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Grenache - Wikipedia

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<span>Viticulture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Viticulture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Viticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutants_and_crosses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutants_and_crosses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mutants and crosses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutants_and_crosses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winemaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winemaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Winemaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winemaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aragon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aragon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Aragon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aragon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rioja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rioja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Rioja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rioja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navarre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navarre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Navarre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navarre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priorat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priorat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Priorat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priorat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Old_World_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Old_World_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other Old World regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Old_World_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_New_World_wine_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_New_World_wine_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Other New World wine regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_New_World_wine_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrena%C5%9F" title="Qrenaş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrenaş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Гренаш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гренаш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnatxa" title="Garnatxa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Garnatxa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Гренаш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гренаш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnacha_(uva)" title="Garnacha (uva) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Garnacha (uva)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnatxa" title="Garnatxa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garnatxa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnacha" title="Garnacha – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Garnacha" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98%EC%89%AC" title="그르나쉬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그르나쉬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonau" title="Cannonau – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cannonau" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A9" title="גרנאש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרנאש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache_Noir" title="Grenache Noir – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grenache Noir" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="グルナッシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グルナッシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Гренаш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гренаш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonau" title="Cannonau – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cannonau" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache_noir" title="Grenache noir – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grenache noir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grenache" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Гренаш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гренаш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E6%B5%B7%E5%A8%9C" title="歌海娜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歌海娜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Red wine grape</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bois Jaune" redirects here. For the Bulgarian wine grape also known as Bois Jaune, see <a href="/wiki/Dimiat" title="Dimiat">Dimiat</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tintilla" redirects here. For other Spanish-French wine grapes that are also known as Tintilla, see <a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trousseau_(grape)" title="Trousseau (grape)">Trousseau (grape)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Redondal" redirects here. For the Portuguese wine grape that shares this and several other synonyms, see <a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Navaro" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Navarro_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Navarro (disambiguation)">Navarro</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above variety" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: Indigo; color: Cornsilk;">Grenache</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><span class="vernacular"><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></span> (<i><span class="genus">Vitis</span></i>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenache_N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Grenache_N.jpg/220px-Grenache_N.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Grenache_N.jpg/330px-Grenache_N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Grenache_N.jpg/440px-Grenache_N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1177" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Grenache noir in Viala &amp; Vermorel</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color of berry skin</th><td class="infobox-data">Noir</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Species</th><td class="infobox-data binominal"><i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Garnatxa negre, Alicante, Cannonau, Garnacha tinta, Grenache noir (<a href="#Synonyms">more</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Notable regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alella" title="Alella">Alella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priorat" title="Priorat">Priorat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rioja (Spain)">Rioja</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vitis_International_Variety_Catalogue" title="Vitis International Variety Catalogue">VIVC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivc.de/?r=passport%2Fview&amp;id=4461">4461</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenache_Noir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Grenache_Noir.jpg/220px-Grenache_Noir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Grenache_Noir.jpg/330px-Grenache_Noir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Grenache_Noir.jpg/440px-Grenache_Noir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Grenache noir grapes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Grenache</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: &#39;g&#39; in &#39;guy&#39;">ɡ</span><span title="&#39;r&#39; in &#39;rye&#39;">r</span><span title="/ə/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;n&#39; in &#39;nigh&#39;">n</span><span title="/æ/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;bad&#39;">æ</span><span title="/ʃ/: &#39;sh&#39; in &#39;shy&#39;">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">&#91;ɡʁənaʃ&#93;</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d2\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-grenache.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-grenache.wav.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-grenache.wav&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-grenache.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-grenache.