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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pre-19th century records of the Southeast Asian island</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Singaporean_history" title="Timeline of Singaporean history">Timeline of Singaporean 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Singapore" title="Category:History of Singapore">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History of <span class="fn org label">Singapore</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/150px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/225px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/300px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2035" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early history</a> (pre-1819)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 650–1377</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Ya_Men" title="Long Ya Men">Long Ya Men</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zu" title="Ban Zu">Ban Zu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> c.14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1299–1398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528–1819</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">British colonial era (1819–1942)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">Founding</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1819–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1826–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements#Crown_colony_(1867–1942)" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Crown colony</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1867–1942</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese Occupation</a> (1942–1945)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_incident" title="Double Tenth incident">Double Tenth incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Post-war period</a> (1945–1962)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore#First_Legislative_Council_(1948–1951)" title="History of Singapore">First Legislative Council</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1948–1951</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Hertogh_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Hertogh riots">Maria Hertogh riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore#Second_Legislative_Council_(1951–1955)" title="History of Singapore">Second Legislative Council</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1951–1955</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1954_National_Service_riots" title="1954 National Service riots">Anti-National Service Riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1954</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Internal self-government</a> (1955–1963)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hock_Lee_bus_riots" title="Hock Lee bus riots">Hock Lee bus riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Glass_Factory_strikes" title="Singapore Glass Factory strikes">Singapore Glass Factory strikes</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Senang_prison_riots" title="Pulau Senang prison riots">Pulau Senang prison riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Merger with Malaysia</a> (1963–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1962_Singaporean_integration_referendum" title="1962 Singaporean integration referendum">Singaporean referendum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coldstore" title="Operation Coldstore">Operation Coldstore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Race riots in Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/MacDonald_House_bombing" title="MacDonald House bombing">MacDonald House bombing</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1965</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">Republic of Singapore</a> (1965–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">1969 race riots of Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Laju_incident" title="Laju incident">Laju incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spectrum" title="Operation Spectrum">Operation Spectrum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Singapore" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_embassies_attack_plot" title="Singapore embassies attack plot">Embassies attack plot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Asia#Singapore" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Asia">H1N1 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2012_Singapore_bus_drivers%27_strike" title="2012 Singapore bus drivers' strike">Bus drivers' strike</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2013_Little_India_riot" title="2013 Little India riot">Little India riot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Singaporean_history" title="Timeline of Singaporean history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Singapore" title="List of riots in Singapore">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Singapore" title="Military history of Singapore">Military</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/16px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/24px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Singapore" title="Template:History of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:History of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>early history of Singapore</b> refers to its pre-colonial era before 1819, when the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> established a trading settlement on the island and set in motion the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">history of modern Singapore</a>. </p><p>Prior to 1819, the island was known by several names. An early reference may be in the 2nd century work by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> which identified a coastal port at the southernmost tip of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, called <i>Sabana</i>. However, historians generally attribute a 3rd-century Chinese traveller's record describing an island at the same location called <i>Pu Luo Chung</i>, a transcription of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Singapura</a>'s early <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> name <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Ujong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Ujong">Pulau