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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="gyJIKmqLOcBmb83MyIhgTo1y1TY81PqICR8EwMeNN8vxGgysO-0XMBXC5lxGkvl_EJMY9Az6MfCvo1V2pyf5XQ" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Harrod (2014) Suppl File Table 1 mtDNA language myth Database rev May 17 2019.doc" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="James Harrod" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/34411084/Harrod_2014_Suppl_File_Table_1_mtDNA_language_myth_Database_rev_May_17_2019_doc" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Harrod (2014) Suppl File Table 1 mtDNA language myth Database rev May 17 2019.doc" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="This revision includes new mtDNA dating for San in Rito et al (2019) and its inference that Khoisan language family originated in southern Africa with later migration into East Africa. 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I revised the dates, though I have some doubts about the" /> <title>Harrod (2014) Suppl File Table 1 mtDNA language myth Database rev May 17 2019.doc</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/34411084/Harrod_2014_Suppl_File_Table_1_mtDNA_language_myth_Database_rev_May_17_2019_doc" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b22bb4b4c659370e45f7093516d2fe164f182615'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1742159515000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1742159515000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This revision includes new mtDNA dating for San in Rito et al (2019) and its inference that Khoisan language family originated in southern Africa with later migration into East Africa. I revised the dates, though I have some doubts about the robustness of the overall origin inference. Also the low date for L3 ooA seems contradicted by arrival of sapiens sapiens in Australia 65,000 years ago. Whole genome dates are earlier and more compatible with the archaeology. Since I have a current project on East Asian/NE Siberian and southern Siberian mtDNA migration pathways leading to Clovis in northeastern US and Canadian Maritimes I added more data on some tribal populations in the Americas. This is a revision of Supplementary File Table : mtDNA Database for Archaeogenetic-Linguistics-Archaeology-Mythostratigraphy for Harrod (2014) . 200,000 year Chronological List of mtDNA Haplogroups, TMRCAs, Populations with Exemplary Hg Frequency Samples, Languages, Geographic Regions and Proposed Hg and Language Family, Archaeological Site and Mythostratigraphy Correlations. This is a work constantly being revised as new findings are reported and revisions will be posted periodically. If you use this database for your research please cite iand give James Harrod credit/acknowledgement.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"James Harrod","url":"https://originsnet.academia.edu/JamesHarrod","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/291153/63539/2904459/s200_james.harrod.jpg","sameAs":["http://www.originsnet.org/"]}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2017-08-30","headline":"Harrod (2014) Suppl File Table 1 mtDNA language myth Database rev May 17 2019.doc","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59295883/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Comparative Religion","Paleoanthropology","Human Evolution","Mythology","Languages and Linguistics","Historical Linguistics","Linguistic Anthropology","Palaeolithic Archaeology","Evolutionary Anthropology","Ancient myth and religion","Comparative mythology","Language evolution and development","Evolution and Human Behavior","Origins of Art","Origins and evolution of language","Evolution of Constructivity and Culture","Origins of Religion","Pleistocene origins of art"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59295883/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34411084/Harrod_2014_Suppl_File_Table_1_mtDNA_language_myth_Database_rev_May_17_2019_doc"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34411084%2FHarrod_2014_Suppl_File_Table_1_mtDNA_language_myth_Database_rev_May_17_2019_doc%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":59295883,"identifier":"Attachment_59295883","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":34411084,"created_at":"2017-08-30T08:08:03.688-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-15T12:36:28.420-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"This revision includes new mtDNA dating for San in Rito et al (2019) and its inference that Khoisan language family originated in southern Africa with later migration into East Africa. I revised the dates, though I have some doubts about the robustness of the overall origin inference. Also the low date for L3 ooA seems contradicted by arrival of sapiens sapiens in Australia 65,000 years ago. Whole genome dates are earlier and more compatible with the archaeology.\r\nSince I have a current project on East Asian/NE Siberian and southern Siberian mtDNA migration pathways leading to Clovis in northeastern US and Canadian Maritimes I added more data on some tribal populations in the Americas.