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(PDF) Molybdenum mineralization in an active geothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico
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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F86556982%2FMolybdenum_mineralization_in_an_active_geothermal_system_Valles_caldera_New_Mexico%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":90982739,"identifier":"Attachment_90982739","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":86556982,"created_at":"2022-09-12T22:27:37.820-07:00","from_world_paper_id":214897670,"updated_at":"2024-11-25T23:59:01.371-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Geological Society of America","grobid_abstract":"Shallow, sub-ore-grade molybdenite mineralization has been discovered in the active, high-temperature geothermal system penetrated by Continental Scientific Drilling Program corehole VC-2A at Sulphur Springs, in the western ring-fracture zone of the Valles caldera, New Mexico. This mineralization is hosted by fractured, quartz-sericitized, intracaldera ashflow tuffs younger than 1.12 Ma. The molybdenite is an unusual, poorly crystalline variety that occurs in vuggy veinlets and breccia cements also containing quartz, sericite (illite), pyrite, and fluorite, as well as local sphalerite, rhodochrosite, and chalcojiyrite. Fluid-inclusion data suggest that this assemblage was deposited from very dilute solutions at temperatures near 200 °C. Geochemical modeling indicates that under restricted pH and fOi conditions at 200 °C, the molybdenite and associated phases would be in equilibrium with hydrothermal fluids now circulating in the deep subsurface. The shallow molybdenite zone intersected in VC-2A may be the near-surface expression of deep, Climax-type stock work molybdenum mineralization.","publication_date":"1987,,","publication_name":"Geology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"90982739"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Molybdenum mineralization in an active geothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [33621011]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":90982739,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Molybdenum mineralization in an active geothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/90982739/mini_magick20220913-1-oiiv9j.png?1663046982" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Molybdenum mineralization in an active geothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33621011" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FraserGoff"><img alt="Profile image of Fraser Goff" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Fraser Goff</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1987, Geology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">5 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 86556982; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Shallow, sub-ore-grade molybdenite mineralization has been discovered in the active, high-temperature geothermal system penetrated by Continental Scientific Drilling Program corehole VC-2A at Sulphur Springs, in the western ring-fracture zone of the Valles caldera, New Mexico. This mineralization is hosted by fractured, quartz-sericitized, intracaldera ashflow tuffs younger than 1.12 Ma. The molybdenite is an unusual, poorly crystalline variety that occurs in vuggy veinlets and breccia cements also containing quartz, sericite (illite), pyrite, and fluorite, as well as local sphalerite, rhodochrosite, and chalcojiyrite. Fluid-inclusion data suggest that this assemblage was deposited from very dilute solutions at temperatures near 200 °C. Geochemical modeling indicates that under restricted pH and fOi conditions at 200 °C, the molybdenite and associated phases would be in equilibrium with hydrothermal fluids now circulating in the deep subsurface. The shallow molybdenite zone intersected in VC-2A may be the near-surface expression of deep, Climax-type stock work molybdenum mineralization.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":90982739,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/86556982/Molybdenum_mineralization_in_an_active_geothermal_system_Valles_caldera_New_Mexico"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":90982739,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/86556982/Molybdenum_mineralization_in_an_active_geothermal_system_Valles_caldera_New_Mexico"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-premium-marketing"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-premium-marketing"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="premium-banner-content" data-impression-entity-id="86556982" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="premium-banner-desktop"><div class="left"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><span>Get access to the world's