Ujong</a>, as the first recording of its existence. </p><p>Singapore was known in the 13th to 14th century as <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>, with its name being changed to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Singapura</a> perhaps towards the end of 14th century by <a href="/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a>. The island was alternately claimed during this period by the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Siamese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>. The last ruler of Singapura, <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_of_Malacca" title="Parameswara of Malacca">Parameswara</a> fled to Malacca after an attack by either the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Siamese</a>, and established the state of Malacca. It was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> in the 15th century and the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a> from the 16th century, up till its founding as a British colony in the 19th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_period">Early period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Singapore#Early_records" title="Names of Singapore">Names of Singapore § Early records</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg/220px-Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg/330px-Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg/440px-Ptolemy_Asia_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Ptolemy, <i>Geographia</i>, VIII. 11th Map of Asia. Sabana given at the tip of the Malay Peninsula which was named as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Chersonese" title="Golden Chersonese">Golden Khersonese</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From primary historical texts dated before the 14th century, scholars have identified some 24 names that possibly referred to the island of Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first possible mention of early Singapore dates to 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a> cartographic references in the Greco-Roman astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a></i>. A place called <i>Sabana</i> or <i>Sabara</i> was marked on the 11th Map of Asia at the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Khersonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Khersonese">Golden Khersonese</a> (meaning the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>) where Singapore may lie.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was identified as a <i>nominon <a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">emporion</a></i> or designated foreign trading port, as part of a chain of similar trading centres that linked Southeast Asia with India and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identification of <i>Sabana</i> or <i>Sabara</i> however varies, with various authors proposing it to be in <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> or near <a href="/wiki/Klang_(city)" title="Klang (city)">Klang</a>, or just south of <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, or south <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, as well as Singapore island itself. No archaeological evidence from this period has yet been found in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 3rd century Chinese written record described a locality named <i>Pu Luo Zhong</i> (蒲羅中), possibly a transcription of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <i>Pulau Ujong</i>, "island at the end" (of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>), i.e. <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Island" title="Singapore Island">Singapore Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It mentions briefly a <a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">hearsay</a> account of cannibals with 5 or 6-inch tails living there.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent to which <i>Pu Luo Zhong</i> can be identified with Singapore is still debated today.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible reference to Singapore was found in the <i><a href="/wiki/A_Record_of_Buddhist_Practices_Sent_Home_from_the_Southern_Sea" title="A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea">Nanhai Jigui Neifa Zhuan</a></i> (A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea), travel accounts of the Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> dynasty. Yijing mentioned several islands located in today's Southeast Asia. One of which, called Mo-he-xin or Mo-ho-hsin (摩诃新), was argued by Brian E. Colless to be the ancient Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore_Stone">Singapore Stone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Singapore Stone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SingaporeStone-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SingaporeStone-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg/220px-SingaporeStone-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SingaporeStone-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg/330px-SingaporeStone-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SingaporeStone-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg/440px-SingaporeStone-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Stone" title="Singapore Stone">Singapore Stone</a>, inscribed with an unknown script, c 10th to 13th century.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Stone" title="Singapore Stone">Singapore Stone</a></div> <p>A large boulder measuring 3 metres in height and width, inscribed with writings, used to exist at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_River" title="Singapore River">Singapore River</a>, but was later blown up when Fort Fullerton was expanded and the river mouth widened. Only a few fragments survive, and it became known as the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Stone" title="Singapore Stone">Singapore Stone</a>. Various dates between 10th to 13th century have been proposed for the inscriptions that is as yet undeciphered, and the script is suggested to be related to that used in Sumatran in that period.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temasek">Temasek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Temasek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a></div> <p>Early Singapore was called "Temasek", possibly a word deriving from "<i>tasik</i>" (Malay for lake or sea) and taken to mean Sea-town in Malay.