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Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sciences cognitives</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> discipline scientifique ayant pour objet la description, l'explication, et la simulation des mécanismes de la pensée </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Sciences+cognitives&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><br> Les <b>sciences cognitives</b> constituent une discipline scientifique ayant pour objet la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Description?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Description">description</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Explication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Explication">explication</a>, et le cas échéant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simulation_de_ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A8nes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simulation de phénomènes">simulation</a> des mécanismes de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_humaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensée humaine">pensée humaine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animal">animale</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence artificielle">artificielle</a>, et plus généralement de tout <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8mes_complexes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Systèmes complexes">système complexe</a> de traitement de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Information">information</a> capable d'acquérir, conserver, utiliser et transmettre des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connaissance">connaissances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Language_and_cognitive_science:_How_language_affects_reasoning_and_memory_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Language_and_cognitive_science:_How_language_affects_reasoning_and_memory-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"> <div class="entete" style="background-color:#2B4B8D;color:#FFF"> <div> Sciences cognitives </div> </div> <div> <div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Cognitive_Science_Hexagon.svg&lang=fr&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cognitive_Science_Hexagon.svg/langfr-260px-Cognitive_Science_Hexagon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cognitive_Science_Hexagon.svg/langfr-390px-Cognitive_Science_Hexagon.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cognitive_Science_Hexagon.svg/langfr-520px-Cognitive_Science_Hexagon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="2903"></a></span> </div> <div class="legend"> Les six <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science">disciplines scientifiques</a> constituant les <b>sciences cognitives</b> et leurs liens <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interdisciplinarit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interdisciplinarité">interdisciplinaires</a>, par l'un des pères fondateurs du domaine, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Armitage Miller">G. A. Miller</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les traits pleins symbolisent les disciplines entre lesquelles existaient déjà des liens scientifiques à la naissance des sciences cognitives ; en pointillés, les disciplines entre lesquelles des interfaces se sont développées depuis lors. </div> </div> <table> <tbody> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Partie de</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p279"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychologie">Psychologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophie_de_l%27esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophie de l'esprit">philosophie de l'esprit</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistique">linguistique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthropologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthropologie">anthropologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurosciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurosciences">neurosciences</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638?uselang%3Dfr%23P279" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Pratiqué par</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p3095">Chercheur ou chercheuse en sciences cognitives <small>(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14565186" class="extiw" title="d:Q14565186"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Voir l'élément Wikidata correspondant">d</span></a>)</small><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638?uselang%3Dfr%23P3095" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Champs</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p527"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence artificielle">Intelligence artificielle</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89pist%C3%A9mologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épistémologie">épistémologie</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychologie_cognitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychologie cognitive">psychologie cognitive</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurophysiologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurophysiologie">neurophysiologie</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistique_cognitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistique cognitive">linguistique cognitive</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communication_non_verbale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communication non verbale">communication non verbale</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638?uselang%3Dfr%23P527" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Objets</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p2578"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pensée">Pensée</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognition">cognition</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638?uselang%3Dfr%23P2578" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #2B4B8D"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSciences_cognitives%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSciences_cognitives%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638" class="extiw" title="d:Q147638">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Discipline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></span></p> </div> <p>Les sciences cognitives reposent sur l'étude et la modélisation de phénomènes aussi divers que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perception?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perception">perception</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langage">langage</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_(psychologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire (psychologie)">mémoire</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attention">attention</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raisonnement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raisonnement">raisonnement</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89motion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émotion">émotions</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esprit">esprit</a> ou même la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conscience_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conscience (biologie)">conscience</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les sciences cognitives utilisent conjointement des données issues des six sous-disciplines qui la composent : les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurosciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurosciences">neurosciences</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistique_informatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistique informatique">la linguistique computationnelle</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthropologie_cognitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthropologie cognitive">anthropologie cognitive</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychologie_cognitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychologie cognitive">psychologie cognitive</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophie">philosophie de la cognition</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence artificielle">intelligence artificielle</a>.</p> <p>Nées dans les années 1950 aux États-Unis dans le cadre des progrès sur l'intelligence artificielle financées par la recherche militaire et particulièrement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">DARPA</a>, les sciences cognitives recoupent les enjeux liés à la cognition artificielle et à la cognition naturelle<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En France, cette discipline a mis en place des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_savante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Société savante">sociétés savantes</a> comme <i>l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive</i> (ARCo) ou des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_loi_de_1901?