latest research</span></div><div class="right"><div class="card free"><div class="header">Free</div><div class="feature-list"><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Download one paper at a time</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to bookmarks</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Basic search</span></div></div><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--small ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"premium-banner-desktop-free"}">Sign up for free</button></div><div class="card premium"><div class="pill">Recommended</div><div class="header premium">Premium</div><div class="feature-list"><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get highly curated PDF packages</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact with Mentions</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Access advanced search filters</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Support Academia’s mission</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Create your personal website</span></div></div><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--small ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"premium-banner-desktop-upgrade","submitText":"Try Premium for $1"}">Try Premium for $1</button></div></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Although Cu mineralization at the deposit is quite well studied, little work has focused specifically on the distribution and timing of Mo mineralization. Combined grade, vein, and breccia distribution analysis reveals that depositwide Mo grades of 0.01 to 0.06 wt % are strongly controlled by the abundance of main mineralization (type 6a) quartz ± molybdenite veins. These show a clear spatial relationship with several felsic-intermediate intrusions and appear to develop outward and upward into Cu-rich (type 6b-7b) quartz-chalcopyrite veins and (type 8) chalcopyrite-anhydrite ± bornite veins with sericitic alteration halos. High-precision Re-Os molybdenite dating reveals that these linked vein types did not develop in a single, deposit-wide evolution, but are diachronous, related to distinct episodes of hydrothermal activity associated with the emplacement of diorite finger porphyries and the composite Teniente Dacite Porphyry. These units acted as effective, short-lived (<100,000 years) conduits for pulses of Mo-and Cu-bearing hydrothermal fluids between 6.3 and 4.6 Ma. The rapid thermal contraction of each system during mineralization led to extensive overprinting of Mo-rich veins by their lowertemperature, Cu-rich equivalents. Separate pulses in magmatic-hydrothermal activity are separated by distinct gaps of up to 300,000 years, during which Mo-mineralizing activity appears to have gone into quiescence. Mo grades exceeding 0.06 wt % correspond to the presence of molybdenite-bearing, late mineralizationstage, tourmaline-cemented (type 9), and anhydrite-carbonate ± gypsum (type 10) veins and breccias. These are abundant at shallow mine levels and show a close spatial relationship with a series of concentric faults associated with the Braden Breccia Pipe. Mineralization in this paragenetic stage is relatively short-lived and occurs in all parts of the deposit between 4.80 and 4.58 Ma. The generally Cu poor nature of the late mineralization stage is attributed to the prior preferential extraction of Cu from the underlying magma chamber in earlier mineralizing events. This led to the late exsolution of oxidized, Mo-rich fluids that may have undergone further enrichment by remobilizing Mo from main mineralization-type veins associated with the Teniente Dacite Porphyry. The formation of the Braden Breccia Pipe is likely to have occurred in a single cataclysmic event at approximately 4.58 Ma, which cut the Mo-rich tourmaline breccias and created a distinct Mo-rich grade halo at shallow mine levels. With the exception of minor mineralization associated with small dacitic dikes at approximately 4.42 Ma, the Braden event marked the termination of Mo deposition.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Distribution and Timing of Molybdenite Mineralization at the El Teniente Cu-Mo Porphyry Deposit, Chile","attachmentId":76440587,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64376450/The_Distribution_and_Timing_of_Molybdenite_Mineralization_at_the_El_Teniente_Cu_Mo_Porphyry_Deposit_Chile","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64376450/The_Distribution_and_Timing_of_Molybdenite_Mineralization_at_the_El_Teniente_Cu_Mo_Porphyry_Deposit_Chile"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="116257145" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116257145/The_nature_origin_and_physicochemical_controls_of_hydrothermal_Mo_Bi_mineralization_in_the_Cadillac_deposit_Quebec_Canada">The nature, origin and physicochemical controls of hydrothermal Mo-Bi mineralization in