<sup id="cite_ref-toponym_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toponym-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Javanese</a> eulogy written in 1365, listed a settlement on the island called <i>Tumasik</i> as a vassal of the Majapahit.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is also mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a></i> thought to have been written in 1535.<sup id="cite_ref-toponym_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toponym-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temasek may have diplomatic relationship with Vietnam, which recorded it as <i>Sach Ma Tich</i>, as early as the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also recorded by the Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dayuan" title="Wang Dayuan">Wang Dayuan</a> who visited the island around 1330 and described a place called <i>Dan Ma Xi</i> (單馬錫, a <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">transcription</a> of the Malay <i>Temasek</i>). The name <i>Dan Ma Xi</i> or <i>Temasek</i> is written in Chinese as 淡馬錫 in the <a href="/wiki/Mao_Kun_map" title="Mao Kun map">Mao Kun map</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_Ya_Men_and_Ban_Zu">Long Ya Men and Ban Zu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Long Ya Men and Ban Zu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Kun_map_-_Singapore.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mao_Kun_map_-_Singapore.png/400px-Mao_Kun_map_-_Singapore.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mao_Kun_map_-_Singapore.png/600px-Mao_Kun_map_-_Singapore.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mao_Kun_map_-_Singapore.png/800px-Mao_Kun_map_-_Singapore.png 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mao_Kun_map" title="Mao Kun map">Mao Kun map</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wubei_Zhi" title="Wubei Zhi">Wubei Zhi</a> based on the early 15th century navigation maps of <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a> (淡馬錫) at the top left, and <a href="/wiki/Longyamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyamen">Longyamen</a> (龍牙門) in the right panel. Temasek was described as having two different settlements by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dayuan" title="Wang Dayuan">Wang Dayuan</a>, <i>Longyamen</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Banzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Banzu">Banzu</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Long_Ya_Men" title="Long Ya Men">Long Ya Men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ban_Zu" title="Ban Zu">Ban Zu</a></div> <p>It was recorded in 1320 that the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> sent a mission to obtain elephants from <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Ya_Men" title="Long Ya Men">Long Ya Men</a></i> (龍牙門, <i>Dragon's Teeth Gate</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people of <i>Longyamen</i> then responded in 1325 with a tribute and trade mission to China.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Long Ya Men</i> is believed to be the entrance to the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Keppel_Harbour" title="Keppel Harbour">Keppel Harbour</a>. In his work <i><a href="/wiki/Daoyi_Zhil%C3%BCe" title="Daoyi Zhilüe">Daoyi Zhilüe</a></i>, Wang Dayuan described <i>Long Ya Men</i> as the two hills of Temasek that looked like "Dragon's teeth" between which a strait runs, and wrote about the place: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The fields are barren and there is little <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">padi</a>  ...  In ancient times, when digging in the ground, a chief came upon a jewelled head-dress. The beginning of the year is calculated from the [first] rising of the moon, when the chief put on this head-gear and wore his [ceremonial] dress to receive the congratulations [of the people]. Nowadays this custom is still continued. The natives and Chinese dwell side by side. Most [of the natives] gather their hair into a <a href="/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)" title="Chignon (hairstyle)">chignon</a>, and wear short cotton <a href="/wiki/Baju_Melayu" title="Baju Melayu">bajus</a> girded about with black cotton <a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarongs</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wang Dayuan, translation by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheatley_(geographer)" title="Paul Wheatley (geographer)">Paul Wheatley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wheatley_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheatley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JavaneseGoldOrnaments-14C-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/JavaneseGoldOrnaments-14C-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg/220px-JavaneseGoldOrnaments-14C-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/JavaneseGoldOrnaments-14C-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg/330px-JavaneseGoldOrnaments-14C-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/JavaneseGoldOrnaments-14C-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg/440px-JavaneseGoldOrnaments-14C-NationalMuseumofSingapore-20090712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Jewelry found at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning_Hill" title="Fort Canning Hill">Fort Canning Hill</a>, which was named <i>Banzu</i> by Wang Dayuan</figcaption></figure> <p>Wang further mentioned that <a href="/wiki/Lakawood" title="Lakawood">lakawood</a> and tin was produced there and the natives traded with Chinese from <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, but Chinese <a href="/wiki/Junks" class="mw-redirect" title="Junks">junks</a> on their way back from the Western Oceans (西洋) may be met by pirates there who attacked with two to three hundred <a href="/wiki/Perahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Perahu">perahus</a> (boats).