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id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avatars_of_Devi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avatars_of_Devi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Avatars of Devi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avatars_of_Devi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_devotees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_devotees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Notable devotees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_devotees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_demons_and_villains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_demons_and_villains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Notable demons and villains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_demons_and_villains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Content and structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content_and_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content and structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stated_authorship_and_purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stated_authorship_and_purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stated authorship and purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stated_authorship_and_purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranic_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranic_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Puranic characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranic_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_Mahapurana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_Mahapurana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>As a Mahapurana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_Mahapurana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Five characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shlokas_/_Verses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shlokas_/_Verses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Shlokas / Verses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shlokas_/_Verses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cantos</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cantos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cantos subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cantos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Third Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Fourth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Fifth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Sixth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Seventh Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Eighth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Ninth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Tenth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eleventh_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleventh_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Eleventh Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleventh_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelfth_Canto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelfth_Canto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Twelfth Canto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelfth_Canto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devi_Gita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devi_Gita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Devi Gita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devi_Gita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vedic literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samkhya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samkhya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Samkhya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samkhya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhakti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Bhakti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advaita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advaita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Advaita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advaita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Karma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindu_Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hindu Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-shaktism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#shaktism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>shaktism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-shaktism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Commentaries and translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commentaries_and_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commentaries and translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commentaries_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Telugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kannada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kannada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Kannada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kannada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Malayalam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.4</span> <span>Hindi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gujarati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gujarati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.5</span> <span>Gujarati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gujarati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.6</span> <span>Bengali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.7</span> <span>Nepali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.8</span> <span>Tamil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.9</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.10</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.11</span> <span>Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Devi Bhagavata Purana</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="দেবীভাগবত পুরাণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দেবীভাগবত পুরাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata" title="Devi Bhagavata – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Devi Bhagavata" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev%C3%AD-bhagavata-purana" title="Deví-bhagavata-purana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deví-bhagavata-purana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="देवीभागवत पुराण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देवीभागवत पुराण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewibhagawatapurana" title="Dewibhagawatapurana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewibhagawatapurana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev%C4%ABbh%C4%81gavata_Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Devībhāgavata Purāṇa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Devībhāgavata Purāṇa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ದೇವಿ ಭಾಗವತಪುರಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೇವಿ ಭಾಗವತಪುರಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devybhagavatapurana" title="Devybhagavatapurana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Devybhagavatapurana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ദേവീഭാഗവതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദേവീഭാഗവതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="देवीभागवत पुराण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="देवीभागवत पुराण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Девибхагавата-пурана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Девибхагавата-пурана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="දේවී භාගවත පුරාණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේවී භාගවත පුරාණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Devi Bhagavata Purana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தேவி பாகவத புராணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேவி பாகவத புராணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="దేవీభాగవతము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దేవీభాగవతము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Gita" title="Devi Gita – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devi Gita" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دیوی بھاگوت پران – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیوی بھاگوت پران" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1206749#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Puranas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bhagavata Puranas (disambiguation)">Bhagavata Puranas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a Goddess-related text. For Krishna-related text, see <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background:yellow; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Devi Bhagavata Purana</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Devi_bhagavata_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Devi_bhagavata_.jpg/220px-Devi_bhagavata_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Devi_bhagavata_.jpg/330px-Devi_bhagavata_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Devi_bhagavata_.jpg/440px-Devi_bhagavata_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="471" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A manuscript of Devi Bhagavata Purana</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:yellow; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">318</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">18, 000</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_sculpture_of_Devi_Durga_30_Jan_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Stone_sculpture_of_Devi_Durga_30_Jan_2018.jpg/220px-Stone_sculpture_of_Devi_Durga_30_Jan_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Stone_sculpture_of_Devi_Durga_30_Jan_2018.jpg/330px-Stone_sculpture_of_Devi_Durga_30_Jan_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Stone_sculpture_of_Devi_Durga_30_Jan_2018.jpg/440px-Stone_sculpture_of_Devi_Durga_30_Jan_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4512" /></a><figcaption>Stone sculpture of Devi Durga, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a>, Kolkata</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Devi Bhagavata Purana</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">देवी भागवतपुराणम्</span>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">devī bhāgavatapurāṇam</i></span></i>), also known as the <b>Devi Purana</b> or simply <b>Devi Bhagavatam</b>, is one of the eighteen <a href="/wiki/Mahapurana_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapurana (Hinduism)">Mahapuranas</a> as per <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014117_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014117-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composed in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Veda Vyasa</a>, the text is considered a major purana for <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> worshippers (<a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktas</a>). It promotes <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i> (devotion) towards <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a>, integrating themes from the Shaktadvaitavada tradition (a syncretism of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>). While this is generally regarded as a Shakta Purana, some scholars such as Dowson have also interpreted this Purana as a <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Purana consists of twelve cantos with 318 chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986168_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i>, it is one of the most important works in Shaktism, a tradition within <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> that reveres Devi or <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (Goddess) as the primordial creator of the universe, and as <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (ultimate truth and reality).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown199044–45,_129,_247-248_with_notes_57-60_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown199044–45,_129,_247-248_with_notes_57-60-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Stratton_HawleyDonna_Marie_Wulff19986–14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Stratton_HawleyDonna_Marie_Wulff19986–14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015183–188_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015183–188-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It celebrates the divine feminine as the origin of all existence: as the creator, the preserver and the destroyer of everything, as well as the one who empowers spiritual liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014117_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014117-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1988133–139_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1988133–139-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all major Puranas of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> mention and revere the Goddess, this text centers around her as the primary divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl200024–36,_48_(RS_Sherma)_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl200024–36,_48_(RS_Sherma)-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK_P_Gietz1992330_with_note_1809,_497_with_note_2764_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK_P_Gietz1992330_with_note_1809,_497_with_note_2764-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying philosophy of the text is Advaita Vedanta-style <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> combined with the devotional worship of Shakti.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015128–132_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015128–132-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200489–91,_159–161_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200489–91,_159–161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990142–144_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990142–144-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the text was spoken by <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> to King <a href="/wiki/Janamejaya" title="Janamejaya">Janamejaya</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shaktism" title="Category:Shaktism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SriYantra_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/100px-SriYantra_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/150px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/200px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a> (Supreme)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Lalita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures and texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogini_Tantra" title="Yogini Tantra">Yogini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devi Bhagavatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalita_Sahasranama" title="Lalita Sahasranama">Lalita Sahasranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Rahasya" title="Tripura Rahasya">Tripura Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>other texts</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saundarya_Lahari" title="Saundarya Lahari">Saundarya Lahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annada_Mangal" title="Annada Mangal">Annada Mangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasadi" title="Ramprasadi">Ramprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd><b>Vidya margam</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vamachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">Dakshinachara</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kula margam</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Srikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjikamata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Scholars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatchandra_Ray" title="Bharatchandra Ray">Bharatchandra Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskararaya" title="Bhaskararaya">Bhaskararaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Agamavagisha" title="Krishnananda Agamavagisha">Krishnananda Agamavagisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Pattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abirami Pattar">Abhirami Bhattar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals and temples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional variations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saktism" title="Template talk:Saktism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title of the text, '<b>Srimad Devi Bhagavata</b> or '<b>Devi Purana'</b>', is composed of two words, which together mean "devotees of the blessed Devi". Johnson states the meaning as the "ancient annals of the luminous goddess".