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href="#Definitions_and_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions and analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions_and_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions and analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marxist_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxist_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marxist interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxist_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_state_apparatuses_(Althusser)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_state_apparatuses_(Althusser)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ideological state apparatuses (Althusser)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_state_apparatuses_(Althusser)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_the_Commodity_(Debord)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_the_Commodity_(Debord)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ideology and the Commodity (Debord)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_the_Commodity_(Debord)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unifying_agents_(Hoffer)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unifying_agents_(Hoffer)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Unifying agents (Hoffer)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unifying_agents_(Hoffer)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ronald_Inglehart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ronald_Inglehart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ronald Inglehart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ronald_Inglehart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political ideologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_ideologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political ideologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ideology and state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemological_ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemological_ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Epistemological ideologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemological_ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_explanations_of_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_explanations_of_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Psychological explanations of ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_explanations_of_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_the_social_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_the_social_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ideology and the social sciences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology_and_the_social_sciences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology and the social sciences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_the_social_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semiotic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiotic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Semiotic theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiotic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ideology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">124 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ideologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ideologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%95%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D" title="ርዕዮተ ዓለም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ርዕዮተ ዓለም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أيديولوجيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيديولوجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideoloch%C3%ADa" title="Ideolochía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ideolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AD%D6%85%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գաղափարախօսութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գաղափարախօսութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideolox%C3%ADa" title="Ideoloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ideoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Идеология – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Идеология" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0deologiya" title="İdeologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İdeologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="ایدئولوژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایدئولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6" title="ভাবাদর্শ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাবাদর্শ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C-sek_h%C3%AAng-th%C3%A0i" title="Ì-sek hêng-thài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ì-sek hêng-thài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Идеология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Идеология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ідэалогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ідэалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ідэалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ідэалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Идеология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Идеология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologija" title="Ideologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ideologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologiezh" title="Ideologiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ideologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Үзэл суртал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үзэл суртал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ideologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ideologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideoleg" title="Ideoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ideoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ideologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ideologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideoloogia" title="Ideoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ideoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιδεολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιδεολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideolog%C3%ADa" title="Ideología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ideología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologio" title="Ideologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ideologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ideologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="ایدئولوژی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایدئولوژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichardhara" title="Bichardhara – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bichardhara" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugmyndafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Hugmyndafrøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hugmyndafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C3%A9ologie" title="Idéologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Idéologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politike_streaming" title="Politike streaming – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Politike streaming" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C3%A9-eola%C3%ADocht" title="Idé-eolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Idé-eolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideolox%C3%ADa" title="Ideoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ideoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%85%90" title="이념 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이념" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գաղափարախոսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գաղափարախոսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="विचारधारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विचारधारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologija" title="Ideologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ideologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologio" title="Ideologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ideologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideolohia" title="Ideolohia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ideolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ideologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugmyndafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hugmyndafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugmyndafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ideologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אידאולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אידאולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idh%C3%A9ologi" title="Idhéologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Idhéologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Идеология – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Идеология" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იდეოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იდეოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Идеология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Идеология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tybonieth" title="Tybonieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tybonieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itikadi" title="Itikadi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Itikadi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Edeoloj%C3%AE" title="Îdeolojî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îdeolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Идеология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Идеология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ideologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideolo%C4%A3ija" title="Ideoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ideoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologija" title="Ideologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ideologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ideologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ideologia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideol%C3%B3gia" title="Ideológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ideológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Идеологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Идеологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രത്യയശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രത്യയശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideolo%C4%A1ija" title="Ideoloġija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ideoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იდეოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იდეოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ايديولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايديولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="ایدئولوژی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایدئولوژی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ideologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Идеологиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Идеологиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Идеологи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Идеологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BF%E1%80%94%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဒဿနဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒဿနဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ideologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="イデオロギー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イデオロギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Идеологи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Идеологи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ideologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ideologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ideologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaanya" title="Ilaanya – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ilaanya" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafkura" title="Mafkura – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mafkura" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਿਚਾਰਧਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਚਾਰਧਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="آئیڈیالوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیڈیالوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A" title="ايډيالوژي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايډيالوژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideolog%C3%ACa" title="Ideologìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ideologìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ideologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ideologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ideologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologiya" title="Ideologiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ideologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ideologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyay_yachay" title="Yuyay yachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yuyay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ідеолоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ідеолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Идеология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Идеология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Идеология – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Идеология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ideology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologjia" title="Ideologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ideologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="දෘෂ්ටිවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෘෂ්ටිවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ideology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="نظرين جو علم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نظرين جو علم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideol%C3%B3gia" title="Ideológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ideológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologija" title="Ideologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ideologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragti" title="Aragti – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aragti" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="ئایدیۆلۆجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایدیۆلۆجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologija" title="Ideologija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ideologija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologija" title="Ideologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ideologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ideologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ideologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideolohiya" title="Ideolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ideolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கருத்தியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருத்தியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Идеология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Идеология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="อุดมการณ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุดมการณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Идеология – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Идеология" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0deoloji" title="İdeoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İdeoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ідеологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ідеологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="خیالیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خیالیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئىدېئولوگىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىدېئولوگىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideo%C5%82ozia" title="Ideołozia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ideołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9D_th%E1%BB%A9c_h%E1%BB%87" title="Ý thức hệ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ý thức hệ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E7%90%86" title="意理 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="意理" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolohiya" title="Idolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Idolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="意識形態" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אידעאלאגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אידעאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="意識形態" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0deolociye" title="İdeolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İdeolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideuoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Ideuoluogėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ideuoluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="意識形態" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologi" title="Ideologi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ideologi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7257#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_ideology&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Political ideology">Political ideology</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Set of beliefs and values attributed to a person or group of people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>ideology</b> is a set of <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely about belief in certain <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly applied primarily to <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> theories and policies, in a tradition going back to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was coined by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Destutt_de_Tracy" title="Antoine Destutt de Tracy">Antoine Destutt de Tracy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/French_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="French Enlightenment">French Enlightenment</a> aristocrat and <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, who conceived it in 1796 as the "science of ideas" to develop a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational impulses of the mob. In <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, the term is used in a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">descriptive</a> sense to refer to <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">political belief systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history">Etymology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destutt_de_Tracy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Destutt_de_Tracy.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Destutt_de_Tracy" title="Antoine Destutt de Tracy">Antoine Destutt de Tracy</a> coined the term <i>ideology</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>ideology</i> originates from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>idéologie</i>, itself deriving from combining <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <i lang="el">idéā</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B0%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἰδέα">ἰδέα</a></span></span>, 'notion, pattern'; close to the <a href="/wiki/Lockean" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockean">Lockean</a> sense of <a href="/wiki/Idea#John_Locke" title="Idea"><i>idea</i></a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/-logy" title="-logy">-logíā</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%E1%BF%90%CC%81%E1%BE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:-λογῐ́ᾱ">-λογῐ́ᾱ</a></span></span>, 'the study of'). The term ideology and the system of ideas associated with it was coined in 1796 by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Destutt_de_Tracy" title="Antoine Destutt de Tracy">Antoine Destutt de Tracy</a> while in prison pending trial during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, where he read the works of Locke and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Étienne Bonnot de Condillac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoping to form a secure foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">moral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political sciences</a>, Tracy devised the term for a "science of ideas", basing such upon two things: (1) the sensations that people experience as they interact with the material world; and (2) the ideas that form in their minds due to those sensations. Tracy conceived <i>ideology</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal philosophy">liberal philosophy</a> that would defend <a href="/wiki/Individual_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual liberty">individual liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Free markets">free markets</a>, and constitutional limits on state power. He argues that, among these aspects, ideology is the most generic term because the 'science of ideas' also contains the study of their expression and deduction.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> that overthrew <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> allowed Tracy to pursue his work.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tracy reacted to the terroristic phase of the revolution (during the Napoleonic regime as part of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>) by trying to work out a <a href="/wiki/Rational" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational">rational</a> system of ideas to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Irrational" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrational">irrational</a> mob impulses that had nearly destroyed him. </p><p>A subsequent early source for the near-original meaning of <i>ideology</i> is <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a>'s work on the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, <i>Origins of Contemporary France</i> I. He describes <i>ideology</i> as rather like teaching philosophy via the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a>, though without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed, and without the examples from observation that practical science would require. Taine identifies it not just with Tracy but also with his <a href="/wiki/Milieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu">milieu</a>, and includes Condillac as one of its precursors. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> came to view <i>ideology</i> as a term of abuse, which he often hurled against his liberal foes in Tracy's <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_national" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut national">Institut national</a></i>. According to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Karl Mannheim</a>'s historical reconstruction of the shifts in the meaning of <i>ideology</i>, the modern meaning of the word was born when Napoleon used it to describe his opponents as "the ideologues". Tracy's major book, <i>The Elements of Ideology</i>, was soon translated into the major languages of Europe. </p><p>In the century following Tracy, the term <i>ideology</i> moved back and forth between positive and negative connotations. During this next generation, when post-Napoleonic governments adopted a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> stance, influenced the Italian, Spanish and Russian thinkers who had begun to describe themselves as <i>liberals</i> and who attempted to reignite revolutionary activity in the early 1820s, including the <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a> societies in France and Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Decembrists_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrists in Russia">Decembrists in Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> adopted Napoleon's negative sense of the term, using it in his writings, in which he once described Tracy as a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär</i></span> (a "fish-blooded bourgeois doctrinaire").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has since dropped some of its pejorative sting (<a href="/wiki/Euphemism_treadmill" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemism treadmill">euphemism treadmill</a>), and has become a neutral term in the analysis of differing <a href="/wiki/Political_opinions" class="mw-redirect" title="Political opinions">political opinions</a> and views of <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Marx situated the term within <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> and domination,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others believed it was a necessary part of <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">institutional functioning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social integration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_analysis">Definitions and analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions and analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different kinds of ideologies, including <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemological" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological">epistemological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a>. Recent analysis tends to posit that <i>ideology</i> is a 'coherent system of ideas' that rely on a few basic assumptions about reality that may or may not have any factual basis. Through this system, ideas become coherent, repeated patterns through the <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> ongoing choices that people make. These ideas serve as the seed around which further <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a> grows. The belief in an ideology can range from passive acceptance up to fervent advocacy. Definitions, such as by <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Steger" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred Steger">Manfred Steger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Paul James</a>, emphasize both the issue of patterning and <a href="/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)" title="Contingency (philosophy)">contingent</a> claims to truth. They wrote: "Ideologies are patterned clusters of normatively imbued ideas and concepts, including particular representations of power relations. These conceptual maps help people navigate the complexity of their political universe and carry claims to social truth."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies of the concept of ideology itself (rather than specific ideologies) have been carried out under the name of <i><a href="/wiki/Systematic_ideology" title="Systematic ideology">systematic ideology</a></i> in the works of George Walford and Harold Walsby, who attempt to explore the relationships between ideology and <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social systems</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (February 2019)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> David W. Minar describes six different ways the word <i>ideology</i> has been used:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>As a collection of certain ideas with certain kinds of <i>content</i>, usually normative;</li> <li>As the <i>form or <a href="/wiki/Internal_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal logic">internal logical</a> structure</i> that ideas have within a set;</li> <li>By the role ideas play in <i><a href="/wiki/Human_social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human social interaction">human-social interaction</a></i>;</li> <li>By the role ideas play in the <i><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure" title="Organizational structure">structure of an organization</a></i>;</li> <li>As meaning, whose purpose is <i><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">persuasion</a></i>; and</li> <li>As the <i>locus</i> of <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a>.</li></ol> <p>For Willard A. Mullins, an <i>ideology</i> should be contrasted with the related (but different) issues of <i><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a></i> and <i>historical myth</i>. An ideology is composed of four basic characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>it must have power over <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>;</li> <li>it must be capable of guiding one's <a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">evaluations</a>;</li> <li>it must provide guidance towards action; and</li> <li>it must be logically coherent.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a> outlines (more or less in no particular order) some definitions of ideology:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The process of production of meanings, signs and values in social life</li> <li>A body of ideas characteristic of a particular social group or class</li> <li>Ideas that help legitimate a dominant political power</li> <li>False ideas that help legitimate a dominant political power</li> <li>Systematically distorted communication</li> <li>Ideas that offer a position for a subject</li> <li>Forms of thought motivated by social interests</li> <li>Identity thinking</li> <li>Socially necessary illusion</li> <li>The conjuncture of <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> and power</li> <li>The medium in which conscious social actors make sense of their world</li> <li>Action-oriented sets of beliefs</li> <li>The confusion of linguistic and phenomenal reality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotic</a> closure<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 197">: 197 </span></sup></li> <li>The indispensable medium in which individuals live out their relations to a <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a></li> <li>The process that converts social life to a natural reality</li></ol> <p>German philosopher Christian Duncker called for a "critical reflection of the ideology concept".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his work, he strove to bring the concept of ideology into the foreground, as well as the closely connected concerns of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> and history, defining <i>ideology</i> in terms of a system of presentations that explicitly or implicitly lay claim to absolute truth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxist_interpretation">Marxist interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marxist interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Marx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/150px-Karl_Marx.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/225px-Karl_Marx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/300px-Karl_Marx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> posits that a society's dominant ideology is integral to its superstructure.</figcaption></figure> <p>Marx's analysis sees ideology as a system of false consciousness that arises from the economic relationships, reflecting and perpetuating the interests of the dominant class.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Marxist <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">base and superstructure</a> model of society, <i>base</i> denotes the <a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">relations of production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modes_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Modes of production">modes of production</a>, and <i>superstructure</i> denotes the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_ideology" title="Dominant ideology">dominant ideology</a> (i.e. religious, legal, political systems). The economic base of production determines the political superstructure of a society. Ruling <a href="/wiki/Class_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Class interest">class-interests</a> determine the superstructure and the nature of the justifying ideology—actions feasible because the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> control the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. For example, in a <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>, religious ideology is the most prominent aspect of the superstructure, while in capitalist formations, ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> dominate. Hence the great importance of ideology justifies a society and politically confuses the alienated groups of society via <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">false consciousness</a>. Some explanations have been presented. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a> to explain why the <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> have a false ideological conception of what their best interests are. Marx argued: "The class which has the means of material production at its disposal has control at the same time over the means of mental production."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marxist formulation of "ideology as an instrument of social reproduction" is conceptually important to the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">sociology of knowledge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> viz. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Karl Mannheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Daniel Bell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> et al. Moreover, Mannheim has developed and progressed from the "total" but "special" Marxist conception of ideology to a "general" and "total" ideological conception acknowledging that all ideology (including <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>) resulted from social life, an idea developed by the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> and the earlier <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> added to the "general theory" of ideology a psychoanalytic insight that ideologies do not include only conscious but also <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a> ideas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_state_apparatuses_(Althusser)"><span id="Ideological_state_apparatuses_.28Althusser.29"></span>Ideological state apparatuses (Althusser)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ideological state apparatuses (Althusser)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>French Marxist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a> proposed that ideology is "the imagined existence (or idea) of things as it relates to the real conditions of existence" and makes use of a lacunar discourse. A number of propositions, which are never untrue, suggest a number of other propositions, which are. In this way, the essence of the lacunar discourse is what is <i>not</i> told but is suggested. For example, the statement "All are <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equal before the law</a>", which is a theoretical groundwork of current legal systems, suggests that all people may be of equal worth or have equal opportunities. This is not true, according to Althusser, for the concept of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> and power over the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> results in some people being able to own more than others. This power disparity contradicts the claim that all share both practical worth and future opportunity equally; for example, the rich can afford better legal representation, which practically privileges them before the law. </p><p>Althusser proffered the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Ideological_state_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideological state apparatus">ideological state apparatus</a> to explain his theory of ideology. His first thesis was "<i>ideology has no history</i>": while individual ideolog<i>ies</i> have histories, interleaved with the general class struggle of society, the general form of ideology is external to history. For Althusser, beliefs and ideas are the products of social practices, not the reverse. His thesis that "<i>ideas are material</i>" is illustrated by the "scandalous advice" of <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a> toward unbelievers: "Kneel and pray, and then you will believe." What is ultimately ideological for Althusser are not the subjective beliefs held in the conscious "minds" of human individuals, but rather discourses that produce these beliefs, the material institutions and rituals that individuals take part in without submitting it to conscious examination and so much more <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology_and_the_Commodity_(Debord)"><span id="Ideology_and_the_Commodity_.28Debord.29"></span>Ideology and the Commodity (Debord)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideology and the Commodity (Debord)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French Marxist theorist <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a>, founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a>, argued that when the commodity becomes the "essential category" of society, i.e. when the process of <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> has been consummated to its fullest extent, the image of society propagated by the commodity (as it describes all of life as constituted by notions and objects deriving their value only as commodities tradeable in terms of <a href="/wiki/Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">exchange value</a>), colonizes all of life and reduces society to a mere representation, <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unifying_agents_(Hoffer)"><span id="Unifying_agents_.28Hoffer.29"></span>Unifying agents (Hoffer)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Unifying agents (Hoffer)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hoffer" title="Eric Hoffer">Eric Hoffer</a> identified several elements that unify followers of a particular ideology:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Hatred: "Mass movements can rise and spread without a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, but never without belief in a <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "ideal devil" is a foreigner.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup></li> <li>Imitation: "The less satisfaction we derive from being ourselves, the greater is our desire to be like others…the more we mistrust our judgment and luck, the more are we ready to follow the example of others."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101–2">: 101–2 </span></sup></li> <li>Persuasion: The proselytizing zeal of propagandists derives from "a passionate search for something not yet found more than a desire to bestow something we already have."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 110">: 110 </span></sup></li> <li>Coercion: Hoffer asserts that violence and <a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">fanaticism</a> are interdependent. People forcibly converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> beliefs become as fanatical as those who did the forcing. He says: "It takes fanatical faith to rationalize our cowardice."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107–8">: 107–8 </span></sup></li> <li>Leadership: Without the leader, there is no movement. Often the leader must wait long in the wings until the time is ripe. He calls for sacrifices in the present, to justify his vision of a breathtaking future. The skills required include: audacity, brazenness, iron will, fanatical conviction; passionate hatred, cunning, a delight in symbols; ability to inspire blind faith in the masses; and a group of able <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112–4">: 112–4 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatanism</a> is indispensable, and the leader often imitates both friend and foe, "a single-minded fashioning after a model." He will not lead followers towards the "<a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">promised land</a>", but only "away from their unwanted selves".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116–9">: 116–9 </span></sup></li> <li>Action: Original thoughts are suppressed, and unity encouraged, if the masses are kept occupied through great projects, marches, exploration and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120–1">: 120–1 </span></sup></li> <li>Suspicion: "There is prying and spying, tense watching and a tense awareness of being watched." This pathological mistrust goes unchallenged and encourages <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">dissent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ronald_Inglehart">Ronald Inglehart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ronald Inglehart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inglehart" title="Ronald Inglehart">Ronald Inglehart</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> is author of the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a>, which, since 1980, has mapped social attitudes in 100 countries representing 90% of global population. Results indicate that where people live is likely to closely correlate with their ideological beliefs. In much of Africa, South Asia and the Middle East, people prefer traditional beliefs and are less tolerant of liberal values. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Protestant Europe</a>, at the other extreme, adheres more to secular beliefs and liberal values. Alone among high-income countries, the United States is exceptional in its adherence to traditional beliefs, in this case Christianity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_ideologies">Political ideologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">List of political ideologies</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of <a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">ideals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">principles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myths</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>, or large group that explains how <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> should work, offering some political and cultural blueprint for a certain <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a>. Political ideologies are concerned with many different aspects of a society, including but not limited to: the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor law">labor law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Justice_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice system">justice system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">welfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public policy and administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedoms">freedoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Duties">duties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> administration, and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. </p><p>Political ideologies have two dimensions: </p> <ol><li>Goals: how society should work; and</li> <li>Methods: the most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement.</li></ol> <p>A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a> and to what ends power should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. Each political ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers the best <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demagogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagogy">demagogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> etc.), scope of government (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>, etc.) and the best <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, etc.). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, <i>socialism</i> may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. Post 1991, many commentators claim that we are living in a post-ideological age,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which redemptive, all-encompassing ideologies have failed. This view is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>'s writings on the <i><a href="/wiki/End_of_history" title="End of history">end of history</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrastly, Nienhueser (2011) sees research (in the field of <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">human resource management</a>) as ongoingly "generating ideology".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many proposed methods for the classification of political ideologies. Ideologies can identify themselves by their position on the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Center_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Center (politics)">center</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>). They may also be distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics" title="Single-issue politics">single issues</a> around which they may be built (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">civil libertarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">support</a> or <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">opposition to European integration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana political parties">legalization of marijuana</a>). They may also be distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Political_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political strategy">political strategies</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personalist_dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalist dictator">personalism</a>). The classification of political ideology is difficult, however, due to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relativity</a> in definitions. For example, "what Americans now call <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a> much of the world calls <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>"; a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Finland">conservatism in Finland</a> would be labeled <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">socialism in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Michael Oakeshott</a> defines single-issue ideologies as "the formalized abridgment of the supposed sub-stratum of the rational truth contained in the tradition". Moreover, Charles Blattberg offers an account that distinguishes political <i>ideologies</i> from <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political <i>philosophies</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slavoj Žižek argues how the very notion of post-ideology can enable the deepest, blindest form of ideology. A sort of false consciousness or false cynicism, engaged in for the purpose of lending one's point of view the respect of being objective, pretending neutral cynicism, without truly being so. Rather than help avoiding ideology, this lapse only deepens the commitment to an existing one. Zizek calls this "a <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">post-modernist</a> trap".