the Cadillac deposit, Quebec, Canada</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33095830" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnthonyWilliamsjones">Anthony Williams-jones</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mineralium Deposita, 1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mo-Bi mineralization occurs in subvertical and subhorizontal quartz-muscovite-K-feldspar veins surrounded by early albitic and later K-feldspathic alteration halos in monzogranite of the Archean Preissac pluton, Abitibi region, Que bec, Canada. Molybdenite is intergrown with muscovite in the veins or associated with K-feldspar in the alteration halos. Mineralized veins contain ®ve main types of¯uid inclusions: aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions, aqueous carbonic liquid-liquid-vapor inclusions, carbonic liquid and vapor inclusions, halite-bearing aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions, trapped mineral-bearing aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions. The carbonic solid in frozen carbonic and aqueous-carbonic inclusions melts in most cases at A56.7 0.1°C indicating that the carbonic uid consists largely of CO 2. All aqueous inclusion types and the aqueous phase in carbonic inclusions have low initial melting temperatures (³70°C), requiring the presence of salts other than NaCl. Leachate analyses show that the bulk¯uid contains variable proportions of Na, K, Ca, Cl, and traces of Mg and Li. The following solids were identi®ed in the¯uid inclusions by SEM-EDS analysis: halite, calcite, muscovite, millerite (NiS), barite and antarcticite (CaCl 2 á 6H 2 O). All are interpreted to be trapped phases except halite which is a daughter mineral, and antarcticite which formed during sample preparation (freezing). Aqueous inclusions homogenize to liquid at temperatures between 75°C and 400°C; the mode is 375°C. Aqueous-carbonic inclusions homogenize to liquid or vapor between 210°C and 400°C. Halite-bearing aqueous inclusions homogenize by halite dissolution at approximately 170°C. Aqueous inclusions containing trapped solids exhibit liquid-vapor homogenization at temperatures similar to those of halite-bearing aqueous inclusions. Temperatures of vein formation, based on oxygen isotopic fractionation between quartz and muscovite, range from 342°C to 584°C. The corresponding oxygen isotope composition of the aqueous¯uid in equilibrium with these minerals ranges from 1.2 to 5.5 per mil with a mean of 3.9 per mil, suggesting that the liquid had a signi®cant meteoric component. Isochores for aqueous¯uid inclusions intersect the modal isotopic isotherm of 425°C at pressures between 590 and 1900 bar. A model is proposed in which molybdenite was deposited owing to decreasing temperature and/or pressure from CO 2-bearing, moderate to high salinity¯uids of mixed magmatic-meteoric origin that were in equilibrium with K-feldspar and muscovite. These¯uids resulted from the degassing of a monzogranitic magma and evolved through interaction with volcanic (komatiitic) and sedimentary country rocks.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The nature, origin and physicochemical controls of hydrothermal Mo-Bi mineralization in the Cadillac deposit, Quebec, Canada","attachmentId":112439052,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116257145/The_nature_origin_and_physicochemical_controls_of_hydrothermal_Mo_Bi_mineralization_in_the_Cadillac_deposit_Quebec_Canada","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116257145/The_nature_origin_and_physicochemical_controls_of_hydrothermal_Mo_Bi_mineralization_in_the_Cadillac_deposit_Quebec_Canada"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="24569772" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24569772/Molybdenite_Saturation_in_Silicic_Magmas_Occurrence_and_Petrological_Implications">Molybdenite Saturation in Silicic Magmas: Occurrence and Petrological Implications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4527736" href="https://cuni.academia.edu/DavidDolejs">David Dolejs</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Petrology, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We identified molybdenite (MoS 2 ) as an accessory magmatic phase in 13 out of 27 felsic magma systems examined worldwide. The molybdenite occurs as small (520 m) triangular or hexagonal platelets included in quartz phenocrysts. Laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses of melt inclusions in molybdenite-saturated samples reveal 1^13 ppm Mo in the melt and geochemical signatures that imply a strong link to continental rift basalt^rhyolite associations. In contrast, arc-associated rhyolites are rarely molybdenite-saturated, despite similar Mo concentrations. This systematic dependence on tectonic setting seems to reflect the higher oxidation state of arc magmas compared with within-plate