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association loi de 1901">associations</a> comme la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_fran%C3%A7aise_des_%C3%A9tudiants_et_jeunes_chercheurs_en_sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération française des étudiants et jeunes chercheurs en sciences cognitives">Fresco</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">CNRS</a> a fondé en 1992 à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> l'Institut des Sciences cognitives à l'initiative de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marc_Jeannerod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marc Jeannerod">Marc Jeannerod</a>. Cet institut, rebaptisé plus tard Institut Marc Jeannerod, est un institut du CNRS en partenariat avec l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Lyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Lyon">Université de Lyon</a>.</p> <p>Les sciences cognitives comprennent une science fondamentale, assortie de ses applications industrielles :</p> <ul> <li>une science fondamentale, dite <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_de_la_cognition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science de la cognition">science de la cognition</a>, dont les spécialistes, parfois appelés cogniticiens<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, se réunissent, pour la plupart d'entre eux en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_savante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Société savante">sociétés savantes</a> et publient dans des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revue_scientifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revue scientifique">revues scientifiques</a> internationales dédiées. Elle a comme principe essentiel l'utilisation de l'ordinateur pour manipuler les symboliques,</li> <li>un secteur applicatif industriel du domaine de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gestion_des_connaissances?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gestion des connaissances">ingénierie de la connaissance</a> : les sciences cognitives appliquées.</li> </ul> <p>Il est à noter que le singulier <i>cognitive science</i> est d'usage courant dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monde_anglo-saxon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monde anglo-saxon">pays anglophones</a>.</p> <p>L’intégrité des interfaces cognitives conçoivent des plateforme de réunion garantissant les uniformité des transparences qui s’approprient les transports, et laissent apparaître les personnes appropriées<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les spécialistes des sciences cognitives (recherche et appliquées) sont appelés <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cogniticien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cogniticien">cogniticiens</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire_des_sciences_cognitives"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire des sciences cognitives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Disciplines"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Disciplines</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Linguistique_cognitive_et_grammaire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rative"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Linguistique cognitive et grammaire générative</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Philosophie_analytique_et_philosophie_de_l'esprit"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophie analytique et philosophie de l'esprit</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Intelligence_artificielle"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Intelligence artificielle</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Neurosciences"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Neurosciences</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Psychologie_cognitive"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Psychologie cognitive</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Courants_et_concepts"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Courants et concepts</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cognitivisme"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cognitivisme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9seaux_de_neurones_et_connexionnisme"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Réseaux de neurones et connexionnisme</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Processus_cognitifs"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Processus cognitifs</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Attention"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Attention</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#M%C3%A9moire"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mémoire</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Informations_compl%C3%A9mentaires"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Informations complémentaires</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ouvrages_et_articles_introductifs"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ouvrages et articles introductifs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dictionnaires_et_ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dictionnaires et ouvrages de référence</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire_des_sciences_cognitives_2"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire des sciences cognitives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Revues"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Revues</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire_des_sciences_cognitives">Histoire des sciences cognitives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire des sciences cognitives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Il est d'usage de dater la naissance des sciences cognitives de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1956?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1956">1956</a>. En effet, cette année voit s'organiser la toute première conférence consacrée à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence artificielle">intelligence artificielle</a> et à son application à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychologie">psychologie</a> de la cognition, à laquelle participent les informaticiens <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allen_Newell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_McCarthy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John McCarthy">John McCarthy</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marvin_Minsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>, le mathématicien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Shannon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>, l'économiste et psychologue <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herbert_Simon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herbert Simon">Herbert Simon</a>, le linguiste <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noam_Chomsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, les psychologues <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Armitage Miller">George Miller</a> et John Swets, les neurobiologistes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Hubel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hubel">David Hubel</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a>. L'année 1956 est aussi riche en publications fondamentales pour le domaine des sciences cognitives.</p> <p>Quelques années auparavant pourtant, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rences_Macy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conférences Macy">conférences Macy</a>, organisées à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York">New York</a> par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fondation_Macy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fondation Macy">fondation éponyme</a> à partir de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1942?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1942">1942</a>, avaient rassemblé les mathématiciens <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_von_Neumann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norbert_Wiener?