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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Discovery of oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Japanese occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_of_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_of_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Writing of the Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_of_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_development_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_development_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>National development plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_development_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics and government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics and government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Women and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>LGBT rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religious rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Animal rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brunei</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 249 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-249" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">249 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunai" title="Brunai – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Brunai" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broenei" title="Broenei – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Broenei" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A9%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD" title="ብሩናይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብሩናይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88" title="ब्रूनेई – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ब्रूनेई" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Брунеи – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Брунеи" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="بروناي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروناي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%B5" title="Պրունէյ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պրունէյ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneyi" title="Bruneyi – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bruneyi" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87" title="ব্ৰুণেই – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব্ৰুণেই" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%C3%A9i" title="Brunéi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brunéi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="ब्रुनाई – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ब्रुनाई" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburun%C3%A9i" title="Mburunéi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburunéi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruney" title="Bruney – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bruney" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="برونئی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برونئی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%C3%A9i_Darussalam" title="Brunéi Darussalam – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Brunéi Darussalam" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="ব্রুনাই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রুনাই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunai" title="Brunai – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Brunai" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-l%C3%A2i" title="Bûn-lâi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-lâi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Брунэй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брунэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88" title="ब्रुनेई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्रुनेई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunae" title="Brunae – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Brunae" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="བྷི་རུ་ནི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྷི་རུ་ནི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunej" title="Brunej – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brunej" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Брүнэй – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Брүнэй" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunej" title="Brunej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brunej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhurunei" title="Bhurunei – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhurunei" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwnei" title="Brwnei – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwnei" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="بروناي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بروناي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A9" title="ބުރުނައީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބުރުނައީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_Bin%C3%ADh%C3%AD%C3%ADy%C4%AF%CC%81g%C3%B3%C3%B3_Y%C3%ADl%C4%AF%CC%81_Hahoodzo" title="Tó Biníhííyį́góó Yílį́ Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó Biníhííyį́góó Yílį́ Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="ब्रुनाई – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ब्रुनाई" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B9" title="Μπρουνέι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπρουνέι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бруней Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бруней Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%C3%A9i" title="Brunéi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brunéi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunejo" title="Brunejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brunejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="برونئی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برونئی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BBnei" title="Brûnei – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brûnei" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAin%C3%A9" title="Brúiné – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Brúiné" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruney" title="Bruney – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bruney" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B9naigh" title="Brùnaigh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Brùnaigh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%88" title="બ્રુનેઈ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્રુનેઈ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88" title="ब्रुनेई – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ब्रुनेई" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9n-l%C3%B2i" title="Vùn-lòi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vùn-lòi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4" title="브루나이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브루나이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Բրունեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրունեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88" title="ब्रुनेई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रुनेई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunej" title="Brunej – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brunej" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" title="Brunei Darussalam – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Brunei Darussalam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="ব্রুনাই – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ব্রুনাই" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" title="Brunei Darussalam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brunei Darussalam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purunai" title="Purunai – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Purunai" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAnei" title="Brúnei – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brúnei" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99" title="ברוניי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברוניי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%C3%A9i_Darussalam" title="Brunéi Darussalam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Brunéi Darussalam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88" title="ಬ್ರುನೈ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರುನೈ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="ბრუნეი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრუნეი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="برٛونى – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="برٛونى" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruneyi" title="Buruneyi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Buruneyi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwouneyi" title="Bwouneyi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bwouneyi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broun%C3%A9y" title="Brounéy – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Brounéy" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BBney" title="Brûney – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Brûney" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດບຣູໄນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບຣູໄນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneium" title="Bruneium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bruneium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneja" title="Bruneja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bruneja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%C4%97jus" title="Brunėjus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brunėjus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" title="Brunei Darussalam – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Brunei Darussalam" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brune" title="Brune – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Brune" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88" title="ब्रुनेई – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्रुनेई" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Брунеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брунеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broney" title="Broney – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Broney" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%88" title="ബ്രൂണൈ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രൂണൈ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunej" title="Brunej – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Brunej" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poronai" title="Poronai – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Poronai" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%88" title="ब्रुनेई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रुनेई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98" title="ბრუნეი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრუნეი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%89" title="بروناى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروناى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="برونئی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="برونئی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A9" title="ꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯅꯩ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕ꯭ꯔꯨꯅꯩ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ng-l%C3%A0i" title="Ùng-lài – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ùng-lài" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Брунэй – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Брунэй" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘရူနိုင်းနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘရူနိုင်းနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="ब्रुनाई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्रुनाई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87" title="ब्रुनाइ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्रुनाइ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4" title="ブルネイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルネイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruunei" title="Bruunei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bruunei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%87" title="ବୃନେଇ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୃନେଇ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birunaay" title="Birunaay – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Birunaay" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruney" title="Bruney – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bruney" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਬਰੂਨਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰੂਨਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88" title="ब्रूनै – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ब्रूनै" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="برونائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برونائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="برونای – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برونای" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunai" title="Brunai – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Brunai" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81" title="ប្រ៊ុយណេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រ៊ុយណេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunai" title="Brunai – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Brunai" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Μπρουνέιν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μπρουνέιν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruney" title="Bruney – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bruney" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruney" title="Bruney – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bruney" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purunay" title="Purunay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purunay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purunai" title="Purunai – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Purunai" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88" title="ब्रूनै – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ब्रूनै" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%C3%AAi" title="Brunêi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Brunêi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱱᱟᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱽᱨᱩᱱᱟᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%B2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92" title="බෲනායි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෲනායි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="برونائي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برونائي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhruneyi" title="IBhruneyi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhruneyi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunej" title="Brunej – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brunej" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunej" title="Brunej – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brunej" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barunay" title="Barunay – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Barunay" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="بروونای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بروونای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Брунеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брунеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunej" title="Brunej – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brunej" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%C3%A9i" title="Brunéi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Brunéi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88" title="புரூணை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரூணை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunay" title="Brunay – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Brunay" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းပရူႇၼၢႆး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပရူႇၼၢႆး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88" title="బ్రూనై – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్రూనై" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศบรูไน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบรูไน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunei" title="Pulunei – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pulunei" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8A%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A2" title="ᏊᎾᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏊᎾᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brune%C3%BD" title="Bruneý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bruneý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%85%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97" title="ᨅᨑᨘᨊᨕᨗ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨅᨑᨘᨊᨕᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бруней" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="برونائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برونائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%87%D9%86%DB%90%D9%8A" title="برۇنېي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="برۇنېي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwnzlaiz" title="Vwnzlaiz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vwnzlaiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%C3%A4n" title="Brunän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Brunän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A" title="汶萊 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="汶萊" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%8E%B1" title="文莱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文莱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99" title="ברוניי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברוניי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A" title="汶萊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="汶萊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruney" title="Bruney – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bruney" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruniejos" title="Bruniejos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bruniejos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%8E%B1" title="汶莱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汶莱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%C3%A9_Darusalam" title="Bruné Darusalam – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bruné Darusalam" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Brunei" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" title="Brunei Darussalam – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Brunei Darussalam" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunej" title="Brunej – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Brunej" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2" title="ⴱⵔⵓⵏⴰⵢ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵔⵓⵏⴰⵢ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q921#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Brunei" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brunei&params=4_30_N_114_40_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">114°40′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.500°N 114.667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.500; 114.667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southeast Asia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Brunei Darussalam</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Negara Brunei Darussalam</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brunei.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brunei"><img alt="Flag of Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/125px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/188px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/250px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brunei" title="Flag of Brunei">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Brunei.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Brunei"><img alt="Emblem of Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_Brunei.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_Brunei.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_Brunei.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Brunei" title="Emblem of Brunei"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">الدائمون المحسنون بالهدى</span>‎</span></span></li><li><i>Ad-dāʾimūna al-muḥsinūna bi-l-hudā</i></li><li>(<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Sentiasa membuat kebajikan dengan petunjuk Allah</i></span>)</li><li>Always in service with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>'s guidance</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan" title="Allah Peliharakan Sultan">Allah Peliharakan Sultan</a></i></li><li><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﷲ ڤليهاراکن سلطان</span>‎</span></span></li><li>God Bless the Sultan</li></ul></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan.oga/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan.oga&lang=bcl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bcl" label="Bikol Central ‪(bcl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunei_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brunei_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Brunei_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brunei_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Brunei_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brunei_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Brunei_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="551" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Brunei_ASEAN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Location_Brunei_ASEAN.svg/250px-Location_Brunei_ASEAN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Location_Brunei_ASEAN.svg/375px-Location_Brunei_ASEAN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Location_Brunei_ASEAN.svg/500px-Location_Brunei_ASEAN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of south-east Asia</span></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Brunei (green)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a> (dark grey)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:Location_Brunei_ASEAN.svg" title="File:Location Brunei ASEAN.svg">Legend</a>]</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brunei&params=4_53.417_N_114_56.533_E_type:city(290,000)_region:BN-BM"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°53.417′N</span> <span class="longitude">114°56.533′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.890283°N 114.942217°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.890283; 114.942217</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other languages<br />and dialects<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tutong_language" title="Tutong language">Tutong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Murut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li></ul></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official scripts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Malay alphabet (Rumi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-deps.gov.bn_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deps.gov.bn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>73.7% <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Malays</a></li><li>9.6% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Chinese</a></li><li>16.6% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-deps.gov.bn_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deps.gov.bn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>82.1% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li><li>6.