202-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kushner1987p202_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kushner, David (1987). "Pan-Turkism Today: Contemporary Turkey and the "Outside Turks"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Asian and African Studies: Journal of the Israel Oriental Society</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 202. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-8281">0066-8281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+and+African+Studies%3A+Journal+of+the+Israel+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Pan-Turkism+Today%3A+Contemporary+Turkey+and+the+%22Outside+Turks%22&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0066-8281&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETriana2017168-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETriana2017168_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriana2017">Triana 2017</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bassem2016-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bassem2016_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassem2016" class="citation web cs1">Bassem, Wassim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912130041/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html">"Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2021. <q>Iraqi Turkmens, who are citizens of Iraq with Turkish origins, have been calling for their own independent province in the Tal Afar district west of Mosul, located in the center of the Ninevah province...Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering around 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Turkmens+call+for+independent+province&rft.pub=Al-Monitor&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bassem&rft.aufirst=Wassim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2016%2F10%2Fturkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-checheningush2-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-checheningush2_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Caucasian battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Kurds+open+40+new+oil+sites+to+foreign+investors&rft.pub=Iraq+Updates&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqupdates.com%2Fp_articles.php%2Farticle%2F19228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109173803/http://www.westernzagros.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/121126_operator_activity_EXTERNAL.pdf">"Kurdistan Oil and Gas Activity Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Western Zagros. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernzagros.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/121126_operator_activity_EXTERNAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdistan+Oil+and+Gas+Activity+Map&rft.pub=Western+Zagros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernzagros.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F12%2F121126_operator_activity_EXTERNAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012180933/http://kurdistancorporation.com/Oil_and_gas.htm">Official statements on the oil and gas sector in the Kurdistan region</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, Kurdistan Development Corporation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130118132757/http://www.brightwire.com/news/229205-first-shipment-of-kurdistan-crude-arrives-in-turkey">"First Shipment of Kurdistan Crude Arrives in Turkey"</a>. BrightWire. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brightwire.com/news/229205-first-shipment-of-kurdistan-crude-arrives-in-turkey">the original</a> on 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Shipment+of+Kurdistan+Crude+Arrives+in+Turkey&rft.pub=BrightWire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brightwire.com%2Fnews%2F229205-first-shipment-of-kurdistan-crude-arrives-in-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, Colin Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-3359?rskey=2GHfaB&result=2">"Kurdistan"</a>. In Bjork, Robert E. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199574834" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199574834"><bdi>978-0199574834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kurdistan&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199574834&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Colin+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662624.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662624-e-3359%3Frskey%3D2GHfaB%26result%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriana2017" class="citation book cs1">Triana, María (2017). <i>Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-42368-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-42368-3"><bdi>978-1-317-42368-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Diversity+in+Organizations%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-42368-3&rft.aulast=Triana&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Besikci" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail Besikci">Beşikçi, İsmail</a>. <i>Selected Writings [about] Kurdistan and Turkish Colonialism</i>. London: Published jointly by Kurdistan Solidarity Committee and Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 44 p. Without ISBN</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeşikçi2015" class="citation book cs1">Beşikçi, İsmail (2015). <i>International Colony Kurdistan</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Gomidas_Institute" title="Gomidas Institute">Gomidas Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909382-20-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909382-20-6"><bdi>978-1-909382-20-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Colony+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gomidas+Institute&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-909382-20-6&rft.aulast=Be%C5%9Fik%C3%A7i&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0smail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>King, Diane E. <i>Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq</i> (Rutgers University Press; 2014) 267 pages; Scholarly study of traditional social networks, such as patron-client relations, as well as technologically mediated communication, in a study of gender, kinship, and social life in Iraqi Kurdistan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan, Abdullah</a>. <i>Interviews and Speeches [about the Kurdish cause]</i>. London: Published jointly by Kurdistan Solidarity Committee and Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 46 p. Without ISBN</li> <li>Reed, Fred A. <i>Anatolia Junction: a Journey into Hidden Turkey</i>. Burnaby, B.C.: Talonbooks [sic], 1999. 320 p., ill. with b&w photos. <i>N.B</i>.: Includes a significant coverage of the Turkish sector of historic Kurdistan, the Kurds, and their resistance movement. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88922-426-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88922-426-9">0-88922-426-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/K%C5%ABrdist%C4%81n" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kūrdistān">Kūrdistān</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kurdistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kurdistan"><b>Kurdistan</b></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_expansionism" title="Chilean expansionism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Azerbaijan" title="Whole Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism#Irredentism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism#Pan-Syrianism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Nepal" title="Greater Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir independence movement">Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tamil_Nadu" title="Greater Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern and Southeastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">unification with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexation of Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines" title="Territories claimed by the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Thaiism" title="Pan-Thaiism">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Timor" title="Great Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_irredentism" title="Vietnamese irredentism">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic#Territory" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Moldova" title="Greater Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_irredentism" title="Polish irredentism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">unification with Moldova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">occupation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_South_Ossetia" title="Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia">proposed annexation of South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">occupation of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian irredentism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">unification with Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">Cyprus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">partition of Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_irredenta" title="Galicia irredenta">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian irredentism in Corfu">Corfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Istria" title="Italian irredentism in Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Italian Grisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Ticino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_question" title="Karelian question">Karelia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Belgium" title="Greater Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_borders_of_France" title="Natural borders of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Wallonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexation of Austria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_states_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed states of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan unification">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_unification" title="Samoan unification">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Related concepts:</i> <i><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_since_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national