magmas. A thermodynamic model devised to investigate the effects of T, f O 2 and f S 2 on molybdenite solubility reliably predicts measured Mo concentrations in molybdenite-saturated samples if the magmas are assumed to have been saturated also in pyrrhotite. Whereas pyrrhotite microphenocrysts have been observed in some of these samples, they have not been observed from other molybdenitebearing magmas. Based on the strong influence of f S 2 on molybdenite solubility we calculate that also these latter magmas must have been at (or very close to) pyrrhotite saturation. In this case the Mo concentration of molybdenite-saturated melts can be used to constrain both magmatic f O 2 and f S 2 if temperature is known independently (e.g. by zircon saturation thermometry). Our model thus permits evaluation of magmatic f S 2 , which is an important variable but is difficult to estimate otherwise, particularly in slowly cooled rocks.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Molybdenite Saturation in Silicic Magmas: Occurrence and Petrological Implications","attachmentId":44898249,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24569772/Molybdenite_Saturation_in_Silicic_Magmas_Occurrence_and_Petrological_Implications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24569772/Molybdenite_Saturation_in_Silicic_Magmas_Occurrence_and_Petrological_Implications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="30589495" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30589495/Magmatic_hydrothermal_molybdenum_isotope_fractionation_and_its_relevance_to_the_igneous_crustal_signature">Magmatic-hydrothermal molybdenum isotope fractionation and its relevance to the igneous crustal signature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38936760" href="https://unibe-ch2.academia.edu/ThomasPettke">Thomas Pettke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We analyzed the Mo isotope composition of a comprehensive series of molybdenite samples from 20 the porphyry-type Questa deposit (NM, USA), as well as one rhyolite and one granite sample, directly 21 associated with the Mo mineralization. The δ 98 Mo of the molybdenites ranges between -0.48‰ and 22 +0.40‰, with a median at -0.05‰. The median Mo isotope composition increases from early magmatic 23 (-0.29‰) to hydrothermal (-0.05‰) breccia mineralization (median bulk breccia = -0.17‰) to late 24 stockwork veining (+0.22‰). Moreover, variations of up to 0.34‰ are found between different 25 molybdenite crystals within an individual hand specimen. The rhyolite sample with 0.12 µg g -1 Mo has 26 δ 98 Mo = -0.57‰ and is lighter than all molybdenites from the Questa deposit, interpreted to represent the 27 igneous leftover after aqueous ore fluid exsolution. We recognize three Mo isotope fractionation processes 28 that occur between ca. 700 and 350°C, affecting the Mo isotope composition of magmatic-hydrothermal 29 molybdenites. ∆ 1 Mo: Minerals preferentially incorporate light Mo isotopes during progressive fractional 30 crystallization in subvolcanic magma reservoirs, leaving behind a melt enriched in heavy Mo isotopes. 31 ∆ 2 Mo: Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids preferentially incorporate heavy Mo isotopes upon fluid exsolution. 32 ∆ 3 Mo: Light Mo isotopes get preferentially incorporated in molybdenite during crystallization from an 33 aqueous fluid, leaving behind a hydrothermal fluid that gets heavier with progressive molybdenite 34 crystallization. The sum of all three fractionation processes produces molybdenites that record heavier 35 δ 98 Mo compositions than their source magmas. This implies that the mean δ 98 Mo of molybdenites 36 published so far (~0.4‰) likely represents a maximum value for the Mo isotope composition of 37 Phanerozoic igneous upper crust. 38 39</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Magmatic-hydrothermal molybdenum isotope fractionation and its relevance to the igneous crustal signature","attachmentId":51030786,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30589495/Magmatic_hydrothermal_molybdenum_isotope_fractionation_and_its_relevance_to_the_igneous_crustal_signature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30589495/Magmatic_hydrothermal_molybdenum_isotope_fractionation_and_its_relevance_to_the_igneous_crustal_signature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="2952448" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2952448/Hydrothermal_alteration_and_fluid_chemistry_of_the_Endako_porphyry_molybdenum_deposit_British_Columbia">Hydrothermal alteration and fluid chemistry of the Endako porphyry molybdenum deposit, British Columbia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3342921" href="https://unileoben.academia.edu/walterprohaska">Walter Prochaska</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economic Geology, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hydrothermal