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li>6.3% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li>4.9% other (includes <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_religions#Asia" title="List of ethnic religions">Indigenous beliefs</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian people">Bruneian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" title="Politics of Brunei">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary Islamic <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Sultan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brunei" title="Prime Minister of Brunei">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a> and Senior Minister </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadee_Billah" title="Al-Muhtadee Billah">Al-Muhtadee Billah</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">none<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Sultanate established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1368</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protected state</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 1888</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1984</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brunei" title="Geography of Brunei">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,765<sup id="cite_ref-Brunei-Muara_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunei-Muara-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (2,226 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">164th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8.6</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brunei" title="Demographics of Brunei">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2020 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">460,345<sup id="cite_ref-depd.gov.bn_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-depd.gov.bn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">169th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2016 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">417,256</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">72.11/km<sup>2</sup> (186.8/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">134th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $33.875 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.BN_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $76,864<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.BN_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">9th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $15.783 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.BN_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">122nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $35,813<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.BN_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BN-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.823<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">55th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BND</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+8</span> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brunei" title="Time in Brunei">Brunei Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Brunei" title="Telephone numbers in Brunei">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B673" class="mw-redirect" title="+673">+673</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Calling_Code"><a href="#endnote_Calling_Code">[c]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BN" title="ISO 3166-2:BN">BN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bn" title=".bn">.bn</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Calling_Code"><b><a href="#ref_Calling_Code">^</a></b></span> Also 080 from <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a>.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brunei</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially <b>Brunei Darussalam</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, situated on the northern coast of the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. Apart from its coastline on the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, it is completely surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of <a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Limbang</a>. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunei&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the country had a population of 455,858,<sup id="cite_ref-depd.gov.bn_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-depd.gov.bn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of whom approximately 180,000 resided in the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a>. Its official language is <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the country, although <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">other religions are nominally tolerated</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Brunei" title="Government of Brunei">government of Brunei</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a>, and it implements a fusion of <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a> and jurisprudence inspired by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a>'s peak during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bolkiah" title="Bolkiah">Bolkiah</a> (1485–1528), the state is claimed to have had control over the most of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, including modern-day Sarawak and <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu archipelago">Sulu archipelago</a> and the islands off the northwestern tip of Borneo. There are also claims to its historical control over <a href="/wiki/Seludong" class="mw-redirect" title="Seludong">Seludong</a>, the site of the modern Philippine capital of Manila, but Southeast Asian scholars believe the name of the location in question is actually in reference to Mount Selurong, in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Abinales2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abinales2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maritime state of Brunei was visited by the surviving crew of the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Magellan%27s_circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation">Magellan Expedition</a> in 1521, and in 1578 it fought against Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Castilian War</a>. </p><p>During the 19th century, the Bruneian Empire began to decline. The Sultanate ceded Sarawak (<a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>) to <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a> and installed him as the <a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">White Rajah</a>, and it ceded Sabah to the British <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a>. In 1888, Brunei became a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> and was assigned a <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">British resident</a> as colonial manager in 1906. After the Japanese occupation during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a new constitution was written in 1959. In 1962, a small <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">armed rebellion</a> against the monarchy which was indirectly related to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a> was ended with British assistance and led to the ban of the pro-independent <a href="/wiki/Brunei_People%27s_Party" title="Brunei People's Party">Brunei People's Party</a>. The revolt had also influenced the Sultan's decision not to join the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Federation">Malaysian Federation</a> while it was being <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">formed</a>. Britain's protectorate over Brunei would eventually end on 1 January 1984, becoming a fully <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>. </p><p>Brunei has been led by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a> since 1967, and the country's <a href="/wiki/Unicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral legislature">unicameral legislature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Brunei" title="Legislative Council of Brunei">Legislative Council</a>, is simply consultative and are all appointed by the Sultan. The country's wealth derives from its extensive petroleum and natural gas fields. Economic growth during the 1990s and 2000s has transformed Brunei into an industrialised country, with its GDP increasing 56% between 1999 and 2008. <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei#Regime_stability" title="Politics of Brunei">Political stability</a> is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bolkiah" title="House of Bolkiah">House of Bolkiah</a> by providing a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> for its citizens, with free or significant subsidies in regards to housing, healthcare and education. It ranks "very high" on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI)—the second-highest among <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a> states after <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, which it maintains close relations with including a <a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Currency Interchangeability Agreement</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF), Brunei is <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">ranked ninth in the world by gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity</a>. Brunei is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>According to local historiography, Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_of_Brunei" title="Muhammad Shah of Brunei">Sultan Muhammad Shah</a>, reigning around AD 1400. He moved from Garang in the <a href="/wiki/Temburong" class="mw-redirect" title="Temburong">Temburong</a> District<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200926_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200926-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_River" title="Brunei River">Brunei River</a> estuary, discovering Brunei. According to legend, upon landing he exclaimed, <i>Baru nah</i> (loosely translated as "that's it!" or "there"), from which the name "Brunei" was derived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne201627_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne201627-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first Muslim ruler of Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> under the Muslim Bolkiah dynasty, Brunei is believed to have been under Buddhist rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholl1980_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholl1980-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was renamed "Barunai" in the 14th century, possibly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word "<i><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">varuṇ</i></span></i>" (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">वरुण</span></span>), meaning "seafarers".<sup id="cite_ref-Minahan2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "<a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>" is of the same origin. In the country's full name, <i><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Negara Brunei Darussalam</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">darussalam</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دار السلام</span>) means "abode of peace", while <i><span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">negara</i></span></i> means "country" in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>. A shortened version of the Malay official name, "Brunei Darussalam", has also entered common usage, particularly in official contexts, and is present in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names</a> geographical database,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the official ASEAN<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Commonwealth<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listings. </p><p>The earliest recorded documentation by the West about Brunei is by an Italian known as <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a>. On his documentation back to 1550; </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We arrived at the island of Bornei <i>(Brunei or Borneo)</i>, which is distant from the <i>Maluch</i> about two hundred miles [three hundred kilometres], and we found that it was somewhat larger than the aforesaid and much lower. The people are pagans and are men of goodwill. Their colour is whiter than that of the other sort ... in this island justice is well administered ...<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">History of Brunei</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tomb_of_the_King_of_Boni_(Brunei)_Nanjing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Tomb_of_the_King_of_Boni_%28Brunei%29_Nanjing.JPG/220px-The_Tomb_of_the_King_of_Boni_%28Brunei%29_Nanjing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Tomb_of_the_King_of_Boni_%28Brunei%29_Nanjing.JPG/330px-The_Tomb_of_the_King_of_Boni_%28Brunei%29_Nanjing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Tomb_of_the_King_of_Boni_%28Brunei%29_Nanjing.JPG/440px-The_Tomb_of_the_King_of_Boni_%28Brunei%29_Nanjing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_King_of_Boni" title="Tomb of the King of Boni">tomb of a Bruneian king</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, China</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Areas comprising what is now Brunei participated in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Jade_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Jade Road">Maritime Jade Road</a>, as ascertained by archeological research. The trading network existed for 3,000 years, between 2000 BC to 1000 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement known as Vijayapura was a vassal-state to the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> empire and was thought to be located in Borneo's Northwest which flourished in the 7th Century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vijayapura itself upon earlier in its history, was a rump state of the fallen multi-ethnic: Austronesian, Austroasiatic and Indian, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Funan">Funan Civilization</a>; previously located in what is now Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholl_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholl-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> This alternative Srivijaya known as Vijayapura referring to Brunei, was known to Arabic sources as "Sribuza".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest Chinese records of an independent kingdom in Borneo is the 977 AD letter to the Chinese emperor from the ruler of Boni, which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutton2000_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutton2000-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bruneians regained their independence from Srivijaya due to the onset of a Javanese-Sumatran war.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1225, the Chinese official <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Rukuo" title="Zhao Rukuo">Zhao Rukuo</a> reported that Boni had 100 warships to protect its trade, and that there was great wealth in the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200943_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200943-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marco Polo suggested in his memoirs that the Great Khan or the ruler of the Mongol Empire, attempted and failed many times in invading "Great Java" which was the European name for Bruneian controlled Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Wang Zhenping, in the 1300s, the <i>Yuan Dade nanhai zhi</i> or "Yuan dynasty Dade period southern sea records" reported that Brunei or administered <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> as well as the Philippine kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Butuan">Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a> (Mindoro), Malilu 麻裏蘆 (<a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Shahuchong</a> 沙胡重 (Siocon or <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a>), Yachen 啞陳 <a href="/wiki/Oton" title="Oton">Oton</a>, and 文杜陵 Wenduling (<a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Mindanao</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would regain their independence at a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Javanese</a> manuscript <i><a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Mpu_Prapanca" title="Mpu Prapanca">Prapanca</a> in 1365, mentioned <i>Barune</i> as the constituent state of Hindu <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had to make an annual <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> of 40 <a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">katis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>. In 1369, Sulu which was also formerly part of Majapahit, had successfully rebelled and then attacked Boni, and had invaded the Northeast Coast of Borneo<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and afterwards had looted the capital of its treasure and gold including sacking two sacred pearls. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Boni was left weaker after the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200944_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200944-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Chinese report from 1371 described Boni as poor and totally controlled by Majapahit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200945_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200945-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Chinese admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> visited the Brunei in the early 15th century, he founded a major trading port which included Chinese people who were actively trading with China.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 15th century, Boni had seceded from Majapahit and then converted to Islam. Thus transforming into the independent Sultanate of Brunei. Brunei became a <a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> state when she allowed the Arab Emir of Mecca, <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Ali" title="Sharif Ali">Sharif Ali</a>, to become her third sultan. </p><p>As customary for close affiliation and alliances in Southeast Asia, the royal family of Luzon intermarried with the ruling houses of the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Sultanate of Brunei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Junker1998_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intermarriage was a common strategy for Southeast Asian states to extend their influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott1994_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Islamic Brunei's power was not uncontested in Borneo since it had a Hindu rival in a state founded by Indians called <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a> in the south which they overpowered but didn't destroy. </p><p>Nevertheless, by the 16th century, Islam was firmly rooted in Brunei, and the country had built one of its biggest mosques. In 1578, Alonso Beltrán, a Spanish traveller, described it as being five stories tall and built on the water.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Spain_and_decline">War with Spain and decline</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunei_territorial_lose_(1400%E2%80%931890).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Brunei_territorial_lose_%281400%E2%80%931890%29.gif/220px-Brunei_territorial_lose_%281400%E2%80%931890%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Brunei_territorial_lose_%281400%E2%80%931890%29.gif/330px-Brunei_territorial_lose_%281400%E2%80%931890%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Brunei_territorial_lose_%281400%E2%80%931890%29.gif/440px-Brunei_territorial_lose_%281400%E2%80%931890%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Brunei territorial losses from 1400 to 1890</figcaption></figure><p> Brunei briefly rose to prominence in Southeast Asia when the Portuguese occupied <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and thereby forced the wealthy and powerful but displaced Muslim refugees there to relocate to nearby Sultanates such as Brunei. The Bruneian Sultan then intervened in a territorial conflict between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tondo">Hindu Tondo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Maynila">Muslim Manila</a> in the Philippines by appointing the Bruneian descended <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Ache</a> of Manila as admiral of the Bruneian navy in a rivalry against Tondo and as the enforcer of Bruneian interests in the Philippines. He subsequently encountered the Magellan expedition<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wherein <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a> noted that under orders from his grandfather the Sultan of Brunei, Ache had previously sacked the Buddhist city of Loue in Southwest Borneo for being faithful to the old religion and rebelling against the authority of Sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">European influence</a> gradually brought an end to Brunei's <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>, as Brunei entered a period of decline compounded by internal strife over royal succession. In the face of these invasions by European Christian powers, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Caliphate</a> aided the beleaguered Southeast Asian Sultanates by making <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_expedition_to_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman expedition to Aceh">Aceh</a> a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> and sending expeditions to reinforce, train and equip the local <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turks were routinely migrating to Brunei as evidenced by the complaints of Manila Oidor Melchor Davalos who in his 1585 report, say that Turks were coming to Sumatra, Borneo and Ternate every year, including defeated veterans from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain <a href="/wiki/Castille_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Castille War">declared war</a> in 1578, planning to attack and capture <a href="/wiki/Kota_Batu,_Brunei-Muara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota Batu, Brunei-Muara">Kota Batu</a>, Brunei's capital at the time. This was based in part on the assistance of two Bruneian <a href="/wiki/Pengiran#Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengiran">noblemen</a>, Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The former had travelled to <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, then the centre of the Spanish colony. Manila itself was captured from Brunei, Christianised and made a territory of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> which was centered in Mexico City. Pengiran Seri Lela came to offer Brunei as a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary</a> to Spain for help to recover the throne usurped by his brother, Saiful Rijal.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish agreed that if they succeeded in conquering Brunei, Pengiran Seri Lela would be appointed as the sultan, while Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new <a href="/wiki/Bendahara" title="Bendahara">Bendahara</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Brunei_(%E6%B1%B6%E8%8E%B1%E5%9C%8B)_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Brunei_%28%E6%B1%B6%E8%8E%B1%E5%9C%8B%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Brunei_%28%E6%B1%B6%E8%8E%B1%E5%9C%8B%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Brunei_%28%E6%B1%B6%E8%8E%B1%E5%9C%8B%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Brunei_%28%E6%B1%B6%E8%8E%B1%E5%9C%8B%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Brunei_%28%E6%B1%B6%E8%8E%B1%E5%9C%8B%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Brunei_%28%E6%B1%B6%E8%8E%B1%E5%9C%8B%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1586" data-file-height="2167" /></a><figcaption>Brunei (汶莱國) delegates in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, in 1761. <i><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="萬國來朝圖">萬國來朝圖</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1578, a fresh Spanish fleet had arrived from Mexico and settled at the Philippines. They were led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Sande" title="Francisco de Sande">De Sande</a>, acting as <a href="/wiki/Capit%C3%A1n-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitán-General">Capitán-General</a>. He organized an expedition from Manila for Brunei, consisting of 400 Spaniards and Mexicans, 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> natives, and 300 Borneans.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign was one of many, which also included action in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The racial make-up of the Christian side was diverse since it were usually made up of <a href="/wiki/Mestizos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizos">Mestizos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulattoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulattoes">Mulattoes</a> and Amerindians (<a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayans">Mayans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incans" class="mw-redirect" title="Incans">Incans</a>) who were gathered and sent from Mexico and were led by Spanish officers who had worked together with native Filipinos in military campaigns across the Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim side was also equally racially diverse. In addition to the native Malay warriors, the Ottomans had repeatedly sent military expeditions to nearby <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_expedition_to_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman expedition to Aceh">Aceh</a>. The expeditions were composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujaratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujaratis">Gujaratis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These expeditionary forces had also spread to other nearby Sultanates such as Brunei and had taught new fighting tactics and techniques on how to forge cannons.