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Srimad</b> (or <b>Srimat</b>, Sanskrit श्रीमत्) means 'radiant', 'holy', 'splendid', or 'glorious', and is an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> religious title. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri">'<b>Sri'</b></a>(or '<b>Shri'</b> or '<b>Shree'</b>, Sanskrit श्री) means 'Prosperity'. Goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a> are referred to as 'Sri'.</li></ul></li> <li>'<b><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>'</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: देवी) is the Sanskrit word for '<a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a>'; the masculine form is <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)"><i>deva</i></a>. The terms <i>Devi</i> and <i>Deva</i> are Sanskrit terms found in Vedic literature of 2nd millennium BCE, wherein Devi is feminine and Deva is masculine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010496_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010496-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monier Williams translates it as "heavenly, divine, terrestrial things of high excellence, exalted, shining ones".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010101-102,_492_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010101-102,_492-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'<b><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a>'</b> (or <i>Bhagavatam</i> or <i>Bhagavat</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> भागवत) means "devotees of the Blessed One", a general name for the earliest (before 11th century C.E.) devotees of Vishnu, particularly of Krishna-Gopala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld200294_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld200294-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas"><b>Purana</b></a>' (Sanskrit पराण) means 'ancient' or 'old' (or 'old traditional history').<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also means 'complete' and 'completing'<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the sense that a Purana 'completes the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>'Maha'</b> (Sanskrit महत) means 'great', 'large', or 'vast'.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg/220px-A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg/330px-A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg/440px-A_Saraswati_Statue_in_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>This Purana lists Saraswati (above) as the creative aspect of the supreme Goddess, the Shakti of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown199049,_130,_134,_139_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown199049,_130,_134,_139-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Srimad Devi Bhagavata Mahapurana</i> has been variously dated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986172_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986172-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few scholars suggest an early date, such as Ramachandran, who suggested that the text was composed before the 6th-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986172_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986172-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this early date has not found wide support, and most scholars date it between the 9th and the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986172_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986172-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajendra Hazra suggests 11th or 12th century, while Lalye states that the text began taking form in the late centuries of the 1st millennium, was expanded over time, and its first complete version existed in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986172_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986172-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tracy Pintchman dates the text to between 1000 and 1200 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015128_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015128-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last ten chapters (31 to 40) of the seventh canto consist of 507 verses, a part which has often circulated as an independent volume, just like the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> of the <i>Mahabharata</i> circulates independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text, from Book 7 of this Purana, is called <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Gita" title="Devi Gita">Devi Gita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text may have been composed with the original text, or it might be a later interpolation, according to C Mackenzie Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggests that this portion of the text was probably composed by the 13th century; it may be later, but was set down before the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ninth canto contains many verses that reference <i>Mlecchas</i> (barbarians) and <i>Yavanas</i> (foreigners).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990166_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990166-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These words may just refer to hill tribes, but the details contained in the description of <i>Mlecchas</i> within these verses, according to some scholars like Hazra, suggest that the writer of these parts knew about Islam and its spread in India, leading scholars to date these parts of the ninth book to the 12th to 15th centuries, compared to the older core of the ninth book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990166_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990166-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Devi Bhagavata Purana</i> is not the earliest Indian text that celebrates the divine feminine. The 6th century CE <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i>, embedded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i>, asserts the divine superiority of the Goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198836_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198836-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> suggests that the concept of the divine feminine was in existence by about the 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Stratton_HawleyDonna_Marie_Wulff19982,_9-10,_26_with_note_2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Stratton_HawleyDonna_Marie_Wulff19982,_9-10,_26_with_note_2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> and <i>Devi Bhagavata Purana</i> have been very influential texts within the Shakta tradition, asserting the supremacy of the female and have made the Goddess a figure of devotional (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>) appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Lutgendorf2003251–252_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Lutgendorf2003251–252-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This text, along with all the Puranas, <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> has traditionally been attributed by Hindus to the sage <a href="/wiki/Veda_Vyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda Vyasa">Veda Vyasa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avatars_of_Devi">Avatars of Devi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Avatars of Devi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table shows the notable incarnations of Devi mentioned in the Purana. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Avatar (Incarnation) </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Canto </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a> </td> <td>Third <a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a> form of Devi, queen of <a href="/wiki/Manidvipa" title="Manidvipa">Manidvipa</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> </td> <td>Goddess of protection, strength, motherhood, destruction and wars </td> <td>5, 7, 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> </td> <td>Consort of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, Goddess of love and fertility, who resides upon <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailasa</a>. </td> <td>-- 5,7,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> </td> <td>Goddess of time and destruction </td> <td>5, 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> </td> <td>Consort of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, Goddess of wealth and purity </td> <td>1, 3, 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> </td> <td>Consort of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, Goddess of knowledge, music, art, speech, wisdom, and learning </td> <td>3, 5, 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> </td> <td>Consort of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, Goddess of love, compassion and devotion, Queen of <a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a> </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Savitri</a> </td> <td>Personified form of <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a> and mother of <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shakambhari" title="Shakambhari">Shakambhari</a> </td> <td>The one who nourished mankind with fruits and vegetables. </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhramari" title="Bhramari">Bhramari</a> </td> <td>The Goddess of bees </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulasi_in_Hinduism" title="Tulasi in Hinduism">Tulasi</a> </td> <td>Personification of the Tulasi plant </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a> </td> <td>Goddess of Serpents </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mangala Chandika </td> <td>A form of goddess Chandika </td> <td>9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_devotees">Notable devotees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable devotees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table shows the devotees of the Goddess according to the Purana. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Canto </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ila_(Hinduism)" title="Ila (Hinduism)">Ila / Sadyumana</a> </td> <td>The king was named Sadyumana and later became the mother of the <a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anuha </td> <td>The son of Vibhraja; He married the daughter of Shuka named Kirti. </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratipa" title="Pratipa">Pratipa</a> </td> <td>Father of <a href="/wiki/Shantanu" title="Shantanu">Shantanu</a> and grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Bhishma" title="Bhishma">Bhishma</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shringi </td> <td>The young sage who cursed Parikshit </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a> </td> <td>Mother of <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a> and wife of king <a href="/wiki/Pandu" title="Pandu">Pandu</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ugrashravas" title="Ugrashravas">Suta</a> </td> <td>Son of Lomaharshana and a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> </td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> </td> <td>Father of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a>; The king of the <a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni">Vrishnis</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Yadava" title="Yadava">Yadava</a> prince. </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>subahu </td> <td>The king of Kashi </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sudarshana </td> <td>The son of king Dhruvasandhi </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> </td> <td>The king of devas, God of weather </td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a> </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nimi_(king)" title="Nimi (king)">Nimi</a> </td> <td>The son of <a href="/wiki/Ikshvaku" title="Ikshvaku">Ikshvaku</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani">Sachi</a> </td> <td>Consort of Indra, Queen of <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himavat" title="Himavat">Himavan</a> </td> <td>Personification of the Himalayas, He is the guardian deity of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayan mountains">Himalayas</a>, The Goddess preached the Devi Gita to him. </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sukanya </td> <td>Daughter of King Sharyati </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satyavrata </td> <td>A prince cursed by sage <a href="/wiki/Vasishtha" title="Vasishtha">Vasishtha</a> </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Janamejaya" title="Janamejaya">Janamejaya</a> </td> <td>King of <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru</a> kingdom, Son of Parikshit, Vyasa preached the Devi Bhagavata Purana to him. </td> <td>-- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Savarni_Manu" title="Savarni Manu">Savarni</a> </td> <td>The eighth Manu of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> </td> <td>10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_demons_and_villains">Notable demons and villains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable demons and villains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many demons (villains) are mentioned throughout the Srimad Devi Bhagavatam </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Avatar (Incarnation) </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Canto </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhu-Kaitabha" title="Madhu-Kaitabha">Madhu-Kaitabha</a> </td> <td>Two demons who originated from the earwax within the god Vishnu's ears. </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asura Hayagriva </td> <td>Son of <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danu_(Hinduism)" title="Danu (Hinduism)">Danu</a> who Slain by Lord <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takshaka" title="Takshaka">Takshaka</a> </td> <td>One of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Kadru" title="Kadru">Kadru</a>, Murderer of <a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshit</a> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> </td> <td>Multi-headed <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">rakshasa</a> king of the island of <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>, </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a> </td> <td>The son of <a href="/wiki/Rambha_(asura)" title="Rambha (asura)">Mahisi</a> (Buffalo) and the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Brahmarshi" title="Brahmarshi">Brahmarshi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a>, He was ultimately killed by goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tamra </td> <td>One of minister's of Mahishasura </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Durmukha </td> <td>One of minister's of Mahishasura, killed by goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ciksura </td> <td>General of Mahishasura, killed by goddess Durga </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shumbha_and_Nishumbha" title="Shumbha and Nishumbha">Shumbha and Nishumbha</a> </td> <td>Two Asura brothers, sons of Kashyapa and Danu, Goddess <a href="/wiki/Kaushiki" title="Kaushiki">Kaushiki</a> killed them both </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dhumralochana </td> <td>The asura who was the general of the demon king Shumbha </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raktab%C4%ABja" title="Raktabīja">Raktabija</a> </td> <td>One of minister's of the demon king Shumbha </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vritrasura</a> </td> <td>A great demon (<i>asura</i>) killed by Indra </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nahusha" title="Nahusha">Nahusha</a> </td> <td>A king of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dynasty" title="Lunar dynasty">Chandravamsha</a> (Lunar dynasty), Nahusha was made the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a> during Indra's absence </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiranyaksha" title="Hiranyaksha">Hiranyaksha</a> </td> <td>He is slain by the <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> (wild boar) avatar of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a> </td> <td>Younger brother of Hiranyaksha, Slain by <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> </td> <td>5,10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durgamasura" title="Durgamasura">Durgamasura</a> </td> <td>A powerful demon who was killed by Goddess Durga </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shankachuda </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudama" title="Sudama">Sudama</a> who was lord Krishna's friend in his previous life </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arunasura" class="mw-redirect" title="Arunasura">Arunasura</a> </td> <td>A powerful demon who was killed by the goddess Bhramari </td> <td>10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_and_structure">Content and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Content and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theosophy in the text, state Foulston and Abbott, is an encyclopedic mix of ancient history, metaphysics and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This history, states C Mackenzie Brown, is of the same type found in other Puranas, about the perpetual cycle of conflict between the good and the evil, the gods and the demons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19985–6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19985–6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These legends build upon and extend the ancient Hindu history, such as those found in the <i>Mahabharata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19986-10_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19986-10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this Purana's legends refocus the legends around the divine feminine, integrate a devotional theme to goddesses, and the Devi is asserted in this text to be the eternal truth, the eternal source of all of universe, the eternal end of everything, the <i>nirguna</i> (without form) and the <i>saguna</i> (with form), the supreme unchanging reality (Purusha), the phenomenal changing reality (Prakriti), as well as the soul within each living being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19986-10_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19986-10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015131–138_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015131–138-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl200024–31_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl200024–31-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stated_authorship_and_purpose">Stated authorship and purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stated authorship and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vijnanananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vijnanananda">Swami Vijnanananda</a> translation: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Suta said: "O Rsis! In days of yore, from the Lotus Face of the Devi Bhagavati came out Srimad Bhagavatam in the form of half a Sloka, as the decided conclusion of the Vedas. About what She gave instructions to Vishnu, sleeping on a leaf of a Banyan tree, that same thing, the seed of the Srimad Bhagavata, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> Himself expanded into one hundred Koti slokas. Then, Veda Vyasa, in order to teach his own son <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Shuka</a> Deva, condensed them into eighteen thousand slokas, in Twelve Books and named it Srimad Devi Bhagavatam, the present volume. That voluminous book comprising one hundred koti slokas compiled by Brahma is still extant in the deva loka</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam Twelfth Canto, Chapter 14, Verses 1:4</cite></div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Purana Srimad Bhagavata (Devi Bhagavata) is excellent and holy; eighteen thousand pure Slokas are contained in it. Bhagavan Krishna-Dwaipayana has divided this Purana into twelve auspicious Skandhas (Books) and three hundred and eighteen chapters.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam First Canto, Chapter 2, Verses 11:12</cite></div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O Suta! Fie to the nectar even! as the drinking of nectar is quite useless in giving Mukti. But hearing the Bhagavata gives instantaneous Mukti from this Samsara or round of birth and death.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam First Canto, Chapter 1, Verse 21</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranic_characteristics">Puranic characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Puranic characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_a_Mahapurana">As a Mahapurana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: As a Mahapurana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two Bhagavatas in Hindu puranic literature, the Vishnu <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a> and Devi Bhagavata. There are some doubts between genuine of these two puranas, as an example in Uma Samhita of <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a> Mentioned Srimad Devi Bhagavatam as fifth <a href="/wiki/Mahapurana_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapurana (Hinduism)">Mahapurana</a> called Srimad Bhagavatam.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devi Bhagavata as it is called in itself, <i><b>Bhagavata</b></i> or <i><b>Srimad Bhagavata</b></i> confirms to the definitions of <b>Bhagavata</b> contained in other Puranas including Matsya Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From J. L. Shastri's translation:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Where the stories of the goddess Durga are mentioned, it is said to be Bhagavata Purana as well as Devi Purana.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shiva Purana Uma Samhita, Chapter 44, verse 129</cite></div></blockquote> <p>As mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a>, the Bhagavata Purana is contain 18,000 slokas and begins with the Gayatri and glorifies the Sarasvata Kalpa.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vyasa mentions in Devi Bhagavatam that it was composed in Sarasvata Kalpa. </p><p>Farquhar mentions that devotees of Devi accept this Purana as the original Bhagavata Purana, the fifth among all the Puranas, and the Vishnu Bhagavata Purana is believed to have been composed by Vopadeva around A.D. 1300. He points out that Sridhara remarks on this claim in his (Vishnu) Bhagavata Purana commentary, a claim apparently common during his day, thus making it clear that Devi Bhagavata is posterior to the Bhagavata Purana and prior to Sridhara, who lived about A.D. 1400.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winternitz mentions that there are three polemic treatises discussing whether Devi Bhagavata should instead be considered a Mahapurana.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hazra mentions that there is a band of scholars, both European and Indian, who hold that the Devi Bhagavata is the real Bhagavata and that the Vaishnava Bhagavata is a spurious work, which he views their opinion as untenable and elaborates on eleven reasons why in his book.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vishnulok Bihari Srivastava states that in Sanskrit literature, both Srimad Bhagavatam and Devi Bhagavatam are accepted as Mahapuranas, while the <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a>, Matsya Purana and Aditya Upa Purana accept Devi Bhagavatam as a Mahapurana.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanamali, in her book "Shakti", states that Devi Bhagavatam is classified as a Mahapurana.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puri states that in the Devi Bhagavata Purana it is entitled as the Bhagavata Mahapurana and the Vaishnava Bhagavata as an upapurana.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanyal states that in the Saura Purana and the revakhanda of <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>, the Bhagavata Purana is mentioned as being divided into two parts. He further points out that the Vaishnava Bhagavata Purana is not so divided and that the Devi Bhagavata Purana is divided into two parts of six chapters each, so it may be the Devi Bhagavata Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson states that It is acceptable to include the Bhagavata among the eighteen Puranas, but it is said that it can only be the Devi Bhagavata as the circumstances apply more precisely than the Vaishnava Bhagavata.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Five_characteristics">Five characteristics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Five characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">Sattvic</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a> Purana the Srimad Devi Bhagavatam has five characteristics. </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vijnanananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vijnanananda">Swami Vijnanananda</a> translation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thus, the Mahatma Veda Vyasa has divided this Bhagavata Purana into so many Skandhas and into so many chapters; and that the number of verses is eighteen thousand is already stated. That is denominated as Purana which contains the following five characteristics: (1) Sarga (creation of the universe), (2) Pratisarga (secondary creation), (3) Vamsa (dynasties), (4) Manvantaras, (5) Vamsa nuchararita (the description of Manus and other kings).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam First Canto, Chapter 2, Verse 17:18</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shlokas_/_Verses"><span id="Shlokas_.2F_Verses"></span>Shlokas / Verses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shlokas / Verses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam consists of 12 cantos with 318 chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986168_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the number of original <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">shlokas</a></i> ('verses') is stated to be 18,000 by the Devi Bhagavata itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200973_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200973-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual text, in different versions, is close.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Srimad Devi Bhagavatam Chapters and Verses </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Vijnanananda" title="Vijnanananda">Swami Vijnanananda</a> Translation</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Canto</b> </th> <th><b>Chapters</b> </th> <th><b>Verses</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>1,185 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>723 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>1,746 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>1,426 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>2,086 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>1,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>2,251 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>793 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>3,563 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>508 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>1,239 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>318</b> </td> <td><b>18,369</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Difference (Sanskrit)</b> </td> <td><b>+369</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cantos">Cantos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cantos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For ease of reference, Swami Vijnanananda's complete 18-volume translation of the Srimad Devi Bhagavatam in wisdomlib is cited. It also provides original <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> verses, <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a>, and purports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Canto">First Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consisting of 20 chapters, the first book (<i>skandha</i>) like other major Puranas, states Rocher, presents the outline, the structure of contents, and describes how in the mythical Naimisha forest, the <i>Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i> was first recited among the sages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986168_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also asserts that all of Reality was initially <i>nirguna</i> (without form, shape or attributes; in other words, there was nothingness except Truth).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986168_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, asserts the text, this <i>nirguna</i> Reality was a <i>Bhagavati</i> (woman), and she manifested herself as three <i>Shaktis</i> - Sattviki (truth, creative action), Rajasi (passion, aimless action) and Tamasi (delusion, destructive action).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986168_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also includes: </p> <ul><li>The group of sages including <a href="/wiki/Shaunaka" title="Shaunaka">Shaunaka</a> requested Suta to recite the Bhagavata Purana, the fifth Purana among the Mahapuranas.</li> <li>Lord Vishnu assume the form of <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a> with the grace of Devi as a result of a curse by Vishnu's consort Lakshmi.