alteration and fluid chemistry of the Endako porphyry molybdenum deposit, British Columbia","attachmentId":50529416,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2952448/Hydrothermal_alteration_and_fluid_chemistry_of_the_Endako_porphyry_molybdenum_deposit_British_Columbia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2952448/Hydrothermal_alteration_and_fluid_chemistry_of_the_Endako_porphyry_molybdenum_deposit_British_Columbia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="56786753" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56786753/Geochemistry_of_molybdenum_in_the_continental_crust">Geochemistry of molybdenum in the continental crust</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34967718" href="https://independent.academia.edu/B%C3%A9atriceLuais">Béatrice Luais</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The use of molybdenum as a quantitative paleo-atmosphere redox sensor is predicated on the assumption that Mo is hosted in sulfides in the upper continental crust (UCC). This assumption is tested here by determining the mineralogical hosts of Mo in typical Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic upper crustal igneous rocks, spanning a compositional range from basalt to granite. Common igneous sulfides such as pyrite and chalcopyrite contain very little Mo (commonly below detection limits of around 10 ng/g) and are not a significant crustal Mo host. By contrast, volcanic glass and Ti-bearing phases such as titanite, ilmenite, magnetite, and rutile contain significantly higher Mo concentrations (e.g., up to 40 µg/g in titanite), and can account for the whole-rock Mo budget in most rocks. However, mass balance between whole-rock and mineral data is not achieved in 4 out of 10 granites analyzed with in-situ methods, where Mo may be hosted in undetected trace molybdenite. Significant Mo depletion (i.e., UCC-normalized Mo/Ce < 1) occurs in nearly every granitic rock analyzed here, but not in oceanic basalts or their differentiates (Greaney et al., 2017; Jenner and O'Neill, 2012). On average, granites are missing $60% of their expected Mo contents. There are two possible reasons for this: (1) Mo partitions into an aqueous magmatic vapor/fluid phase that is expelled from cooling plutons, and/or (2) Mo is partitioned into titaniferous phases during partial melting and fractional crystallization of an evolving magma. The first scenario is likely given the high solubility of oxidized Mo. However, correlations between Mo/Ce and Nb/La in several plutonic suites suggest fractionating phases such as rutile or Fe-Ti oxides may sequester Mo in lower crustal rocks or in subducting slabs in arc settings.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Geochemistry of molybdenum in the continental crust","attachmentId":72000911,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56786753/Geochemistry_of_molybdenum_in_the_continental_crust","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56786753/Geochemistry_of_molybdenum_in_the_continental_crust"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="65697920" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65697920/A_geochemical_study_of_the_Sweet_Home_Mine_Colorado_Mineral_Belt_USA_hydrothermal_fluid_evolution_above_a_hypothesized_granite_cupola">A geochemical study of the Sweet Home Mine, Colorado Mineral Belt, USA: hydrothermal fluid evolution above a hypothesized granite cupola</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22225049" href="https://vt.academia.edu/robertbodnar">robert bodnar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A geochemical study of the Sweet Home Mine, Colorado Mineral Belt, USA: hydrothermal fluid evolution above a hypothesized granite cupola","attachmentId":77181896,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65697920/A_geochemical_study_of_the_Sweet_Home_Mine_Colorado_Mineral_Belt_USA_hydrothermal_fluid_evolution_above_a_hypothesized_granite_cupola","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65697920/A_geochemical_study_of_the_Sweet_Home_Mine_Colorado_Mineral_Belt_USA_hydrothermal_fluid_evolution_above_a_hypothesized_granite_cupola"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="72312417" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72312417/Molybdenum_distribution_in_Precambrian_rocks_of_the_Colorado_Mineral_Belt">Molybdenum distribution in Precambrian rocks of the Colorado Mineral Belt</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32282228" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LehmannBernd">Bernd Lehmann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mineralium Deposita, 1987</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The average Mo content of more than one hundred rock samples from the Precambrian basement of the Colorado Mineral Belt corresponds well to the global molybdenum content of crustal rocks of 1.0 ppm. There are no indications of a regional geochemical molybdenum anomaly in that part of the crust or upper mantle.