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the Spanish captured the capital on 16 April 1578, with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang then to <a href="/wiki/Jerudong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerudong">Jerudong</a>. In Jerudong, they made plans to chase the conquering army away from Brunei. Suffering high fatalities due to a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> outbreak,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Spanish decided to abandon Brunei and returned to Manila on 26 June 1578, after 72 days.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pengiran Seri Lela died in August or September 1578, probably from the same illness suffered by his Spanish allies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There was suspicion that the legitimist sultan could have been poisoned by the ruling sultan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Seri Lela's daughter, a Bruneian princess, "Putri", had left with the Spanish, she abandoned her claim to the crown and then she married a Christian <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a>, named Agustín de Legazpi de Tondo.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agustin_de_Legaspi" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustin de Legaspi">Agustin de Legaspi</a> along with his family and associates were soon implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Maharlikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy of the Maharlikas">Conspiracy of the Maharlikas</a>, an attempt by Filipinos to link up with the Brunei Sultanate and Japanese Shogunate to expel the Spaniards from the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, upon the Spanish suppression of the conspiracy, the Bruneian descended aristocracy of precolonial Manila were exiled to <a href="/wiki/Guerrero,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrero, Mexico">Guerrero, Mexico</a> which consequently later became a center of the <a href="/wiki/Isidoro_Montes_de_Oca" title="Isidoro Montes de Oca">Mexican war of independence against Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enchistoria_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enchistoria-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-riquezahis_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riquezahis-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local Brunei accounts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200941_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200941-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Castilian War differ greatly from the generally accepted view of events. What was called the Castilian War was seen as a heroic episode, with the Spaniards being driven out by <a href="/wiki/Bendahara_Sakam" title="Bendahara Sakam">Bendahara Sakam</a>, purportedly a brother of the ruling sultan, and a thousand native warriors. Most historians consider this to be a <a href="/wiki/Folk-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk-hero">folk-hero</a> account, which probably developed decades or centuries after.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei eventually descended into anarchy. The country suffered a <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Civil War">civil war</a> from 1660 to 1673. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_intervention">British intervention</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_Brunei_Administrators" class="mw-redirect" title="British Brunei Administrators">British Brunei Administrators</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Labuan_on_18_December_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Labuan_on_18_December_1846.jpg/220px-The_signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Labuan_on_18_December_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Labuan_on_18_December_1846.jpg/330px-The_signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Labuan_on_18_December_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Labuan_on_18_December_1846.jpg/440px-The_signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Labuan_on_18_December_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>British adventurer <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a> negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a>, which led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labuan" title="Treaty of Labuan">Treaty of Labuan</a>, 1846</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png/220px-Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png/330px-Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png/440px-Control_of_the_island_of_Borneo.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>Boundaries of Brunei (green) since 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>The British have intervened in the affairs of Brunei on several occasions. Britain attacked Brunei in July 1846 due to internal conflicts over who was the rightful Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200952_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200952-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1880s, the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> continued. The sultan granted land (now Sarawak) to <a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a>, who had helped him quell a rebellion, and allowed him to establish the <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a>. Over time, Brooke and his nephews (who succeeded him) leased or annexed more land. Brunei lost much of its territory to him and his dynasty, known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">White Rajahs</a>. </p><p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hashim_Jalilul_Alam_Aqamaddin" title="Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin">Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin</a> appealed to the British to stop further encroachment by the Brookes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam20093_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam20093-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Treaty of Protection" was negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Low" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hugh Low">Sir Hugh Low</a> and signed into effect on 17 September 1888. The treaty said that the sultan "could not cede or lease any territory to foreign powers without British consent"; it provided <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> effective control over Brunei's external affairs, making it a <a href="/wiki/British_protected_state" class="mw-redirect" title="British protected state">British protected state</a> (which continued until 1984).<sup id="cite_ref-cia_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, when the Raj of Sarawak annexed Brunei's <a href="/wiki/Limbang_Division" title="Limbang Division">Pandaruan District</a> in 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the British did not take any action to stop it. They did not regard either Brunei or the Raj of Sarawak as 'foreign' (per the Treaty of Protection). This final annexation by Sarawak left Brunei with its current small land mass and separation into two parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200958_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200958-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_resident" class="mw-redirect" title="British resident">British residents</a> were introduced in Brunei under the Supplementary Protectorate Agreement in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200959_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200959-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The residents were to advise the sultan on all matters of administration. Over time, the resident assumed more executive control than the sultan. The residential system ended in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200967_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200967-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_oil">Discovery of oil</h3></div> <p>Petroleum was discovered in 1929 after several fruitless attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200912_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200912-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two men, F. F. Marriot and T. G. Cochrane, smelled oil near the <a href="/wiki/Seria" title="Seria">Seria</a> river in late 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200913_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200913-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They informed a <a href="/wiki/Geophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysicist">geophysicist</a>, who conducted a survey there. In 1927, gas seepages were reported in the area. Seria Well Number One (S-1) was drilled on 12 July 1928. Oil was struck at 297 metres (974 ft) on 5 April 1929. Seria Well Number 2 was drilled on 19 August 1929, and, as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunei&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, continues to produce oil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200914_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200914-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil production was increased considerably in the 1930s with the development of more oil fields. In 1940, oil production was at more than six million barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200914_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200914-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Malayan Petroleum Company (now <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Shell_Petroleum" title="Brunei Shell Petroleum">Brunei Shell Petroleum</a> Company) was formed on 22 July 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200915_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200915-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first offshore well was drilled in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil and natural gas have been the basis of Brunei's development and wealth since the late 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_occupation">Japanese occupation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Brunei" title="Special:EditPage/Brunei">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Brunei%22">"Brunei"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Brunei%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Brunei%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Brunei%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Brunei%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Brunei%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_(AWM_P10841.001).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_%28AWM_P10841.001%29.JPG/220px-Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_%28AWM_P10841.001%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_%28AWM_P10841.001%29.JPG/330px-Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_%28AWM_P10841.001%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_%28AWM_P10841.001%29.JPG/440px-Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_%28AWM_P10841.001%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tajuddin" title="Ahmad Tajuddin">Ahmad Tajuddin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">27th Sultan of Brunei</a>, with members of his court in April 1941, eight months before the Japanese invaded Brunei</figcaption></figure> <p>The Japanese invaded Brunei on 16 December 1941, eight days after their <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and the United States Navy. They landed 10,000 troops of the <a href="/wiki/Kawaguchi_Detachment" title="Kawaguchi Detachment">Kawaguchi Detachment</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay" title="Cam Ranh Bay">Cam Ranh Bay</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Belait" title="Kuala Belait">Kuala Belait</a>. After six days' fighting, they occupied the entire country. The only Allied troops in the area were the 2nd Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Punjab_Regiment" title="15th Punjab Regiment">15th Punjab Regiment</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>, Sarawak.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the Japanese occupied Brunei, they made an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tajuddin" title="Ahmad Tajuddin">Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin</a> over governing the country. Inche Ibrahim (known later as Pehin Datu Perdana Menteri Dato Laila Utama Awang Haji Ibrahim), a former Secretary to the British Resident, Ernest Edgar Pengilly, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_administrative_officer" title="Chief administrative officer">chief administrative officer</a> under the Japanese Governor. The Japanese had proposed that Pengilly retain his position under their administration, but he declined. Both he and other British nationals still in Brunei were interned by the Japanese at <a href="/wiki/Batu_Lintang_camp" title="Batu Lintang camp">Batu Lintang camp</a> in Sarawak. While the British officials were under Japanese guard, Ibrahim made a point of personally shaking each one by the hand and wishing him well.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sultan retained his throne and was given a pension and honours by the Japanese. During the later part of the occupation, he resided at Tantuya, <a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a> and had little to do with the Japanese. Most of the Malay government officers were retained by the Japanese. Brunei's administration was reorganised into five prefectures, which included British <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a>. The Prefectures included <a href="/wiki/Miri_Division" title="Miri Division">Baram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawas" title="Lawas">Lawas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a>. Ibrahim hid numerous significant government documents from the Japanese during the occupation. Pengiran Yusuf (later YAM Pengiran Setia Negara Pengiran <a href="/wiki/Haji_Mohd_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Mohd Yusuf">Haji Mohd Yusuf</a>), along with other Bruneians, was sent to Japan for training. Although in the area the day of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a>, Yusuf survived. </p><p>The British had anticipated a Japanese attack, but lacked the resources to defend the area because of their engagement in the war in Europe. The troops from the Punjab Regiment filled in the <a href="/wiki/Seria" title="Seria">Seria</a> oilfield oilwells with concrete in September 1941 to deny the Japanese their use. The remaining equipment and installations were destroyed when the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Japanese invaded Malaya</a>. By the end of the war, 16 wells at <a href="/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miri, Malaysia">Miri</a> and Seria had been restarted, with production reaching about half the pre-war level. Coal production at <a href="/wiki/Muara,_Brunei" title="Muara, Brunei">Muara</a> was also recommenced, but with little success. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Battleship_Nagato_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Japanese_Battleship_Nagato_1944.jpg/220px-Japanese_Battleship_Nagato_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Japanese_Battleship_Nagato_1944.jpg/330px-Japanese_Battleship_Nagato_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Japanese_Battleship_Nagato_1944.jpg/440px-Japanese_Battleship_Nagato_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato">Nagato</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tone_(1937)" title="Japanese cruiser Tone (1937)">Tone</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">Musashi</a></i> in Brunei Bay in October 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>During the occupation, the Japanese had their language taught in schools, and Government officers were required to learn Japanese. The local currency was replaced by what was to become known as <a href="/wiki/Banana_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana money"><i>duit pisang</i> (banana money)</a>. From 1943 hyper-inflation destroyed the currency's value and, at the end of the war, this currency was worthless. Allied attacks on shipping eventually caused trade to cease. Food and medicine fell into short supply, and the population suffered from famine and disease. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brunei_International_Airport" title="Brunei International Airport">airport</a> runway was constructed by the Japanese during the occupation, and in 1943 Japanese naval units were based in <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bay" title="Brunei Bay">Brunei Bay</a> and Labuan. The naval base was destroyed by Allied bombing, but the airport runway survived. The facility was developed as a public airport. In 1944 the Allies began a bombing campaign against the occupying Japanese, which destroyed much of the town and Kuala Belait, but missed <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Ayer" title="Kampong Ayer">Kampong Ayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Surrender,_Labuan_(AWM_115989).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Japanese_Surrender%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_115989%29.JPG/220px-Japanese_Surrender%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_115989%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Japanese_Surrender%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_115989%29.JPG/330px-Japanese_Surrender%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_115989%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Japanese_Surrender%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_115989%29.JPG/440px-Japanese_Surrender%2C_Labuan_%28AWM_115989%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Wootten" title="George Wootten">Major-General Wootten</a> of the Australian 9th Division with <a href="/wiki/Masao_Baba" title="Masao Baba">Lieutenant-General Masao Baba</a> (signing) of the Japanese 37th Division at the surrender ceremony at Labuan on 10 September 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 June 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_9th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian 9th Division">Australian 9th Division</a> landed at Muara under <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Operation Oboe Six</a> to recapture Borneo from the Japanese. They were supported by American air and naval units. Brunei town was bombed extensively and recaptured after three days of heavy fighting. Many buildings were destroyed, including the Mosque. The Japanese forces in Brunei, Borneo, and Sarawak, under Lieutenant-General Masao Baba, formally surrendered at Labuan on 10 September 1945. The British Military Administration took over from the Japanese and remained until July 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a new government was formed in Brunei under the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a> (BMA). It consisted mainly of Australian officers and servicemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200979_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200979-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration of Brunei was passed to the Civil Administration on 6 July 1945. The Brunei State Council was also revived that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200980_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200980-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BMA was tasked to revive the Bruneian economy, which was extensively damaged by the Japanese during their occupation. They also had to put out the fires on the wells of Seria, which had been set by the Japanese prior to their defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200980_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200980-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1941, the Governor of the Straits Settlements, based in Singapore, was responsible for the duties of British High Commissioner for Brunei, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sarawak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200981_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200981-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/British_High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="British High Commissioner">British High Commissioner</a> for Brunei was the Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Ardon Clarke. The <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Pemuda" title="Barisan Pemuda">Barisan Pemuda</a> ("Youth Front"; abbreviated as BARIP) was the first political party to be formed in Brunei, on 12 April 1946. The party intended to "preserve the sovereignty of the Sultan and the country, and to defend the rights of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-History131_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History131-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BARIP also contributed to the composition of the country's national anthem. The party was dissolved in 1948 due to inactivity. </p><p>In 1959, a new constitution was written declaring Brunei a self-governing state, while its foreign affairs, security, and defence remained the responsibility of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> erupted against the monarchy in 1962, which was suppressed with help of the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Revolt">Brunei Revolt</a>, the rebellion contributed to the Sultan's decision to opt out of joining the emerging state now called Malaysia under the umbrella of <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Federation" title="North Borneo Federation">North Borneo Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official National Day, which celebrates the country's independence, is held by tradition on 23 February.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_of_the_Constitution">Writing of the Constitution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III.jpg/220px-Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III.jpg/330px-Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III.jpg/440px-Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III" title="Omar Ali Saifuddien III">Omar Ali Saifuddien III</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1953, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III" title="Omar Ali Saifuddien III">Omar Ali Saifuddien III</a> formed a seven-member committee named <i>Tujuh Serangkai</i>, to determine the citizens' views regarding a written constitution for Brunei. In May 1954, the Sultan, Resident and High Commissioner met to discuss the findings of the committee. They agreed to authorise the drafting of a constitution. In March 1959, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III led a delegation to London to discuss the proposed Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200998_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200998-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British delegation was led by Sir <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lennox-Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lennox-Boyd">Alan Lennox-Boyd</a>, Secretary of State for the Colonies. The British Government later accepted the draft constitution. </p><p>On 29 September 1959, the Constitution Agreement was signed in <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Brunei Town</a>. The agreement was signed by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Sir Robert Scott, the Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia. It included the following provisions:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200959_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200959-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Sultan was made the Supreme Head of State.</li> <li>Brunei was responsible for its internal administration.</li> <li>The British Government was responsible for foreign and defence affairs only.</li> <li>The post of Resident was abolished and replaced by a British High Commissioner.