</li> <li>The penance of <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, and boon granted by <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Lord Shiva</a></li> <li>Birth of <a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a> from Tara by Soma; Sudyumna's change into a female named Ila and her prayers to the Goddess and the Goddess granting her a place at Her Lotus Feet</li> <li>Birth of <a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Shuka</a>deva and visit to Mithila to meet King Janaka</li> <li>Instructions of Bhagavati to Vishnu</li></ul><p> In chapter fifteen chapter of the 1st canto, Devi reveals her true identity to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> who is lying on a banyan leaf.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All this that is seen is I Myself; there is existent nothing other that is eternal</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam, Canto 01, Chapter 15, Verse 52</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Canto">Second Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Second Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consisting of 12 chapters, this canto is short and historical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986168_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It weaves in the characters well known in the Hindu epic <i>Mahabharata</i>, states Rocher, and introduces in the key characters that appear in remaining books of the <i>Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986169_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986169-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also includes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parashara" title="Parashara">Parasara</a> union with <a href="/wiki/Satyavati" title="Satyavati">Matsyagandha</a> and part of Lord Vishnu, born as Vyasa.</li> <li>Union of Ganga with <a href="/wiki/Shantanu" title="Shantanu">Shantanu</a> and birth of eight <a href="/wiki/Vasu" title="Vasu">Vasus</a> as her sons.</li> <li>Birth of <a href="/wiki/Dhritarashtra" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandu" title="Pandu">Pandu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a>, Dhritarashtra marriage <a href="/wiki/Gandhari_(Mahabharata)" title="Gandhari (Mahabharata)">Gandhari</a> and Saubali and Pandu's marriage with <a href="/wiki/Kunti" title="Kunti">Kunti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madri" title="Madri">Madri</a>.</li> <li>The story of the birth <a href="/wiki/Karna" title="Karna">Karna</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a>.</li> <li>On the <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a></li> <li>The story of Kasyapa and <a href="/wiki/Takshaka" title="Takshaka">Takshaka</a> meeting on the way to <a href="/wiki/Parikshit" title="Parikshit">Parikshit</a>'s house and Takshaka entering a fruit and killing Parikshit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Canto">Third Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Third Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consisting of 30 chapters, this canto mentions the glory of Devi <a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a> and her worship, at the beginning of the universe <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> see the Goddess reside in Manidvipa and praise her. It also weaves in legends from the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986169_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986169-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Description about the secondary creation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> going towards the heavens on the celestial car</li> <li>Devi transforms Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva into young girls, Trimurti eulogizes Devi with various hymns.</li> <li>Devi's description of her own self and the description of nirguna <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> and nirguna <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">purusha</a>.</li> <li>The Goddess bestows <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> on Brahma, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> on Vishnu and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Gauri</a> on Shiva.</li> <li>Fight between Yudhajit and Virasena</li> <li>Details about <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> festival and <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>'s performing the Navaratri ceremony</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Canto">Fourth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fourth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Consisting of 25 chapters, this fourth canto presents more legends, including interactions between avatars of <a href="/wiki/Hari" title="Hari">Hari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a>'s birth as <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>. It also introduces tantric themes and presents yoga meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986169_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986169-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi"><img resource="/wiki/File:Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/180px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/270px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/360px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="3069" /></a><figcaption>One aspect of the Goddess in the <i>Devi Bhagavata Purana</i>. The text describes many.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986168–172_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986168–172-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015183–184_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015183–184-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The questions put by Janamejaya regarding Krishna's incarnation</li></ul> <ul><li>Details about Nara and Narayana</li> <li>The fight between the Risis and <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a></li> <li>Description about several avatars of Vishnu</li> <li>Explain about Devi's highest supremacy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_Canto">Fifth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fifth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhuvaneshwari_temple_in_the_Mysore_Palace_grounds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bhuvaneshwari_temple_in_the_Mysore_Palace_grounds.jpg/220px-Bhuvaneshwari_temple_in_the_Mysore_Palace_grounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bhuvaneshwari_temple_in_the_Mysore_Palace_grounds.jpg/330px-Bhuvaneshwari_temple_in_the_Mysore_Palace_grounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bhuvaneshwari_temple_in_the_Mysore_Palace_grounds.jpg/440px-Bhuvaneshwari_temple_in_the_Mysore_Palace_grounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bhuvaneshwari temple in <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Palace" title="Mysore Palace">Mysore Palace</a>. Bhuvaneshwari is the supreme Goddess in Book 7 of this Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman201426-28_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman201426-28-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Consisting of 35 chapters, the canto mentions the glory of Devi (Devi Mahatmya), fight between <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>, killing of <a href="/wiki/Sumbha_and_Nisumbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumbha and Nisumbha">Sumbha and Nisumbha</a> and other demons. </p> <ul><li>Devi Mahatmya - Story of <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a> and the origin of goddess Mahalakshmi</li> <li>The conquest of the Heavens by Shumba - Nishumbha and Birth of Devi <a href="/wiki/Kaushiki" title="Kaushiki">Kaushiki</a></li> <li>The story of King Suratha and a Vaishya who heard the Devi Mahatmyam from a sage, received the nine-syllable mantra from him and performed severe austerities and worshiped the Devi.</li> <li>The methods of Devi worship, worship of Devi either in a metal image or in a <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_Canto">Sixth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sixth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consisting of 31 chapters, The sixth book continue these legends, states Rocher, with half of the chapters focussed on the greatness of Goddess, how male gods are befuddled by problems, how they run to her for help, and how she solves them because she is enlightened knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986169–170_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986169–170-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990201–216_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990201–216-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text presents the feminine to whom all masculine deities are subordinate and dependent on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200973–74_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200973–74-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its also include <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> killing of <a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vritra</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tvashtr" title="Tvashtr">Tvashtr</a> create a son named Vishvarupa and Indra kills Visvarupa.</li> <li>Tvashtr's rage and creation of <a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vritra</a> from the sacrificial fire and the slaying of Vṛitrasura</li> <li>Indra's expulsion from heaven, <a href="/wiki/Indrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani">Sachi</a> worship of Devi <a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahusha" title="Nahusha">Nahusha</a> taking Indra's place.</li> <li>The birth of Mitra Varuṇa</li> <li>The origin of the Haihaya Dynasty</li> <li>Details of holy rivers, mountains, lakes and places sacred to the Goddess.</li> <li>The marriage of Narada and his face getting transformed into that of a monkey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_Canto">Seventh Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Seventh Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consisting of 40 chapters, The seventh canto of the <i>Srimad Devi-Bhagavatam</i> shifts towards more philosophy, asserting its version of the essence of the Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book contains the philosophical text called <i>Devi Gita</i>, or the "Song of the Goddess".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981-2,_85-98_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981-2,_85-98-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Goddess explains she is the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> that created the world, asserting the Advaita premise that spiritual liberation occurs when one fully comprehends the identity of one's soul and the Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199812-17_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199812-17-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This knowledge, asserts the Goddess, comes from detaching self from the world and meditating on one's own soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015131–138_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015131–138-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Chapter 28 of the seventh book contain the story of Durgamasur and his annihilation by goddess Sivaa (Parvati) in her form of <a href="/wiki/Shakambhari" title="Shakambhari">Shakambhari</a>. </p> <ul><li>Description of the Solar and Lunar Kings</li></ul> <ul><li>The story of Satyavrata</li> <li>The birth of Devi Gauri, the seats of the Deity, and the distraction of Shiva</li> <li>Supreme goddess takes Universal Virat rupa and Self-realization, Spoken by the supreme Mother</li></ul> <p>This canto, states Rocher, also includes sections on festivals related to Devi, pilgrimage information and ways to remember her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her relationship with Shiva and the birth of <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a> is also briefly mentioned in the 7th book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last ten chapters (31 to 40) of the canto 7 is the famous and philosophical <i>Devi Gita</i>, which often circulates in the Hindu tradition as a separate text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–4_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighth_Canto">Eighth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Eighth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consisting of 24 chapters, The eighth book of the <i>Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i> incorporates one of the five requirements of Puranic-genre of Hindu texts, that is a theory of the geography of the earth, planets and stars, the motion of sun and moon, as well as explanation of time and the Hindu calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170–171_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170–171-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its include: </p> <ul><li>In the beginning of creation <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu (Hinduism)</a> praise Devi and Lord taking <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> avatar</li> <li>Divisions of Bhu Mandala with Seven islands</li> <li>Various avatars of Vishnu worship in <a href="/wiki/Jambudv%C4%ABpa" title="Jambudvīpa">Jambudvīpa</a></li> <li>Description of the movement of the Moon and other planets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> worship and praises Lord Ananta</li> <li>Description about nether worlds and different hells</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ninth_Canto">Ninth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ninth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest canto is the 9th <i>skandha</i> Consisting of 50 chapters, which is very similar in structure and content of the <i>Prakriti-kanda</i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavaivarta_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmavaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta Purana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990160_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990160-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are goddess-focused and discuss her theology, but have one difference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Prakriti-kanda</i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavaivarta_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmavaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta Purana</a></i> also includes many verses which praise Vishnu and use various names (incarnations), which re-appear in the 9th book of the <i>Devi Bhagavata Purana</i>, with Vishnu's names substituted with Devi's names (incarnations).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also mentioned <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as the male form of goddess. </p> <ul><li>Description of five forms of Devi <a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a></li> <li>Manifestation of Shri <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and description of first creation (Sarga)</li> <li>Birth of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga (goddess)</a> mutually curse each other and descend them on Bharatavarsha.</li> <li>Description of the period of <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>.</li> <li>Story of Devi <a href="/wiki/Tulsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsi">Tulsi</a></li> <li>Significance and attributes of Bhagavati <a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a></li> <li>Goddess <a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi">Mahalakshmi</a> manifests from ocean of milk</li> <li>Description of mantras and songs of praise to Devi <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>SDB 09.38.29:31</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>रप विभरतयरपा च भकतानगरहहतव ॥ <br /> गोपालसनदरीरप परथम सा ससरज ह ।<br /> अतीव कमनीय च सनदर समनोहरम ॥ <br /> नवीननीरदशयाम किशोर गोपवषकम ।<br /> कदरपकोटिलावणय लीलाधाम मनोहरम ॥ </p> </div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Though formless, She assumes forms for the gratification of the desires of Her Bhaktas. She created first the beautiful form of Gopala Sundari (Krisna) very lovely and beautiful, captivating the mind. His body is blue like the fresh rain cloud. He is young and dressed like that of a cowherd</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 09, Chapter 38, Verses 29:31</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenth_Canto">Tenth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tenth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consisting of 13 chapters, This Canto of the <i>Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i> is one of the shortest, and integrates <i>manavantaras</i>, another structural requirement for this text to be a major Purana, but wherein the Devi is worshiped in every cosmic time cycle, because she is the greatest, she kills the evil and she nurtures the good.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990133–134_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990133–134-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Chapter 13 of the tenth book describes the glory of goddess <a href="/wiki/Bhramari" title="Bhramari">Bhramri</a> that how in the past she killed the demon <a href="/wiki/Arunasura" class="mw-redirect" title="Arunasura">Arunasura</a>. </p> <ul><li>The creation Swayambhu Manu and Description of other Manus.</li> <li>Narada describes the greatness of Vindhya who tries to stop the path of <a href="/wiki/Sun_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun God">Sun God</a>.</li> <li>Method of <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana Puja</a></li> <li>The anecdote of the King Suratha</li> <li>The story of <a href="/wiki/Bhramari" title="Bhramari">Bhramari</a> Devi</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devi_Bhuvaneswari_at_Parashakthi_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Devi_Bhuvaneswari_at_Parashakthi_Temple.jpg/186px-Devi_Bhuvaneswari_at_Parashakthi_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Devi_Bhuvaneswari_at_Parashakthi_Temple.jpg/280px-Devi_Bhuvaneswari_at_Parashakthi_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Devi_Bhuvaneswari_at_Parashakthi_Temple.jpg/373px-Devi_Bhuvaneswari_at_Parashakthi_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Devi Bhuvaneshwari</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleventh_Canto">Eleventh Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eleventh Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consisting of 24 chapters, This canto of the text discusses <i>Sadachara</i> (virtues) and <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> to self as an individual, as belonging to a <i>Grama</i> (village, community) and to a <i>Desha</i> (country).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text praises <a href="/wiki/Sruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sruti">Sruti</a> and asserts it to be the authoritative source, adding that <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smriti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> are also sources for guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This section is notable for adding that Tantra is also a source of guidance, but only if it does not conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171_63-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verses in the 11th books also describe sources for <a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a> as Japa beads, the value of <a href="/wiki/Tripundra" title="Tripundra">Tripundra</a> mark on the forehead, five styles of <i>Sandhyas</i> (reflection, meditation) and five types of <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajnas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171_63-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The glories of the Rudrakṣa beads and Bhasma</li> <li>The rules of using the Tripuṇḍra and Urdhapundra marks</li> <li>Description of the Greatness of the Devi Puja</li> <li>The description of Sandhya Upasana</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelfth_Canto">Twelfth Canto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Twelfth Canto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last and 12th canto of the <i>Devi-Bhagavatam</i> Consisting of 14 chapters, Its describes the Goddess as the mother of the Vedas, she as the <i>Adya Shakti</i> (primal, primordial power), and the essence of the <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri mantra">Gayatri mantra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171–172_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171–172-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses map every syllable of the Gayatri mantra to 1008 names of reverence in the Hindu tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171–172_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171–172-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These names span a spectrum of historic sages, deities, musical meters, mudras and the glories of the goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171–172_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171–172-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, from Chapter 10 to Chapter 12, a description is provided of the supreme abode of Devi called <a href="/wiki/Manidvipa" title="Manidvipa">Manidvipa</a>, which is above <a href="/wiki/Vaikuntha" title="Vaikuntha">Vaikuntha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goloka" title="Goloka">Goloka</a>. </p> <ul><li>One thousand and eight names of <a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a></li> <li>The story of Uma Haimavati</li> <li>Effects of Gayatri upasana</li> <li>Janamejaya's Devi-yajna</li> <li>Glory of Devi Bhagavata as the essence of all the Vedas and Puranas.</li></ul> <p><b>SDB 12.10.03:04</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>सरवदो निजवासारथ परकतया मलभतया ।<br /> कलासादधिको लोको वकणठादपि चोततमः ॥<br /> गोलोकादपि सरवसमातसरवलोकोऽधिकः समतः ।<br /> नततसम तरिलोकया त सनदर विदयत कवचित ॥ </p> </div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the very beginning, the Devi Mula Prakriti Bhagavati built this place for Her residence, superior to Kailaska, Vaikunta and Goloka. Verily no other place in this universe can stand before it. Hence it is called Manidvipa or Sarvaloka as superior to all the Lokas</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 12, Chapter 10, Verses 03:04</cite></div></blockquote><p><b>SDB 12.13.27:28</b> original Sanskrit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>मूलप्रकृतिरेवैषा यत्र तु प्रतिपाद्यते । <br /> समं तेन पुराणं स्यात्कथमन्यन्नृपोत्तम ॥<br /> पाठे वेदसमं पुण्यं यस्य स्याज्जनमेजय । <br /> पठितव्यं प्रयत्नेन तदेव विबुधोत्तमैः ॥ </p> </div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In fact, this Purana is the Essence of all the Puranas. How can the other Puranas be compared with this, wherein is established the Devi Mula Prakriti? Reading this Purana from the beginning to the end yields the result of reading the Vedas. So the wise persons should try their best to study it always.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 12, Chapter 13, Verses 27:28</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devi_Gita">Devi Gita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Devi Gita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Devi_Gita" title="Devi Gita">Devi Gita</a></i> </p><p>The <i>Devi Gita</i>, like the <i>Bhagavad Gita</i>, is a condensed philosophical treatise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990179–198_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990179–198-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It presents the divine female as a powerful and compassionate creator, pervader and protector of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is, states Brown, presented in the opening chapter of the <i>Devi Gita</i> as the benign and beautiful world-mother, called <i>Bhuvaneshvari</i> (literally, ruler of the universe, and the word is feminine).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman201426-28_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman201426-28-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990179–198_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990179–198-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, theological and philosophical teachings become the focus of the text, covering chapters 1 to 10 of the <i>Devi Gita</i> (or, chapters 31 to 40 of this Purana's Canto 7).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the verses of <i>Devi Gita</i> are almost identical to the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199825–26,_77_with_note_26_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199825–26,_77_with_note_26-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>The soul and the Goddess</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>[My sacred syllable हरीम] transcends,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> the distinction of name and named,<br /> beyond all dualities.<br /> It is whole,<br /> infinite <a href="/wiki/Satcitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcitananda">being, consciousness and bliss</a>.<br /> One should meditate on that reality,<br /> within the flaming light of consciousness.<br /> Fixing the mind upon me,<br /> as the Goddess transcending all space and time,<br /> One quickly merges with me by realizing,<br /> the oneness of the soul and <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Devi Gita</i>, Transl: Lynn Foulston, Stuart Abbott<br /><i>Devibhagavata Purana</i>, Book 7<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200974–75_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200974–75-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The <i>Devi Gita</i> frequently explains Shakta ideas by quoting from the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Devi is described by the text as a "universal, cosmic energy" resident within each individual, weaving in the terminology of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suffused with <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> ideas, wherein nonduality is emphasized, all dualities are declared as incorrect, and interconnected oneness of all living being's soul with Brahman is held as the liberating knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3,_12–17_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3,_12–17-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman20159,_34,_89–90,_131–138_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman20159,_34,_89–90,_131–138-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200915–16_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200915–16-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, adds Tracy Pintchman, <i>Devi Gita</i> incorporates Tantric ideas giving the Devi a form and motherly character rather than the gender-neutral concept of Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman20149-10_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman20149-10-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supreme Goddess describes her gross form in the Devi Gita as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>वरहमा विषणशच रदशच ¦<br /> टशच ईशवरशच सदाशिवः ।<br /> एत पञचमहापरताः पादमल मम सथिताः ॥ </p> </div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Brahma, Vishnu, Rudhra, Ishvara and Sadashiva: these are the five great disembodied spirits, who are situated at the base of my feet.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Devi Gita (Swami Satyānanda Saraswati), Chapter 12, Verse 10<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> theology of the <i>Devi Gita</i> part of this Purana may have been influenced by the <i>Bhagavad Gita</i>, and with Vaishnava concepts of loving devotion to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>. All these texts highlight different types of devotion in a Samkhya philosophy framework.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004158–161_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004158–161-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199823–25_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199823–25-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text asserts that <i>Tamasic Bhakti</i> is one where the devotee prays because he is full of anger and seeks to harm or induce pain or jealousy to others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199823–25_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199823–25-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rajasic Bhakti</i> is one where the devotee prays not to harm others, but to gain personal advantage, fame or wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004158–161_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004158–161-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sattvic Bhakti</i> is the type where the devotee seeks neither advantage nor harm to others but prays to purify himself, renounce any sins and surrender to the ideas embodied as Goddess to liberate himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_literature">Vedic literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Vedic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Devi Bhagavatam mentioned number of Vedic mantras connected with observance. In eleventh canto describes certain rites, also Devi is identified with <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>. In the ninth canto mentioned various phase powers of Devi. Dhyana stotras of Lakshmi and Svaha are adopted from <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a>. Use of Rudrakshas mentioned in ninth canto is supported by the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Sruti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upanishad">Upanishad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Devi Bhagavatam adopted some of the passages in the Upanishad. In the seventh canto of the purana, Devi describes her own form. These verses are identical with some verses of the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a>. Also, in the fourth canto some famous expressions of <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> are used to describe the nature of Devi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samkhya">Samkhya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Samkhya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></div> <p>Devi Bhagavatam belongs to the Shaktadvaitavada tradition (syncretism of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>; literally, the path of nondualistic Shakti). The duality of <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a> in Samkhya is not accepted by Devi Bhagavatam. In the text prakriti is identified with Parashakti. She is also called Mulaprakriti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti">Bhakti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bhakti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></i> </p><p>The Devi Bhagavata Purana adds <i>Para Bhakti</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: दवी) in Devi Gita as the highest level of devotion, states McDaniel, where the devotee seeks neither boon nor liberation but weeps when he remembers her because he loves the Goddess, when he feels her presence everywhere and sees the Goddess in all living beings, he is intoxicated by her ideas and presence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004158–161_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004158–161-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199823–25_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199823–25-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>From</i> <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vijnanananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vijnanananda">Swami Vijnanananda</a> translation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now hear attentively about the Para Bhakti that I am now describing to you. He who hears always My Glories and recites My Name and whose mind dwells always, like the incessant flow of oil, in Me who is the receptacle of all auspicious qualities and Gunas. But he has not the least trace of any desire to get the fruits of his Karma; yea he does not want Samipya, Sarshti, Sayujya, and Salokya and other forms of liberations! He becomes filled with devotion for Me alone, worships Me only; knows nothing higher than to serve Me and he does not want final liberation even. He does not like to forsake this idea of Sevya (to be served) and Sevaka (servant who serves). He always meditates on Me with a constant vigilance and actuated by a feeling of Supreme Devotion; he does not think himself separate from Me but rather thinks him self ‘that I am the Bhagavati.' Не considers all the Jivas as Myself and loves Me as he loves himself. He does not make any difference between the Jivas and myself as he finds the same with anybody as he has abandoned all ideas about separateness; he bows down, and worships the Chandalas and all the Jivas.