\r\n \r\nThis is a revision of Supplementary File Table : mtDNA Database for Archaeogenetic-Linguistics-Archaeology-Mythostratigraphy for Harrod (2014) . \r\n200,000 year Chronological List of mtDNA Haplogroups, TMRCAs, Populations with Exemplary Hg Frequency Samples, Languages, Geographic Regions and Proposed Hg and Language Family, Archaeological Site and Mythostratigraphy Correlations. \r\nThis is a work constantly being revised as new findings are reported and revisions will be posted periodically. If you use this database for your research please cite iand give James Harrod credit/acknowledgement. "},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Harrod (2014) Suppl File Table 1 mtDNA language myth Database rev May 17 2019.doc","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [291153]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "safe_v1"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container design-variant-safe-v1"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":59295883,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Harrod (2014) Suppl File Table 1 mtDNA language myth Database rev May 17 2019.doc”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/59295883/mini_magick20190517-25177-1dzgvn9.png?1558154419" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-lg">Harrod (2014) Suppl File Table 1 mtDNA language myth Database rev May 17 2019.doc</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="291153" href="https://originsnet.academia.edu/JamesHarrod"><img alt="Profile image of James Harrod" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/291153/63539/2904459/s65_james.harrod.jpg" />James Harrod</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">290 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 34411084; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This revision includes new mtDNA dating for San in Rito et al (2019) and its inference that Khoisan language family originated in southern Africa with later migration into East Africa. I revised the dates, though I have some doubts about the robustness of the overall origin inference. Also the low date for L3 ooA seems contradicted by arrival of sapiens sapiens in Australia 65,000 years ago. Whole genome dates are earlier and more compatible with the archaeology. Since I have a current project on East Asian/NE Siberian and southern Siberian mtDNA migration pathways leading to Clovis in northeastern US and Canadian Maritimes I added more data on some tribal populations in the Americas. This is a revision of Supplementary File Table : mtDNA Database for Archaeogenetic-Linguistics-Archaeology-Mythostratigraphy for Harrod (2014) . 200,000 year Chronological List of mtDNA Haplogroups, TMRCAs, Populations with Exemplary Hg Frequency Samples, Languages, Geographic Regions and Proposed Hg and Language Family, Archaeological Site and Mythostratigraphy Correlations. This is a work constantly being revised as new findings are reported and revisions will be posted periodically. If you use this database for your research please cite iand give James Harrod credit/acknowledgement. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><div class="primary-buttons cite-share-variant"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":59295883,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/34411084/Harrod_2014_Suppl_File_Table_1_mtDNA_language_myth_Database_rev_May_17_2019_doc"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span>See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":59295883,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/34411084/Harrod_2014_Suppl_File_Table_1_mtDNA_language_myth_Database_rev_May_17_2019_doc"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://www.academia.edu/34411084/Harrod_2014_Suppl_File_Table_1_mtDNA_language_myth_Database_rev_May_17_2019_doc","location":"/34411084/Harrod_2014_Suppl_File_Table_1_mtDNA_language_myth_Database_rev_May_17_2019_doc","scheme":"https","host":"www.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/34411084/Harrod_2014_Suppl_File_Table_1_mtDNA_language_myth_Database_rev_May_17_2019_doc","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="CitationButton" data-props="{"entity_id":34411084,"citations":[{"name":"MLA","citation":"Harrod, James. 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This study is a thought experiment, a top-down derivation of the Homo sapiens sapiens (‘Proto-Human’, ‘Proto-World’) language phylotree, which can be tested against bottom-up prehistoric linguistic reconstructions. It establishes a relative chronology for dating the emergence and branching of the global array of language macrofamilies. The language phylotree is crosschecked against archaeological data and fossil mtDNA studies, which support many of the correlations. Results imply L3M and N dispersed out-of-Africa at around 80,000 years ago with both Afrasian and Nile-Sudanic languages and mythological systems. After a 3-to-5000-year pause in SW Asia three Borean language superfamilies emerged, Borean-N (Dené-Caucasian), Borean-M (Eurasiatic) and Borean-R, the latter including language families of SW Asia and Europe as well as SE Asia and Sahul. Alternative short-chronology hypotheses for language evolution, dating of sapiens sapiens out-of-Africa and a ‘southern route fast track’ from SW Asia to Sahul do not appear supported by either mtDNA genetics or archaeology. A hypothesis aligning all language families to the mtDNA phylotree yields a more differentiated and different chronology to the dyadic out-of-Africa dispersion model proposed in Fleming, Zegura, Harrod, Bengtson & Keita (2013).