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Peter Sloterdijk</a> advanced the same idea already in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have shown that political ideology is somewhat genetically <a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">heritable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology_and_state">Ideology and state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ideology and state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ideocracy" title="Ideocracy">Ideocracy</a></div> <p>When a political ideology becomes a dominantly pervasive component within a government, one can speak of an <i>ideocracy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different forms of government use ideology in various ways, not always restricted to politics and society. Certain ideas and schools of thought become favored, or rejected, over others, depending on their compatibility with or use for the reigning social order. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Revolution" title="The Anatomy of Revolution">The Anatomy of Revolution</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_Brinton" title="Crane Brinton">Crane Brinton</a> said that new ideology spreads when there is discontent with an old regime.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The may be repeated during revolutions itself; extremists such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robespierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Robespierre">Robespierre</a> may thus overcome more moderate revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stage is soon followed by <a href="/wiki/Thermidor" title="Thermidor">Thermidor</a>, a reining back of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> enthusiasm under <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatists</a> like Napoleon and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, who bring "<a href="/wiki/Return_to_normalcy" title="Return to normalcy">normalcy</a> and equilibrium".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brinton's sequence ("men of ideas><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">fanatics</a>>practical men of action") is reiterated by <a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a similar form occurs in <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hoffer" title="Eric Hoffer">Eric Hoffer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Believer" title="The True Believer">The True Believer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolution thus becomes established as an <i>ideocracy</i>, though its rise is likely to be checked by a 'political midlife crisis.'<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epistemological_ideologies">Epistemological ideologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Epistemological ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even when the challenging of existing beliefs is encouraged, as in scientific theories, the dominant <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">mindset</a> can prevent certain challenges, theories, or experiments from being advanced. A special case of science that has inspired ideology is ecology, which studies the relationships among living things on Earth. Perceptual psychologist <a href="/wiki/James_J._Gibson" title="James J. Gibson">James J. Gibson</a> believed that human perception of ecological relationships was the basis of <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist <a href="/wiki/George_Lakoff" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a> has proposed a <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive science of mathematics">cognitive science of mathematics</a> wherein even the most fundamental ideas of arithmetic would be seen as consequences or products of human perception—which is itself necessarily evolved within an ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a> and the modern <a href="/wiki/Ecology_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecology movement">ecology movement</a> (and, to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/Green_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Green parties">Green parties</a>) appear to have adopted ecological sciences as a positive ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable economically based ideologies include <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economics, and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. There are also current theories of safe trade and <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> that can be seen as ideologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_explanations_of_ideology">Psychological explanations of ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Psychological explanations of ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large amount of research in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> is concerned with the causes, consequences and content of ideology,<sup id="cite_ref-Jost2009_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jost2009-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schlenker2012_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlenker2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saucier2000_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saucier2000-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with humans being dubbed the "ideological animal" by Althusser.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 269">: 269 </span></sup> Many theories have tried to explain the existence of ideology in human societies.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 269">: 269 </span></sup> </p><p>Jost, Ledgerwood, and Hardin (2008) propose that ideologies may function as prepackaged units of <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)" title="Interpretation (logic)">interpretation</a> that spread because of basic human motives to understand the world, avoid <a href="/wiki/Existential_threat" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential threat">existential threat</a>, and maintain valued <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal relationships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jost2008_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jost2008-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors conclude that such motives may lead disproportionately to the adoption of system-justifying <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldviews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologists generally agree that <a href="/wiki/Personality_traits" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality traits">personality traits</a>, individual difference variables, needs, and ideological beliefs seem to have something in common.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Just-world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world theory">Just-world theory</a> posits that people want to believe in a fair world for a sense of control and security and generate ideologies in order to maintain this belief, for example by justifiying inequality or unfortunate events. A critique of just world theory as a sole explanation of ideology is that it does not explain the differences between ideologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 270–271">: 270–271 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a> posits that ideology is used as a <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanism" title="Defence mechanism">defence mechanism</a> against threats to their worldview which in turn protect and individuals sense of <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> and reduce their awareness of mortality. Evidence shows that priming individuals with an awareness of mortality does not cause individuals to respond in ways underpinned by any particular ideology, but rather the ideology that they are currently aware of.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 271">: 271 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/System_justification_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="System justification theory">System justification theory</a> posits that people tend to defend existing society, even at times against their interest, which in turn causes people to create ideological explanations to justify the status quo. Jost, Fitzimmons and Kay argue that the motivation to protect a preexisting system is due to a desire for cognitive consistency (being able to think in similar ways over time), reducing <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertainty</a> and reducing effort, illusion of control and fear of equality.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 272">: 272 </span></sup> According to system justification theory,<sup id="cite_ref-jost2008_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jost2008-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ideologies reflect (<a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a>) <a href="/wiki/Motivational_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Motivational processes">motivational processes</a>, as opposed to the view that political convictions always reflect independent and unbiased thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-jost2008_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jost2008-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_the_social_sciences">Ideology and the social sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ideology and the social sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semiotic_theory">Semiotic theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Semiotic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to semiotician <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist)" title="Bob Hodge (linguist)">Bob Hodge</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>[Ideology] identifies a unitary object that incorporates complex sets of meanings with the social agents and processes that produced them. No other term captures this object as well as 'ideology'. <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a>'s '<a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">episteme</a>' is too narrow and abstract, not social enough. His 'discourse', popular because it covers some of ideology's terrain with less baggage, is too confined to verbal systems. '<a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a>' is too <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a>, '<a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>' too loaded. Despite or because of its contradictions, 'ideology' still plays a key role in semiotics oriented to social, political life.</p></blockquote><p>Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Michael Freeden</a> have also recently incorporated a <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> analysis to the study of ideologies. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociologists</a> define <i>ideology</i> as "cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant groups use these sets of cultural beliefs and practices to justify the systems of inequality that maintain their group's social power over non-dominant groups. Ideologies use a society's symbol system to organize social relations in a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, with some social identities being superior to other social identities, which are considered inferior. The dominant ideology in a society is passed along through the society's major social institutions, such as the media, the family, education, and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-witt_2018_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witt_2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As societies changed throughout history, so did the ideologies that justified systems of inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociological examples of ideologies include <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">heterosexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">ableism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-witt_2018_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witt_2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotations">Quotations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"We do not need…to believe in an ideology. All that is necessary is for each of us to develop our good human qualities. The need for a sense of universal responsibility affects every aspect of modern life." — <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The function of ideology is to stabilize and perpetuate dominance through masking or illusion." — <a href="/wiki/Sally_Haslanger" title="Sally Haslanger">Sally Haslanger</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"[A]n ideology differs from a simple opinion in that it claims to possess either the key to history, or the solution for all the 'riddles of the universe,' or the intimate knowledge of the hidden universal laws, which are supposed to rule nature and man." — <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Revolution" title="The Anatomy of Revolution">The Anatomy of Revolution</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Belief_systems" title="Belief">Belief#Belief systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">-ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">List of communist ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ideologies_named_after_people" title="List of ideologies named after people">List of ideologies named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideocracy" title="Ideocracy">Ideocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politicisation" title="Politicisation">Politicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_constructed_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially constructed reality">Socially constructed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ideology_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="State ideology of the Soviet Union">State ideology of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Believer" title="The True Believer">The True Believer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">World view</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHonderich1995" class="citation book cs1">Honderich, Ted (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866132-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866132-0"><bdi>978-0-19-866132-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866132-0&rft.aulast=Honderich&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211122517/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology">"ideology"</a>. <i>Lexico</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/ideology">the original</a> on 2020-02-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=ideology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fideology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cranston" title="Maurice Cranston">Cranston, Maurice</a>. [1999] 2014. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society">Ideology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609170434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society">Archived</a> 2020-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (revised). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Dijk2006" class="citation web cs1">van Dijk, T. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf">"Politics, Ideology, and Discourse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Discourse in Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708194631/http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/Politics,%20Ideology%20and%20Discourse.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discourse+in+Society&rft.atitle=Politics%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Discourse&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=van+Dijk&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discourses.org%2FOldArticles%2FPolitics%2C%2520Ideology%2520and%2520Discourse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2009" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&pg=PA1"><i>Modern Political Ideologies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1105-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1105-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-1105-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803163747/https://books.google.com/books?id=igrwb3rsOOUC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Political+Ideologies&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1105-1&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Digrwb3rsOOUC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1979" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Emmet (Jul–Sep 1979). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ideology" from Destutt De Tracy to Marx". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 353–368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709242">10.2307/2709242</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709242">2709242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=%22Ideology%22+from+Destutt+De+Tracy+to+Marx&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-368&rft.date=1979-07%2F1979-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709242%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Emmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Destutt_de_Tracy" title="Antoine Destutt de Tracy">de Tracy, Antoine Destutt</a>. [1801] 1817. <i>Les Éléments d'idéologie</i>, (3rd ed.). p. 4, as cited in <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim, Karl</a>. 1929. "The problem of 'false consciousness.'" In <i>Ideologie und Utopie</i>. 2nd footnote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton, Terry</a> (1991) <i>Ideology. An introduction</i>, Verso, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Robert C (1978). <i>The Marx-Engels Reader</i>, W. W. Norton & Company, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, <i>MER</i>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Silbey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.credoreference.com/entry/cupsoc/ideology">"Ideology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042925/https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cupsoc/ideology/0">Archived</a> 2021-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Steger" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred Steger">Manfred Steger</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4510893"><i>Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429234210/https://www.academia.edu/4510893/Globalization_and_Culture_Vol._4_Ideologies_of_Globalism_2010_">Archived</a> 2020-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minar, David W. 1961. "Ideology and Political Behavior." <i><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Journal_of_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest Journal of Political Science">Midwest Journal of Political Science</a></i> 5(4):317–31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2108991">10.2307/2108991</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2108991">2108991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mullins, Willard A. 1972. "On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science." <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i> 66(2):498–510. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1957794">10.2307/1957794</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton, Terry</a>. 1991. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC">Ideology: An Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042911/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC&hl=en">Archived</a> 2021-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-319-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-319-8">0-86091-319-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110701015904/http://www.ideologieforschung.de/web/Christian_Duncker.html">Christian Duncker</a>" (in German). <i>Ideologie Forschung</i>. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1974" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1974). "I. Feuerbach: Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlooks". <i>The German Ideology. [Students Edition]</i>. Lawrence & Wishart. pp. 64–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853152170" title="Special:BookSources/9780853152170"><bdi>9780853152170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+Feuerbach%3A+Opposition+of+the+Materialist+and+Idealist+Outlooks&rft.btitle=The+German+Ideology.+%5BStudents+Edition%5D&rft.pages=64-68&rft.pub=Lawrence+%26+Wishart&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780853152170&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1978a" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1978a). <i>"The German Ideology: Part I", The Marx-Engels Reader 2nd ed</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+German+Ideology%3A+Part+I%22%2C+The+Marx-Engels+Reader+2nd+ed.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this discipline, there are lexical disputes over the meaning of the word "ideology" ("false consciousness" as advocated by Marx, or rather "false position" of a statement in itself is correct but irrelevant in the context in which it is produced, as in <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s opinion): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuonomo2005" class="citation journal cs1">Buonomo, Giampiero (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794">"Eleggibilità più ampia senza i paletti del peculato d'uso? Un'occasione (perduta) per affrontare il tema delle leggi ad personam"</a>. <i>Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394794">the original</a> on 2016-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diritto%26Giustizia+Edizione+Online&rft.atitle=Eleggibilit%C3%A0+pi%C3%B9+ampia+senza+i+paletti+del+peculato+d%27uso%3F+Un%27occasione+%28perduta%29+per+affrontare+il+tema+delle+leggi+ad+personam&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Buonomo&rft.aufirst=Giampiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fprojects%23%21%2Fproject%2F89394794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Debord1995" class="citation book cs1">Guy Debord (1995). <i>The Society of the Spectacle</i>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNienhueser2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nienhueser, Werner (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F0935-9915-2011-4-367">"Empirical Research on Human Resource Management as a Production of Ideology"</a>. <i>Management Revue</i>. <b>22</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Nomos_Publishing_House" title="Nomos Publishing House">Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG</a>: 367–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F0935-9915-2011-4-367">10.5771/0935-9915-2011-4-367</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0935-9915">0935-9915</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41783697">41783697</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17746690">17746690</a>. <q>[...] current empirical research in HRM is generating ideology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Revue&rft.atitle=Empirical+Research+on+Human+Resource+Management+as+a+Production+of+Ideology&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=367-393&rft.date=2011-10&rft.issn=0935-9915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17746690%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41783697%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F0935-9915-2011-4-367&rft.aulast=Nienhueser&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5771%252F0935-9915-2011-4-367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibuffo2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_P._Ribuffo" title="Leo P. Ribuffo">Ribuffo, Leo P.