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam Seventh Canto, Chapter 37, Verses 11:18</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advaita">Advaita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Advaita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> concepts can be seen throughout the Devi Bhagavata Purana. One of the main Advaita concepts found in the Purana is the concept that the individual self and the Supreme Self are one. As P. G. Lalye states that the Advaita Vedanta concept most prominent in the Devi Bhagavata Purana is the non-dual unity of the Goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karma">Karma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Karma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lalye state that Devi Bhagavatam has described many events that directly affect karma. In purana Vyasa, Narada and Narayana are exponents of Karma theory. He further states that one's actions must be forgiven. As the action is, so is the result. In this narrative the theory of karma and the theory of destiny are mixed together in the Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Devi Bhagavata Purana promotes devotion to the Goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Lynn Foulston states, the text was written to satisfy Shakti devotees. He further mentions that the Devi Gita in the seventh Canto is the Shakta alternative to the Bhagavad Gita.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_Festivals">Hindu Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Hindu Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Durga_Puja_2.jpg/147px-Durga_Puja_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Durga_Puja_2.jpg/220px-Durga_Puja_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Durga_Puja_2.jpg/294px-Durga_Puja_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Durga Puja in Navaratri</figcaption></figure> <p>Devi Bhagavatam also mentions the <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> festival which is a special festival of Goddess and the rituals to be performed on that festival and about the Navaratri Puja performed by <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ashtami" title="Ashtami">Ashtami</a> night.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If during the Sharadiya Puja (the autumnal Durga Puja), at the Navaratra period, one reads with devotion this Bhagavatam, the Devi Bhagavati becomes greatly pleased and awards him results more than his desires.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam, Twelfth Canto, Chapter 14, verse 19</cite></div></blockquote><p>In the thirteenth chapter of the Ninth canto mentions, the Hindu festival of <a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dola Purnima</a>, celebrated during <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="shaktism">shaktism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: shaktism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divya Jyoti Jagrati Sansthan, a non-profit organization, performs the rituals of the Devi Bhagavatam and preaches its stories.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> talks about Para bhakti, the highest form of devotion to Brahman, he gives examples and definitions from the Devi Bhagavata Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sanyal states that Devi Bhagavata Parayana is still popular in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verses and ideas in the <i>Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i>, state Foulston and Abbott, are built on the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> wherein the nonduality and oneness of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (soul) are synthesized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975–76_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975–76-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text makes references to the philosophy and metaphors used in the Advaita Vedanta tradition of <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>. However, those ideas are reformulated and centered around the Goddess in the <i>Devi Bhagavata Purana</i>, states C Mackenzie Brown, as well as other scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199812-17_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199812-17-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Devi Bhagavata</i> text, states Tracy Pintchman, the Devi is not only Brahman-Atman (soul, interconnected oneness), she is also the always-changing empirical reality (<a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman201429-30_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman201429-30-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>SDB 01.18.41</b> original Sanskrit: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>जीवो बरहम सदवाह नातर कारया विचारणा ।<br /> भदबदधिसत ससार वरतमाना परवरतत ॥42 ॥ </p> </div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Jiva is Brahman; I am that Brahman and nothing else; there is nothing to be discussed here. It is owing to the dualities that monism appears not clear and differences between Jiva and Brahman arise.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Canto 01, Chapter 18, Verse 41</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Goddess, in <i>Devi Bhagavata Purana</i>, is both the source of self-bondage through <i>Avidya</i> (ignorance) and the source of self-liberation through <i>Vidya</i> (knowledge), state Foulston and Abbott.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is identical to the Vedic <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> reality concept of Brahman, the supreme power, the ruler of the universe, the hero, the hidden energy, the power, the bliss innate in everything, according to the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975–76_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975–76-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015128,_131–138_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015128,_131–138-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1997131–134_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1997131–134-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Devi, states Kinsley, is identified by this Purana to be all matter, mother earth, the cosmos, all of nature including the primordial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1988179–180_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1988179–180-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Goddess is presented, states Brown, as "the womb of the universe", who observes the actions of her children, nurtures them to discover and realize their true nature, forgive when they make mistakes, be fearsomely terrible to the wicked that threaten her children, and be friend of all souls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990129–130_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990129–130-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cynthia Humes compares the depiction of Goddess in the 6th-century Hindu text <i>Devi Mahatmya</i>, with that in this later <i>Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i> text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-140_(Cynthia_Humes)_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-140_(Cynthia_Humes)-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both revere the feminine, states Humes, but there are some important differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-140_(Cynthia_Humes)_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-140_(Cynthia_Humes)-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowhere does the <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> state anything negative about women, and it is explicit in asserting that "all women are portions of the Goddess".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-142_(Cynthia_Humes)_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-142_(Cynthia_Humes)-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, states Humes, the portrayal of women in <i>Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i> is more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-142_(Cynthia_Humes)_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-142_(Cynthia_Humes)-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes verses critical of the feminine, with the text stating that behavior of woman can be "reckless, foolish, cruel, deceitful" and the like. The <i>Devi Bhagavata</i> also praises women and describes their behavior can be "heroic, gentle, tenacious, strong" and the like.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-142_(Cynthia_Humes)_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-142_(Cynthia_Humes)-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Hazra points out, in some parts of the Devi Bhagavata Purana, Vishnu is shown as the supreme deity, and in some parts Shiva is shown superior to Vishnu and Krishna. In the ninth canto, Krishna is shown as Para-Brahman. He further shows that the author of this Purana has composed it in such a way as to be consistent with all the Hindu sects, without contradicting the views of any sect.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i> is an important and historic Shakta Bhakti text, states June McDaniel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004158–161_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004158–161-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentaries_and_translations">Commentaries and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Commentaries and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentaries">Commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Studies in Devi Bhagavata - P.G. Layle</li> <li>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam with the Tika of Nilakantha</li> <li>Discourses on the Devi Bhagavatam - Pt Vidur Prasad Dahal</li> <li>The Triumph of the Goddess : The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Devi Bhagavata Purana has been translated into different languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telugu">Telugu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Telugu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulugu_Papayaradhya" title="Mulugu Papayaradhya">Mulugu Papayaradhya</a>, an 18th-century Telugu poet, is regarded as the first poet to translate the Devi Bhagavata Purana into <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati_Venkata_Kavulu" title="Tirupati Venkata Kavulu">Tirupati Venkata Kavulu</a> also translated this purana into Telugu language in 1896 entitled <i>Devi Bhagavatamu</i>. They have divided the purana into 6 skandas and themselves published it in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasu_Sriramulu" title="Dasu Sriramulu">Dasu Sriramulu</a> (1846 -1908) a scholar, composer, poet, Avadhani, orator, proficient in astrology and dramaturgy, translator, founder of a music school, nationalist and social reformer and author of kavyalu, <a href="/wiki/Satakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakam">Satakas</a>, plays, musical and dance compositions in Telugu. He translated many satakams and plays from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> into Telugu. He translated Sri Devi Bhagavatham, which was first published in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sri Devi Bhagavatham by Acharya Bethavolu Ramabrahmam in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sri Devi Bhagavatam translated by Smt. S Rukminamma<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kannada">Kannada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Kannada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Edatore Chandrashekhara Sastry has translated the entire Devi Bhagavatam to Kannada with Sanskrit Text. This was published in 11 volumes at Mysore. (Jayachamarajendra Grantha Ratna Mala - 5)</li> <li>Sri Devi Bhagavata by Pavana Sutha<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malayalam">Malayalam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Malayalam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam translated by Varavoor Shamu Menon and Dr. N. P Unni<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shrimad Devi Bhagavata published by Aarshasri Publications Co</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindi">Hindi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Hindi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Devi Bhagavatam published by <a href="/wiki/Gita_Press" title="Gita Press">Gita Press</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shri Mad Devi Bhagwat Mahapuran by Laxmi prakashan<sup id="cite_ref-:1_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shrimad Devi Bhagavata Purana in Simple Hindi Language by <a href="/wiki/Gita_Press" title="Gita Press">Gita Press</a></li> <li>A Synopsis of Devi Bhagawat by <a href="/wiki/Gita_Press" title="Gita Press">Gita Press</a></li> <li>Srimad Devi Bhagawat Mahapurana by Shivjeet Singh<sup id="cite_ref-:1_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gujarati">Gujarati</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Gujarati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>શરીમદ દવી ભાગવત: Shrimad Devi Bhagavata Purana by Harendra Shukla<sup id="cite_ref-:0_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengali">Bengali</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bengali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Devi Bhagavatam by Navabharat Publishers, Kolkata</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepali">Nepali</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Nepali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Srimad Devi Bhagawat Mahapuran (Nepali) translated by Gaurishankar Vasistha (SRI DURGA SAHITYA BHANDAR, VARANASI)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tamil">Tamil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Tamil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Devi Bhagavatam - Karthikeyan by Giri Trading Agency private limited</li> <li>Sri Devi Bhagavatha 3 parts translated by Durgadoss S.K.Swami and Prema Pirasuram</li> <li>Shrimad Devi Bhagavata Purana in Tamil (Set of 2 Volumes) by Vidya Venkataraman</li> <li>Sri Devi Bhagavatham by Acharya Bethavolu Ramabrahmam - V.G.S Publishers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vijnanananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vijnanananda">Swami Vijnanananda</a> translated the Devi Bhagavatam to English with Sanskrit Text.