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The 200,000-Year Evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens Language and Myth Families based on the mtDNA Phylotree, Fossil mtDNA and Archaeology: A Thought Experiment (2014)","attachmentId":43068606,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22442796/The_200_000_Year_Evolution_of_Homo_sapiens_sapiens_Language_and_Myth_Families_based_on_the_mtDNA_Phylotree_Fossil_mtDNA_and_Archaeology_A_Thought_Experiment_2014_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22442796/The_200_000_Year_Evolution_of_Homo_sapiens_sapiens_Language_and_Myth_Families_based_on_the_mtDNA_Phylotree_Fossil_mtDNA_and_Archaeology_A_Thought_Experiment_2014_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="3240536" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3240536/Divorcing_the_Late_Upper_Palaeolithic_demographic_histories_of_mtDNA_haplogroups_M1_and_U6_in_Africa">Divorcing the Late Upper Palaeolithic demographic histories of mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6 in Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="125366" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/SachaJones">Sacha C Jones</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: A Southwest Asian origin and dispersal to North Africa in the Early Upper Palaeolithic era has been inferred in previous studies for mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6. Both haplogroups have been proposed to show similar geographic patterns and shared demographic histories. Results: We report here 24 M1 and 33 U6 new complete mtDNA sequences that allow us to refine the existing phylogeny of these haplogroups. The resulting phylogenetic information was used to genotype a further 131 M1 and 91 U6 samples to determine the geographic spread of their sub-clades. No southwest Asian specific clades for M1 or U6 were discovered. U6 and M1 frequencies in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe do not follow similar patterns, and their sub-clade divisions do not appear to be compatible with their shared history reaching back to the Early Upper Palaeolithic. The Bayesian Skyline Plots testify to non-overlapping phases of expansion, and the haplogroups' phylogenies suggest that there are U6 sub-clades that expanded earlier than those in M1. Some M1 and U6 sub-clades could be linked with certain events. For example, U6a1 and M1b, with their coalescent ages of~20,000-22,000 years ago and earliest inferred expansion in northwest Africa, could coincide with the flourishing of the Iberomaurusian industry, whilst U6b and M1b1 appeared at the time of the Capsian culture. Conclusions: Our high-resolution phylogenetic dissection of both haplogroups and coalescent time assessments suggest that the extant main branching pattern of both haplogroups arose and diversified in the mid-later Upper Palaeolithic, with some sub-clades concomitantly with the expansion of the Iberomaurusian industry. Carriers of these maternal lineages have been later absorbed into and diversified further during the spread of Afro-Asiatic languages in North and East Africa.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Divorcing the Late Upper Palaeolithic demographic histories of mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6 in Africa","attachmentId":31099764,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3240536/Divorcing_the_Late_Upper_Palaeolithic_demographic_histories_of_mtDNA_haplogroups_M1_and_U6_in_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3240536/Divorcing_the_Late_Upper_Palaeolithic_demographic_histories_of_mtDNA_haplogroups_M1_and_U6_in_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="3309970" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3309970/American_Indian_Prehistory_as_Written_in_the_MtDNA_review">American Indian Prehistory as Written in the MtDNA review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1676692" href="https://akademisains.academia.edu/MohdTajuddinAbdullahPhDFASc">Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah, PhD, FASc</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Native Americans have been divided into three linguistic groups: the reasonably well-defined Eskaleut and Nadene of northern North America and the highly heterogeneous Amerind of North, Central, and South America. The heterogeneity of the Amerinds has been proposed to be the result of either multiple independent migrations or a single ancient migration with extensive in situ radiation. To investigate the origin and interrelationship of the American Indians, we examined the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in 87 Amerinds (Pima, Maya, and Ticuna of North, Central, and South America, respectively), 80 Nadene (Dogrib and Tlingit of northwest North America and Navajo of the southwest North America), and 153 Asians from 7 diverse populations. American Indian mtDNAs were found to be directly descended from five founding Asian mtDNAs and to cluster into four lineages, each