<sup id="cite_ref-wheatley_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheatley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang described another settlement on a hill behind <i>Long Ya Men</i> called <i><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zu" title="Ban Zu">Ban Zu</a></i> (班卒, a transcription of the Malay name <i>pancur</i> meaning a "spring"). It is thought to be located on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning_Hill" title="Fort Canning Hill">Fort Canning Hill</a>, and a spring used to exist on the west side of the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to those of <i>Long Ya Men</i> who were prone to piracy, the inhabitants of <i>Ban Zu</i> were described as honest, and they wore "their hair short, with turban of gold-brocaded satin," and were dressed in red cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wang also reported that the Siamese attacked Temasek (with no specific reference of Long Ya Men or Ban Zu) a few years before he visited, but the fortified city survived the attack which lasted a month.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruins of the settlement on the hill were still visible in the early 19th century and were described by the Resident <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a>. In 1928, pieces of gold ornaments dating to the mid-14th century was discovered at Fort Canning Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Singapore">Recent excavations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Canning">Fort Canning</a> provide evidence that Singapore was a port of some importance in the 14th century<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used for transactions between Malays and Chinese. Various documents suggest that following the decline of Srivijaya power, Temasek was alternately claimed by the Majapahit and the Siamese <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Singapura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Sang_Nila_Utama_at_the_Raffles_Landing_Site_(front_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Statue_of_Sang_Nila_Utama_at_the_Raffles_Landing_Site_%28front_view%29.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Sang_Nila_Utama_at_the_Raffles_Landing_Site_%28front_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Statue_of_Sang_Nila_Utama_at_the_Raffles_Landing_Site_%28front_view%29.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Sang_Nila_Utama_at_the_Raffles_Landing_Site_%28front_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Statue_of_Sang_Nila_Utama_at_the_Raffles_Landing_Site_%28front_view%29.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Sang_Nila_Utama_at_the_Raffles_Landing_Site_%28front_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Sang Nila Utama erected for Singapore's bicentenntial commemorations at the <a href="/wiki/Raffles%27_Landing_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffles' Landing Site">Raffles' Landing Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a></div> <p>Sometime in its history, the name of Temasek was changed to Singapura. The <i><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Melayu">Sejarah Melayu</a></i> (<i>Malay Annals</i>) contains a tale of a prince of Palembang, Sri Tri Buana (also known as <a href="/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a>), who landed on Temasek after surviving a storm in the 13th century. According to the tale, the prince saw a strange creature, which he was told was a <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">lion</a>. Believing this to be an auspicious sign, he founded a settlement called Singapura, which means "Lion City" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37, 88–92">: 37, 88–92 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–31">: 30–31 </span></sup> It is unlikely there ever were lions in Singapore, though tigers continued to roam the island until the early 20th century. However, the lion motif is common in Hindu mythology, which was dominant in the region during that period (one of the words for "throne" in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> is "singgasana", meaning "lion's seat" in Sanskrit), and it has been speculated that the "Singapura" name, and the tale of the lion, were invented by court historians of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> to glorify Sang Nila Utama and his line of descent.<sup id="cite_ref-baker_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A divergent account is provided by Portuguese apothecary <a href="/wiki/Tome_Pires" class="mw-redirect" title="Tome Pires">Tome Pires</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Suma_Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Suma Oriental">Suma Oriental</a></i>, composed shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Portuguese conquest of Malacca</a>. The Javanese source cited by Pires instead suggests that Temasek was a Siamese vassal whose ruler, titled <i>Sang Aji</i>, was killed by <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_of_Malacca" title="Parameswara of Malacca">Parameswara</a> from Palembang in the late 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Parameswara had fled to Temasek from <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> after being deposed by the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a>, and violently usurped the Sang Aji eight days after being welcomed into Temasek, subsequently fleeing to <a href="/wiki/Muar_(town)" title="Muar (town)">Muar</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> to escape retribution from the Siamese.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not withstanding the <i>Sejarah Melayu</i> legend, the "Singapura" name possibly dates to this period. Some argued that Singapura was named after the "lion throne" Parameswara established in Palembang as a challenge to the Majapahit empire, and for which he was expelled from Palembang.<sup id="cite_ref-turnbull_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnbull-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parameswara held the island of Singapore for a number of years, until further attacks from either the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya kingdom">Ayutthaya kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a> forced him to move on to <a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a> where he founded the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uslcHistory_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslcHistory-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are parallels between the mythical Sang Nila Utama and the historical Parameswara, they are regarded as distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-uslcHistory_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslcHistory-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Singapura_by_Godinho_de_Er%C3%A9dia_1604.