</li> <li>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam (2 Volumes) by C. P. Balachandran Nair</li> <li>Ramesh Menon translated condensed English version of The Devi Bhagavatam in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Srimad Devibhagavata Puranam (Sanskrit Text with English Translation in Two Volumes) by Bahadur Sris Chandra</li> <li>Sampoorna Devi Bhagavatham by Sadguru Vaddiparti Padmakar</li> <li>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam (2 Volumes): English Version Prose by C. P. Balachandran Nair<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German">German</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shrīmad Devī Bhāgavatam: Mutter Natur in Aktion by Michael Stibane<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian">Russian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Девибхагавата-Пурана. В 6 томах (Devi Bhagavata Purana) - Клуб Касталия (Kastalia Club)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">हरीम is pronounced as hrīm, it is a tantric mantra beej, and it identifies a "Shakti".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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The reason given is: <b>Inline full citation need to be moved to works cited and replaced with short citations.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014117-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014117_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014117_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2014">Dalal 2014</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk01ch01.htm">"The Devi Bhagavatam: The First Book: Chapter 1"</a>. <i>www.sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Devi+Bhagavatam%3A+The+First+Book%3A+Chapter+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fdb%2Fbk01ch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz1927" class="citation book cs1">Winternitz, M. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97551/page/n581/mode/1up"><i>A History Of Indian Literature,vol.1</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Indian+Literature%2Cvol.1&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.97551%2Fpage%2Fn581%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowson2008" class="citation book cs1">Dowson, John (2008). <i>A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature</i>. 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Erndl 2000</a>, pp. 24–36, 48 (RS Sherma).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEK_P_Gietz1992330_with_note_1809,_497_with_note_2764-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK_P_Gietz1992330_with_note_1809,_497_with_note_2764_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFK_P_Gietz1992">K P Gietz 1992</a>, p. 330 with note 1809, 497 with note 2764.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015128–132-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015128–132_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2015">Tracy Pintchman 2015</a>, pp. 128–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200489–91,_159–161-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200489–91,_159–161_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004">June McDaniel 2004</a>, pp. 89–91, 159–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990142–144-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990142–144_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFC_Mackenzie_Brown1990">C Mackenzie Brown 1990</a>, pp. 142–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1993" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (1993). <i>Purāṇa Perennis</i>. State University of New York Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791413814" title="Special:BookSources/9780791413814"><bdi>9780791413814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+Perennis&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780791413814&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsen1999" class="citation book cs1">Johnsen, Linda (1999). <i>The Living Goddess</i>. Yes International Publishers. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780936663289" title="Special:BookSources/9780936663289"><bdi>9780936663289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Goddess&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Yes+International+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780936663289&rft.aulast=Johnsen&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010496-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010496_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2010">Klostermaier 2010</a>, p. 496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010101-102,_492-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2010101-102,_492_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2010">Klostermaier 2010</a>, p. 101-102, 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld200294-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld200294_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=purANas&direct=se&anz=100">"Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit: 'purana'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>spokensanskrit.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sarup & Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC/page/n228">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3"><bdi>978-81-7625-226-3</bdi></a>. <q>purana word completes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Puranas&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-226-3&rft.aulast=Parmeshwaranand&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown199049,_130,_134,_139-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown199049,_130,_134,_139_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFC_Mackenzie_Brown1990">C Mackenzie Brown 1990</a>, pp. 49, 130, 134, 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986172-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986172_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986172_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986172_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986172_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000">Alf Hiltebeitel & Kathleen M. Erndl 2000</a>, p. 139: "portrayals of the Goddess in the later Devi Bhagavata (c. ninth century CE) bear crucial differences from those of the Goddess in the Devi Mahatmya."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._G._Lalye1973" class="citation book cs1">P. G. Lalye (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVwpAAAAYAAJ"><i>Studies in Devī Bhāgavata</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Dev%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81gavata&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1973&rft.au=P.+G.+Lalye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXVwpAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015128-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015128_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2015">Tracy Pintchman 2015</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–4_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–4_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–4_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, pp. 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19984_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990166-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990166_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990166_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFC_Mackenzie_Brown1990">C Mackenzie Brown 1990</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198836-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198836_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1988">Collins 1988</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Stratton_HawleyDonna_Marie_Wulff19982,_9-10,_26_with_note_2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Stratton_HawleyDonna_Marie_Wulff19982,_9-10,_26_with_note_2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Stratton_HawleyDonna_Marie_Wulff1998">John Stratton Hawley & Donna Marie Wulff 1998</a>, p. 2, 9-10, 26 with note 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Lutgendorf2003251–252-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilip_Lutgendorf2003251–252_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilip_Lutgendorf2003">Philip Lutgendorf 2003</a>, pp. 251–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200975_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009">Lynn Foulston & Stuart Abbott 2009</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19985–6-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19985–6_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19986-10-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19986-10_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19986-10_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, p. 6-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015131–138-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015131–138_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015131–138_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2015">Tracy Pintchman 2015</a>, pp. 131–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl200024–31-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl200024–31_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000">Alf Hiltebeitel & Kathleen M. Erndl 2000</a>, pp. 24–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz1978" class="citation book cs1">Winternitz, M. (1978). <i>A History of Indian Literature Vol- I Part - II</i>. University of Calcutta. pp. <span class="nowrap">486–</span>487.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature+Vol-+I+Part+-+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E486-%3C%2Fspan%3E487&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2022" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, H. H. (11 March 2022). <i>The Vishnu Purana - A System Hindu Mythology and Tradition; Vol. 1</i>. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783752583281" title="Special:BookSources/9783752583281"><bdi>9783752583281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana+-+A+System+Hindu+Mythology+and+Tradition%3B+Vol.+1&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.isbn=9783752583281&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShastri1950" class="citation book cs1">Shastri, J.L. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart4/page/n59/mode/1up"><i>The Siva Purana</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. p. 1626.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siva+Purana&rft.pages=1626&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Shastri&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart4%2Fpage%2Fn59%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu1916" class="citation book cs1">Basu, B. D. Ed. (1916). <i>The Matsya Puranam</i>. The Panini office, Bhuvaneswari ashrama.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Matsya+Puranam&rft.pub=The+Panini+office%2C+Bhuvaneswari+ashrama&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=B.+D.+Ed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar1920" class="citation book cs1">Farquhar, J. N. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outlineofreligio00farqrich/page/269/mode/1up"><i>An outline of the religious literature of India</i></a>. London, New York : H. Milford, Oxford university press. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+outline+of+the+religious+literature+of+India&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=London%2C+New+York+%3A+H.+Milford%2C+Oxford+university+press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutlineofreligio00farqrich%2Fpage%2F269%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz1996" class="citation book cs1">Winternitz, Moriz (1996) [1927]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97551/page/n581/mode/1up"><i>A History of Indian Literature</i></a>. Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 555. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120802643" title="Special:BookSources/9788120802643"><bdi>9788120802643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=555&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788120802643&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=Moriz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.97551%2Fpage%2Fn581%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazra1963" class="citation book cs1">Hazra, R. C. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981-2,_85-98_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, p. 1-2, 85-98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199812-17-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199812-17_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199812-17_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, p. 12-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170–171-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170–171_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990133–134-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990133–134_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFC_Mackenzie_Brown1990">C Mackenzie Brown 1990</a>, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986171–172-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171–172_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171–172_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986171–172_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990179–198-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990179–198_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown1990179–198_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFC_Mackenzie_Brown1990">C Mackenzie Brown 1990</a>, pp. 179–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199825–26,_77_with_note_26-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199825–26,_77_with_note_26_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, pp. 25–26, 77 with note 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_Rigopoulos1998" class="citation book cs1">Antonio Rigopoulos (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM-BlvaqAf0C"><i>Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3696-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-3696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dattatreya%3A+The+Immortal+Guru%2C+Yogin%2C+and+Avatara%3A+A+Study+of+the+Transformative+and+Inclusive+Character+of+a+Multi-faceted+Hindu+Deity&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7&rft.au=Antonio+Rigopoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZM-BlvaqAf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Renfrew_Brooks1992" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Renfrew Brooks (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_cEGxebREC"><i>Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Sakta Tantrism in South India</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1145-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-1145-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auspicious+Wisdom%3A+The+Texts+and+Traditions+of+Srividya+Sakta+Tantrism+in+South+India&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1145-2&rft.au=Douglas+Renfrew+Brooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doo_cEGxebREC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200974–75-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200974–75_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009">Lynn Foulston & Stuart Abbott 2009</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3,_12–17-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown19981–3,_12–17_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, pp. 1–3, 12–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman20159,_34,_89–90,_131–138-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman20159,_34,_89–90,_131–138_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2015">Tracy Pintchman 2015</a>, pp. 9, 34, 89–90, 131–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200915–16-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott200915–16_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009">Lynn Foulston & Stuart Abbott 2009</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman20149-10-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman20149-10_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2014">Tracy Pintchman 2014</a>, p. 9-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iL9BwgEACAAJ"><i>Devi Gita</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=The+Devi+Bhagavatam%3A+The+Ninth+Book%3A+Chapter+30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fdb%2Fbk09ch30.