</li></ul> <p>Five councils were established:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009100_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009100-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Executive Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Brunei" title="Legislative Council of Brunei">The Legislative Council of Brunei</a></li> <li>The Privy Council</li> <li>The Council of Succession</li> <li>The State Religious Council</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_development_plans">National development plans</h3></div> <p>A series of National Development Plans was initiated by the 28th Sultan of Brunei, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ali_Saifuddien_III" title="Omar Ali Saifuddien III">Omar Ali Saifuddien III</a>. </p><p>The first was introduced in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200992_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200992-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total sum of B$100 million was approved by the Brunei State Council for the plan. E.R. Bevington, from the Colonial Office in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, was appointed to implement it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009129_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009129-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A US$14 million Gas Plant was built under the plan. In 1954, survey and exploration work were undertaken by the Brunei Shell Petroleum on both offshore and onshore fields. By 1956, production reached 114,700 <a href="/wiki/Barrels_per_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrels per day">bpd</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_BRITISH_ARMY_IN_BRUNEI,_JANUARY_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/THE_BRITISH_ARMY_IN_BRUNEI%2C_JANUARY_1963.jpg/220px-THE_BRITISH_ARMY_IN_BRUNEI%2C_JANUARY_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/THE_BRITISH_ARMY_IN_BRUNEI%2C_JANUARY_1963.jpg/330px-THE_BRITISH_ARMY_IN_BRUNEI%2C_JANUARY_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/THE_BRITISH_ARMY_IN_BRUNEI%2C_JANUARY_1963.jpg/440px-THE_BRITISH_ARMY_IN_BRUNEI%2C_JANUARY_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>British soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> of Brunei on guard in the <a href="/wiki/Seria_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Seria Field">Seria oilfield</a>, January 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>The plan also aided the development of public education. By 1958, expenditure on education totalled at $4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009129_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009129-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communications were improved, as new roads were built and reconstruction at <a href="/wiki/Old_Airport,_Brunei" title="Old Airport, Brunei">Berakas Airport</a> was completed in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200921_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200921-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second National Development Plan was launched in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200921_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200921-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major oil and gas field was discovered in 1963. Developments in the oil and gas sector have continued, and oil production has steadily increased since then.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200996_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200996-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan also promoted the production of meat and eggs for consumption by citizens. The fishing industry increased its output by 25% throughout the course of the plan. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Panamax_ports" title="List of Panamax ports">deepwater port</a> at <a href="/wiki/Muara,_Brunei" title="Muara, Brunei">Muara</a> was also constructed during this period. Power requirements were met, and studies were made to provide electricity to rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200996_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200996-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts were made to eradicate <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, an endemic disease in the region, with the help of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. Malaria cases were reduced from 300 cases in 1953 to only 66 cases in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-History129_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History129-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death rate was reduced from 20 per thousand in 1947 to 11.3 per thousand in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-History129_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History129-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infectious disease has been prevented by public sanitation and improvement of drainage, and the provision of piped pure water to the population.<sup id="cite_ref-History129_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History129-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <p>On 14 November 1971, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a> left for London to discuss matters regarding the amendments to the 1959 constitution. A new agreement was signed on 23 November 1971 with the British representative being <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Royle,_Baron_Fanshawe_of_Richmond" title="Anthony Royle, Baron Fanshawe of Richmond">Anthony Royle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under this agreement, the following terms were agreed upon: </p> <ul><li>Brunei was granted full internal self-government</li> <li>The UK would still be responsible for external affairs and defence.</li> <li>Brunei and the UK agreed to share the responsibility for security and defence.</li></ul> <p>This agreement also caused <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Garrison_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="British Military Garrison Brunei">Gurkha units</a> to be deployed in Brunei, where they remain up to this day. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_of_Brunei_with_Janin_Erih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sultan_of_Brunei_with_Janin_Erih.jpg/220px-Sultan_of_Brunei_with_Janin_Erih.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sultan_of_Brunei_with_Janin_Erih.jpg/330px-Sultan_of_Brunei_with_Janin_Erih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sultan_of_Brunei_with_Janin_Erih.jpg/440px-Sultan_of_Brunei_with_Janin_Erih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a> (right), handing his credentials to ambassador <a href="/wiki/Janin_Erih" title="Janin Erih">Janin Erih</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 January 1979, another treaty was signed between Brunei and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. It was signed with Lord Goronwy-Roberts being the representative of the UK. This agreement granted Brunei to take over international responsibilities as an independent nation. Britain agreed to assist Brunei in diplomatic matters. In May 1983, it was announced by the UK that the date of independence of Brunei would be 1 January 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 December 1983, a mass gathering was held on main mosques on all four of the districts of the country and at midnight, on 1 January 1984, the Proclamation of Independence was read by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. The sultan subsequently assumed the title "<a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His Majesty</a>", rather than the previous "<a href="/wiki/His_Royal_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Royal Highness">His Royal Highness</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunei was <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">admitted to the United Nations</a> on 22 September 1984, becoming the organisation's 159th member.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <p>In October 2013, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah announced his intention to impose <a href="/wiki/Penal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Code">Penal Code</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> on the country's Muslims, which make up roughly two thirds of the country's population.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be implemented in three phases, culminating in 2016, and making Brunei the first and only country in East Asia to introduce Sharia into its penal code, excluding the subnational Indonesian special territory of <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move attracted international criticism,<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_2014-05-07_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC_2014-05-07-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United Nations expressing "deep concern".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-27216798_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-27216798-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brunei" title="Geography of Brunei">Geography of Brunei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunei_location_map_Topographic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Brunei_location_map_Topographic.png/290px-Brunei_location_map_Topographic.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Brunei_location_map_Topographic.png/435px-Brunei_location_map_Topographic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Brunei_location_map_Topographic.png/580px-Brunei_location_map_Topographic.png 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption>A topographic and geographic limits map of Brunei</figcaption></figure> <p>Brunei is a southeast Asian country consisting of two unconnected parts with a total area of 5,765 square kilometres (2,226 sq mi) on the island of Borneo. It has 161 kilometres (100 mi) of coastline next to the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, and it shares a 381 km (237 mi) <a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Malaysia_border" title="Brunei–Malaysia border">border with Malaysia</a>. It has 500 square kilometres (193 sq mi) of territorial waters, and a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 97% of the population lives in the larger western part (<a href="/wiki/Belait_District" title="Belait District">Belait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutong_District" title="Tutong District">Tutong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brunei_and_Muara" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei and Muara">Brunei-Muara</a>), while only about 10,000 people live in the mountainous eastern part (<a href="/wiki/Temburong_District" title="Temburong District">Temburong District</a>). The total population of Brunei is approximately 408,000 as of July 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunei&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, of which around 150,000 live in the capital <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major towns are the port town of <a href="/wiki/Muara,_Brunei" title="Muara, Brunei">Muara</a>, the oil-producing town of <a href="/wiki/Seria" title="Seria">Seria</a> and its neighbouring town, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Belait" title="Kuala Belait">Kuala Belait</a>. In Belait District, the <a href="/wiki/Panaga" title="Panaga">Panaga</a> area is home to large numbers of Europeans expatriates, due to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> and British Army housing, and several recreational facilities are located there.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Brunei is within the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forests" title="Borneo lowland rain forests">Borneo lowland rain forests</a> ecoregion, which covers most of the island. Areas of <a href="/wiki/Borneo_montane_rain_forests" title="Borneo montane rain forests">mountain rain forests</a> are located inland.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brunei <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 72% of the total land area, equivalent to 380,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 413,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 374,740 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 5,260 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 69% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 5% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Brunei">climate of Brunei</a> is <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> equatorial that is a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a><sup id="cite_ref-cia_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more subject to the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade winds</a> and with no or rare <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a>. Brunei is exposed to the risks stemming from climate change along with other <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> member states.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" title="Politics of Brunei">Politics of Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Brunei" title="Government of Brunei">Government of Brunei</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_-_53810840215.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_-_53810840215.jpg/180px-Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_-_53810840215.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_-_53810840215.jpg/270px-Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_-_53810840215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_-_53810840215.jpg/360px-Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_-_53810840215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="6168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brunei's political system is governed by the constitution and the national tradition of the Malay Islamic Monarchy (<i><a href="/wiki/Melayu_Islam_Beraja" title="Melayu Islam Beraja">Melayu Islam Beraja</a></i>; MIB). The three components of MIB cover Malay culture, Islamic religion, and the political framework under the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-bruneipress.com.bn_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruneipress.com.bn-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a legal system based on <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a>, although Islamic law (<i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i>) supersedes this in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunei <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Brunei" title="Legislative Council of Brunei">has a parliament</a> but there are no elections; the last election was held in <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Revolt">1962</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, the Sultan, currently <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> with full executive authority. Following the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Revolt">Brunei Revolt</a> of 1962, this authority has included <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">emergency powers</a>, which are renewed every two years, meaning that Brunei has technically been under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> since then.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hassanal Bolkiah also serves as the state's prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Finance_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance minister">finance minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defence_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence minister">defence minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brunei" title="Foreign relations of Brunei">Foreign relations of Brunei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pres._Obama_and_HM_Bolkiah_APEC_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pres._Obama_and_HM_Bolkiah_APEC_2015.jpg/220px-Pres._Obama_and_HM_Bolkiah_APEC_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pres._Obama_and_HM_Bolkiah_APEC_2015.jpg/330px-Pres._Obama_and_HM_Bolkiah_APEC_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pres._Obama_and_HM_Bolkiah_APEC_2015.jpg/440px-Pres._Obama_and_HM_Bolkiah_APEC_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Brunei's Sultan and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a> meets with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, 18 November 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keroncong_Kemayoran_di_Perayaan_50_Tahun_Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Bertakhta_(2c).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Keroncong_Kemayoran_di_Perayaan_50_Tahun_Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Bertakhta_%282c%29.jpg/220px-Keroncong_Kemayoran_di_Perayaan_50_Tahun_Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Bertakhta_%282c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Keroncong_Kemayoran_di_Perayaan_50_Tahun_Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Bertakhta_%282c%29.jpg/330px-Keroncong_Kemayoran_di_Perayaan_50_Tahun_Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Bertakhta_%282c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Keroncong_Kemayoran_di_Perayaan_50_Tahun_Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Bertakhta_%282c%29.jpg/440px-Keroncong_Kemayoran_di_Perayaan_50_Tahun_Sultan_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Bertakhta_%282c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah with Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/Joko_Widodo" title="Joko Widodo">Joko Widodo</a>, 6 October 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1979, Brunei's foreign relations were managed by the UK government. After that, they were handled by the Brunei Diplomatic Service. After independence in 1984, this Service was upgraded to ministerial level and is now known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officially, Brunei's foreign policy is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mutual respect of others' territorial sovereignty, integrity and independence;</li> <li>The maintenance of friendly relations among nations;</li> <li>Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries; and</li> <li>The maintenance and the promotion of peace, security and stability in the region.</li></ul> <p>With its traditional ties with the United Kingdom, Brunei became the 49th member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> immediately on the day of its independence on 1 January 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one of its first initiatives toward improved regional relations, Brunei joined <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> on 7 January 1984, becoming the sixth member. To achieve recognition of its sovereignty and independence, it joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as a full member on 21 September of that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an Islamic country, Brunei became a full member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>) in January 1984 at the Fourth Islamic Summit held in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After its accession to the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> forum (APEC) in 1989, Brunei hosted the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2000 and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in July 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-APEC_2000_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APEC_2000-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunei became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) on 1 January 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-WTO_2008_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTO_2008-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a major player in <a href="/wiki/BIMP-EAGA" class="mw-redirect" title="BIMP-EAGA">BIMP-EAGA</a>, which was formed during the Inaugural Ministers' Meeting in <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, on 24 March 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-BIMP_1994_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIMP_1994-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei shares a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and the Philippines. In April 2009, Brunei and the Philippines signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of Understanding">Memorandum of Understanding</a> (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei is one of many nations to lay claim to some of the disputed <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dispute_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dispute-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of <a href="/wiki/Limbang" title="Limbang">Limbang</a> as part of Sarawak has been disputed by Brunei since the area was first annexed in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-dispute_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dispute-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue was reportedly settled in 2009, with Brunei agreeing to accept the border in exchange for Malaysia giving up claims to oil fields in Bruneian waters.<sup id="cite_ref-bt_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bt-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brunei government denies this and says that their claim on Limbang was never dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei was the chair for <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also hosted the ASEAN summit on that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-RA_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Brunei Armed Forces">Royal Brunei Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Garrison_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="British Military Garrison Brunei">British Military Garrison Brunei</a></div> <p>Brunei maintains three infantry battalions stationed around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Navy" title="Royal Brunei Navy">Brunei navy</a> has several "Ijtihad"-class patrol boats purchased from a German manufacturer. The United Kingdom also maintains a base in <a href="/wiki/Seria" title="Seria">Seria</a>, the centre of the oil industry in Brunei. A <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> battalion consisting of 1,500 personnel is stationed there.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United Kingdom military personnel are stationed there under a defence agreement signed between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Bell_212" title="Bell 212">Bell 212</a> operated by the air force crashed in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Belait" title="Kuala Belait">Kuala Belait</a> on 20 July 2012 with the loss of 12 of the 14 crew on board. The cause of the accident has yet to be ascertained.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crash is the worst aviation incident in the history of Brunei. </p><p>The Army is currently acquiring new equipment,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/UAV" class="mw-redirect" title="UAV">UAVs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-70" title="Sikorsky S-70">S-70i Black Hawks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei's Legislative Council proposed an increase of the defence budget for the 2016–17 fiscal year of about five per cent to 564 million Brunei dollars ($408 million). This amounts to about ten per cent of the state's total national yearly expenditure and represents around 2.5 per cent of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Brunei" title="Administrative divisions of Brunei">Administrative divisions of Brunei</a></div> <p>Brunei is divided into four <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Brunei" title="Districts of Brunei">districts</a> (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">daerah</i></span>), namely <a href="/wiki/Brunei-Muara_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei-Muara District">Brunei-Muara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belait_District" title="Belait District">Belait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutong_District" title="Tutong District">Tutong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temburong_District" title="Temburong District">Temburong</a>. Brunei-Muara District is the smallest yet the most populous, and home to the country's capital Bandar Seri Begawan. Belait is the birthplace and centre for the country's oil and gas industry. Temburong is an <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> and separated from the rest of the country by the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bay" title="Brunei Bay">Brunei Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> <a href="/wiki/States_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Malaysia">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. Tutong is home to <a href="/wiki/Tasek_Merimbun" title="Tasek Merimbun">Tasek Merimbun</a>, the country's largest natural lake. </p><p>Each district is divided into several <a href="/wiki/Mukims_of_Brunei" title="Mukims of Brunei">mukims</a>. Altogether there are 39 mukims in Brunei. Each mukim encompasses several <a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Brunei" title="Villages of Brunei">villages</a> (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">kampung</i></span> or <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">kampong</i></span>). </p><p>Bandar Seri Begawan and towns in the country (except <a href="/wiki/Pekan_Muara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pekan Muara">Muara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangar,_Brunei" title="Bangar, Brunei">Bangar</a>) are administered as <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brunei" title="Municipalities of Brunei">Municipal Board areas</a> (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">kawasan Lembaga Bandaran</i></span>). Each municipal area may constitute villages or mukims, partially or as a whole. Bandar Seri Begawan and a few of the towns also function as capitals of the districts where they are located. </p><p>A district and its constituent mukims and villages are administered by a District Office (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Jabatan Daerah</i></span>). Meanwhile, municipal areas are governed by Municipal Departments (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Jabatan Bandaran</i></span>). Both District Offices and Municipal Departments are government departments under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Brunei)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (Brunei)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h2></div> <p>Brunei has numerous courts in its judicial branch. The highest court, though subject in civil cases to the appellate jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the Supreme Court, which consists of the Court of Appeal and High Court. Both of these have a chief justice and two judges.