characterized by a different rare Asian mtDNA marker. Lineage A is defined by a HaeIII site gain at np 663, lineage B by a 9-bp deletion between the COII and tRNA Lys genes, lineage C by a HincII site loss at np 13259, and lineage D by an AluI site loss at np 5176. The North, Central, and South America Amerinds were found to harbor all four lineages, demonstrating that the Amerinds originated from a common ancestral genetic stock. The genetic variation of three of the four Amerind lineages (A, C, and D) was similar with a mean value of 0.084%, whereas the sequence variation in the fourth lineage (B) was much lower, raising the possibility of an independent arrival. By contrast, the Nadene mtDNAs were predominantly from lineage A, with 27% of them having a Nadene-specific RsaI site loss at np 16329. The accumulated Nadene variation was only 0.021%. These results demonstrate that the Amerind mtDNAs arose from one or maybe two Asian migrations that were distinct from the migration of the Nadene and that the Amerind populations are about four times older than the Nadene.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"American Indian Prehistory as Written in the MtDNA review","attachmentId":31133319,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3309970/American_Indian_Prehistory_as_Written_in_the_MtDNA_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3309970/American_Indian_Prehistory_as_Written_in_the_MtDNA_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="3568063" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3568063/Mitochondrial_DNA_and_Prehistoric_Settlements_Native_Migrations_on_the_Western_Edge_of_North_America">Mitochondrial DNA and Prehistoric Settlements: Native Migrations on the Western Edge of North America</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4249105" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JasonEshleman">Jason Eshleman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We analyzed previously reported mtDNA haplogroup frequencies of 577 individuals and hypervariable segment 1 (HVS1) sequences of 265 individuals from Native American tribes in western North America to test hypotheses regarding the settlement of this region. These data were analyzed to determine whether Hokan and Penutian, two hypothesized ancient linguistic stocks, represent biological units as a result of shared ancestry within these respective groups. Although the pattern of mtDNA variation suggests regional continuity and although gene flow between populations has contributed much to the genetic landscape of western North America, some evidence supports the existence of both the Hokan and Penutian phyla. In addition, a comparison between coastal and inland populations along the west coast of North America suggests an ancient coastal migration to the New World. Similarly high levels of haplogroup A among coastal populations in the Northwest and along the California coast as well as shared HVS1 sequences indicate that early migrants to the New World settled along the coast with little gene flow into the interior valleys.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mitochondrial DNA and Prehistoric Settlements: Native Migrations on the Western Edge of North America","attachmentId":50226375,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3568063/Mitochondrial_DNA_and_Prehistoric_Settlements_Native_Migrations_on_the_Western_Edge_of_North_America","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3568063/Mitochondrial_DNA_and_Prehistoric_Settlements_Native_Migrations_on_the_Western_Edge_of_North_America"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="13728584" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13728584/Distinctive_Paleo_Indian_Migration_Routes_from_Beringia_Marked_by_Two_Rare_mtDNA_Haplogroups">Distinctive Paleo-Indian Migration Routes from Beringia Marked by Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32854972" href="https://vegajournal.academia.edu/AlessandroAchilli">Alessandro Achilli</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50225841" href="https://independent.academia.edu/QingpengKong">Qing-peng Kong</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3455555" href="https://hud.academia.edu/MariaPala">Maria Pala</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Biology, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Distinctive Paleo-Indian Migration Routes from Beringia Marked by Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups","attachmentId":45013871,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13728584/Distinctive_Paleo_Indian_Migration_Routes_from_Beringia_Marked_by_Two_Rare_mtDNA_Haplogroups","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13728584/Distinctive_Paleo_Indian_Migration_Routes_from_Beringia_Marked_by_Two_Rare_mtDNA_Haplogroups"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="819425" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/819425/The_earliest_settlers_antiquity_and_evolutionary_history_of_Indian_populations_evidence_from_M_2_mtDNA_lineage">The earliest settlers' antiquity and evolutionary history of Indian populations: evidence from M 2 mtDNA lineage</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="655861" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PbsvPadmanabham">Pbsv