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Molybdenum distribution in Precambrian rocks of the Colorado Mineral Belt","attachmentId":81289519,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72312417/Molybdenum_distribution_in_Precambrian_rocks_of_the_Colorado_Mineral_Belt","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72312417/Molybdenum_distribution_in_Precambrian_rocks_of_the_Colorado_Mineral_Belt"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="30589609" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30589609/Fluid_and_source_magma_evolution_of_the_Questa_porphyry_Mo_deposit_New_Mexico_USA">Fluid and source magma evolution of the Questa porphyry Mo deposit, New Mexico, USA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38936760" href="https://unibe-ch2.academia.edu/ThomasPettke">Thomas Pettke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mineralium Deposita, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Combined fluid inclusion microthermometry and microanalysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) are used to constrain the hydrothermal processes forming a typical Climax-type porphyry Mo deposit. Molybdenum mineralisation at Questa occurred in two superimposed hydrothermal stages, a magmatic-hydrothermal breccia and later stockwork veining. In both stages, texturally earliest fluids were single-phase, of low salinity (~7 wt.% NaCl equiv. ) and intermediate-density. Upon decompression to~300 bar, they boiled off a vapour phase, leaving behind a residual brine (up to 45 wt.% NaCl equiv ) at temperatures of~420°C. The highest average Mo concentrations in this hot brine were~500 μg/g, exceeding the Mo content of the intermediate-density input fluid by about an order of magnitude and reflecting pre-concentration of Mo by fluid phase separation prior to MoS 2 deposition from the brine. Molybdenum concentrations in brine inclusions, then, decrease down to 5 μg/g, recording Mo precipitation in response to cooling of the saline liquid to~360°C. Molybdenite precipitation from a dense, residual and probably sulphide-depleted brine is proposed to explain the tabular shape of the ore body and the absence of Cu-Fe sulphides in contrast to the more common Cu-Mo deposits related to porphyry stocks. Cesium and Rb concentrations in the single-phase fluids of the breccia range from 2 to 8 and from 40 to 65 μg/g, respectively. In the stockwork veins, Cs and Rb concentrations are significantly higher (45-90 and 110-230 μg/g, respectively). Because Cs and Rb are incompatible and hydrothermally non-reactive elements, the systematic increase in their concentration requires two distinct pulses of fluid exsolution from a progressively more fractionated magma. By contrast, major element and ore metal concentrations of these two fluid pulses remain essentially constant. Mass balance calculations using fluid chemical data from LA-ICPMS suggest that at least 25 km 3 of melt and 7 Gt of deep input fluid were necessary to provide the amount of Mo contained in the stockwork vein stage alone. While the absolute amounts of fluid and melt are uncertain, the wellconstrained element ratios in the fluids together with empirical fluid/melt partition coefficients derived from the inclusion analyses suggest a high water content of the source melt of~10%. In line with other circumstantial evidence, these results suggest that initial fluid exsolution may have occurred at a confining pressure exceeding 5 kbar. The source of the molybdenum-mineralising fluids probably was a particularly large magma chamber that crystallised and fractionated in the lower crust or at midcrustal level, well below the shallow intrusions immediately underlying Questa and other porphyry molybdenum deposits.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fluid and source magma evolution of the Questa porphyry Mo deposit, New Mexico, USA","attachmentId":51030856,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30589609/Fluid_and_source_magma_evolution_of_the_Questa_porphyry_Mo_deposit_New_Mexico_USA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30589609/Fluid_and_source_magma_evolution_of_the_Questa_porphyry_Mo_deposit_New_Mexico_USA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="86246508" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86246508/Fluid_Inclusion_Evidence_for_Magmatic_Hydrothermal_Fluid_Evolution_in_the_Porphyry_Copper_Molybdenum_Deposit_at_Butte_Montana">Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluid Evolution in the Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum Deposit at Butte, Montana</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68752763" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JDilles">John