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_children">Women and children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Women in Brunei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_111004-N-VP123-071_Lt._j.g._Artemas_Richardson,_a_public_affairs_officer_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke-class_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Dewey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/US_Navy_111004-N-VP123-071_Lt._j.g._Artemas_Richardson%2C_a_public_affairs_officer_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke-class_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Dewey.jpg/220px-US_Navy_111004-N-VP123-071_Lt._j.g._Artemas_Richardson%2C_a_public_affairs_officer_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke-class_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Dewey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/US_Navy_111004-N-VP123-071_Lt._j.g._Artemas_Richardson%2C_a_public_affairs_officer_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke-class_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Dewey.jpg/330px-US_Navy_111004-N-VP123-071_Lt._j.g._Artemas_Richardson%2C_a_public_affairs_officer_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke-class_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Dewey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/US_Navy_111004-N-VP123-071_Lt._j.g._Artemas_Richardson%2C_a_public_affairs_officer_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke-class_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Dewey.jpg/440px-US_Navy_111004-N-VP123-071_Lt._j.g._Artemas_Richardson%2C_a_public_affairs_officer_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke-class_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Dewey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Headscarves called <i><a href="/wiki/Tudong" title="Tudong">tudong</a></i> are compulsory for Brunei's Muslim schoolgirls</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. Department of State has stated that discrimination against women is a problem in Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law prohibits sexual harassment and stipulates that whoever assaults or uses criminal force, intending thereby to outrage or knowing it is likely to outrage the modesty of a person, shall be punished with imprisonment for as much as five years and <a href="/wiki/Caning" title="Caning">caning</a>. The law stipulates imprisonment of up to 30 years, and caning with not fewer than 12 strokes for rape. The law does not criminalise <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">spousal rape</a>; it explicitly states that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife, as long as she is not under 13 years of age, is not rape. Protections against sexual assault by a spouse are provided under the amended Islamic Family Law Order 2010 and Married Women Act Order 2010. The penalty for breaching a protection order is a fine not exceeding BN$2,000 or imprisonment not exceeding six months. By law, sexual intercourse with a female under 14 years of age constitutes rape and is punishable by imprisonment for not less than eight years and not more than 30 years and not less than 12 strokes of the cane. The intent of the law is to protect girls from exploitation through prostitution and "other immoral purposes", including pornography.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_nationality_law" title="Bruneian nationality law">Bruneian citizenship</a> is derived through parents' nationality rather than <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a></i>. Parents with stateless status are required to apply for a special pass for a child born in the country. Failure to register a child may make it difficult to enroll the child in school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brunei">LGBT rights in Brunei</a></div> <p>Male and female <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> is <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brunei">illegal in Brunei</a>. Sexual relations between men are punishable by death or whipping; sex between women is punishable by caning or imprisonment. </p><p>In May 2019, the Brunei government extended its existing moratorium on the death penalty to the Sharia criminal code as well that made homosexual acts punishable with death by stoning.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Brunei announced that it would no longer be implementing the second phase of its controversial sharia penal code. The code, which was first introduced in 2014, included a range of punishments for crimes such as theft, drug offences, and same-sex relationships, including amputation and death by stoning. </p><p>The decision to halt the implementation of the second phase of the code came after significant international backlash and pressure from countries and human rights organizations, who criticized the harsh punishments as inhumane and a violation of human rights. </p><p>The government of Brunei stated that the decision was made in order to maintain peace and stability in the country, and to avoid any negative impact on the economy and reputation of the country. The Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, also issued a statement saying that the country would continue to "strengthen and improve" its legal system in line with international norms and best practices. </p><p>It is worth mentioning that the first phase of the sharia penal code, which includes fines and imprisonment for offenses such as failure to attend Friday prayers and consuming alcohol, remains in place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_rights">Religious rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brunei" title="Freedom of religion in Brunei">Freedom of religion in Brunei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunei_International_Airport_Surau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brunei_International_Airport_Surau.jpg/220px-Brunei_International_Airport_Surau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brunei_International_Airport_Surau.jpg/330px-Brunei_International_Airport_Surau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brunei_International_Airport_Surau.jpg/440px-Brunei_International_Airport_Surau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Brunei International Airport Mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>In The Laws of Brunei, the right of non-Muslims to practice their faith is guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brunei" title="Constitution of Brunei">1959 Constitution</a>. However, celebrations and prayers must be confined to places of worship and private residences.<sup id="cite_ref-m.bt.com.bn_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m.bt.com.bn-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon adopting Sharia Penal Code, the Ministry of Religious Affairs banned <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> decorations in public places, but did not forbid celebration of Christmas in places of worship and private premises.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunei_unfairly_hurt_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunei_unfairly_hurt-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 December 2015, 4,000 out of 18,000 estimated local Catholics attended the mass of Christmas Day and Christmas Eve.<sup id="cite_ref-m.bt.com.bn_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m.bt.com.bn-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the then-<a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Sim" title="Cornelius Sim">head</a> of the Catholic Church in Brunei told <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brunei_Times" title="The Brunei Times">The Brunei Times</a></i>, "To be quite honest there has been no change for us this year; no new restrictions have been laid down, although we fully respect and adhere to the existing regulations that our celebrations and worship be [confined] to the compounds of the church and private residences".<sup id="cite_ref-m.bt.com.bn_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m.bt.com.bn-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei's revised penal code came into force in phases, commencing on 22 April 2014 with offences punishable by fines or imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunei140430_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunei140430-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DW-140430_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW-140430-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete code, due for final implementation later,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> stipulated the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> for numerous offenses (both violent and non-violent), such as insult or defamation of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, insulting any verses of the Quran and Hadith, <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>, declaring oneself a prophet or non-Muslim, robbery, rape, adultery, sodomy, extramarital sexual relations for Muslims, and murder. Stoning to death was the specified "method of execution for crimes of a sexual nature". Rupert Colville, spokesperson for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_UN_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR) declared that, "Application of the death penalty for such a broad range of offences contravenes international law."<sup id="cite_ref-UN_2014_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_2014-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_rights">Animal rights</h3></div> <p>Brunei is the first country in Asia to have banned <a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">shark finning</a> nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei has retained most of its forests, compared to its neighbours that share <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> island. There is a public campaign calling to protect <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a> which are considered a threatened treasure in Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-Hii2015_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hii2015-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Economy of Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brunei" title="Tourism in Brunei">Tourism in Brunei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SBY_dan_para_pemimpin_ASEAN_25-04-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SBY_dan_para_pemimpin_ASEAN_25-04-2013.jpg/220px-SBY_dan_para_pemimpin_ASEAN_25-04-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SBY_dan_para_pemimpin_ASEAN_25-04-2013.jpg/330px-SBY_dan_para_pemimpin_ASEAN_25-04-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SBY_dan_para_pemimpin_ASEAN_25-04-2013.jpg/440px-SBY_dan_para_pemimpin_ASEAN_25-04-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BIMP-EAGA" class="mw-redirect" title="BIMP-EAGA">BIMP-EAGA</a> meeting in the office of Brunei Prime Minister on 25 April 2013. From left: Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a>, Malaysian Representative and Filipino President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>. Brunei is part of the BIMP-EAGA, a subregional economic co-operation initiative in Southeast Asia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brunei has the second-highest <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a> nations, after <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Crude oil</a> and natural gas production account for about 90% of its GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 167,000 barrels (26,600 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil are produced every day, making Brunei the fourth-largest producer of oil in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also produces approximately 25.3 million cubic metres (890 million cubic feet) of <a href="/wiki/Liquified_natural_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified natural gas">liquified natural gas</a> per day, making Brunei the ninth-largest gas exporter in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> also ranks Brunei as the fifth-richest nation out of 182, based on its petroleum and natural gas fields.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunei was ranked 88th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. Most of these investments are made by the Brunei Investment Agency, an arm of the Ministry of Finance.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government provides for all medical services,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsidises rice<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and housing.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The national <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">air carrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Airlines" title="Royal Brunei Airlines">Royal Brunei Airlines</a>, is trying to develop Brunei as a hub for international travel between Europe and Australia/New Zealand. Central to this strategy is the position that the airline maintains at <a href="/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a>. It holds a daily slot at the highly capacity-controlled airport, which it serves from Bandar Seri Begawan via Dubai. The airline also has services to major Asian destinations including Hong Kong, Bangkok, Singapore and Manila. </p><p>Brunei depends heavily on imports such as agricultural products (e.g. rice, <a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">food products</a>, livestock, etc.),<sup id="cite_ref-agriculture_brunei_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agriculture_brunei-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vehicles and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">electrical products</a> from other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brunei imports 60% of its food; of that amount, around 75% come from other ASEAN countries.<sup id="cite_ref-agriculture_brunei_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agriculture_brunei-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei's leaders are concerned that increasing integration in the world economy will undermine internal <a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social cohesion</a> and have therefore pursued an isolationist policy. However, it has become a more prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC) forum. Brunei's leaders plan to upgrade the <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a> force, reduce unemployment, which was at 6.9% in 2014;<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> strengthen the banking and tourism sectors, and, in general, broaden the economic base.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A long-term development plan aims to diversify growth.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of Brunei has also promoted food self-sufficiency, especially in <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>. Brunei renamed its Brunei Darussalam Rice 1 as Laila Rice during the launch of the "Padi Planting Towards Achieving Self-Sufficiency of Rice Production in Brunei Darussalam" ceremony at the Wasan padi fields in April 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2009, the Royal Family reaped the first few Laila padi stalks, after years of attempts to boost local rice production, a goal first articulated about half a century ago.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2009 Brunei launched its national <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> branding scheme, Brunei Halal, with a goal to export to foreign markets.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Brunei's electricity production was largely based on fossil fuels; renewable energy accounted for less than 1% of produced electricity in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V8-DLA_Boeing_787_of_Royal_Brunei_at_Heathrow_(11400528073).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/V8-DLA_Boeing_787_of_Royal_Brunei_at_Heathrow_%2811400528073%29.jpg/220px-V8-DLA_Boeing_787_of_Royal_Brunei_at_Heathrow_%2811400528073%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/V8-DLA_Boeing_787_of_Royal_Brunei_at_Heathrow_%2811400528073%29.jpg/330px-V8-DLA_Boeing_787_of_Royal_Brunei_at_Heathrow_%2811400528073%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/V8-DLA_Boeing_787_of_Royal_Brunei_at_Heathrow_%2811400528073%29.jpg/440px-V8-DLA_Boeing_787_of_Royal_Brunei_at_Heathrow_%2811400528073%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Royal Brunei <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner" title="Boeing 787 Dreamliner">Boeing 787 Dreamliner</a> at London <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport_Holdings" title="Heathrow Airport Holdings">Heathrow Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2019, the country's road network constituted a total length of 3,713.57 kilometres (2,307.51 mi), out of which <span data-sort-value="7001867946477378910♠" style="display:none"></span>86.8% were <a href="/wiki/Paved_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Paved road">paved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics_2019_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics_2019-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 135-kilometre (84 mi) highway from <a href="/wiki/Muara_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Muara Town">Muara Town</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Belait" title="Kuala Belait">Kuala Belait</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bruneipress.com.bn_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruneipress.com.bn-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei is accessible by air, sea, and land transport. <a href="/wiki/Brunei_International_Airport" title="Brunei International Airport">Brunei International Airport</a> is the main entry point to the country. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Airlines" title="Royal Brunei Airlines">Royal Brunei Airlines</a><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the national carrier. There is another airfield, the <a href="/wiki/Anduki_Airfield" title="Anduki Airfield">Anduki Airfield</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Seria" title="Seria">Seria</a>. The ferry terminal at Muara services regular connections to <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> (Malaysia). Speedboats provide passenger and goods transportation to the Temburong district.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main highway running across Brunei is the Tutong-Muara Highway. The country's road network is well developed. Brunei has one main sea port located at Muara.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DOS_95-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The airport in Brunei is currently being extensively upgraded.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changi Airport International is the consultant working on this modernisation, which planned cost is currently $150 million.<sup id="cite_ref-BT_null_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT_null-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aviation_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aviation-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project is slated to add 14,000 square metres (150,000 sq ft) of new floorspace and includes a new terminal and arrival hall.<sup id="cite_ref-BT22_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT22-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the completion of this project, the annual passenger capacity of the airport is expected to double from 1.5 to 3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-BT_null_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BT_null-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With one private car for every 2.09 persons, Brunei has one of the highest car ownership rates in the world. This has been attributed to the absence of a comprehensive transport system, low import tax, and low unleaded petrol price of B$0.53 per litre.<sup id="cite_ref-bruneipress.com.bn_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruneipress.com.bn-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new 30-kilometre (19 mi) roadway <a href="/wiki/Temburong_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Temburong Bridge">connecting the Muara and Temburong</a> districts of opened to traffic on March 17, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fourteen kilometres (9 mi) of this roadway would be crossing the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bay" title="Brunei Bay">Brunei Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bridge cost is $1.6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a> received permission to open a branch in Brunei in April 2016. <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a>, which entered in 1972, closed its operations in Brunei in 2014. <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>, which had entered in 1947, closed its operation in Brunei in November 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-HSBCClose_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSBCClose-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maybank" title="Maybank">Maybank of Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/RHB_Bank" title="RHB Bank">RHB Bank of Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered Bank of United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Overseas_Bank" title="United Overseas Bank">United Overseas Bank of Singapore</a> and Bank of China are currently operating in Brunei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brunei" title="Demographics of Brunei">Demographics of Brunei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg/220px-Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg/330px-Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg/440px-Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3933" data-file-height="2622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque">Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque</a> at night.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ethnicities indigenous to Brunei include the <a href="/wiki/Belait_people" title="Belait people">Belait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Brunei Bisaya</a> (not to be confused with the Bisaya/Visaya of the nearby Philippines), indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tutong_people" title="Tutong people">Tutong</a>. </p><p>The population of Brunei in 2021 was 445,373,<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 76% live in urban areas. The rate of urbanisation is estimated at 2.13% per year from 2010 to 2015. The average life expectancy is 77.7 years.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, 65.7% of the population were <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Malay</a>, 10.3% are <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Chinese</a>, 3.4% are indigenous, with 20.6% smaller groups making up the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a relatively large <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most expats come from non-<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> countries such as Australia, United Kingdom, South Korea, Japan, The Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Religion in Brunei</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 314.47802847242px; border-left-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 117.83254560581px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 47.826161647115px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Brunei (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-deps.gov.bn_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deps.gov.bn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> 362,035 (82.