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.djjs.org/devibhagwatkatha">"Shrimad Devi Bhagwat Katha | DJJS | Divya Jyoti Jagrati Sansthan"</a>. <i>www.djjs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Erndl 2000</a>, pp. 139-140 (Cynthia Humes).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-142_(Cynthia_Humes)-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-142_(Cynthia_Humes)_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-142_(Cynthia_Humes)_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000139-142_(Cynthia_Humes)_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000">Alf Hiltebeitel & Kathleen M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devi+Bhagavatamu&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Tirupati+Venkata+Kavulu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.332758%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamoorthy1996" class="citation news cs1">Krishnamoorthy, Dasu (6 May 1996). "A multi-faceted genius". <i>The Andhra Pradesh Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Andhra+Pradesh+Times&rft.atitle=A+multi-faceted+genius&rft.date=1996-05-06&rft.aulast=Krishnamoorthy&rft.aufirst=Dasu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFramabrahmam2005" class="citation book cs1">ramabrahmam, Bethavolu (2005). <i>Sri Devi Bhagavatam</i>. VGS Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Devi+Bhagavatam&rft.pub=VGS+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=ramabrahmam&rft.aufirst=Bethavolu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRukminamma2008" class="citation book cs1">Rukminamma (2008). <i>Sri Devi Bhagavatam</i>. Victory Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Devi+Bhagavatam&rft.pub=Victory+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Rukminamma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakashan2018" class="citation book cs1">Prakashan, Laxmi (2018). <i>Shri Mad Devi Bhagwat Mahapuran</i>. Laxmi Prakashan. p. 488.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shri+Mad+Devi+Bhagwat+Mahapuran&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=Laxmi+Prakashan&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Prakashan&rft.aufirst=Laxmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamu_Menon2015" class="citation book cs1">Shamu Menon, Varavoor (2015). <i>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam</i>. 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Shree Harihar Pustakalay Surat. p. 984. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789385955785" title="Special:BookSources/9789385955785"><bdi>9789385955785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6+%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80+%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A4&rft.pages=984&rft.pub=Shree+Harihar+Pustakalay+Surat&rft.isbn=9789385955785&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=Harendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2012" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Shivjeet (2012). <i>Srimad Devi Bhagawat Mahapurana</i>. SHREE THAKUR PRASAD PUSTAK BHANDAR. p. 576.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srimad+Devi+Bhagawat+Mahapurana&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=SHREE+THAKUR+PRASAD+PUSTAK+BHANDAR&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Shivjeet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2010" class="citation book cs1">Menon, Ramesh (2010). <i>Devi: The Devi Bhagavatam Retold</i>. Rupa & Co. p. 514. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788129115546" title="Special:BookSources/9788129115546"><bdi>9788129115546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devi%3A+The+Devi+Bhagavatam+Retold&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788129115546&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motilalbanarsidass.com/en-us/products/srimad-devi-bhagavatam-2-volumes-english-version-prose">"Srimad Devi Bhagavatam (2 Volumes): English Version Prose"</a>. <i>Motilal Banarsidass</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.atitle=Srimad+Devi+Bhagavatam+%282+Volumes%29%3A+English+Version+Prose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motilalbanarsidass.com%2Fen-us%2Fproducts%2Fsrimad-devi-bhagavatam-2-volumes-english-version-prose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStibane2020" class="citation book cs1">Stibane, Michael (2020). <i>Shrīmad Devī Bhāgavatam: Mutter Natur in Aktion</i>. Alfa-Veda Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3945004456" title="Special:BookSources/978-3945004456"><bdi>978-3945004456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shr%C4%ABmad+Dev%C4%AB+Bh%C4%81gavatam%3A+Mutter+Natur+in+Aktion&rft.pub=Alfa-Veda+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3945004456&rft.aulast=Stibane&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1988" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36"><i>The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-773-0"><bdi>978-0-88706-773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iconography+and+Ritual+of+Siva+at+Elephanta%3A+On+Life%2C+Illumination%2C+and+Being&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-773-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Charles+Dillard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQNi6kAGJQ4C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Rosen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8184752779" title="Special:BookSources/978-8184752779"><bdi>978-8184752779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8184752779&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Rosen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009" class="citation book cs1">Lynn Foulston; Stuart Abbott (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XgwVgPx5G5UC"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8"><bdi>978-1-902210-43-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-43-8&rft.au=Lynn+Foulston&rft.au=Stuart+Abbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXgwVgPx5G5UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK_P_Gietz1992" class="citation book cs1">K P Gietz; et al. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&pg=PA870"><i>Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03028-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03028-1"><bdi>978-3-447-03028-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+and+Puranic+Bibliography+%28Up+to+1985%29+Annoted+and+with+Indexes%3A+Part+I%3A+A+-+R%2C+Part+II%3A+S+-+Z%2C+Indexes&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03028-1&rft.au=K+P+Gietz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgpLBpUCufwC%26pg%3DPA870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stratton_HawleyDonna_Marie_Wulff1998" class="citation book cs1">John Stratton Hawley; Donna Marie Wulff (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C"><i>Devi: Goddesses of India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1491-2"><bdi>978-81-208-1491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devi%3A+Goddesses+of+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1491-2&rft.au=John+Stratton+Hawley&rft.au=Donna+Marie+Wulff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCZrV3kOpMt0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000" class="citation book cs1">Alf Hiltebeitel; Kathleen M. Erndl (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sQJzTr4c-g4C"><i>Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses</i></a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3619-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-3619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+Goddess+a+Feminist%3F%3A+The+Politics+of+South+Asian+Goddesses&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3619-7&rft.au=Alf+Hiltebeitel&rft.au=Kathleen+M.+Erndl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsQJzTr4c-g4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1988" class="citation book cs1">David Kinsley (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzldwMHeS6IC"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90883-3"><bdi>978-0-520-90883-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-90883-3&rft.au=David+Kinsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzldwMHeS6IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1997" class="citation book cs1">David Kinsley (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iob2JIzY9fIC"><i>Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91772-9"><bdi>978-0-520-91772-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine%3A+The+Ten+Mahavidyas&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91772-9&rft.au=David+Kinsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diob2JIzY9fIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier2010" class="citation book cs1">Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC"><i>Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-8011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Hinduism%2C+A%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CVviRghVtIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism.../mode/2up"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2</i></a></span>. Rosen Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931798"><bdi>978-0823931798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%2C+Vol.+1+%26+2&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0823931798&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism...%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Lutgendorf2003" class="citation book cs1">Philip Lutgendorf (2003). Arvind Sharma (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC"><i>The Study of Hinduism</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7"><bdi>978-1-57003-449-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-449-7&rft.au=Philip+Lutgendorf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpCKSUUQYEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC_Mackenzie_Brown1990" class="citation book cs1">C Mackenzie Brown (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC"><i>The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0364-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-0364-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+Canonical+Models+and+Theological+Visions+of+the+Devi-Bhagavata+Purana&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8&rft.au=C+Mackenzie+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6KumJp_wNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998" class="citation book cs1">Cheever Mackenzie Brown (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC"><i>The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3939-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devi+Gita%3A+The+Song+of+the+Goddess%3A+A+Translation%2C+Annotation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5&rft.au=Cheever+Mackenzie+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28CIEnZCcqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004" class="citation book cs1">June McDaniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC"><i>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5"><bdi>978-0-19-534713-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534713-5&rft.au=June+McDaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaeJpIj9SdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2014" class="citation book cs1">Tracy Pintchman (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC"><i>Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9049-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9049-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-9049-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Mahadevi%3A+Constructing+the+Identities+of+the+Hindu+Great+Goddess&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-9049-5&rft.au=Tracy+Pintchman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXdGInecRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2015" class="citation book cs1">Tracy Pintchman (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDpBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1618-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1618-2"><bdi>978-1-4384-1618-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Goddess+in+the+Hindu+Tradition&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-1618-2&rft.au=Tracy+Pintchman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsDpBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). <i>The Puranas</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225"><bdi>978-3447025225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3447025225&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevi+Bhagavata+Purana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devi_Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/index.htm">English Translation of the Devi Bhagavata by Swami Vijnanananda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/devi-bhagavata-purana"><i>Devi Bhagavata Purana</i> English translation</a> correct IAST transliteration and glossary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puranas" title="Template:Puranas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puranas" title="Template talk:Puranas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puranas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puranas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Puranas62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Puranas#The_Mahapuranas" title="Puranas">Mahapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markendeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Upapurana" title="Upapurana">Upapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaddharma_Purana" title="Brihaddharma Purana">Brihaddharma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanat-kumara_Purana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanat-kumara Purana (page does not exist)">Sanat-kumara Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Purana" title="Ganesha Purana">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Purana" title="Kalki Purana">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Purana" title="Kapila Purana">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Purana" title="Mudgala Purana">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Purana" title="Narasimha Purana">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_Purana" title="Samba Purana">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_Purana" title="Saura Purana">Saura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara_Purana" title="Vishnudharmottara Purana">Vishnudharmottara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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