</a> (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/409734">"Twenty Suggestions for Studying the Right Now that Studying the Right Is Trendy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Historically_Speaking_(journal)" title="Historically Speaking (journal)">Historically Speaking</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 2–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhsp.2011.0013">10.1353/hsp.2011.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-6438">1944-6438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144367661">144367661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historically+Speaking&rft.atitle=Twenty+Suggestions+for+Studying+the+Right+Now+that+Studying+the+Right+Is+Trendy&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-6&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144367661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1944-6438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhsp.2011.0013&rft.aulast=Ribuffo&rft.aufirst=Leo+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F409734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattberg2009" class="citation journal cs1">Blattberg, Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/BLAPPA-2.pdf">"Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Affairs_Quarterly" title="Public Affairs Quarterly">Public Affairs Quarterly</a></i>. <b>15</b> (3): 193–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780773576636-002">10.1515/9780773576636-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7663-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7663-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-7663-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142824378">142824378</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1755117">1755117</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042926/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1755117">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Affairs+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Political+Philosophies+and+Political+Ideologies&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=193-217&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780773576636-002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142824378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1755117%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7663-6&rft.aulast=Blattberg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FBLAPPA-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽižek2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a> (2008). <i>The Sublime Object of Ideology</i> (2nd ed.). 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Hibbing</a>. 2005. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf">Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809045236/http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Alford,%20et%20al%202005%20APSR%20Genetics.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i> 99(2):153–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hatemi" title="Pete Hatemi">Hatemi, Peter K.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Medland" title="Sarah Medland">Sarah E. Medland</a>, Katherine I. 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[S.l.]: McGraw Hill. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-259-70272-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-259-70272-3"><bdi>978-1-259-70272-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/968304061">968304061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOC+2018&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F968304061&rft.isbn=978-1-259-70272-3&rft.aulast=Witt&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bunson" title="Matthew Bunson">Bunson, Matthew</a>, ed. 1997. <i>The Dalai Lama's Book of Wisdom</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ebury_Publishing" title="Ebury Publishing">Ebury Press</a>. p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslanger2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Haslanger" title="Sally Haslanger">Haslanger, Sally</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Farisup%2Fakx001">"I – Culture and Critique"</a>. <i>Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume</i>. <b>91</b>: 149–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Farisup%2Fakx001">10.1093/arisup/akx001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F116882">1721.1/116882</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aristotelian+Society+Supplementary+Volume&rft.atitle=I+%E2%80%93+Culture+and+Critique&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=149-73&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F116882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Farisup%2Fakx001&rft.aulast=Haslanger&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Farisup%252Fakx001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt, Hannah</a>. 1968. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)" title="Harcourt (publisher)">Harcourt</a>. p. 159.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser, Louis</a>. [1970] 1971. "<a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a>." In <i><a href="/wiki/Lenin_and_Philosophy_and_Other_Essays" title="Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays">Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays</a></i>. Monthly Review Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58367-039-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58367-039-4">1-58367-039-4</a>.</li> <li>Belloni, Claudio. 2013. <i>Per la critica dell’ideologia:</i> <i>Filosofia e storia in Marx.</i> Milan: Mimesis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord, Guy</a>. 1967 <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a>. Bureau of Public Secrets 2014 (Annotated Edition)</li> <li>Duncker, Christian 2006. <i>Kritische Reflexionen Des Ideologiebegriffes</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903343-88-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-903343-88-7">1-903343-88-7</a>.</li> <li>—, ed. 2008. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213073427/http://ideologieforschung.de/web/Welcome.html">Ideologiekritik Aktuell</a>." <i>Ideologies Today</i> 1<i>.</i> London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84790-015-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84790-015-9">978-1-84790-015-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton, Terry</a>. 1991. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk2h8zoHfcIC">Ideology: An Introduction</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-319-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-319-8">0-86091-319-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul, Jacques</a>. [1965] 1973. <i><a href="/wiki/Propaganda:_The_Formation_of_Men%27s_Attitudes" title="Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes">Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes</a></i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Kellen" title="Konrad Kellen">K. Kellen</a> and J. Lerner. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Freeden, Michael</a>. 1996. <i>Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829414-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829414-6">978-0-19-829414-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Samuel_Feuer" title="Lewis Samuel Feuer">Feuer, Lewis S.</a> 2010. <i>Ideology and Ideologists.</i> Piscataway, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gries" title="Peter Gries">Gries, Peter Hays</a>. 2014. <i>The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs</i>. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>.</li> <li>Haas, Mark L. 2005. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-Clash-of-Ideologies-Middle-Eastern-Politics-and-American-Security-by-Mark-L-Haas.php">The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics, 1789–1989</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-7407-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-7407-8">0-8014-7407-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hawkes_(professor_of_English)" title="David Hawkes (professor of English)">Hawkes, David</a>. 2003. <i>Ideology</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29012-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29012-0">0-415-29012-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Steger" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred Steger">Manfred Steger</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4510893"><i>Globalization and Culture, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács, Georg</a>. [1967] 1919–1923. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/index.htm">History and Class Consciousness</a></i>, translated by R. Livingstone. Merlin Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinisa_Malesevic" title="Sinisa Malesevic">Malesevic, Sinisa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iain_McKenzie" title="Iain McKenzie">Iain Mackenzie</a>, eds. <i>Ideology after Poststructuralism</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim, Karl</a>. 1936. <i>Ideology and Utopia.</i> Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx,_Karl" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx, Karl">Marx, Karl</a>. [1845–46] 1932. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/index.htm">The German Ideology</a>.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Minogue" title="Kenneth Minogue">Minogue, Kenneth</a>. 1985. <i>Alien Powers: The Pure Theory of Ideology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-01860-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-01860-6">0-312-01860-6</a>.</li> <li>Minar, David W. 1961. "Ideology and Political Behavior." <i><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Journal_of_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest Journal of Political Science">Midwest Journal of Political Science</a></i> 5(4):317–331. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2108991">10.2307/2108991</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2108991">2108991</a>.</li> <li>Mullins, Willard A. 1972.:)) "On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science." <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i> 66(2):498–510. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1957794">10.2307/1957794</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Ostrowski" title="Marius Ostrowski">Ostrowski, Marius S.</a> 2022. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=ideology--9781509540723">Ideology</a></i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781509540730" title="Special:BookSources/9781509540730">ISBN 978-1509540730</a>.</li> <li>Owen, John. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-clash-of-ideas-in-world-politics-john-owen.php"><i>The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Transnational Networks, States, and Regime Change, 1510–2010</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-14239-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-14239-4">0-691-14239-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker, Steven</a>. 2002. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03151-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03151-8">0-670-03151-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Sorce_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcello Sorce Keller (page does not exist)">Sorce Keller, Marcello</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Sorce_Keller" class="extiw" title="de:Marcello Sorce Keller">de</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Sorce_Keller" class="extiw" title="fr:Marcello Sorce Keller">fr</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Sorce_Keller" class="extiw" title="it:Marcello Sorce Keller">it</a>]</span>. 