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-WikiLucas00-grenache.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-grenache.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) or <b>Garnacha</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">&#91;ɡaɾˈnatʃa&#93;</a></span>) is one of the most widely planted red wine <a href="/wiki/Grape_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape varieties">grape varieties</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Niels_Lillelund_2004._p._25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niels_Lillelund_2004._p._25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It <a href="/wiki/Ripens_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripens (wine)">ripens</a> late, so it needs hot, dry conditions such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Spain_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain (wine)">Spain</a>, where the grape is believed to have originated. It is also grown in the Italian island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, the south of <a href="/wiki/France_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="France (wine)">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (wine)">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="California (wine)">California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Monterey_AVA" title="Monterey AVA">Monterey AVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paso_Robles" class="mw-redirect" title="Paso Robles">Paso Robles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Barbara County">Santa Barbara County</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a>. </p><p>It is generally spicy, berry-flavored and soft on the palate and produces wine with a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol content">alcohol content</a>, but it needs careful control of <a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">yields</a> for best results. Characteristic flavor profiles on Grenache include red fruit flavors (raspberry and strawberry) with a subtle, white pepper spice note. Grenache wines are highly prone to oxidation, with even young examples having the potential to show browning (or "bricking") coloration that can be noticed around the rim when evaluating the wine at an angle in the glass. As Grenache ages the wines tend to take on more leather and tar flavors.<sup id="cite_ref-WSET_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSET-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wines made from Grenache tend to lack <a href="/wiki/Acid_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid (wine)">acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape_tannins" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape tannins">tannin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Color_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Color (wine)">color</a>, and it is often blended with other varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a>. </p><p>In Spain, there are monovarietal wines made of <i>Garnacha tinta</i> (red Grenache), notably in the southern <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> wine regions of <a href="/wiki/Calatayud_(DO)" title="Calatayud (DO)">Calatayud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carinena_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinena (DO)">Carinena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campo_de_Borja_(DO)" title="Campo de Borja (DO)">Campo de Borja</a>, but it is also used in blends, as in some <a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja</a> wines with <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">tempranillo</a>. Grenache is the dominant variety in most Southern <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_wine" title="Rhône wine">Rhône wines</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape_AOC" title="Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC">Châteauneuf-du-Pape</a>, where it is typically over 80% of the blend. In <a href="/wiki/Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (wine)">Australia</a> it is typically blended in "<a href="/wiki/GSM_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM (wine)">GSM</a>" blends with Syrah and <a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a> with <a href="/wiki/Old_vine" title="Old vine">old vine</a> examples in <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Vale" title="McLaren Vale">McLaren Vale</a>. In Italy, the Sardinian D.O.C. wine <i>Cannonau di Sardegna</i> is by law 90% local Grenache (<span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">Cannonau</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>). Grenache is also used to make <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> wines in France and Spain, notably those of the <a href="/wiki/Tavel_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavel (AOC)">Tavel</a> district in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Rh%C3%B4ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Rhône">Côtes du Rhône</a> and those of the <a href="/wiki/Navarra_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Navarra wine">Navarre</a> region. And the high <a href="/wiki/Sugars_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugars (wine)">sugar levels</a> of Grenache have led to extensive use in <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wines</a>, including the red <a href="/wiki/Vin_doux_naturel" title="Vin doux naturel">vins doux naturels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Banyuls" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyuls">Banyuls</a>, and as the basis of most Australian fortified wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperi_de_la_Corona_d%27Arag%C3%B3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Imperi_de_la_Corona_d%27Arag%C3%B3.png/300px-Imperi_de_la_Corona_d%27Arag%C3%B3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Imperi_de_la_Corona_d%27Arag%C3%B3.png 1.5x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>The early history of Grenache is closely linked to the lands under the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Grenache or Garnacha (as it is known in Spain) most likely originated in the region of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> in northern Spain, according to <a href="/wiki/Ampelographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampelographical">ampelographical</a> evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-SLSA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Plantings probably spread from the original birthplace to <a href="/wiki/Catalonia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalonia (wine)">Catalonia</a> and other lands under the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> in southern France. An early <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for the vine was <i>Tinto Aragonés</i> (red of Aragon). The grape is known as Cannonau in Sardinia, where it is claimed that it originated there according to recent archaeological finds,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and spread to other Mediterranean lands under Aragon rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Grenache, under its Spanish synonym Garnacha, was already well established on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> region was annexed by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. From there the vine made its way through the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedoc (wine)">Languedoc</a> and to the Southern <a href="/wiki/Rhone_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone (wine)">Rhone</a> region where it was well established by the 19th century. Despite its prevalence in nearby <a href="/wiki/Navarra_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Navarra (wine)">Navarre</a> and Catalonia, Garnacha was not widely planted in the <a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja</a> till the early 20th century as vineyards were replanted following the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloxera epidemic">phylloxera epidemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grenache was one of the first varieties to be introduced to <a href="/wiki/Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (wine)">Australia</a> in the 18th century and eventually became the country's most widely planted red wine grape variety until it was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz (grape)">Shiraz</a> in the mid-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Early Australian Grenache was a main component of the sweet fortified wines that were the lynchpin of the early Australian wine industry. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">California wine</a> growers prized the vine's ability to produce high <a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">yields</a> and withstand heat and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> conditions. The grape was extensively planted throughout the hot <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> where it was mainly used as a blending component for pale, sweet <a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">jug wines</a>. In the late 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Rhone_Rangers" title="Rhone Rangers">Rhone Rangers</a> movement brought attention to the production of premium <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> Grenache and Rhone style blends modeled after the Grenache dominate wines of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Châteauneuf-du-Pape (AOC)">Châteauneuf-du-Pape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, Grenache was one of the first <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> grapes to be successfully vinified during the early development of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">Washington wine</a> industry with a 1966 <a href="/wiki/Yakima_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakima Valley (AVA)">Yakima Valley</a> <i>rosé</i> earning mention in wine historian <a href="/wiki/Leon_Adams" title="Leon Adams">Leon Adams</a> treatise <i>The Wines of America</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregutt_pp_67-68_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregutt_pp_67-68-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viticulture">Viticulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Viticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenache_grapes_on_vine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grenache_grapes_on_vine.jpg/250px-Grenache_grapes_on_vine.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grenache_grapes_on_vine.jpg/375px-Grenache_grapes_on_vine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grenache_grapes_on_vine.jpg/500px-Grenache_grapes_on_vine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The strong wood canopy of Grenache allows it to thrive in a windy climate but also makes mechanical harvesting and pruning difficult.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Grenache vine is characterized by its strong wood <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (vine)">canopy</a> and upright growth. It has good wind tolerance (which is useful with the northerly <i><a href="/wiki/Cierzo" title="Cierzo">Cierzo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mistral_(wind)" title="Mistral (wind)">Mistral</a></i> winds that influence the regions of Aragon and the Rhone) and has shown itself to be very suited for the dry, warm windy climate around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Niels_Lillelund_2004._p._25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niels_Lillelund_2004._p._25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The vine <a href="/wiki/Buds_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buds (vine)">buds</a> early and requires a long <a href="/wiki/Growing_season_(vine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Growing season (vine)">growing season</a> in order to fully ripen. Grenache is often one of the last grapes to be <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvested</a>, often ripening weeks after <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>. The long ripening process allows the <a href="/wiki/Sugars_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugars (wine)">sugars</a> in the grape to reach high levels, making Grenache-based wines capable of substantial <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol levels">alcohol levels</a>, often at least 15% <a href="/wiki/ABV" class="mw-redirect" title="ABV">ABV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While the vine is generally vigorous, it is susceptible to various <a href="/wiki/Grape_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape diseases">grape diseases</a> that can affect the yield and quality of the grape production such as <i><a href="/wiki/Coulure" title="Coulure">coulure</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bunch_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunch rot">bunch rot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a> due to the vine's tight grape clusters. Marginal and wet climates can increase Grenache's propensity to develop these viticultural dangers. The vine's drought resistance is dependent on the type of <a href="/wiki/Rootstock" title="Rootstock">rootstock</a> it is planted on but on all types of rootstocks, Grenache seems to respond favorably to some degree of <a href="/wiki/Moisture_stress" title="Moisture stress">moisture stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grenache prefers hot, dry soils that are well drained but it is relatively adaptable to all <a href="/wiki/Vineyard_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyard soil">vineyard soil</a> types. In southern France, Grenache thrives on <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> soils and has responded well to the stony soil of Châteauneuf-du-Pape with the area's <i><a href="/wiki/Galets_roul%C3%A9s" title="Galets roulés">galets roulés</a></i>, heat-retentive stones. In Priorat, the crumbly schist soil of the region retains enough water to allow producers to avoid <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation (wine)">irrigation</a> in the dry wine region. Vineyards with an overabundance of irrigation tend to produce pale colored wines with diluted flavors and excessive alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Older vines with low yields can increase the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compounds (wine)">phenolic compounds</a> and produce darker, more tannic wines such as those found in the <a href="/wiki/Priorat_(DOQ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priorat (DOQ)">Priorat</a> region of Spain where yields are often around 5-6 hectoliters/hectare (less than half a ton per acre). Yield control is intimately connected with the resulting quality of wine with yields below 35 hl/ha (2 tons/acre), such as those practiced by many Châteauneuf-du-Pape estates, producing very different wines to those with yields closer to 50 hl/ha (5 tons/acre) which is the base yield for <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d&#39;origine contrôlée">Appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i> (AOC) wines labeled under the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Rh%C3%B4ne_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Rhône (AOC)">Côtes du Rhône</a> designation.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The strong wood canopy of Grenache makes the vine difficult to harvest with <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_harvesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical harvesters">mechanical harvesters</a> and pruning equipment, and more labor-intensive to cultivate. In highly mechanized wine regions, such as Australia and California, this has contributed to a decline in the vine's popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutants_and_crosses">Mutants and crosses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Mutants and crosses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over centuries, the Grenache vine has produced <a href="/wiki/Color_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mutation">color mutation</a> vines with berries of all range of colors. While Grenache <i>noir</i> or "red" Grenache is the most well known, <a href="/wiki/Grenache_blanc" title="Grenache blanc">Grenache blanc</a> or "white" Grenache is a very important grape variety in France where it is the fourth most widely planted white variety after <a href="/wiki/Ugni_blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugni blanc">Ugni blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Semillon">Semillon</a>. Like Grenache noir, it is a permitted variety in the blends of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. In Southern France and Sardinia, the mutants Grenache <i>Rose</i> and Grenache <i>gris</i> are also found making pale <i>rosé</i> and lightly tinted white wines.