border changes since 1914">Border changes since 1914</a> · <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partitionism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Reunification</a> · <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revisionism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a></b></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdish_organisations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurdish_organisations" title="Template:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurdish_organisations" title="Template talk:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish_organisations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kurdish_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_organisations" title="List of Kurdish organisations">Kurdish organisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yezidi_National_Union_ULE" title="Yezidi National Union ULE">Yezidi National Union (ULE)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komalah_(CPI)" title="Komalah (CPI)">Komalah (CPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran</a> (KDP-I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_(Iran)" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party (Iran)">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Party" title="Kurdistan Freedom Party">Kurdistan Freedom Party</a> (PAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">Kurdistan Free Life Party</a> (PJAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_Kurdistan_Struggle" title="Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle">Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipay_Rizgari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipay Rizgari">Sipay Rizgari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Call_and_Reform_Organization" title="Iranian Call and Reform Organization">Iranian Call and Reform Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_United_Front" title="Kurdish United Front">Kurdish United Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Protection_Force" title="Êzîdxan Protection Force">Êzîdxan Protection Force</a> (HPŞ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a> (YBŞ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asay%C3%AE%C5%9Fa_%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayîşa Êzîdxanê">Asayîşa Êzîdxanê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization#Structure" title="Badr Organization">Fayli Kurd Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Kurdistan" title="Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan">Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Democratic National Union of Kurdistan">Democratic National Union of Kurdistan</a> (YNDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Patriotic_Alliance_of_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan">Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan</a> (DPAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Change">Gorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Fayli_Grouping_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq">Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Islamic Group">Kurdistan Islamic Group</a> (IGK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement">Kurdistan Islamic Movement</a> (IMK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Tribal_Association" title="Kurdish Tribal Association">Kurdish Tribal Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq">Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Conservative_Party" title="Kurdistan Conservative Party">Kurdistan Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_Progressive_Front" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front">Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Solution_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party">Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party</a> (PÇDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Union" title="Kurdistan Islamic Union">Kurdistan Islamic Union</a> (KIU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Movement" title="New Generation Movement">New Generation Movement</a> (NG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_List" title="Kurdistan List">Kurdistan List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Revolutionary_Party" title="Kurdistan Revolutionary Party">Kurdistan Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Socialist_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party">Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party</a> (KSDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Toilers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Toilers' Party">Kurdistan Toilers' Party</a> (KZP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_and_Reform_List" title="Service and Reform List">Service and Reform List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shursh" title="Shursh">Shursh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Political_parties" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Kurdish Democratic Party (Lebanon)">Kurdish Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razkari_Party" title="Razkari Party">Razkari Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Saladin_Brigade" title="Descendants of Saladin Brigade">Descendants of Saladin Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (YPJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Akrad">Kurdish Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> (KNC-ENKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a> (HNKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a> (KDP-S)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Political_Union" title="Kurdish Democratic Political Union">Kurdish Democratic Political Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">Movement for a Democratic Society</a> (TEV-DEM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hezbollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Hezbollah">Kurdish Hizbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="People's Defence Forces">People's Defence Forces</a> (HPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units" title="Free Women's Units">Free Women's Units</a> (YJA-STAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">Kurdistan Freedom Hawks</a> (TAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDG-H" title="YDG-H">Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement</a> (YDG-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units" title="Civil Protection Units">Civil Protection Units</a> (YPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units-Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Protection Units-Women">Civil Protection Units-Women</a> (YPS-Jin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Political_Movement_in_Turkey" title="Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan">Communist Party of Kurdistan</a> (KKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">Democracy Party</a> (DEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic People's Party (Turkey)">Democratic People's Party</a> (DEHAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party" title="Democratic Society Party">Democratic Society Party</a> (DTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Regions_Party" title="Democratic Regions Party">Democratic Regions Party</a> (DBP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cause_Party" title="Free Cause Party">Free Cause Party</a> (HÜDA PAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Democracy_Party" title="Freedom and Democracy Party">Freedom and Democracy Party</a> (ÖZDEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Equality_Party" title="Freedom and Equality Party">Freedom and Equality Party</a> (ÖZEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement_(Turkey)" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement (Turkey)">Kurdistan Islamic Movement</a> (HİK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Islamic Party of Kurdistan">Islamic Party of Kurdistan</a> (PİK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party/North" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party/North">Kurdistan Democratic Party/North</a> (KDP/Bakur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace and Democracy Party (Turkey)">Peace and Democracy Party</a> (BDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party" title="People's Democracy Party">People's Democracy Party</a> (HADEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Equality_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party">Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party</a> (DEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Labor Party">People's Labor Party</a> (HEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan">Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan</a> (PŞK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Freedoms_Party" title="Rights and Freedoms Party">Rights and Freedoms Party</a> (HAK-PAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Rise_of_Kurdistan" title="Society for the Rise of Kurdistan">Society for the Rise of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoyb%C3%BBn" title="Xoybûn">Xoybûn</a> (CSK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Vanguard_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan">Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan</a> (PPKK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistansky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistansky Uyezd">Kurdistansky Uyezd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries" title="List of Kurdish dynasties and countries">List of Kurdish dynasties and countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41470#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41470#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41470#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85073466">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424577">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424577">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567054">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kurdistán"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134299&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX458651">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10037027">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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