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Shannon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>, le neurophysiologiste <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_McCulloch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren McCulloch">Warren McCulloch</a>, les anthropologues <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margaret_Mead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_Bateson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, le psychiatre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milton_Erickson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milton Erickson">Milton Erickson</a> dans le but de créer une science générale du fonctionnement de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esprit">esprit</a>. En outre, au sortir de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a>, la recherche en ce qui n'était pas encore identifié comme l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence artificielle">intelligence artificielle</a> bénéficiait de soutiens importants en provenance de l'armée, notamment la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DARPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> américaine<sup id="cite_ref-Language_and_cognitive_science:_How_language_affects_reasoning_and_memory_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Language_and_cognitive_science:_How_language_affects_reasoning_and_memory-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Disciplines">Disciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Disciplines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Linguistique_cognitive_et_grammaire_générative"><span id="Linguistique_cognitive_et_grammaire_g.C3.A9n.C3.A9rative"></span>Linguistique cognitive et grammaire générative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Linguistique cognitive et grammaire générative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistique_cognitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistique cognitive">Linguistique cognitive</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammaire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammaire générative">Grammaire générative</a>. </div> </div> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistique">linguistique</a> formelle et plus particulièrement les travaux de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noam_Chomsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> ont eu une influence décisive au moment de l'émergence des sciences cognitives à la fin des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1950">années 1950</a>. Chomsky s'est notamment élevé contre la conception du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langage">langage</a> comme un ensemble d'« habitudes » apprises par observation et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conditionnement_(psychologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conditionnement (psychologie)">conditionnement</a>. Contre cette vision béhavioriste, défendue entre autres, par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B._F._Skinner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>, Chomsky défendit l'idée d'une « faculté de langage » s'appuyant sur des dispositions innées : observant que durant l'enfance, on n'est exposé qu'à un trop petit nombre de situations de langage pour pouvoir en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inf%C3%A9rence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Inférence">inférer</a> les règles sous-jacentes — c'est l'argument dit de « la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pauvret%C3%A9_du_stimulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pauvreté du stimulus">pauvreté du stimulus</a> »<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, Chomsky propose que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comp%C3%A9tence_et_performance_(G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rativisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Compétence et performance (Générativisme)">compétence</a> linguistique humaine s'appuie, pour se développer, sur une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connaissance">connaissance</a> innée (et implicite) d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammaire_universelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammaire universelle">grammaire universelle</a> dont on retrouve la structure formelle dans toutes les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langage_naturel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langage naturel">langues humaines naturelles</a>.</p> <p>Héritières des interrogations philosophiques sur le rôle du langage dans la pensée (voir aussi ci-dessous) et prolongeant les théories de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Jakobson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a> sur les fonctions non purement communicatives du langage, les sciences cognitives s'intéressent non seulement aux processus mentaux de production du langage mais aussi au rôle de ce dernier dans les opérations mentales. Les idées de Chomsky ont ainsi été reprises et développées au-delà de la linguistique par le philosophe <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerry_Fodor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a>, dans ses fameuses thèses sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modularit%C3%A9_de_l%27esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modularité de l'esprit">modularité de l'esprit</a>, notion selon laquelle certaines opérations mentales (comme l'application des règles de grammaire) se déroulent de façon automatique et autonome, et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mentalais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentalais">mentalais</a>, une métaphore d'un langage intérieur dans lequel seraient traduites les opérations mentales.</p> <p>À la frontière avec l'anthropologie, le rôle du langage dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Repr%C3%A9sentation_mentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Représentation mentale">représentations mentales</a> est reposé. Les anthropologues <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Brent_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Brent Berlin (page inexistante)">Brent Berlin</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Berlin" class="extiw" title="en:Brent Berlin"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Brent Berlin »">(en)</span></a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kay&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Paul Kay (page inexistante)">Paul Kay</a> contestent l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hypoth%C3%A8se_Sapir-Whorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothèse Sapir-Whorf">hypothèse Sapir-Whorf</a> selon laquelle le langage et plus précisément les catégories linguistiques conditionneraient plus ou moins fortement les représentations mentales. S'appuyant sur une étude comparée des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noms_et_adjectifs_de_couleur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noms et adjectifs de couleur">termes de couleur</a> à travers les langues, Berlin et Kay défendent au contraire l'idée que cette apparente <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diversit%C3%A9_culturelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diversité culturelle">diversité culturelle</a> dans le lexique est en réalité le produit d'une même structure hiérarchique dans l'organisation de la perception et de la représentation des couleurs<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; selon leur travaux, c'est donc l'esprit qui conditionne le langage.</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="8" style="font-size: 0.9em; width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr valign="top"> <td width="30%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Chercheurs</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noam_Chomsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilles_Fauconnier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilles Fauconnier">Gilles Fauconnier</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Lakoff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Langshaw_Austin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Langshaw Austin">John Langshaw Austin</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ray_Jackendoff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ray Jackendoff">Ray Jackendoff</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Searle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Grice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dan_Sperber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonard_Talmy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonard Talmy">Leonard Talmy</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="40%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Notions</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammaire_universelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammaire universelle">Grammaire universelle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comp%C3%A9tence_et_performance_(G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rativisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Compétence et performance (Générativisme)">Compétence et performance (Générativisme)</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Module_lexical_(G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rativisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Module lexical (Générativisme)">Module lexical (Générativisme)</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="30%"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Philosophie_analytique_et_philosophie_de_l'esprit"><span id="Philosophie_analytique_et_philosophie_de_l.27esprit"></span>Philosophie analytique et philosophie de l'esprit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Philosophie analytique et philosophie de l'esprit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophie_analytique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophie analytique">Philosophie analytique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophie_de_l%27esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophie de l'esprit">Philosophie de l'esprit</a>. </div> </div> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottlob_Frege?