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "Hairy Grenache" (<i>Garnacha Peluda</i> as known in Spain, and <i>Garnatxa Peluda</i> in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>) is a Grenache variant evolved to grow fuzz on the underside of its leaves to protect the vine from transpiration in hot climates, "like the corresponding fuzz on rosemary or other mediterranean plants."<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson,_Jancis_2012._p_403_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson,_Jancis_2012._p_403-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Compared to its more widely planted cousin, it produces wines lower in alcohol and higher in acidity that show spicy and savory notes more readily as they age. It was not widely replanted after phylloxera as it was not well-adapted to making the vins doux naturels (see <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a>) that were "all the rage" at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson,_Jancis_2012._p_403_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson,_Jancis_2012._p_403-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The vine known as <i>Garnacha Tintorera</i> is a synonym for the <a href="/wiki/Teinturier" class="mw-redirect" title="Teinturier">teinturier</a> grape <a href="/wiki/Alicante_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante (grape)">Alicante</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossing (plant)">crossing</a> of Grenache and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petite_Bouschet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Petite Bouschet (page does not exist)">Petite Bouschet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1961, a cross between Grenache and Cabernet Sauvignon produced the French wine grape <a href="/wiki/Marselan" title="Marselan">Marselan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alley_2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alley_2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Winemaking">Winemaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Winemaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Grenache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/White_Grenache.jpg/250px-White_Grenache.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/White_Grenache.jpg/375px-White_Grenache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/White_Grenache.jpg/500px-White_Grenache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The thin skin and lack of coloring phenolic compounds makes Grenache a useful variety for the production of pale <i>rosé</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Grenache is often used as a blending component, adding <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">body</a> and sweet fruitiness to a wine. The grape can be troublesome for the winemaker due to tendency to <a href="/wiki/Oxidize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidize">oxidize</a> easily and lose color. To compensate for the grape's naturally low tannins and phenolic compounds, some producers will use excessively harsh <a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">pressing</a> and hot <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a> with stems to extract the maximal amount of color and phenols from the skins. This can backfire to produce green, herbaceous flavors and coarse, astringent wine lacking the grape's characteristic vibrant fruitiness. To maintain those character traits, Grenache responds best to a long, slow fermentation at cooler temperatures followed by a <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">maceration</a> period. To curb against oxidation, the wine should be <a href="/wiki/Racked_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racked (wine)">racked</a> as little as possible. The use of new <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">oak barrels</a> can help with retaining color and preventing oxidation but too much oak influence can cover up the fruitiness of Grenache.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high levels of <a href="/wiki/Sugars_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugars (wine)">sugars</a> and lack of harsh tannins, makes Grenache well adapted to the production of fortified wines, such as the <i>vin doux naturels</i> (VDN) of the <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> region (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rivesaltes_AOC" title="Rivesaltes AOC">Rivesaltes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banyuls_AOC" title="Banyuls AOC">Banyuls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maury_AOC" title="Maury AOC">Maury</a>) and the "<a href="/wiki/Port_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (wine)">port</a>-style" wines of Australia. In these wines, the must ferments for three days before <a href="/wiki/Grape_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape spirit">grape spirit</a> is added to the must to halt the fermentation and the conversion of sugar into alcohol. The high alcoholic proof grape spirit brings the finished wine up to 15–16% alcohol. These wines can be made in a <i>rancio</i> style by being left outside in glass demi-johns (or <a href="/wiki/Carboy" title="Carboy">carboys</a>) or wooden barrels where the wine bakes in the sun for several years until it develops a <a href="/wiki/Maderized" class="mw-redirect" title="Maderized">maderized</a> character and flavors of sour <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>. These fortified VDNs and port-style wines have longevity and can be drinkable well into their third decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_regions">Wine regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grenache is one of the most widely planted red wine grape varieties in the world with France and Spain being its largest principal wine regions. In the late 20th century, total acreage of Grenache in Spain has been on the decline with the vineyards being uprooted in lieu of the more fashionable <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a>, Cabernet Sauvignon and <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>. Between the late 1980s and 2004, Spanish plantings dropped from 420,000 acres (170,000&#160;ha) to 203,370 acres (82,300&#160;ha) allowing France with its 236,500 acres (95,700&#160;ha) to assume the mantle as the world's largest source of Grenache. As of 2000, Grenache was the third most widely planted red wine grape variety in France, behind Merlot and <a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From French <a href="/wiki/Plant_nursery" title="Plant nursery">nurseries</a>, Grenache has become the fourth most widely propagated vine with more than 23 million <a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a> sold since 1998 according to French ampelographer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Galet" title="Pierre Galet">Pierre Galet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Grenache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/French_Grenache.jpg/280px-French_Grenache.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/French_Grenache.jpg/420px-French_Grenache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/French_Grenache.jpg/560px-French_Grenache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>While most French Grenaches are blends, varietal examples are also produced.