Dilles</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economic Geology, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The porphyry Cu-Mo deposit in Butte, Montana, formed where magmatic hydrothermal fluids, introduced with injections of porphyrytic dikes, fractured and permeated the Butte Quartz Monzonite. These fluids formed a stockwork of quartz and quartz-sulfide veinlets with a variety of styles of potassic and sericitic alteration envelopes. The distribution of vein and alteration types and the distribution of fluid inclusions in these veins record the progressive pressure, temperature, and compositional evolution of the hydrothermal fluids that formed this world-class deposit. Deep drilling and 1,300 m of offset along the Continental fault provide a vertical view of almost 3 km through the Butte deposit. Deep veins within and below the highest Mo grades are quartz dominated with thin K-feldspar or, less commonly, biotitic alteration rims. Fluid inclusions in deep veins trapped a single phase aqueous fluid containing 2 to 5 wt percent NaCl equiv and 2 to 8 mol percent CO2 at temperatures between 575°and 650°C and pressures between 200 and 250 MPa, corresponding to depths between 6 and 9 km. Although Cu grades are low in this region, abundant chalcopyrite daughter minerals in fluid inclusions indicate that the fluids were Cu rich. Fluids that formed these veins transported Cu from the magma below, upward into the region of Cu mineralization with only minor Cu precipitation. Over a kilometer above the bulk of deep quartz and quartz-molybdenite veins, the highest Cu grades are in and around chalcopyrite-bearing quartz-sulfide veins with biotitic alteration (early dark micaceous veins), and their upward, equivalent magnetite-chalcopyrite-pyrite-quartz veins with wide K-feldspar, green sericite, and chlorite alteration (pale-green sericitic veins). These veins contain more evidence for brine-vapor unmixing than any other vein type. The upward progression of early dark micaceous veins to pale-green sericitic veins formed where low salinity, CO2-bearing fluids, similar to those trapped in deep quartz veins, ascended, depressurized, sometimes unmixed, and cooled from ~650°C at 90 MPa to ~475°C at ~50 MPa. As low salinity, CO2-bearing, aqueous fluids, similar in composition to fluids trapped in deep quartz veins, cooled at shallow depths, they formed late pyrite-quartz veins with sericitic alteration. These veins formed from fluid cooling at temperatures between 370°and 450°C at transiently hydrostatic pressures between 40 and 70 MPa, corresponding to depths of 4 to 7 km. Most pyrite-quartz veins formed at pressures and temperatures above the H2O-NaCl-CO2 solvus, but evidence for brine-vapor unmixing is also present. Pyrite-quartz veins formed at progressively greater depths as the hydrothermal system cooled, overprinting much previous mineralization. Late Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-As-rich Main stage veins formed from dilute fluids containing <3 wt percent NaCl equiv and <2 mol percent CO2. These fluids were trapped between 230°and 400°C under hydrostatic pressures between 20 and 60 MPa and depths of 2 to 6 km. No evidence of boiling is observed in Main stage veins. Fluid inclusion phase relationships indicate that the Butte porphyry Cu-Mo deposit formed at 5 to 9 km depth, greater than any other porphyry-type deposit. At Butte, the similarity in bulk composition of fluids trapped in early quartz-rich veins with potassic alteration and late pyrite-quartz veins with sericitic alteration implies that an underlying magma continually provided low salinity, CO2-bearing fluids of relatively constant composition during the entire life of the hydrothermal system. We hypothesize that rather than resulting from changes in fluid chemistry due to magma crystallization, the entire suite of vein and alteration types and the ore metal distribution reflect the path of cooling, depressurization, and wall-rock interaction of a parental magmatic-derived fluid of relatively constant initial composition.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluid Evolution in the Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum Deposit at Butte, Montana","attachmentId":90743161,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86246508/Fluid_Inclusion_Evidence_for_Magmatic_Hydrothermal_Fluid_Evolution_in_the_Porphyry_Copper_Molybdenum_Deposit_at_Butte_Montana","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86246508/Fluid_Inclusion_Evidence_for_Magmatic_Hydrothermal_Fluid_Evolution_in_the_Porphyry_Copper_Molybdenum_Deposit_at_Butte_Montana"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":90982739,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":90982739,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_90982739" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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