Padmanabham</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BMC evolutionary …, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The "out of Africa" model postulating single "southern route" dispersal posits arrival of "Anatomically Modern Human" to Indian subcontinent around 66-70 thousand years before present (kyBP). However the contributions and legacy of these earliest settlers in contemporary Indian populations, owing to the complex past population dynamics and later migrations has been an issue of controversy. The high frequency of mitochondrial lineage "M2" consistent with its greater age and distribution suggests that it may represent the phylogenetic signature of earliest settlers. Accordingly, we attempted to re-evaluate the impact and contribution of earliest settlers in shaping the genetic diversity and structure of contemporary Indian populations; using our newly sequenced 72 and 4 published complete mitochondrial genomes of this lineage.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The earliest settlers' antiquity and evolutionary history of Indian populations: evidence from M 2 mtDNA lineage","attachmentId":30991193,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/819425/The_earliest_settlers_antiquity_and_evolutionary_history_of_Indian_populations_evidence_from_M_2_mtDNA_lineage","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/819425/The_earliest_settlers_antiquity_and_evolutionary_history_of_Indian_populations_evidence_from_M_2_mtDNA_lineage"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="103317449" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103317449/mtDNA_variation_in_East_Africa_unravels_the_history_of_afro_asiatic_groups">mtDNA variation in East Africa unravels the history of afro-asiatic groups</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1196374" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DonataLuiselli">Donata Luiselli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">East Africa (EA) has witnessed pivotal steps in the history of human evolution. Due to its high environmental and cultural variability, and to the longterm human presence there, the genetic structure of modern EA populations is one of the most complicated puzzles in human diversity worldwide. Similarly, the widespread Afro-Asiatic (AA) linguistic phylum reaches its highest levels of internal differentiation in EA. To disentangle this complex ethno-linguistic pattern, we studied mtDNA variability in 1,671 individuals (452 of which were newly typed) from 30 EA populations and compared our data with those from 40 populations (2970 individuals) from Central and Northern Africa and the Levant, affiliated to the AA phylum. The genetic structure of the studied populations-explored using spatial Principal Component Analysis and Model-based clustering-turned out to be composed of four clusters, each with different geographic distribution and/or linguistic affiliation, and signaling different population events in the history of the region. One cluster is widespread in Ethiopia, where it is associated with different AA-speaking populations, and shows shared ancestry with Semitic-speaking groups from Yemen and Egypt and AA-Chadic-speaking groups from Central Africa. Two clusters included populations from Southern Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. Despite high and recent gene-flow (Bantu, Nilo-Saharan pastoralists), one of them is associated with a more ancient AA-Cushitic stratum. Most North-African and Levantine populations (AA-Berber, AA-Semitic) were grouped in a fourth and more differentiated cluster. We therefore conclude that EA genetic variability, although heavily influenced by migration processes, conserves traces of more ancient strata.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"mtDNA variation in East Africa unravels the history of afro-asiatic groups","attachmentId":103356954,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103317449/mtDNA_variation_in_East_Africa_unravels_the_history_of_afro_asiatic_groups","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103317449/mtDNA_variation_in_East_Africa_unravels_the_history_of_afro_asiatic_groups"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="15525407" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15525407/Migration_and_interaction_in_a_contact_zone_mtDNA_variation_among_Bantu_speakers_in_Southern_Africa">Migration and interaction in a contact zone: mtDNA variation among Bantu-speakers in Southern Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34679957" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LeoneSandra">Sandra Leone</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PloS one, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bantu speech communities expanded over large parts of sub-Saharan Africa within the last 4000-5000 years, reaching different parts of southern Africa 1200-2000 years ago. The Bantu languages subdivide in several major branches, with languages belonging to the Eastern and Western Bantu branches spreading over large parts of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa. There is still debate whether this linguistic divide is correlated with a genetic distinction between Eastern and Western Bantu speakers. During their expansion, Bantu speakers would have come into contact with diverse local populations, such as the Khoisan hunter-gatherers and pastoralists of southern Africa, with whom they may have intermarried. In this study, we analyze complete mtDNA genome sequences from over 900 Bantu-speaking individuals from Angola, Zambia, Namibia, and Botswana to investigate the demographic processes at play during the last stages of the Bantu expansion. Our results show that most of these Bantu-spe...