</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, Grenache is most widely associated with the wines of the Rhône and southern France. Its history in the Rhône can be traced to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundian wine">Burgundian wine</a> merchants in the 17-18th centuries who sought a blending variety to add body and alcohol content to their light body wines. Grenache, with its propensity for high alcohol and high yields, fit those desires nicely and was widely planted in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape" title="Châteauneuf-du-Pape">Châteauneuf-du-Pape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gigondas_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigondas (AOC)">Gigondas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vacqueyras_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacqueyras (AOC)">Vacqueyras</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Today Grenache is most widely planted in the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon" title="Languedoc-Roussillon">Languedoc-Roussillon</a> region, widely blended with Carignan, <a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a>. The vine also has sizable plantings in the <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a> department. The vine's strong, hard wood and affinity for bush <a href="/wiki/Vine_training" title="Vine training">vine training</a> allows it to thrive in the <a href="/wiki/Mistral_(wind)" title="Mistral (wind)">Mistral</a> influenced southern Rhone regions of Châteauneuf-du-Pape and Gigondas.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Grenache noir is the most common variety of the 13 permitted varieties, although some producers in recent years have been using a higher proportion of Mourvèdre. Grenache produces a sweet juice that can have almost a jam-like consistency when very ripe. Syrah is typically blended to provide color and spice, while Mourvèdre can add elegance and structure to the wine.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_250_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_250-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grape's thin skin and pale coloring makes it well-suited for the production of full bodied, fruit <i><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a></i> wines. Grenache is the principal grape behind the rosés of <a href="/wiki/Tavel_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavel (AOC)">Tavel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lirac_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lirac (AOC)">Lirac</a> and plays an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Provence_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provence (wine)">Provence</a> region as well. In the Roussillon region, Grenache noir and its <i>gris</i> and <i>blanc</i> mutations are used in the production of the fortified <i>vin doux naturels</i> of <a href="/wiki/Rivesaltes_AOC" title="Rivesaltes AOC">Rivesaltes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banyuls" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyuls">Banyuls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maury_AOC" title="Maury AOC">Maury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The characteristic of French Grenache-based wines depends largely on the selection of its blending partners and can range from the spicy richness associated with Châteauneuf-du-Pape to the chewy fruitiness associated with basic <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_du_Rh%C3%B4ne_Villages_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes du Rhône Villages (AOC)">Côtes du Rhône Villages</a>. Other regions with sizable plantings of Grenache include the <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d&#39;origine contrôlée">Appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i> (AOC) regions of <a href="/wiki/Minervois_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minervois (AOC)">Minervois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitou_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitou (AOC)">Fitou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corbi%C3%A8res_(AOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbières (AOC)">Corbières</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Spain, Grenache is known as <b>Garnacha</b> (<b>Garnatxa</b> in <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>) and given the likely history of the grape this is most likely the grape's original name (although the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">RAE</a> gives Italian <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vernaccia" class="extiw" title="wikt:vernaccia">vernaccia</a></i> as the etymology<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>). There are several clonal varieties of Garnacha with the thin-skinned, dark colored <i>Garnacha Tinta</i> (sometimes spelled <i>Tinto</i>) being the most common. Another variety, known as <i>Garnacha Peluda</i> or "Hairy Grenache" due to the soft hairy texture on the underside of the vine's leaves is also found in Spain, mostly in Borja and Cariñena (Aragón). Compared to its more widely planted cousin, it produces wines lower in alcohol and higher in acidity that show spicy and savory notes more readily as they age.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson,_Jancis_2012._p_403_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson,_Jancis_2012._p_403-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Widely planted in northeastern and central Spain, Garnacha was long considered a "workhorse" grape of low quality suitable for blending. In the late 20th century, the success of the Garnacha-based wines from <a href="/wiki/Priorat_(DOQ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priorat (DOQ)">Priorat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalonia (wine)">Catalonia</a> (as well as the emerging international attention given to the <a href="/wiki/New_World_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World (wine)">New World</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhone_Ranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone Ranger">Rhone Rangers</a>) sparked a re-evaluation of this "workhorse" variety. Today it is the third most widely planted red grape variety in Spain (behind <a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a> and Bobal) with more than 57,907 hectares (143,091 acres) and is seen in both varietal wines and blends. </p><p>Garnacha plays a major role in the <i><a href="/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3n_de_origen" title="Denominación de origen">denominación de origen protegida</a></i> (DOP) wines in Aragon, Catalonia, and Navarre and the <i><a href="/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3n_de_origen_calificada" class="mw-redirect" title="Denominación de origen calificada">denominación de origen calificada</a></i> (DOC/DOQ) wines of <a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja</a> and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ntrida_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Méntrida (wine)">Méntrida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cebreros" title="Cebreros">Cebreros</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish wine region">Spanish wine regions</a> with sizable Garnacha plantings include <a href="/wiki/Costers_del_Segre" title="Costers del Segre">Costers del Segre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empord%C3%A0_(DO)" title="Empordà (DO)">Empordà</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Mancha_(DO)" title="La Mancha (DO)">La Mancha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid (wine)">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pened%C3%A8s" title="Penedès">Penedès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somontano" title="Somontano">Somontano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarragona_(DO)" title="Tarragona (DO)">Tarragona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terra_Alta_(DO)" title="Terra Alta (DO)">Terra Alta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aragon">Aragon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Aragon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape, concentrates the largest surface of Grenache (or Garnacha as it is called locally) in Spain, with 40,034 acres (16,201&#160;ha) planted. Garnacha is the dominant variety in the region and is typically used to produce single variety wines. Even though in the mid-20th century Garnacha was considered a "workhorse" variety for large volume wines, in the last 20 years a new generation of winemakers have taken a new approach, by controlling yields, taking advantage of the old vines (from 30 to more than 100 years), and applying modern techniques in combination with old traditions to increase concentration. The <a href="/wiki/Calatayud_(DO)" title="Calatayud (DO)">DOP of Calatayud</a> (91% of its production is Grenache) holds the highest altitude Garnacha