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gottlob Frege">Frege</a> révolutionne la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logique_classique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logique classique">logique classique</a> en introduisant le concept de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sens_et_d%C3%A9notation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sens et dénotation">dénotation</a> dans son article <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sens_et_d%C3%A9notation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sens et dénotation">Sens et Dénotation</a> (Sinn und Bedeutung). Le sens de « étoile du matin » (a) est différent de celui de « étoile du soir » (b) puisque leurs réalisations acoustiques ou signitives diffèrent : « La différence de sens correspond à une différence du mode de donation de l'objet désigné » néanmoins ils dénotent la même réalité : la planète Vénus d'où (a) = (b) a une valeur de connaissance car ce n'est pas tous les jours qu'on découvre qu'une étoile est une planète. Ainsi cit. « La dénotation d'« étoile du soir » et d'« étoile du matin » serait la même, mais leur sens serait différent ». Ce qui a permis d'actualiser le signe de Saussure qui refusait d'y attribuer la référence au monde. Il a introduit la quantification dans la logique formelle. On oppose le quantificateur universel : « Tous les hommes sont mortels » au quantificateur existentiel « Il existe au moins un homme mortel ». Il a fondé le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcul_des_pr%C3%A9dicats?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcul des prédicats">calcul des prédicats</a>. En France l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institut_Jean-Nicod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institut Jean-Nicod">Institut Jean Nicod</a> (ENS-EHES-CNRS) est particulièrement connue dans cette discipline des sciences cognitives.</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="8" style="font-size: 0.9em; width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr valign="top"> <td width="30%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Penseurs</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottlob_Frege?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bertrand_Russell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edmund_Husserl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="30%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Penseurs (suite)</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Dennett?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerry_Fodor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilary_Putnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donald_Davidson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donald Davidson">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Searle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Frederick_Strawson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Frederick Strawson">Peter Strawson</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="40%"><b>Notions</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probl%C3%A8me_corps-esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Problème corps-esprit">Problème corps-esprit</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dualisme_(philosophie_de_l%27esprit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dualisme (philosophie de l'esprit)">dualisme</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monisme">monisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mat%C3%A9rialisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matérialisme">Matérialisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonctionnalisme_(philosophie_de_l%27esprit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fonctionnalisme (philosophie de l'esprit)">Fonctionnalisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modularit%C3%A9_de_l%27esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modularité de l'esprit">Modularité de l'esprit</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qualia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qualia">Qualia</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chambre_chinoise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chambre chinoise">Chambre chinoise</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intentionnalit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intentionnalité">Intentionnalité</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89naction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Énaction">Enaction</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9gation_(linguistique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Négation (linguistique)">Négation</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Intelligence_artificielle">Intelligence artificielle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Intelligence artificielle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence artificielle">Intelligence artificielle</a>. </div> </div> <table border="0" cellpadding="8" style="font-size: 0.9em; width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr valign="top"> <td width="30%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Chercheurs</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allen_Newell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herbert_Simon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herbert Simon">Herbert Simon</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marvin_Minsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_McCarthy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John McCarthy">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seymour_Papert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_McCulloch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren McCulloch">Warren McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Pitts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="40%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Notions</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_expert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système expert">Système expert</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ontologie_(informatique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ontologie (informatique)">ontologie (informatique)</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_cognitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture cognitive">Architecture cognitive</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_cognitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modèle cognitif">modèle cognitif</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconnaissance_de_formes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reconnaissance de formes">Reconnaissance de formes</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_multi-agents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système multi-agents">Système multi-agents</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9taheuristique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Métaheuristique">Métaheuristique</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moteur_d%27inf%C3%A9rence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moteur d'inférence">Moteur d'inférence</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurone_formel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurone formel">Neurone formel</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_de_neurones_artificiels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réseau de neurones artificiels">réseau de neurones</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="30%"><b>Réalisations</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perceptron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perceptron">Perceptron</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ELIZA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ELIZA">ELIZA</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Problem_Solver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General Problem Solver">General Problem Solver</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soar_(architecture_cognitive)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soar (architecture cognitive)">Soar</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Neurosciences">Neurosciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Neurosciences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurosciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurosciences">Neurosciences</a>. </div> </div> <table border="0" cellpadding="8" style="font-size: 0.9em; width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Chercheurs</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Pierre Changeux">Jean-Pierre Changeux</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Damasio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanislas Dehaene">Stanislas Dehaene</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerald_Edelman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Laborit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Laborit">Henri Laborit</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marc_Jeannerod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marc Jeannerod">Marc Jeannerod</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Hubel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hubel">David Hubel</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brenda_Milner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="20%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Disciplines</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurosciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurosciences cognitives">Neurosciences cognitives</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neuropsychologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neuropsychologie">Neuropsychologie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychophysiologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychophysiologie">Psychophysiologie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurosciences_computationnelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurosciences computationnelles">Neurosciences computationnelles</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="30%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Outils & techniques</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectrophysiologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électrophysiologie">Électrophysiologie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imagerie_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9brale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imagerie cérébrale">Imagerie cérébrale</a> fonctionnelle <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imagerie_par_r%C3%A9sonance_magn%C3%A9tique_fonctionnelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle">IRMf</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomographie_par_%C3%A9mission_de_positons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomographie par émission de positons">TEP</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectroenc%C3%A9phalographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électroencéphalographie">EEG</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magn%C3%A9toenc%C3%A9phalographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnétoencéphalographie">MEG</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potentiel_%C3%A9voqu%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potentiel évoqué">Potentiels évoqués</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rythme_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9bral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rythme cérébral">rythmes cérébraux</a>)</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stimulation_magn%C3%A9tique_transcranienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulation magnétique transcranienne">Stimulation magnétique transcranienne</a> (TMS)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neuropharmacologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neuropharmacologie">Neuropharmacologie</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="30%"><b>Théories et concepts</b> <ul> <li>Théories du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurone_grand-m%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurone grand-mère">neurone grand-mère</a>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurone_miroir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurone miroir">neurone miroir</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominance_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9brale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance cérébrale">Dominance cérébrale</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Psychologie_cognitive">Psychologie cognitive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Psychologie cognitive" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychologie_cognitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychologie cognitive">Psychologie cognitive</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognition">Cognition</a>. </div> </div> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychologie_cognitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychologie cognitive">psychologie cognitive</a> concerne les processus d'élaboration et d'utilisation des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connaissance">connaissances</a> chez l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Atre_humain_(philosophie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Être humain (philosophie)">être humain</a>. Bien que l'on puisse trouver de nombreux précurseurs comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Ebbinghaus">Hermann Ebbinghaus</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Piaget?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederic_C._Bartlett?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederic C. Bartlett">Frederic Bartlett</a>, elle n'apparaît véritablement qu'à la fin des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1950">années 1950</a>. Elle se caractérise par un retour des « variables intermédiaires » entre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stimulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stimulus">stimulus</a> et la réponse, bannies par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A9haviorisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Béhaviorisme">béhaviorisme</a>, et l'utilisation de nouvelles méthodes pour tenter d'observer ces variables en évitant les problèmes rencontrés par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Introspection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Introspection">introspection</a> au début du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>.</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="8" style="font-size: 0.9em; width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Chercheurs</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Baddeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Baddeley">Alan Baddeley</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Armitage Miller">George Miller</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eleanor_Rosch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eleanor Rosch">Eleanor Rosch</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donald_Broadbent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donald Broadbent">Donald Broadbent</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustav_Fechner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustav Fechner">Gustav Fechner</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="20%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Chercheurs (suite)</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulric_Neisser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerome_Bruner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederic_C._Bartlett?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederic C. Bartlett">Frederic Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Ebbinghaus">Hermann Ebbinghaus</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lev_Vygotski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lev Vygotski">Lev S. Vygotsky</a></li> </ul></td> <td width="60%" style="border-right: 1px solid #999"><b>Grandes fonctions cognitives et manipulations expérimentales</b> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perception?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perception">Perception</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illusion">illusion</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_(psychologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire (psychologie)">Mémoire</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langage">Langage</a> : effets <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effet_Stroop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Effet Stroop">Stroop</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effet_McGurk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Effet McGurk">McGurk</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raisonnement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raisonnement">Raisonnement</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biais_cognitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biais cognitif">biais cognitif</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89motion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émotion">Émotions</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognition_sociale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognition sociale">cognition sociale</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_de_l%27esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théorie de l'esprit">théorie de l'esprit</a></li> <li>Autres grandes fonctions : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9cision?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décision">décision</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcul_(math%C3%A9matiques)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcul (mathématiques)">calcul</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attention">attention</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_du_prototype?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théorie du prototype">Théorie du prototype</a></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Courants_et_concepts">Courants et concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Courants et concepts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cognitivisme">Cognitivisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Cognitivisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognitivisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognitivisme">Cognitivisme</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Approche_computo-repr%C3%A9sentationnelle_de_l%27esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Approche computo-représentationnelle de l'esprit">Approche computo-représentationnelle de l'esprit</a>. </div> </div> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognitivisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognitivisme">cognitivisme</a> est l'un des principaux courants des sciences cognitives avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connexionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connexionnisme">connexionnisme</a>, ce dernier tendant aujourd'hui à le supplanter. Il est fondé sur l'idée que l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esprit">esprit</a> est un système de traitement symbolique de l'information (métaphore de l'ordinateur), autrement dit, un système opérant sur des représentations en fonction de leurs propriétés syntaxiques plutôt qu'en vertu de leur signification. Inspirés par les résultats de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Machine_de_Turing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Machine de Turing">Turing</a>, de nombreux chercheurs ont en outre admis que ce type de traitement pouvait être réalisé par des machines complètement différentes du point de vue physique, et que la simulation et la modélisation informatique pouvaient donc fournir de nouveaux moyens d'étudier le fonctionnement de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esprit">esprit</a>, rejoignant ainsi le projet de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cybern%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cybernétique">cybernétique</a> qui consiste à intégrer dans un même cadre théorique l'étude des systèmes naturels et artificiels.