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Migration and interaction in a contact zone: mtDNA variation among Bantu-speakers in Southern Africa","attachmentId":43120221,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15525407/Migration_and_interaction_in_a_contact_zone_mtDNA_variation_among_Bantu_speakers_in_Southern_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15525407/Migration_and_interaction_in_a_contact_zone_mtDNA_variation_among_Bantu_speakers_in_Southern_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="28650839" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28650839/MtDNA_and_the_peopling_of_the_Americas">MtDNA and the peopling of the Americas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49229685" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/EmokeSzathmary">Emoke J E Szathmary</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The American Journal of Human Genetics</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"MtDNA and the peopling of the Americas","attachmentId":49023273,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28650839/MtDNA_and_the_peopling_of_the_Americas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28650839/MtDNA_and_the_peopling_of_the_Americas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="5976632" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5976632/REPORT_Ancient_Substructure_in_Early_mtDNA_Lineages_of_Southern_Africa">REPORT Ancient Substructure in Early mtDNA Lineages of Southern Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62362" href="https://ub-bw.academia.edu/WataMpoloka">Sununguko Wata Mpoloka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Among the deepest-rooting clades in the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogeny are the haplogroups defined as L0d and L0k, which are found primarily in southern Africa. These lineages are typically present at high frequency in the so-called Khoisan populations of hunter-gatherers and herders who speak non-Bantu languages, and the early divergence of these lineages led to the hypothesis of ancient genetic substructure in Africa. Here we update the phylogeny of the basal haplogroups L0d and L0k with 500 full mtDNA genome sequences from 45 southern African Khoisan and Bantu-speaking populations. We find previously unreported subhaplogroups and greatly extend the amount of variation and time-depth of most of the known subhaplogroups. Our major finding is the definition of two ancient sublineages of L0k (L0k1b and L0k2) that are present almost exclusively in Bantu-speaking populations from Zambia; the presence of such relic haplogroups in Bantu speakers is most probably due to contact with ancestral pre-Bantu populations that harbored different lineages than those found in extant Khoisan. We suggest that although these populations went extinct after the immigration of the Bantu-speaking populations, some traces of their haplogroup composition survived through incorporation into the gene pool of the immigrants. Our findings thus provide evidence for deep genetic substructure in southern Africa prior to the Bantu expansion that is not represented in extant Khoisan populations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"REPORT Ancient Substructure in Early mtDNA Lineages of Southern Africa","attachmentId":32934729,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5976632/REPORT_Ancient_Substructure_in_Early_mtDNA_Lineages_of_Southern_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5976632/REPORT_Ancient_Substructure_in_Early_mtDNA_Lineages_of_Southern_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":59295883,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":59295883,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_59295883" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="34609957" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34609957/mtDNA_Variation_in_the_Yanomami_Evidence_for_Additional_New_World_Founding_Lineages">mtDNA Variation in the Yanomami: Evidence for Additional New World Founding Lineages</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="125574" href="https://osu.academia.edu/CrewsDouglasE">Crews Douglas E.</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"mtDNA Variation in the Yanomami: Evidence for Additional New World Founding Lineages","attachmentId":54475790,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34609957/mtDNA_Variation_in_the_Yanomami_Evidence_for_Additional_New_World_Founding_Lineages","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34609957/mtDNA_Variation_in_the_Yanomami_Evidence_for_Additional_New_World_Founding_Lineages"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container 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