vineyards and is the only DOP to legally define "old vines" (35 years minimum). In the <a href="/wiki/Campo_de_Borja_(DO)" title="Campo de Borja (DO)">Campo de Borja DOP</a>, 30+-years-old Garnacha bush trained vines and manual harvest are common; the grapes are typically slightly raisined, jammy fruit that generates alcohol of 14-14.5%. The <a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1ena_(DO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cariñena (DO)">Cariñena DOP</a> has the largest surface of Garnacha vineyards in the region with 11,120 acres (4,500&#160;ha), many of them old vines. Although many of <a href="/wiki/Somontano" title="Somontano">Somontano</a> DOP wines are now produced with international grape varieties, some of the oldest high altitude vineyards are still traditional Garnacha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rioja">Rioja</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Rioja"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Rioja the grape is planted mostly in the warmer Rioja Baja region located in the eastern expanse of the wine region. Usually blended with Tempranillo, Garnacha provides juicy fruitiness and added body. In recent years, modern Rioja producers have been increasing the amount of Garnacha used in the blend in order to produce earlier maturing and more approachable Riojas in their youth. Garnacha is also used in the pale colored <i><a href="/wiki/Rosado_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosado (wine)">rosados</a></i> of Rioja.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The vine has a long history in the Navarre region where it has been the dominant red grape variety with nearly 54% of the region's vineyard planted with Garnacha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Navarre">Navarre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Navarre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to neighboring Rioja, the Garnacha-based blends of Navarre are lighter and fruitier, meant for earlier consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Priorat_hillside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Priorat_hillside.jpg/250px-Priorat_hillside.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Priorat_hillside.jpg/375px-Priorat_hillside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Priorat_hillside.jpg/500px-Priorat_hillside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The steep terraced hillside vineyards of Priorat are planted to nearly 40% Garnacha.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Priorat">Priorat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Priorat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ampelographers believe Garnacha has had a presence in the <a href="/wiki/Priorat" title="Priorat">Priorat</a> region of Catalonia for several hundred years (possibly nearly 800 years) but since the 1990s the region's old Garnacha have garnered much attention. A wave of ambitious young winemakers rediscovered the low-yield, bush-vine trained Garnacha planted throughout the <a href="/wiki/Llicorella" class="mw-redirect" title="Llicorella">llicorella</a> (brown schist) based soils of Priorat. This unique combination of extremely old vines (the average age in most vineyards is between 35 and 60 years) planted on steep terraces and soil produces very low yields (around 5-6 hectoliters per hectare) which makes Priorat a dense, rich concentrated and dark colored wine with noticeable tannins. The traditional Priorat wine would be almost black in color and require years of <a href="/wiki/Aging_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging (wine)">aging</a> before it would be approachable to drink. Nearly 40% of all the vineyard land in the Priorat region is planted to Garnacha, and most of the rest is <a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a> but the acreage of <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a> increased before 2000 as modernist producers sought to blend those varieties to add complexity. Some of these new modern style Priorats tend to show softer, <a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">blackberry</a> fruit in their youth and over time develop notes of <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grenache is most commonly found as <span title="Sardinian-language text"><i lang="sc">Cannonau</i></span> in the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> where it is one of the principal grapes in the isle's deeply colored, full bodied red wines that routinely maintain alcohol levels around 15%. The Sardinian D.O.C. wine <i>Cannonau di Sardegna</i> is by law at least 90% local Grenache (<i>Cannonau</i>). </p><p>Grenache is also found in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> (specifically in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Trasimeno" title="Lake Trasimeno">Trasimeno lake</a> area), <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabria (wine)">Calabria</a>. Grenache is known under various name in Italy, like <i>Alicante</i>, <i>Tocai rosso</i>, <i>Guarnaccia</i>, <i>Bordò</i>, and <i>Vernaccia Nera</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Old_World_regions">Other Old World regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Other Old World regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grenache has been grown in <a href="/wiki/Israel_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel (wine)">Israel</a> since the 19th century and was once an important grape in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algerian wine</a> industry. Today there are still some producers in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> producing Grenache <i>rosés</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sizable plantings of Grenache are also found in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus (wine)">Cyprus</a> and scattered among the <a href="/wiki/Greek_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek (wine)">Greek</a> islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesBusbyNZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/JamesBusbyNZ.jpg/220px-JamesBusbyNZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/JamesBusbyNZ.jpg/330px-JamesBusbyNZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/JamesBusbyNZ.jpg/440px-JamesBusbyNZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Grenache was one of many grape varieties introduced to Australia by James Busby.</figcaption></figure> <p>A clone from <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> arrived in Australia with <a href="/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a> in his 1832 collection. More significant was the introduction into <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australia (wine)">South Australia</a> of new cuttings from the South of France, by Dr <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rawson_Penfold" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Rawson Penfold">Christopher Rawson Penfold</a> in 1844. Plantings in South Australia boomed, particularly in <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Vale" title="McLaren Vale">McLaren Vale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley_(wine)" title="Barossa Valley (wine)">Barossa Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clare_Valley_wine_region" title="Clare Valley wine region">Clare Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SLSA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLSA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Until the mid 20th century, Grenache was Australia's most widely planted red wine grape variety with significant plantings in the vast <a href="/wiki/Riverland_wine_region" title="Riverland wine region">Riverland</a> region where it was vital component in the fortified "port-style" wines of the early Australian industry. As Australian winemakers started to focus more on premium still wines, Grenache gradually fell out of favor being supplanted by Shiraz and later Cabernet Sauvignon in Australian vineyards. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw a revival of interest in Grenache with old vine plantings in South Australia being used to produce varietal Grenache as well as a "<a href="/wiki/GSM_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM (wine)">GSM</a>"-Grenache, Syrah and Mouvedre-blends becoming popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Varietal Grenache from the McLaren Vale is characterized by luscious richness and spicy notes while Barossa Valley Grenache is characterized by jammy, intense fruitiness.