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> 29,462 (6.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> 27,745 (6.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Others: indigenous beliefs and non-religious, Atheist or <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">Agnostic</a> 21,473 (4.9%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Islam</a> is the official religion of Brunei,<sup id="cite_ref-cia_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically that of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> denomination and the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of Islamic jurisprudence. More than 82% of the population, including the majority of <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian Malays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayans</a> identify as <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>. Other faiths practised are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brunei" title="Christianity in Brunei">Christianity</a> (6.7%) <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brunei" title="Buddhism in Brunei">Buddhism</a> (6.3%, mainly by the Chinese).<sup id="cite_ref-deps.gov.bn_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deps.gov.bn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethinkers</a>, mostly Chinese, form about 2% of the population. Although most of them practise some form of religion with elements of Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, they prefer to present themselves as having practised no religion officially, hence labelled as <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> in official censuses. Followers of indigenous religions are about 2% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">Languages of Brunei</a></div> <p>The official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">language of Brunei</a> is <a href="/wiki/Standard_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Malay">Standard Malay</a>, for which both the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rumi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumi script">Rumi</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a>) are used.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Malay was written in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a> before it switched to the Latin alphabet around 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne2016104_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne2016104-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal spoken language is <i>Melayu Brunei</i> (<a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a>). Brunei Malay is rather divergent from standard Malay and the rest of the Malay dialects, being about 84% cognate with standard Malay,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is mostly mutually intelligible with it.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is widely used as a business and official language and it is spoken by a majority of the population in Brunei. English is used in business as a <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working language</a> and as the language of instruction from primary to tertiary education.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese languages are also widely spoken, and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Chinese minority</a> in Brunei speaks a number of <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is the religious language of Muslims and is taught in schools, particularly religious schools, and also in institutes of higher learning. As of 2004, there are six Arabic schools and one religious teachers' college in Brunei. A majority of Brunei's Muslim population has had some form of formal or informal education in the reading, writing and pronunciation of the Arabic language as part of their religious education. </p><p>Other languages and dialects spoken include <a href="/wiki/Kedayan_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedayan Malay">Kedayan Malay</a> dialect, <a href="/wiki/Tutong_language" title="Tutong language">Tutong Malay dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Culture of Brunei</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Regalie_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Royal_Regalie_%281%29.JPG/220px-Royal_Regalie_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Royal_Regalie_%281%29.JPG/330px-Royal_Regalie_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Royal_Regalie_%281%29.JPG/440px-Royal_Regalie_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2461" /></a><figcaption>Royal Regalia Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of Brunei is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay</a> (reflecting its ethnicity), with heavy influences from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, but is seen as much more conservative than <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influences to Bruneian culture come from the Malay cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>. Four periods of cultural influence have occurred: animist, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, Islamic, and Western. Islam had a very strong influence, and was adopted as Brunei's ideology and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> country, the sale and public consumption of alcohol is banned.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunei_Tourism_Website_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunei_Tourism_Website-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Muslims are allowed to bring in a limited amount of alcohol from their point of embarkation overseas for their own private consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-bruneipress.com.bn_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruneipress.com.bn-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Brunei">Media of Brunei</a></div> <p>Media in Brunei are said to be pro-government; press criticism of the government and monarchy is rare. The country ranks "Not Free" in media by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the press is not overtly hostile toward alternative viewpoints and is not restricted to publishing only articles regarding the government. The government allowed a printing and publishing company, Brunei Press PLC, to form in 1953. The company continues to print the English daily <i><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Bulletin" title="Borneo Bulletin">Borneo Bulletin</a></i>. This paper began as a weekly <a href="/wiki/Community_paper" title="Community paper">community paper</a> and became a daily in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-bruneipress.com.bn_120-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruneipress.com.bn-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from The <i>Borneo Bulletin</i>, there is also the <i><a href="/wiki/Media_Permata" title="Media Permata">Media Permata</a></i> and Pelita Brunei, the local Malay newspapers which are circulated daily. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brunei_Times" title="The Brunei Times">The Brunei Times</a></i> is another English independent newspaper published in Brunei since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Brunei government, through state broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_Brunei" title="Radio Television Brunei">Radio Television Brunei</a> (RTB), owns and operates three television channels with the introduction of digital TV using DVB-T (RTB Perdana, RTB Aneka and RTB Sukmaindera) and five radio stations (National FM, Pilihan FM, Nur Islam FM, Harmony FM and Pelangi FM). A private company has made cable television available (Astro-Kristal) as well as one private radio station, Kristal FM.<sup id="cite_ref-bruneipress.com.bn_120-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruneipress.com.bn-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has an online campus radio station, <i><a href="/wiki/UBD_FM" title="UBD FM">UBD FM</a></i>, that streams from its first university, <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Brunei_Darussalam" title="Universiti Brunei Darussalam">Universiti Brunei Darussalam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brunei" title="Sport in Brunei">Sport in Brunei</a></div> <p>The most popular sport in Brunei is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brunei_national_football_team" title="Brunei national football team">Brunei national football team</a> joined <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> in 1969, but has not had much success. Brunei's top football league is the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Super_League" title="Brunei Super League">Brunei Super League</a>, which is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Brunei_Darussalam" title="Football Association of Brunei Darussalam">Football Association of Brunei Darussalam</a> (FABD). The nation has its own martial arts called "Silat Suffian Bela Diri".<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brunei debuted <a href="/wiki/Brunei_at_the_Olympics" title="Brunei at the Olympics">at the Olympics</a> in 1996 and has competed at all subsequent <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> except the 2008 edition. The country has competed in badminton, shooting, swimming, and track-and-field, but has yet to win any medals. The <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam_National_Olympic_Council" title="Brunei Darussalam National Olympic Council">Brunei Darussalam National Olympic Council</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">National Olympic Committee</a> for Brunei. </p><p>Brunei has had slightly more success <a href="/wiki/Brunei_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Brunei at the Asian Games">at the Asian Games</a>, winning four bronze medals. The first major international sporting event to be hosted in Brunei was the <a href="/wiki/1999_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Southeast Asian Games">1999 Southeast Asian Games</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/All-time_Southeast_Asian_Games_medal_table" class="mw-redirect" title="All-time Southeast Asian Games medal table">all-time Southeast Asian Games medal table</a>, Bruneian athletes have won a total of 14 gold, 55 silver and 163 bronze medals at the games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brunei-related_topics" title="List of Brunei-related topics">List of Brunei-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brunei" title="Outline of Brunei">Outline of Brunei</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Brunei" title="Legislative Council of Brunei">Legislative Council</a>, which has no legislative power.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As its role is only consultative it is not considered to be a legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/19\/En-us-Brunei.ogg\/En-us-Brunei.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Brunei.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/En-us-Brunei.ogg/En-us-Brunei.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Brunei.ogg" title="File:En-us-Brunei.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">broo-<span style="font-size:90%">NY</span></i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Malay:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ms-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[brunaɪ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/Brunei-pronunciation-ms.ogg\/Brunei-pronunciation-ms.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Brunei-pronunciation-ms.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Brunei-pronunciation-ms.ogg/Brunei-pronunciation-ms.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunei-pronunciation-ms.ogg" title="File:Brunei-pronunciation-ms.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, the official name of Brunei is <i>Negara Brunei Darussalam</i>, literal meaning "Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace". However, in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the official name of the country is always written as <i>Brunei Darussalam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Negara Brunei Darussalam</i> <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a>: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">نݢارا بروني دارالسلام</span>‎</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">State of Brunei, the Abode of Peace</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeterdingAthirah2016" class="citation journal cs1">Deterding, David; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=Geographical+Names+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2Fgeonames%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asean.org/about-asean/member-states/brunei-darussalam/">"Brunei Darussalam"</a>. <i>asean.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924143313/https://asean.org/about-asean/member-states/brunei-darussalam/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asean.org&rft.atitle=Brunei+Darussalam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasean.org%2Fabout-asean%2Fmember-states%2Fbrunei-darussalam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/brunei-darussalam">"Brunei Darussalam"</a>. <i>The Commonwealth</i>. 15 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908015616/https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/brunei-darussalam">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commonwealth&rft.atitle=Brunei+Darussalam&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecommonwealth.org%2Four-member-countries%2Fbrunei-darussalam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilcher_Bala2005" class="citation book cs1">Bilcher Bala (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bQuAQAAIAAJ"><i>Thalassocracy: a history of the medieval Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam</i></a>. School of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-2643-74-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-2643-74-6"><bdi>978-983-2643-74-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thalassocracy%3A+a+history+of+the+medieval+Sultanate+of+Brunei+Darussalam&rft.pub=School+of+Social+Sciences%2C+Universiti+Malaysia+Sabah&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-983-2643-74-6&rft.au=Bilcher+Bala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bQuAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Hutton2000" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Hutton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWO5Va53GkgC&pg=PA31"><i>Adventure Guides: East Malaysia</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 31–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-180-7"><bdi>978-962-593-180-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventure+Guides%3A+East+Malaysia&rft.pages=31-57&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-962-593-180-7&rft.au=Wendy+Hutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWO5Va53GkgC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholl-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholl_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174317?seq=4">Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl</a> p. 35 citing Ferrand. Relations, page 564-65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, pg 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174317?seq=4">Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720181722/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174317?seq=4">Archived</a> 20 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 35 citing Ferrand. Relations, page 564–65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, pg 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton2000-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hutton2000_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Hutton2000" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Hutton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWO5Va53GkgC&pg=PA30"><i>Adventure Guides: East Malaysia</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-180-7"><bdi>978-962-593-180-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventure+Guides%3A+East+Malaysia&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-962-593-180-7&rft.au=Wendy+Hutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWO5Va53GkgC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coedes, Indianized States, Page 128, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200943-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200943_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar., 1983) Page 40. Published by: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf">Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213131445/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf">Archived</a> 13 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Wang Zhenping Page 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072046?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Ab027257328390a5b4d7284dcfce8eaef&seq=12#page_scan_tab_contentsFrom">Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and beyond: Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203140707/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072046?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior:b027257328390a5b4d7284dcfce8eaef&seq=12#page_scan_tab_contentsFrom">Archived</a> 3 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By: Roderich Ptak. Page 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170523163555/http://kelembagaan.pnri.go.id/Digital_Docs/homepage_folders/activities/highlight/naskah_nagara_kretagama/isi.htm">"Naskah Nagarakretagama"</a> (in Indonesian). Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kelembagaan.pnri.go.id/Digital_Docs/homepage_folders/activities/highlight/naskah_nagara_kretagama/isi.htm">the original</a> on 23 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naskah+Nagarakretagama&rft.pub=Perpustakaan+Nasional+Republik+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkelembagaan.pnri.go.id%2FDigital_Docs%2Fhomepage_folders%2Factivities%2Fhighlight%2Fnaskah_nagara_kretagama%2Fisi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ming shi, 325, p. 8411, p. 8422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200944-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200944_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200945-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200945_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch2017" class="citation book cs1">Church, Peter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8wDgAAQBAJ"><i>A Short History of South-East Asia</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06249-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06249-3"><bdi>978-1-119-06249-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+South-East+Asia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-119-06249-3&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFW8wDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Junker1998-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunker,_Laura_Lee1998" class="citation journal cs1">Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms". <i>International Journal of Historical Archaeology</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 291–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022611908759">10.1023/A:1022611908759</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141415414">141415414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Integrating+History+and+Archaeology+in+the+Study+of+Contact+Period+Philippine+Chiefdoms&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-320&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022611908759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141415414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Junker%2C+Laura+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott1994-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1994). <i>Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society</i>. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-135-4"><bdi>978-971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth+Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholl2002">Nicholl 2002</a>, pp. 47–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882). Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas. Colección de Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, v.78–79. Madrid: Impr. de Miguel Ginesta.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Harrisson, Brunei's Two (or More) Capitals, Brunei Museum Journal, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1976), p. 77 sq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kayadibi, Saim. "Ottoman Connections to the Malay World: Islam, Law and Society", (Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press, 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melchor Davalos to the King, Manila 20 June 1585, in Lewis Hanke, Cuerpo de Documentos del Siglo XVI sobre los derechos de España en las Indias y las Filipinas (Mexico 1977), pp 72, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelo_Alip1964">Melo Alip 1964</a>, pp. 201, 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_War_Dept1903">United States War Dept 1903</a>, p. 379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcAmis2002">McAmis 2002</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327133109/http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/letter-from-francisco-de-sande-to-felipe-ii/12791881675822">"Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II, 1578"</a>. <i>filipiniana.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/letter-from-francisco-de-sande-to-felipe-ii/12791881675822">the original</a> on 27 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=filipiniana.net&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Francisco+de+Sande+to+Felipe+II%2C+1578&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filipiniana.net%2Fpublication%2Fletter-from-francisco-de-sande-to-felipe-ii%2F12791881675822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16086/16086-h/16086-h.htm">Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620. (From the Spanish Archives of the Indies)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204103029/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16086/16086-h/16086-h.htm">Archived</a> 4 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>("The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number, and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians (Native Americans). There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling1999" class="citation book cs1">Tarling, Nicholas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA39"><i><span></span></i>The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia<i> by Nicholas Tarling p. 39</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521663700" title="Special:BookSources/9780521663700"><bdi>9780521663700</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183300/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia+by+Nicholas+Tarling+p.+39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521663700&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjtsMLNmMzbkC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792</i> by Jeremy Black p. 16 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA16">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501074604/https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA16">Archived</a> 1 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrankham2008">Frankham 2008</a>, p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtiyah2002">Atiyah 2002</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders2002">Saunders 2002</a>, pp. 54–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders2002">Saunders 2002</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinez, Manuel F. Assassinations & conspiracies : from Rajah Humabon to Imelda Marcos. Manila: Anvil Publishing, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enchistoria-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-enchistoria_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306003153/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_guerrero">"Estado de Guerrero Historia"</a> [State of Guerrero History]. <i>Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México</i> (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_guerrero">the original</a> on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enciclopedia+de+los+Municipios+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Estado+de+Guerrero+Historia&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-local.gob.mx%2Fwb2%2FELOCAL%2FEMM_guerrero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riquezahis-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-riquezahis_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101103101455/http://guerrero.gob.mx/?P=readart&ArtOrder=ReadArt&Article=71">"La Riqueza Histórica de Guerrero"</a> [The Historical Richness of Guerrero] (in Spanish). Guerrero, Mexico: Government of Guerrero. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guerrero.gob.mx/?P=readart&ArtOrder=ReadArt&Article=71">the original</a> on 3 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Riqueza+Hist%C3%B3rica+de+Guerrero&rft.place=Guerrero%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Government+of+Guerrero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guerrero.gob.mx%2F%3FP%3Dreadart%26ArtOrder%3DReadArt%26Article%3D71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200941-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200941_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders2002">Saunders 2002</a>, pp. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200952-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200952_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam20093-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam20093_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_75-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_75-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/">"Brunei"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721102115/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brunei&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbrunei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hussainmiya, B. A. (2006). "Appendix 3: British-Brunei (Protectorate) Treaty, 17 September 1888". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fass.ubd.edu.bn/staff/docs/BAH/revival.pdf">Brunei Revival of 1906: A Popular History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907100617/https://fass.ubd.edu.bn/staff/docs/BAH/revival.pdf">Archived</a> 7 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (PDF). Bandar Seri Begawan: Brunei Press Sdn Bhd. p. 77. Retrieved 25 April 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Translation: From His Highness the Sultan Hashim of Brunei- To A. Keyser, Esq. H. M. Consul for Brunei, 22 Zulkaidah 1316". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/682264"><i>Cession of the Limbang territory to Sarawak. Forwards letter, from the Sultan of Brunei, regarding-</i></a> (Archival File). High Commissioner Office, Malaya. 1 March 1899. pp. 6–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704161158/https://ofa.arkib.gov.my/ofa/digital/asset/682264">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Malaysia" title="National Archives of Malaysia">Arkib Negara Malaysia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translation%3A+From+His+Highness+the+Sultan+Hashim+of+Brunei-+To+A.+Keyser%2C+Esq.+H.+M.+Consul+for+Brunei%2C+22+Zulkaidah+1316&rft.btitle=Cession+of+the+Limbang+territory+to+Sarawak.+Forwards+letter%2C+from+the+Sultan+of+Brunei%2C+regarding-&rft.place=High+Commissioner+Office%2C+Malaya&rft.pages=6-10&rft.date=1899-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fofa.arkib.gov.my%2Fofa%2Fdigital%2Fasset%2F682264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200958-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200958_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200959-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200959_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200959_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussainmiya2006" class="citation book cs1">Hussainmiya, B. A. (2006). "Appendix 4: British-Brunei (Protectorate) Document, 3 December 1905 and 2 January 1906: (Supplementary) Agreement between His Majesty's Government and the Sultan of Brunei Providing for More Effectual British Protection over the State of Brunei". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fass.ubd.edu.bn/staff/docs/BAH/revival.pdf"><i>Brunei Revival of 1906: A Popular History</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bandar Seri Begawan: Brunei Press Sdn Bhd. p. 77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907100617/https://fass.ubd.edu.bn/staff/docs/BAH/revival.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>His Highness will receive a British Officer, to be styled Resident, and will provide a suitable residence for him. The Resident will be the Agent and Representative of His Britannic Majesty's Government under the High Commissioner for the British Protectorates in Borneo, and his advice must be taken and acted upon on all questions in Brunei</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+4%3A+British-Brunei+%28Protectorate%29+Document%2C+3+December+1905+and+2+January+1906%3A+%28Supplementary%29+Agreement+between+His+Majesty%27s+Government+and+the+Sultan+of+Brunei+Providing+for+More+Effectual+British+Protection+over+the+State+of+Brunei&rft.btitle=Brunei+Revival+of+1906%3A+A+Popular+History&rft.place=Bandar+Seri+Begawan&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Brunei+Press+Sdn+Bhd&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hussainmiya&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffass.ubd.edu.bn%2Fstaff%2Fdocs%2FBAH%2Frevival.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200967-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200967_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200912-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200912_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200913-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200913_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200914-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200914_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200914_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200915-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200915_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2008" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Rob (2008). <i>Macmillan Atlas</i>. Macmillan Education Australia. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4202-0995-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4202-0995-2"><bdi>978-1-4202-0995-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Atlas&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+Australia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4202-0995-2&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Brunei under the Japanese occupation", Rozan Yunos, <i>Brunei Times</i>, Bandar Seri Begawan, 29 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussainmiya2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hussainmiya, B. A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=2732&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1">"Resuscitating Nationalism : Brunei under the Japanese Military Administration (1941-1945)"</a>. <i>Senri Ethnological Studies</i>. <b>65</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529031656/https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=2732&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Senri+Ethnological+Studies&rft.atitle=Resuscitating+Nationalism+%3A+Brunei+under+the+Japanese+Military+Administration+%281941-1945%29&rft.volume=65&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hussainmiya&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp%2F%3Faction%3Drepository_action_common_download%26item_id%3D2732%26item_no%3D1%26attribute_id%3D18%26file_no%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Japanese Interregnum...," Graham Saunders, <i>A history of Brunei</i>, Edition 2, illustrated, reprint, Routledge, 2002, p. 129, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/070071698X" title="Special:BookSources/070071698X">070071698X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700716982" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700716982">978-0700716982</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Japanese occupation", <i>Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam</i>, Jatswan S. Sidhu, Edition 2, illustrated, Scarecrow Press, 2009, p. 115, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810870789" title="Special:BookSources/0810870789">0810870789</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810870789" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810870789">978-0810870789</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200979-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200979_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200980-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200980_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200980_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200981-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200981_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History131-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History131_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_History_of_Brunei2002" class="citation book cs1">A History of Brunei (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC"><i>A History of Brunei</i></a>. Routledge. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1698-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1698-X"><bdi>0-7007-1698-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425112741/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Brunei&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1698-X&rft.au=A+History+of+Brunei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ4t_OJgSjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_DOS-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_DOS_95-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700.htm">"Background Note: Brunei"</a>. US Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183451/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2700.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Brunei&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1973" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, Tom (1973). <i>Fighting General – The Public &Private Campaigns of General Sir Walter Walker</i> (First ed.). London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-211295-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-211295-7"><bdi>0-00-211295-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+General+%E2%80%93+The+Public+%26Private+Campaigns+of+General+Sir+Walter+Walker&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-00-211295-7&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222054402/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/brunei-darussalam/events/brunei-national-day/a/poi-fes/1152687/355846">"Brunei National Day"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/brunei-darussalam/events/brunei-national-day/a/poi-fes/1152687/355846">the original</a> on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Brunei+National+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fbrunei-darussalam%2Fevents%2Fbrunei-national-day%2Fa%2Fpoi-fes%2F1152687%2F355846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200998-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200998_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009100-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009100_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200992-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200992_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009129-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009129_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009129_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200921-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200921_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200921_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200996-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200996_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam200996_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009">History for Brunei Darussalam 2009</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History129-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History129_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History129_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History129_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_History_of_Brunei2002" class="citation book cs1">A History of Brunei (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC"><i>A History of Brunei</i></a>. Routledge. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1698-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1698-X"><bdi>0-7007-1698-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425112741/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Brunei&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1698-X&rft.au=A+History+of+Brunei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ4t_OJgSjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Education,_Brunei2008" class="citation book cs1">Ministry of Education, Brunei (2008). "The Nation Building Years 150–1984". <i>History for Brunei Darussalam</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=The+Implications+of+Brunei%27s+Sharia+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2015%2F05%2Fthe-implications-of-bruneis-sharia-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSNBC_2014-05-07-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC_2014-05-07_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNew2014" class="citation news cs1">McNew, David (7 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/la-protests-bruneis-death-stoning-law">"Brunei's Sharia law creates backlash in Beverly Hills"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230233707/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/la-protests-bruneis-death-stoning-law">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Department of Statistics, Brunei Darussalam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113075436/http://www.globaloutpostservices.com/complex.asp?load=Cdoch5khpbzle9rl%2CHmenuib78zlrbkh%2CFdocpzfsxua0%2CGleegj97a5xhw%2CEleegj97bhaue%2CDdocq72l8opw%2CLimgcs0ooyu8%3B159%3B64%3B0%3B-1&path=q4h5khpb">"Outpost Seria"</a>. <i>Outpost Seria Housing Information</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaloutpostservices.com/complex.asp?load=Cdoch5khpbzle9rl,Hmenuib78zlrbkh,Fdocpzfsxua0,Gleegj97a5xhw,Eleegj97bhaue,Ddocq72l8opw,Limgcs0ooyu8;159;64;0;-1&path=q4h5khpb">the original</a> on 13 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Department of Economic Planning and Statistics. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789991772264" title="Special:BookSources/9789991772264"><bdi>9789991772264</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.deps.gov.bn/DEPD%20Documents%20Library/DOS/BDSYB/BDSYB_2019/BDSYB_2019.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Scoop. 10 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713085827/https://thescoop.co/2017/11/11/hsbc-shutters-branches-lead-brunei-exit/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunei+Demographics+Profile+2014&rft.pub=Brunei+Government&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Fbrunei%2Fdemographics_profile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307205335/http://www.depd.gov.bn/SI/BDSYB2010/BDSYB%202010.pdf"><i>Brunei Statistical Yearbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depd.gov.bn/SI/BDSYB2010/BDSYB%202010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunei+Statistical+Yearbook&rft.pages=13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depd.gov.bn%2FSI%2FBDSYB2010%2FBDSYB%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307205335/http://www.depd.gov.bn/SI/BDSYB2010/BDSYB%202010.pdf"><i>2010 Brunei Statistical Yearbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brunei Government. 2010. p. 19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depd.gov.bn/SI/BDSYB2010/BDSYB%202010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2010+Brunei+Statistical+Yearbook&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Brunei+Government&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depd.gov.bn%2FSI%2FBDSYB2010%2FBDSYB%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melayuonline.com/eng/news/read/12382/expand-use-of-malay-language">Expand Use of Malay Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208110928/http://melayuonline.com/eng/news/read/12382/expand-use-of-malay-language">Archived</a> 8 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. rtbnews.rtb.gov.bn (18 October 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne2016104-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne2016104_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Vienne2016">de Vienne 2016</a>, pp. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.W. Martin and G. Poedjosoedarmo (1996). An overview of the language situation in Brunei Darussalam. In P.W. Martin, C. Ozog & G. Poedjosoedarmo (Eds.), <i>Language use & language change in Brunei Darussalam</i> (pp. 1–23). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Clynes_and_D._Deterding2011" class="citation journal cs1">A. Clynes and D. Deterding (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031100017X">"Standard Malay (Brunei)"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 259–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031100017X">10.1017/S002510031100017X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Malay+%28Brunei%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-68&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510031100017X&rft.au=A.+Clynes+and+D.+Deterding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS002510031100017X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouton_De_Gruyter2011" class="citation book cs1">Mouton De Gruyter (31 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DSFueDOhYgC&pg=PA100"><i>Wei, Li: Applied Linguistics Review. 2011 2</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 100–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-023933-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-023933-1"><bdi>978-3-11-023933-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wei%2C+Li%3A+Applied+Linguistics+Review.+2011+2&rft.pages=100-&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.isbn=978-3-11-023933-1&rft.au=Mouton+De+Gruyter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DSFueDOhYgC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2010/09/22/change-medium-instruction-cause-poor-maths-results">Change in medium of instruction cause of poor Maths results | The Brunei Times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105094721/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2010/09/22/change-medium-instruction-cause-poor-maths-results">Archived</a> 5 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bt.com.bn (22 September 2010). Retrieved on 27 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.C.K. Ozog (1996). The unplanned use of English: The case of Brunei Darussalam. In P.W. Martin, C. Ozog & G. Poedjosoedarmo (Eds.), <i>Language use & language change in Brunei Darussalam</i> (pp. 156–66). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Dunseath (1996). Aspects of language maintenance and language shift among the Chinese community in Brunei. In P.W. Martin, C. Ozog & G. Poedjosoedarmo (Eds.), <i>Language use & language change in Brunei Darussalam</i> (pp. 280–301). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0896801934" title="Special:BookSources/0896801934">0896801934</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of religious freedom, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71334.htm">Brunei</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128102040/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71334.htm">Archived</a> 28 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. International Religious Freedom Report 2006, United States Department of State.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511082403/http://www.jpm.gov.bn/pmo1/index.php?view=article&id=185%3Alanguage-and-culture&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=209">Language and Culture</a>. jpm.gov.bn (28 May 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunei_Tourism_Website-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brunei_Tourism_Website_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080710091353/http://www.tourismbrunei.com/info/do.html">Brunei Tourism Website (Government appointed)</a>. tourismbrunei.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080511080900/http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6929&year=2007&pf">"Freedom of the Press – Brunei (2006)"</a>. Freedomhouse.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6929&year=2007&pf">the original</a> on 11 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+the+Press+%E2%80%93+Brunei+%282006%29&rft.pub=Freedomhouse.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Finc%2Fcontent%2Fpubs%2Fpfs%2Finc_country_detail.cfm%3Fcountry%3D6929%26year%3D2007%26pf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213020954/http://www.bt.com.bn/">"Brunei Times Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bt.com.bn/">the original</a> on 13 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brunei+Times+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbt.com.bn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUBD_Radio_Website" class="citation web cs1">UBD Radio Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubdfm.blogspot.com/">"UBD Radio"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824171936/http://ubdfm.blogspot.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UBD+Radio&rft.au=UBD+Radio+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubdfm.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silatsuffian.nl/silat-suffian-bela-diri/">"Silat Suffian Bela Diri"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213053500/http://www.silatsuffian.nl/silat-suffian-bela-diri/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silat+Suffian+Bela+Diri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silatsuffian.nl%2Fsilat-suffian-bela-diri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brunei" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brunei">Brunei</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory_for_Brunei_Darussalam2009" class="citation book cs1"><i>History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past</i>. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99917-2-372-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99917-2-372-3"><bdi>978-99917-2-372-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+for+Brunei+Darussalam%3A+Sharing+our+Past&rft.pub=Curriculum+Development+Department%2C+Ministry+of+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-99917-2-372-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtiyah2002" class="citation book cs1">Atiyah, Jeremy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRX5zMsCeNgC"><i>Rough guide to Southeast Asia</i></a>. Rough Guide. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-893-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-893-2"><bdi>978-1-85828-893-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+guide+to+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Rough+Guide&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-893-2&rft.aulast=Atiyah&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuRX5zMsCeNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankham2008" class="citation book cs1">Frankham, Steve (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuR842_XgwQC"><i>Footprint Borneo</i></a>. Footprint Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906098-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906098-14-8"><bdi>978-1-906098-14-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Footprint+Borneo&rft.pub=Footprint+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-906098-14-8&rft.aulast=Frankham&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuR842_XgwQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudgeon1913" class="citation book cs1">Gudgeon, L.W.W. (1913). <i>British North Borneo</i>. Adam and Charles Black: London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+North+Borneo&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black%3A+London&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Gudgeon&rft.aufirst=L.W.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholl2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicholl, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59PnSwurWj8C"><i>European sources for the history of the Sultanate of Brunei in the Sixteenth Century</i></a>. Special Publications, no. 9. Muzium Brunei. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4945-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4945-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-4945-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+sources+for+the+history+of+the+Sultanate+of+Brunei+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=Special+Publications%2C+no.+9.