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Réseaux_de_neurones_et_connexionnisme"><span id="R.C3.A9seaux_de_neurones_et_connexionnisme"></span>Réseaux de neurones et connexionnisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Réseaux de neurones et connexionnisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connexionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connexionnisme">Connexionnisme</a>. </div> </div> <p>Issu de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cybern%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cybernétique">cybernétique</a>, le connexionnisme fait partie des sciences cognitives depuis l'origine. Après une éclipse au cours des années 1970, il regagne aujourd'hui en importance avec les progrès de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imagerie_c%C3%A9r%C3%A9brale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imagerie cérébrale">imagerie cérébrale</a> et des neurosciences. Partageant avec le cognitivisme l'idée de représentation, il rejette en revanche l'hypothèse d'un fonctionnement cognitif symbolique. Dans une perspective connexionniste, la cognition est le produit d'un calcul parallèle opéré par des entités sub-symboliques (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurone">neurone</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurone_formel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurone formel">formel</a> ou non) et la signification découle de l'état du réseau formé par ces entités à un moment donné.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Processus_cognitifs">Processus cognitifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Processus cognitifs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognition">Cognition</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Processus_cognitifs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Processus cognitifs">Processus cognitifs</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Attention">Attention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Attention" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attention">Attention</a>. </div> </div> <p>L'attention est, en substance, la capacité à se concentrer sur certains <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stimulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stimulus">stimuli</a> ou, au contraire, l'impossibilité de traiter plus d'une certaine quantité d'informations à un moment donné. Autre définition : l'attention est la capacité de focaliser la conscience sur un « domaine » ou « champ de conscience » afin d'en extraire de l'information. Ces champs de conscience peuvent être physique, mental, émotionnel, spirituel, passé, présent, futur et dans des dimensions incomprises, souvent appelées aussi irrationnelles.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mémoire"><span id="M.C3.A9moire"></span>Mémoire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Mémoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_(sciences_humaines)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire (sciences humaines)">Mémoire (sciences humaines)</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_(psychologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire (psychologie)">Mémoire</a>. </div> </div> <p>La mémoire permet de retenir des informations pour les réutiliser ultérieurement. À l'inverse de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apprentissage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apprentissage">apprentissage</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A9haviorisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Béhaviorisme">béhavioriste</a>, la notion de mémoire insiste sur les structures et processus intermédiaires entre l'acquisition de ces informations et leurs conséquences sur le comportement.</p> <p>Elle fait l'objet de nombreux travaux en sciences cognitives, aussi bien du point de vue de la psychologie ou des neurosciences que de la modélisation. Les chercheurs se sont ainsi attachés à mettre en évidence les différentes structures composant la mémoire en se basant à la fois sur des expériences et sur les dysfonctionnements observés chez des patients cérébro-lésés.</p> <p>Apparu dans les années 1960, le modèle modal de la mémoire a été l'un des plus influents. Il distingue le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Registre_sensoriel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Registre sensoriel">registre sensoriel</a> (grande quantité d'informations sous forme visuelle pendant quelques millisecondes), la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_%C3%A0_court_terme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire à court terme">mémoire à court terme</a> (nombre limité d'éléments sous forme verbale pendant quelques secondes) et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_%C3%A0_long_terme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire à long terme">mémoire à long terme</a> (informations sémantiques, en pratique sans limite de durée ou de capacité).</p> <p>La notion de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_de_travail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire de travail">mémoire de travail</a> a été présentée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Baddeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Baddeley">Baddeley</a> et Hitch en 1974. Ce modèle et d'autres plus récents comme celui de Cowan mettent en évidence les liens entre attention et mémoire. La mémoire de travail a ainsi pour rôle non seulement de contenir des informations en provenance des systèmes sensoriels mais aussi des informations extraites de la mémoire à long terme pour être utilisées par les processus de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raisonnement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raisonnement">raisonnement</a> et de prise de décision.</p> <p>Dans le domaine de la mémoire à long terme, plusieurs distinctions ont été proposées comme celles entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_%C3%A9pisodique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire épisodique">mémoire épisodique</a> (auto-biographique) et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_d%C3%A9clarative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire déclarative">mémoire déclarative</a> (connaissances générales) par Endel Tulving, entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_s%C3%A9mantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire sémantique">mémoire sémantique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_proc%C3%A9durale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mémoire procédurale">mémoire procédurale</a> (gestes, comportements, savoir-faire) par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Anderson_(psychologue)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anderson (psychologue)">John R. Anderson</a> et entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_explicite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mémoire explicite">mémoire explicite</a> (utilisée de façon consciente et contrôlée) et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_implicite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mémoire implicite">mémoire implicite</a> (automatique). De nombreuses recherches portent également sur les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Repr%C3%A9sentation_mentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Représentation mentale">représentations mentales</a> qui organisent ces informations.</p> <p>De leur côté, les neurosciences ont également cherché à identifier les structures cérébrales réalisant ces différentes fonctions et à décrire les processus biologiques permettant l'apprentissage et l'encodage des informations. Le phénomène de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potentialisation_%C3%A0_long_terme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potentialisation à long terme">potentialisation à long terme</a> explique notamment comment la stimulation répétée de certaines connexions neuronales les rend plus susceptibles de s'activer à l'avenir en réponse à un stimulus similaire (même partiellement).