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Rhone_blend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Washington_Rhone_blend.jpg/170px-Washington_Rhone_blend.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Washington_Rhone_blend.jpg/255px-Washington_Rhone_blend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Washington_Rhone_blend.jpg/340px-Washington_Rhone_blend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A "Rhone-style" Grenache based blend from Washington State</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early California wine industry, Grenache's high yields and alcohol level made it an ideal blending component for jug wine production. Early plantings centered in the hot central San Joaquin Valley, where the grape benefitted from its tolerance to heat and drought. It was first used to produce sweet, pale colored "white Grenache" wines similar in quality and substance to <a href="/wiki/White_Zinfandel" title="White Zinfandel">White Zinfandel</a>. The late 20th century saw a revival of interest in the variety spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Rhone_Ranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone Ranger">Rhone Rangers</a> movement. These producers imported new <a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a> from the Rhone valley for planting in the cooler <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Coast (AVA)">Central Coast</a> region for use in the production of premium varietal Grenache and Rhone style blends. Some historic old vine plantings of Grenache in <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendocino County (wine)">Mendocino County</a> has also garnered interest in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, Grenache was one of the first <i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i> grapes to be successfully vinified during the early development of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">Washington wine</a> industry with a 1966 <a href="/wiki/Yakima_Valley_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakima Valley (AVA)">Yakima Valley</a> <i>rosé</i> earning mention in wine historian <a href="/wiki/Leon_Adams" title="Leon Adams">Leon Adams</a>'s treatise <i>The Wines of America</i>. Despite its long history, Grenache has been a minor grape variety in Washington but has seen an increase in plantings in recent years due to the "Rhone Ranger" movement in the state. Older plantings in the <a href="/wiki/Horse_Heaven_Hills_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse Heaven Hills (AVA)">Horse Heaven Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Gorge_(AVA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Gorge (AVA)">Columbia Gorge</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">American Viticultural Areas</a> (AVAs) have also begun to attract interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregutt_pp_67-68_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregutt_pp_67-68-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grenache Noir came to the Cape in the 19th century but was only confirmed as such in the early 1900s by a Stellenbosch University professor. While there isn't a lot of Grenache Noir planted in South Africa at only 305 hectares in 2014, many of the 100+ Grenache based blends are proving to be very fashionable with winemakers due to South Africa's warm climate, dry land and granitic soils.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_New_World_wine_regions">Other New World wine regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Other New World wine regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being one of the world's most widely planted red grape varieties, Grenache's colonization of the New World has been limited apart from strongholds in Australia and California. The rising popularity and success of the Rhone Ranger's movement has brought greater attention to the variety and more plantings of Grenache are popping up every year in places like <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico (wine)">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile (wine)">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina (wine)">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay (wine)">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa (wine)">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wines">Wines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Wines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grenache_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Grenache_grapes.jpg/220px-Grenache_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Grenache_grapes.jpg/330px-Grenache_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Grenache_grapes.jpg/440px-Grenache_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Grenache grapes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rasteau_vdn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rasteau_vdn.jpg/170px-Rasteau_vdn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rasteau_vdn.jpg/255px-Rasteau_vdn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rasteau_vdn.jpg/340px-Rasteau_vdn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A vin doux naturel made from Grenache</figcaption></figure> <p>Though Grenache is most often encountered in blended wines (such as the Rhone wines or <a href="/wiki/GSM_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM (wine)">GSM</a> blends), varietal examples of Grenache do exist. As a blending component, Grenache is valued for the added body and fruitiness that it brings without added tannins. As a varietal, the grape's naturally low concentration of phenolics contribute to its pale color and lack of extract but viticultural practices and low yields can increase the concentrations of phenolic compounds. Grenache-based wines tend to be made for early consumption with its propensity for oxidation make it a poor candidate for long-term <a href="/wiki/Aging_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging (wine)">aging</a>. However, producers (such as some examples from Châteauneuf-du-Pape and Priorat) who use low yields grown on poor soils can produce dense, concentrated wines that can benefit from cellaring.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The fortified <i>vin doux naturels</i> of France and Australian "port-style" wines are protected from Grenache's propensity for oxidation by the fortification process and can usually be drinkable for two or three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The characteristic notes of Grenache are berry fruit such as <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>. When yields are kept in check, Grenache-based wines can develop complex and intense notes of <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_cherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Black cherry">black cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_olive" class="mw-redirect" title="Black olive">black olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">gingerbread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, tar, <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, and roasted nuts. When yields are increased, more overtly earthy and herbal notes emerge that tend to quickly fade on the palate. The very low-yielding old vines of Priorat can impart dark black fruits and notes of figs and tar with many traits similar to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian wine</a> <a href="/wiki/Amarone" title="Amarone">Amarone</a>. Rosado or <i>rosé</i> Grenaches are often characterized by their strawberry and cream notes while fortified <i>vin doux nautrels</i> and Australian "port style" wines exhibits coffee and nutty <a href="/wiki/Tawny_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawny (wine)">tawny</a>-like notes.