+Muzium+Brunei&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4945-8&rft.aulast=Nicholl&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59PnSwurWj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAmis2002" class="citation book cs1">McAmis, Robert Day (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59PnSwurWj8C"><i>Malay Muslims: the history and challenge of resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4945-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4945-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-4945-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malay+Muslims%3A+the+history+and+challenge+of+resurgent+Islam+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4945-8&rft.aulast=McAmis&rft.aufirst=Robert+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59PnSwurWj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelo_Alip1964" class="citation book cs1">Melo Alip, Eufronio (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0A5wAAAAMAAJ"><i>Political and cultural history of the Philippines, Volumes 1–2</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+and+cultural+history+of+the+Philippines%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%932&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Melo+Alip&rft.aufirst=Eufronio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0A5wAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2009" class="citation book cs1">Oxford Business Group (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8JGP4RRA1cC"><i>The Report: Brunei Darussalam 2009</i></a>. Oxford Business Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-09-5"><bdi>978-1-907065-09-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Brunei+Darussalam+2009&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-907065-09-5&rft.au=Oxford+Business+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8JGP4RRA1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2002" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Graham E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC"><i>A history of Brunei</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1698-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1698-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-1698-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425112741/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ4t_OJgSjAC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Brunei&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1698-2&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Graham+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ4t_OJgSjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_War_Dept1903" class="citation report cs1">United States War Dept (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BE9DHAAACAAJ">Annual reports, Volume 3</a> (Report). Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501074658/https://books.google.com/books?id=BE9DHAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Annual+reports%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1903&rft.au=United+States+War+Dept&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBE9DHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2013" class="citation book cs1">Oxford Business Group (2013). <i>The Report: Brunei Darussalam 2013</i>. Oxford Business Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-78-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-78-1"><bdi>978-1-907065-78-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Brunei+Darussalam+2013&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-907065-78-1&rft.au=Oxford+Business+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vienne2016" class="citation book cs1">de Vienne, Marie-Sybille (2016) [2012]. <i>Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century</i>. Translated by Lanier, Emilia. <a href="/wiki/Clementi,_Singapore" title="Clementi, Singapore">Clementi, SG</a>: <a href="/wiki/NUS_Press" title="NUS Press">NUS Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-818-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-818-8"><bdi>978-9971-69-818-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunei%3A+From+the+Age+of+Commerce+to+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Clementi%2C+SG&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-818-8&rft.aulast=de+Vienne&rft.aufirst=Marie-Sybille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrunei" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brunei" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Brunei">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brunei" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Brunei">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brunei" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Brunei">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Brunei" class="extiw" title="voy:Brunei">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <p><b>Government</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmo.gov.bn/Theme/Home.aspx">Prime Minister's Office of Brunei Darussalam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525005007/http://www.pmo.gov.bn/Theme/Home.aspx">Archived</a> 25 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/world-leaders-1/BX.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016160710/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/world-leaders-1/BX.html">Archived</a> 16 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><b>General information</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/">Brunei</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12990058">Brunei profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/82119/Brunei">Brunei</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Brunei" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Brunei">Wikimedia Atlas of Brunei</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BN">Key Development Forecasts for Brunei</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <p><b>Travel</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509180534/http://www.tourismbrunei.com/">Brunei Tourism</a> website (archived 9 May 2007)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brunei_topics" title="Template:Brunei topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brunei_topics" title="Template talk:Brunei topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brunei_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brunei topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brunei_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brunei</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brunei-related_topics" title="List of Brunei-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian-Tundun_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian-Tundun War">Bruneian-Tundun War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Castilian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Civil War">Brunei Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_conflict_(1771)" title="Sabah conflict (1771)">Sabah conflict (1771)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rajahs" title="White Rajahs">White Rajahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">South-east Asia regional history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brunei" title="Geography of Brunei">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Malaysia_border" title="Brunei–Malaysia border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brunei" title="Municipalities of Brunei">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Brunei" title="Districts of Brunei">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukims_of_Brunei" title="Mukims of Brunei">Mukims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Brunei" title="Villages of Brunei">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brunei" title="List of rivers of Brunei">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brunei" title="List of islands of Brunei">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brunei" title="Wildlife of Brunei">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brunei" title="Climate change in Brunei">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brunei" title="Environmental issues in Brunei">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brunei" title="Protected areas of Brunei">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" title="Politics of Brunei">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Brunei" title="Administrative divisions of Brunei">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" title="Politics of Brunei">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brunei" title="Foreign relations of Brunei">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brunei" title="Human rights in Brunei">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brunei">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Brunei" title="Capital punishment in Brunei">Capital punishment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Brunei" title="Government of Brunei">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cabinet_Ministers" title="Council of Cabinet Ministers">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Brunei)" title="Ministry of Defence (Brunei)">Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Brunei Armed Forces">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Rescue_Department_(Brunei)" title="Fire and Rescue Department (Brunei)">Fire and Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Police_Force" title="Royal Brunei Police Force">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Brunei" title="Legislative Council of Brunei">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabatan_Adat_Istiadat_Negara" title="Jabatan Adat Istiadat Negara">State Customs and Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei" title="List of sultans of Brunei">Sultan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Dollar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Brunei" title="List of companies of Brunei">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brunei" title="Telecommunications in Brunei">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brunei" title="Tourism in Brunei">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brunei" title="Transport in Brunei">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Brunei" title="List of airports in Brunei">Airports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brunei" title="Category:Society of Brunei">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brunei" title="Demographics of Brunei">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Brunei" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Brunei">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brunei" title="Health in Brunei">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Brunei" title="Public housing in Brunei">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Brunei" title="Mass media in Brunei">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bruneian_films" title="List of Bruneian films">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melayu_Islam_Beraja" title="Melayu Islam Beraja">Melayu Islam Beraja (national philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Brunei" title="Prostitution in Brunei">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Brunei" title="Sex trafficking in Brunei">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brunei" title="Sport in Brunei">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah_Peliharakan_Sultan" title="Allah Peliharakan Sultan">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Brunei" title="Emblem of Brunei">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brunei" title="Flag of Brunei">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brunei" title="Outline of Brunei">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brunei-related_topics" title="List of Brunei-related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brunei" title="Category:Brunei">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Brunei" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Brunei" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Brunei</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative<br />regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a><br />(members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Charter" title="ASEAN Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#The_Common_Effective_Preferential_Tariff_(CEPT)_scheme" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">Customs union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">Founding document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisations_associated_with_the_ASEAN" title="Organisations associated with the ASEAN">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Cooperation_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia">Treaty of Amity and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_ASEAN_members" title="Visa policy of ASEAN members">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_ASEAN_Way" title="The ASEAN Way">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Song_of_Unity" title="ASEAN Song of Unity">Hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_ASEAN" title="Enlargement of ASEAN">Observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_East_Timor_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of East Timor to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Papua_New_Guinea_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of Papua New Guinea to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_ASEAN_Summits" title="2017 ASEAN Summits">2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Republic_of_Korea_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#ASEAN_Plus_Three" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Plus Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">SEA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games" title="ASEAN University Games">University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games" title="ASEAN School Games">School Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games" title="ASEAN Para Games">Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation" title="ASEAN Football Federation">Football Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFF_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="AFF Championship">Football Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Armies_Rifle_Meet" title="ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet">Armies Rifle Meet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Unit" title="Asian Monetary Unit">Asian Monetary Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative" title="Chiang Mai Initiative">Chiang Mai Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN–China Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–India Free Trade Area">ASEAN–India Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Australia_Development_Cooperation_Program" title="ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program">ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Centre_for_Biodiversity" title="ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity">Centre for Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asean_Regional_Forum_Disaster_Relief_Exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Asean Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise">Disaster Relief Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network">Smart Cities Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Intergovernmental_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights">Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration" title="ASEAN Human Rights Declaration">ASEAN Human Rights Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Commission_on_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Women" title="ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women">Rights of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Common_Time" title="ASEAN Common Time">Common Time</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Rise" title="ASEAN Rise">ASEAN Rise</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="ASEAN–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Outstanding_Scientist_and_Technologist_Award" title="ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award">Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of the busiest airports in Southeast Asia">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks_in_ASEAN" title="List of largest banks in ASEAN">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">Cities by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN countries by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_HDI" title="List of ASEAN countries by HDI">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_and_subdivisions_by_minimum_wage" title="List of ASEAN countries and subdivisions by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_mountains" title="List of Southeast Asian mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Top_reviewed_places_in_ASEAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Top reviewed places in ASEAN (page does not exist)">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_medal_count_at_International_Science_Olympiad" title="List of ASEAN countries by medal count at International Science Olympiad">Science Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_stock_exchanges_by_market_capitalization" title="List of ASEAN stock exchanges by market capitalization">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_ASEAN" title="Rankings of universities in ASEAN">Universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template talk:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" 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href="/wiki/Eighth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighth East Asia Summit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Ninth East Asia Summit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Tenth East Asia Summit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eleventh East Asia Summit">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Twelfth East Asia Summit">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Thirteenth East Asia Summit">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourteenth East Asia Summit">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifteenth East Asia Summit">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixteenth East Asia Summit">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventeenth East Asia Summit">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighteenth East Asia Summit">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Nineteenth East Asia Summit">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding-left:0.3em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borneo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borneo" title="Template:Borneo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borneo" title="Template talk:Borneo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Borneo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Borneo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borneo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brunei</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eco-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forests" title="Borneo lowland rain forests">Borneo lowland rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_montane_rain_forests" title="Borneo montane rain forests">Borneo montane rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_peat_swamp_forests" title="Borneo peat swamp forests">Borneo peat swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_montane_alpine_meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinabalu montane alpine meadows">Kinabalu montane alpine meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Borneo_freshwater_swamp_forests" title="Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests">Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland_heath_forests" title="Sundaland heath forests">Sundaland heath forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf_mangroves" title="Sunda Shelf mangroves">Sunda Shelf mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Borneo" title="Biodiversity of Borneo">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Borneo" title="Flora of Borneo">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Borneo" title="Fauna of Borneo">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Borneo" title="List of mammals of Borneo">Mammals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Borneo" title="Geological history of Borneo">Geological history of Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deforestation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">Deforestation in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">Deforestation in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Rice_Project" title="Mega Rice Project">Mega Rice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Indonesian_forest_fires" title="1997 Indonesian forest fires">1997 Indonesian forest fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">2006 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2016 Southeast Asian haze">2016 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2017 Southeast Asian haze">2017 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2019 Southeast Asian haze">2019 Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_Sun_Bear_Conservation_Centre" title="Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre">Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Orangutan_Survival" title="Borneo Orangutan Survival">Borneo Orangutan Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Perai_Protection_Forest" title="Bukit Perai Protection Forest">Bukit Perai Protection Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danum_Valley_Conservation_Area" title="Danum Valley Conservation Area">Danum Valley Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Berau_Nature_Reserve" title="Gunung Berau Nature Reserve">Gunung Berau Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Borneo" title="Heart of Borneo">Heart of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_Mentarang_National_Park" title="Kayan Mentarang National Park">Kayan Mentarang National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_Park" title="Kinabalu Park">Kinabalu Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulamba_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Kulamba Wildlife Reserve">Kulamba Wildlife Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamandau_Nature_Reserve" title="Lamandau Nature Reserve">Lamandau Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanjak_Entimau_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary">Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepilok_Orangutan_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre">Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silabukan_Protection_Forest_Reserve" title="Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve">Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usun_Apau_National_Park" title="Usun Apau National Park">Usun Apau National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">History of Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kalimantan" title="Languages of Kalimantan">Languages of Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Borneo" title="Category:Borneo">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Borneo" class="extiw" title="commons:Borneo">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q921#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q921#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q921#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124267318">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1216469/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgd4tk4wdWd67FfQBFqcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008479-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81131874">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128231127">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128231127">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561084">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35023091">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Brunej"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128837&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX462101">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000428818">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdcr0j4q915dl">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562018305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/5d1fe672-9c9a-3d58-a221-4b23e9274709">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03179340?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/2d745046-a2e4-4fb6-933f-abfb9ec6b573">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/797071">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/ymeR585C">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027848213">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035845">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=36336">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/bruney">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brunei&params=4_30_N_114_40_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">114°40′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.500°N 114.667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.500; 114.667</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunei&oldid=1258103500">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brunei&oldid=1258103500</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brunei" 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