</p> <p>Enfin, de nombreux travaux portent sur les processus d'encodage, de stockage et de récupération. Parmi les principaux résultats on peut citer la courbe de l'oubli d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Ebbinghaus">Ebbinghaus</a>, les notions d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effet_de_r%C3%A9cence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Effet de récence">effet de récence</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effet_de_primaut%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Effet de primauté">primauté</a> ou encore l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amor%C3%A7age_(psychologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amorçage (psychologie)">amorçage</a>. Enfin, plusieurs expériences soulignent le rôle de la mémoire dans l'expertise (ainsi les bons joueurs d'échecs ne diffèrent pas des débutants par leur vitesse de traitement mais par l'organisation des informations sur le jeu).</p> <p>Un certain nombre de modèles de la mémoire dit « à traces » tendent à se développer dans la droite ligne du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connexionisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Connexionisme">courant connexionniste</a>. Il s'agit de théories profondément dynamiques cherchant à expliquer les conceptions modularistes comme émergentes d'un système complexe et non cloisonné qui conserverait toutes les informations sous forme de traces. Ces traces ne seraient pas forcément localisées sur le plan cérébral mais réparties et se définiraient par un grand ensemble de facteurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9mantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sémantique">sémantiques</a>, émotionnels, moteurs, etc.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">George A. Miller, The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2003, Pages 141-144, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1364-6613">1364-6613</a></span>)</small>, <small class="plainlinks noarchive"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%252FS1364-6613%252803%252900029-9">10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00029-9</a></small>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661303000299">[1]</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Language_and_cognitive_science:_How_language_affects_reasoning_and_memory-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Language_and_cognitive_science:_How_language_affects_reasoning_and_memory_2-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Language_and_cognitive_science:_How_language_affects_reasoning_and_memory_2-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Langlois2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Langlois2020">Jean <span class="nom_auteur">Langlois</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Language and cognitive science: How language affects reasoning and memory</cite> », <i>Training, Language and Culture</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-28" data-sort-value="2020-09-28">28 septembre 2020</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">66–76</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-3-66-76">10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-3-66-76</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rudn.tlcjournal.org/issues/4(3)-06.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-10-01" data-sort-value="2023-10-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> octobre 2023</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Language+and+cognitive+science%3A+How+language+affects+reasoning+and+memory&rft.jtitle=Training%2C+Language+and+Culture&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Langlois&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=66%E2%80%9376&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22363%2F2521-442X-2020-4-3-66-76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">« Les sciences cognitives ont pour objet de décrire, d'expliquer et le cas échéant de simuler voire d'amplifier les principales dispositions et capacités de l'esprit humain – langage, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/raisonnement/">raisonnement</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/perception/">perception</a>, coordination motrice, planification, décision, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/emotion/">émotion</a>, conscience, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/culture-culture-de-masse/">culture</a>… » cité d'après Daniel Andler, « Cognitives, Sciences », <i>Encyclopædia Universalis</i> [en ligne], consulté le 21 avril 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/sciences-cognitives/">[2]</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BazalgetteBoissetLanglois-Berthelot2023"><span class="ouvrage" id="Didier_BazalgetteMarc-Olivier_BoissetJean_Langlois-Berthelot2023">Didier <span class="nom_auteur">Bazalgette</span>, Marc-Olivier <span class="nom_auteur">Boisset</span> et Jean <span class="nom_auteur">Langlois-Berthelot</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Opérations cognitives: Les sciences et neurosciences cognitives au service de l’action</cite> », <i>DSI (Défense et Sécurité Internationale)</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 163,‎ <time>2023</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">92–97</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1772-788X">1772-788X</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48708033">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-10-01" data-sort-value="2023-10-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> octobre 2023</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Op%C3%A9rations+cognitives%3A+Les+sciences+et+neurosciences+cognitives+au+service+de+l%E2%80%99action&rft.jtitle=DSI+%28D%C3%A9fense+et+S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+Internationale%29&rft.issue=163&rft.aulast=Bazalgette&rft.aufirst=Didier&rft.au=Boisset%2C+Marc-Olivier&rft.au=Langlois-Berthelot%2C+Jean&rft.date=2023&rft.pages=92%E2%80%9397&rft.issn=1772-788X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">En pratique, le terme de « cogniticien » est toutefois plutôt réservé aux spécialistes de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence_artificielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence artificielle">intelligence artificielle</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interactions_homme-machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactions homme-machine">IHM</a> et aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ingénieur">ingénieurs</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Trollope2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anthony_Trollope2014">Anthony <span class="nom_auteur">Trollope</span>, <cite style="font-style:normal">« Consolation »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique">Framley Parsonage</cite>, Oxford University Press, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-13" data-sort-value="2014-11-13">13 novembre 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-966315-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-966315-6"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-966315-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199663156.003.0034">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Framley+Parsonage&rft.atitle=Consolation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Trollope&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966315-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xixhkv_noam-chomsky-cnrs-paris-29-mai-2010-poverty-of-stimulus-some-unfinished-business-1-3_school"><i>On the Poverty of Stimulus</i></a>, conférence de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noam_Chomsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">CNRS</a> à Paris le 29 mai 2010.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_cognitives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BerlinPaul1969"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brent_BerlinKay_Paul1969"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Brent <span class="nom_auteur">Berlin</span> et Kay <span class="nom_auteur">Paul</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basic_Color_Terms:_Their_Universality_and_Evolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution">Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution</a></cite>, Berkeley, Ca, USA, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, <time>1969</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Color+Terms%3A+Their+Universality+and+Evolution&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Ca%2C+USA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft.au=Paul%2C+Kay&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Informations_complémentaires"><span id="Informations_compl.C3.A9mentaires"></span>Informations complémentaires</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Informations complémentaires" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ouvrages_et_articles_introductifs">Ouvrages et articles introductifs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ouvrages et articles introductifs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Bazalgette, Didier, et al. “Opérations Cognitives: Les Sciences et Neurosciences Cognitives Au Service de l’action Stratégique.” <i>DSI (Défense et Sécurité Internationale)</i>, no. 163, 2023, pp. 92–97. <i>JSTOR</i>, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48708033. Accessed 1 Oct. 2023.