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_Singapura_by_Godinho_de_Er%C3%A9dia_1604.jpg/220px-Map_of_Singapura_by_Godinho_de_Er%C3%A9dia_1604.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_Singapura_by_Godinho_de_Er%C3%A9dia_1604.jpg/330px-Map_of_Singapura_by_Godinho_de_Er%C3%A9dia_1604.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_Singapura_by_Godinho_de_Er%C3%A9dia_1604.jpg/440px-Map_of_Singapura_by_Godinho_de_Er%C3%A9dia_1604.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption> Map of Singapura by Malay-Portuguese cartographer <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Godinho_de_Er%C3%A9dia" title="Manuel Godinho de Erédia">Manuel Godinho de Erédia</a> dated 1604.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malacca_Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Malacca Sultanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological evidence suggests that the main settlement on Fort Canning was abandoned around this time, although a small trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-turnbull_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnbull-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore became part of the Malacca Sultanate, and it was said to be the <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Laksamana" title="Laksamana">laksamana</a> (or admiral) <a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-utexas_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utexas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the time the Portuguese arrived in the early 16th century, the Singapura that existed before Malacca was founded had already become "great ruins" according to the conqueror of Malacca <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johor_Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Johor Sultanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Albuquerque <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">captured Malacca in 1511</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese colonial empire">Portuguese colonial empire</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Laksamana" title="Laksamana">laksamana</a> fled to Singapore. In the 16th and early 17th century, it briefly regained some significance as a trading centre of the Malacca Sultanate's successor state in Johor whose Sultan kept a <i><a href="/wiki/Shahbandar" title="Shahbandar">shahbandar</a></i> (harbourmaster) at <a href="/wiki/Kallang" title="Kallang">Kallang</a>. In 1603, the Johor Malays formed an alliance with the Dutch and captured a Portuguese ship, the <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(ship)" title="Santa Catarina (ship)">Santa Catarina</a></i> off the east coast of Singapore; the looted porcelain came to be known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kraak_ware" title="Kraak ware">Kraak ware</a></i>, and the arbitration over the legality of the Dutch attack included <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>' treatise, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Liberum" title="Mare Liberum">Mare Liberum</a></i>, widely considered to be the progentior of modern <a href="/wiki/Maritime_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime law">maritime law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-turnbull_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnbull-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese destroyed the outpost in Singapore in 1613,<sup id="cite_ref-uslcPrecolonial_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslcPrecolonial-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but shortly afterwards in the early 1620s, it was suggested that forts be built in the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Strait" title="Singapore Strait">Singapore Straits</a> to counter the rising power of the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-turnbull_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnbull-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitors to the area in the 17th century mentioned that it was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Seletes</a> who lived on water under the rule of Johor,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Singapore had largely sank into obscurity apart from a mention that <a href="/wiki/Singapore_River" title="Singapore River">Singapore River</a> was the location of a naval battle between Johor and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Siak_Sri_Indrapura" title="Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura">Siak</a> in 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-turnbull_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnbull-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> employee <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Stamford Raffles">Sir Stamford Raffles</a>, former <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="List of governors of the Dutch East Indies">Governor of the Dutch East Indies</a> during its British occupation and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_Bencoolen" title="Governors of Bencoolen">Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen</a>, established a British trading post on the island along with <a href="/wiki/William_Farquhar" title="William Farquhar">William Farquhar</a>. This was spurred by the perceived need to establish a competitive port following the retrocession of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a> in the East Indies to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> had ended, which would have left the British with their unprofitable settlements of <a href="/wiki/Penang#Colonial_Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a>. In his time as Governor of the Dutch East Indies, Raffles had compiled <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">The History of Java</a></i> and had <a href="/wiki/John_Leyden" title="John Leyden">John Leyden</a> translate the <i>Sejarah Melayu</i>, which he cites as an inspiration to claim Singapore in its introduction. </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/1819_Singapore_Treaty" title="1819 Singapore Treaty">1819 Singapore Treaty</a>, signed by himself, <a href="/wiki/Temenggong_Abdul_Rahman" title="Temenggong Abdul Rahman">Temenggong Abdul Rahman</a>, and Prince <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Shah_of_Johor" title="Hussein Shah of Johor">Hussein Long</a> whom he declared to be the rightful <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Sultan of Johor</a>, led to <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">its founding as a British colony</a> under direct rule from the British East India Company following the confirmation of its status as British colony (along with the founding of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> as a contiguous polity) by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824</a>. This event has generally been understood to mark the founding of colonial <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and the beginning of its modern history.