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grenache is known under a variety of synonyms across the globe. These include: Abundante, Aleante, Aleantedi Rivalto, Aleante Poggiarelli, Alicant Blau, Alicante, Alicante Grenache, Aragones, Bois Jaune, Bordò, Cannonaddu, Cannonadu Nieddu, Cannonau, Cannonau Selvaggio, Canonazo, Carignane rosso, Elegante, Francese, Gamay del Trasimeno, Gamay Perugino, Garnaccho negro, Garnacha Comun, Garnacha negra, Garnacha Roja, Garnacha tinta, Garnatxa negra, Garnatxa Pais, Gironet, Granaccia, Granaxa, Grenache noir, Grenache rouge, Kek Grenache, Lladoner, Mencida, Navaro, Navarre, Navarre de la Dordogne, Navarro, Negru Calvese, Ranconnat, Red Grenache, Redondal, Retagliadu Nieddu, <a href="/wiki/Rivesaltes_AOC" title="Rivesaltes AOC">Rivesaltes</a>, Roussillon Tinto, Roussillon, Rouvaillard, Sans Pareil, Santa Maria de Alcantara, Tentillo, Tintella, Tintilla, Tinto Menudo, Tinto Navalcarnero, Tai rosso, Toledana, Uva di Spagna,<sup id="cite_ref-VIVC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIVC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Vernatxa.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/22px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/30px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine&#32;portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenache&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Niels_Lillelund_2004._p._25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niels_Lillelund_2004._p._25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niels_Lillelund_2004._p._25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Lillelund" title="Niels Lillelund">Niels Lillelund</a>: <i>Rhône-Vinene</i> p. 25, JP Bøger – JP/Politikens Forlagshus A/S, 2004. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-567-7140-1" title="Special:BookSources/87-567-7140-1">87-567-7140-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSET-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSET_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wine &amp; Spirits Education Trust (2012). <i>Wine and Spirits: Understanding Wine Quality</i> Second Revised Edition, pp. 6–9. London: Wine &amp; Spirits Education Trust. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905819157" title="Special:BookSources/9781905819157">9781905819157</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_297-298,_333-334_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Robinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Jancis, ed. (October 1, 2006). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Wine" title="The Oxford Companion to Wine">The Oxford Companion to Wine</a></i> (3rd&#160;ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/296/mode/2up">297-298</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/332/mode/2up">333-334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1986-0990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1986-0990-2"><bdi>978-0-1986-0990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&amp;rft.pages=297-298%2C+333-334&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006-10-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1986-0990-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrenache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLSA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SLSA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SLSA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadden" class="citation web cs1">Radden, Rosemary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807005112/http://www.winelit.slsa.sa.gov.au/grapeswines.htm">"Grapes and Wines of the World"</a>. 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December 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%C3%88+il+vino+sardo+il+pi%C3%B9+antico+del+mondo%2C+prove+di+una+specie+di+Cannonau+di+quasi+tremila+anni+fa&amp;rft.date=2016-12-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastampa.it%2Fcronaca%2F2016%2F12%2F10%2Fnews%2Fe-il-vino-sardo-il-piu-antico-del-mondo-prove-di-una-specie-di-cannonau-di-quasi-tremila-anni-fa-1.34753986%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrenache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_pp_91-100-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_pp_91-100_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Clarke2007" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Oz; Rand, Margaret (May 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ozclarkesgrapesw0000clar/mode/2up"><i>Grapes and Wines: The Definitive Guide to the World's Great Grapes and the Wines They Make</i></a>. Harvest Books. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ozclarkesgrapesw0000clar/page/91/mode/2up">91-100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1560-3291-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1560-3291-9"><bdi>978-0-1560-3291-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grapes+and+Wines%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+the+World%27s+Great+Grapes+and+the+Wines+They+Make&amp;rft.pages=91-100&amp;rft.pub=Harvest+Books&amp;rft.date=2007-05-07&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-1560-3291-9&amp;rft.au=Clarke%2C+Oz&amp;rft.au=Rand%2C+Margaret&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fozclarkesgrapesw0000clar%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrenache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregutt_pp_67-68-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregutt_pp_67-68_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregutt_pp_67-68_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gregutt2010" class="citation book cs1">Gregutt, Paul (October 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonwinesw0000greg"><i>Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide</i></a>. University of California Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonwinesw0000greg/page/67/mode/2up">67-68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-05-2-026138-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-05-2-026138-9"><bdi>978-05-2-026138-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Washington+Wines+and+Wineries%3A+The+Essential+Guide&amp;rft.pages=67-68&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2010-10-10&amp;rft.isbn=978-05-2-026138-9&amp;rft.au=Gregutt%2C+Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashingtonwinesw0000greg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrenache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson,_Jancis_2012._p_403-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson,_Jancis_2012._p_403_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson,_Jancis_2012._p_403_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson,_Jancis_2012._p_403_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Jancis. "Garnacha Peluda". <i>Wine Grapes</i> p. 403, New York: HarperCollins, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alley_2007-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alley_2007_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlley,_Lynn2007" class="citation news cs1">Alley, Lynn (September 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winespectator.com/articles/new-french-wine-grape-arrives-in-us-market-3645">"New French Wine Grape Arrives in US Market"</a>. <i>The Wine Spectator</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Wine+Spectator&amp;rft.atitle=New+French+Wine+Grape+Arrives+in+US+Market&amp;rft.date=2007-09-30&amp;rft.au=Alley%2C+Lynn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winespectator.com%2Farticles%2Fnew-french-wine-grape-arrives-in-us-market-3645&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrenache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pp_250-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_250_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MacNeil2000" class="citation book cs1">MacNeil, Karen (February 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winebible00kare"><i>The Wine Bible</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Dossiers+Agraris&amp;rft.atitle=DE+LA+VERNATXA+A+LA+GARNATXA+BLANCA%2C+EVOLUCI%C3%93+HIST%C3%92RICA&amp;rft.issue=15+%C2%B7+La+varietat+garnatxa+blanca&amp;rft.pages=7-16&amp;rft.date=2013-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2436%2F20.1503.02.32&amp;rft.aulast=Puiggr%C3%B2s&amp;rft.aufirst=Josep+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raco.cat%2Findex.php%2FDossiersAgraris%2Farticle%2Fview%2F270026%2F357583&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrenache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah&#39;s wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" 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