2007. "Why is Music so Ideological, Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously: A Personal View from History, and the Social Sciences." <i>Journal of Musicological Research</i> 26(2–3):91–122.</li> <li>Steger, Manfred B., and Paul James. 2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4311113">Levels of Subjective Globalization: Ideologies, Imaginaries, Ontologies</a>." <i>Perspectives on Global Development and Technology</i> 12(1–2):17–40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15691497-12341240">10.1163/15691497-12341240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_Verschueren" title="Jef Verschueren">Verschueren, Jef</a>. 2012. <i>Ideology in Language Use: Pragmatic Guidelines for Empirical Research</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69590-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69590-0">978-1-107-69590-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/ideology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/ideology">ideology</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/12972-the-perverts-guide-to-ideology-how-ideology-seduces-us-and-how-we-can-try-to-escape-it"><i>The Pervert's Guide to Ideology</i>: How Ideology Seduces Us – and How We Can (Try to) Escape It</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autodidactproject.org/guidideo.html">Ideology Study Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marx2mao.com/Other/LPOE70ii.html#s5">Louis Althusser's "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethics" title="Template:Ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethics" title="Template talk:Ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">Suffering-focused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_ethics" title="Computer ethics">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Meat eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_ethics" title="Programming ethics">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Uncertain sentience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists<br /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 322 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1726)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1740)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1759)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1780)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1785)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1843)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Worldview" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_view" title="Template:World view"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_view" title="Template talk:World view"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_view" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World view"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Worldview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_belief" title="Basic belief">Basic beliefs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">Collective consciousness</a> / <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_system" title="Conceptual system">Conceptual system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_(linguistics)" title="Context (linguistics)">Context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">Conventional wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epics</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">World folk-epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Facts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">factoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">Life stance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(social_sciences)" title="Lifestyle (social sciences)">Lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Memes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memeplex" title="Memeplex">Memeplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">Metanarrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">Mindset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theory" title="Philosophical theory">Philosophical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(philosophy)" title="Point of view (philosophy)">Point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presuppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_world_beliefs" title="Primal world beliefs">Primal world beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_tunnel" title="Reality tunnel">Reality tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">School of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(psychology)" title="Set (psychology)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Value system">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aspects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">Homophily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">Observational error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect" title="Observer-expectancy effect">Observer-expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_exposure_theory" title="Selective exposure theory">Selective exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clever_Hans" title="Clever Hans">Clever Hans effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">wishful thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotyping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">ethnic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Change and<br />maintenance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_change" title="Attitude change">Attitude change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_education" title="Values education">values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">Excommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">negationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral entrepreneur">Moral entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polite_fiction" title="Polite fiction">Polite fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_engineering" title="Political engineering">Political engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_uniformity" title="Religious uniformity">Religious uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">Social control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woozle_effect" title="Woozle effect">Woozle effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">Ceremonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funerals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity (philosophy)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">Oaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rites of passage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_coming-of-age_ceremony" title="Secular coming-of-age ceremony">secular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a> / <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_boundaries" title="Symbolic boundaries">Symbolic boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_paradox" title="Abilene paradox">Abilene paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">Collectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_behavior" title="Collective behavior">Collective behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_effervescence" title="Collective effervescence">Collective effervescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory" title="Consensus theory">Consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome" title="Culture-bound syndrome">Culture-bound syndromes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deindividuation" title="Deindividuation">Deindividuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitativity" title="Entitativity">Entitativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_action_(sociology)" title="Group action (sociology)">Group action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">Group cohesiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">Group emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization" title="Group polarization">Group polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupshift" title="Groupshift">Groupshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_cascade" title="Information cascade">Information cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Mob rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology)" title="Mass action (sociology)">Mass action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoconsensus" title="Pseudoconsensus">Pseudoconsensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">Social emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation" title="Social facilitation">Social facilitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation_in_animals" title="Social facilitation in animals">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">Social group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_justification" title="System justification">System justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axioms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_assumption" title="Tacit assumption">tacit assumptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">Conceptual framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">Explanations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">Meaning-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-knowledge">Meta-knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">Observational learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reasoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory_of_truth" title="Consensus theory of truth">consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criteria_of_truth" title="Criteria of truth">criteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_disclosure" title="World disclosure">World disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Ætiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything" title="Everything">Everything</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nothing" title="Nothing">Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idios_kosmos" title="Idios kosmos">Idios kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter (philosophy)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_myth" title="Political myth">political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axes mundi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Value</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Aesthetic taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic value">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">Almsgiving</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Codes of conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Étiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unclean_animal" title="Unclean animal">unclean animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culpability" title="Culpability">Culpability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy)" title="Maxim (philosophy)">Maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">Obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Qualities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime, The</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unspoken_rule" title="Unspoken rule">Unspoken rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Works of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrongdoing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">Attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Economic and<br />political <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Schools of<br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism (Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism (Western)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political 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