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKwa2019" class="citation book cs1">Kwa, Chong Guan (2019). <i>Seven hundred years: a history of Singapore</i>. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4828-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4828-10-9"><bdi>978-981-4828-10-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1103575493">1103575493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+hundred+years%3A+a+history+of+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1103575493&rft.isbn=978-981-4828-10-9&rft.aulast=Kwa&rft.aufirst=Chong+Guan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-golden-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golden_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Wheatley1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheatley_(geographer)" title="Paul Wheatley (geographer)">Paul Wheatley</a> (1961). <i>The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500</i>. Kuala Lumpur: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Malaya">University of Malaya Press</a>. pp. 151–152. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504030596">504030596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Khersonese%3A+Studies+in+the+Historical+Geography+of+the+Malay+Peninsula+before+A.D.+1500&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=151-152&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504030596&rft.au=Paul+Wheatley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHack" class="citation web cs1">Hack, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426231828/http://www.hsse.nie.edu.sg/staff/kahack/cc%202.3%20%28Little%20India%29.htm">"Records of Ancient Links between India and Singapore"</a>. National Institute of Education, Singapore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsse.nie.edu.sg/staff/kahack/cc%202.3%20(Little%20India).htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+Ancient+Links+between+India+and+Singapore&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Education%2C+Singapore&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsse.nie.edu.sg%2Fstaff%2Fkahack%2Fcc%25202.3%2520%28Little%2520India%29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinehan1951" class="citation journal cs1">Linehan, W. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225121127/http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/172/JB0024_ISPP.pdf?sequence=1">"The Identifications of Some of Ptolemy's Place Names in the Golden Khersonese"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>xxiv</b> (III): 86–98. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/172/JB0024_ISPP.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malayan+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Identifications+of+Some+of+Ptolemy%27s+Place+Names+in+the+Golden+Khersonese&rft.volume=xxiv&rft.issue=III&rft.pages=86-98&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Linehan&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyrepositori.pnm.gov.my%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F172%2FJB0024_ISPP.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323095958/http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/Singapore/Singapore-History.html">"Singapore: History, Singapore"</a>. Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/singapore/Singapore-History.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Library Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Infopedia&rft.atitle=Singapore+Stone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_43_2005-01-26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_N._Miksic2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">John N. Miksic</a> (15 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16"><i>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800</i></a>. NUS Press. pp. 13–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3"><bdi>978-9971-69-574-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+and+the+Silk+Road+of+the+Sea%2C+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=13-16&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-574-3&rft.au=John+N.+Miksic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMt3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toponym-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toponym_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toponym_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_R_SavageBrenda_Yeoh2013" class="citation book cs1">Victor R Savage; Brenda Yeoh (15 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA381"><i>Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4484-74-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4484-74-9"><bdi>978-981-4484-74-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+Street+Names%3A+A+Study+of+Toponymics&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2013-06-15&rft.isbn=978-981-4484-74-9&rft.au=Victor+R+Savage&rft.au=Brenda+Yeoh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTOJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_Lee2008" class="citation book cs1">Edwin Lee (15 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C&pg=PA2"><i>Singapore: The Unexpected Nation</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-796-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-796-5"><bdi>978-981-230-796-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore%3A+The+Unexpected+Nation&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft.isbn=978-981-230-796-5&rft.au=Edwin+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSqXGSinwP4C%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_N._Miksic2013" class="citation book cs1">John N. Miksic (15 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181"><i>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800</i></a>. NUS Press. pp. 181–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3"><bdi>978-9971-69-574-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+and+the+Silk+Road+of+the+Sea%2C+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-574-3&rft.au=John+N.+Miksic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMt3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061222073109/http://www.pbs.org/nbr/site/research/educators/060106_15a/">"Singapore: Relations with Malaysia"</a>. 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Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-796-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-796-5"><bdi>978-981-230-796-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore%3A+The+Unexpected+Nation&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft.isbn=978-981-230-796-5&rft.au=Edwin+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSqXGSinwP4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E5%A4%B7%E8%AA%8C%E7%95%A5">"島夷誌略"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B3%B6%E5%A4%B7%E8%AA%8C%E7%95%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25B3%25B6%25E5%25A4%25B7%25E8%25AA%258C%25E7%2595%25A5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span> Full original text: 門以單馬錫番兩山，相交若龍牙狀，中有水道以間之。田瘠稻少。天氣候熱，四五月多淫雨。俗好劫掠。昔酋長掘地而得玉冠。歲之始，以見月為正初，酋長戴冠披服受賀，今亦遞相傳授。男女兼中國人居之。多椎髻，穿短布衫。繫靑布捎。地產粗降眞、斗錫。貿易之貨，用赤金、靑緞、花布、處甆器、鐵鼎之類。蓋以山無美材，貢無異貨。以通泉州之貨易，皆剽竊之物也。舶往西洋，本番置之不問。回船之際，至吉利門，舶人須駕箭稝，張布幕，利器械以防之。賊舟二三百隻必然來迎，敵數日。若僥倖順風，或不遇之。否則人為所戮，貨為所有，則人死係乎頃刻之間也。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wheatley-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wheatley_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wheatley_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Wheatley1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheatley_(geographer)" title="Paul Wheatley (geographer)">Paul Wheatley</a> (1961). <i>The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500</i>. Kuala Lumpur: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Malaya">University of Malaya Press</a>. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504030596">504030596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Khersonese%3A+Studies+in+the+Historical+Geography+of+the+Malay+Peninsula+before+A.D.+1500&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504030596&rft.au=Paul+Wheatley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Miksic2013" class="citation book cs1">John Miksic (15 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8NJ3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA216"><i>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800</i></a>. NUS Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3"><bdi>978-9971-69-574-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+and+the+Silk+Road+of+the+Sea%2C+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-574-3&rft.au=John+Miksic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8NJ3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Wheatley1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheatley_(geographer)" title="Paul Wheatley (geographer)">Paul Wheatley</a> (1961). <i>The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500</i>. Kuala Lumpur: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Malaya">University of Malaya Press</a>. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504030596">504030596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Khersonese%3A+Studies+in+the+Historical+Geography+of+the+Malay+Peninsula+before+A.D.+1500&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504030596&rft.au=Paul+Wheatley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_N._Miksic2013" class="citation book cs1">John N. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01154-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01154-9"><bdi>978-1-108-01154-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commentaries+of+the+Great+Afonso+Dalboquerque%2C+Second+Viceroy+of+India&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-108-01154-9&rft.au=Affonso+de+Albuquerque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUhjKE8APSYC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uslcPrecolonial-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uslcPrecolonial_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/singapore/3.htm">"Singapore – Precolonial Era"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Singapore+%E2%80%93+Precolonial+Era&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsingapore%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorschberg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Borschberg, Peter (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/3234">"Three Questions about Maritime Singapore, 16th–17th Centuries"</a>. <i>Ler Historia</i> (72): 31–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Flerhistoria.3234">10.4000/lerhistoria.3234</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0870-6182">0870-6182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ler+Historia&rft.atitle=Three+Questions+about+Maritime+Singapore%2C+16th%E2%80%9317th+Centuries&rft.issue=72&rft.pages=31-54&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Flerhistoria.3234&rft.issn=0870-6182&rft.aulast=Borschberg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Flerhistoria%2F3234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan,_J._J.1934" class="citation journal cs1">Sheehan, J. J. (1934). "Seventeenth Century Visitors to the Malay Peninsula". <i>JMBRAS</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 94–107. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41559513">41559513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JMBRAS&rft.atitle=Seventeenth+Century+Visitors+to+the+Malay+Peninsula&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=94-107&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41559513%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Sheehan%2C+J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+history+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trocki, C. (1990). <i>Opium and empire : Chinese society in Colonial eh Singapore, 1800–1910</i>. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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