</li> <li>Bazalgette, Didier et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.penseemiliterre.fr/la-gestion-de-crise-a-l-aune-des-sciences-cognitives-quelques-pistes-pour-les-operationnels_114921_1013077.html">La gestion de crise à l'aune des sciences cognitives</a>, Armée de Terre, Centre de Doctrine et d'Enseignement du Commandement, 2022</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Brien2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_Brien2005">Robert Brien, <cite class="italique">Science cognitive et formation</cite>, Presses de l'Université du Québec, <time>2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 1991) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2760509648?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2760509648"><span class="nowrap">2760509648</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+cognitive+et+formation&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.edition=3&rft.aulast=Brien&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2760509648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Andler2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Daniel_Andler2004">Daniel Andler (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique">Introduction aux sciences cognitives</cite> (édition augmentée), Paris, Folio, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Essais », <time>2004</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 1992), 752 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2070300781?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2070300781"><span class="nowrap">2070300781</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+aux+sciences+cognitives&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Folio&rft.aulast=Andler&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.date=2004&rft.tpages=752&rft.isbn=2070300781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span> (destiné à un public plus averti).</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Vignaux1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Vignaux1994"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_Vignaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges Vignaux">Georges Vignaux</a>, <cite class="italique">Les sciences cognitives : une introduction</cite>, Paris, Le livre de poche, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Biblio Essais », <time>1994</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/225394193X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/225394193X"><span class="nowrap">225394193X</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+sciences+cognitives+%3A+une+introduction&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Le+livre+de+poche&rft.aulast=Vignaux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=225394193X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Varela1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Francisco_Varela1996"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francisco_Varela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a>, <cite class="italique">Invitation aux sciences cognitives</cite>, Paris, Seuil, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Points Sciences », <time>1996</time>, 122 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2020287432?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2020287432"><span class="nowrap">978-2020287432</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invitation+aux+sciences+cognitives&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.aulast=Varela&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=122&rft.isbn=978-2020287432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Kremer-Marietti2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Angèle_Kremer-Marietti2002"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ang%C3%A8le_Kremer-Marietti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angèle Kremer-Marietti">Angèle Kremer-Marietti</a>, <cite class="italique">La philosophie cognitive</cite>, L'Harmattan, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Épistémologie et philosophie des sciences », <time>2002</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 1994, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presses universitaires de France">PUF</a>), 130 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2747516407?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2747516407"><span class="nowrap">2747516407</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+philosophie+cognitive&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Kremer-Marietti&rft.aufirst=Ang%C3%A8le&rft.date=2002&rft.tpages=130&rft.isbn=2747516407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Dortier2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_François_Dortier2014">Jean François Dortier (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique">Le Cerveau et la pensée : Le nouvel âge des sciences cognitives</cite>, Éditions Sciences Humaines, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Synthèse », <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782361060466?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782361060466"><span class="nowrap">9782361060466</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cairn.info/le-cerveau-et-la-pensee--9782361060466.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Cerveau+et+la+pens%C3%A9e&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Sciences+Humaines&rft.stitle=Le+nouvel+%C3%A2ge+des+sciences+cognitives&rft.au=Jean+Fran%C3%A7ois+Dortier&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li>Archive du site de <span class="ouvrage" id="2007">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Festigma.phpnet.org%252Fsciences-cognitives%252Fpresentation%252F%23federation%3Darchive.wikiwix.com%26tab%3Durl"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Association Estigma des Étudiants et Jeunes Chercheurs en Sciences Cognitives du Grand Lyon</cite></a> », <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-03-03" data-sort-value="2007-03-03">3 mars 2007</time></span> (Présentation accessible des Sciences Cognitives)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Dictionnaires_et_ouvrages_de_référence"><span id="Dictionnaires_et_ouvrages_de_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rence"></span>Dictionnaires et ouvrages de référence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Dictionnaires et ouvrages de référence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Houdé2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Olivier_Houdé2003">Olivier Houdé (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique">Vocabulaire de sciences cognitives</cite>, Paris, PUF, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Quadrige – Dicos Poche », <time>2003</time>, 512 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2130533388?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2130533388"><span class="nowrap">2130533388</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulaire+de+sciences+cognitives&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=PUF&rft.aulast=Houd%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.date=2003&rft.tpages=512&rft.isbn=2130533388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Tiberghien2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Guy_Tiberghien2002">Guy Tiberghien (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire des sciences cognitives</cite>, Paris, Armand Colin, <time>2002</time>, 336 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-200-26247-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-200-26247-7"><span class="nowrap">2-200-26247-7</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+sciences+cognitives&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.aulast=Tiberghien&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.date=2002&rft.tpages=336&rft.isbn=2-200-26247-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Nadel2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lynn_Nadel2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Lynn Nadel (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique" lang="en">Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science</cite>, Londres, Nature Publishing Group, <time>2003</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cognitive+Science&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Nature+Publishing+Group&rft.aulast=Nadel&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="WilsonKeil1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_WilsonFrank_Keil1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Robert Wilson (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>) et Frank Keil (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique" lang="en">The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS)</cite>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press, <time>1999</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MIT+Encyclopedia+of+the+Cognitive+Sciences+%28MITECS%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Frank+Keil&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Histoire_des_sciences_cognitives_2">Histoire des sciences cognitives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire des sciences cognitives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dupuy2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Pierre_Dupuy2005"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Dupuy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Pierre Dupuy">Jean-Pierre Dupuy</a>, <cite class="italique">Aux origines des sciences cognitives</cite>, Paris, La Découverte, <time>2005</time>, 196 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782707147752?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782707147752"><span class="nowrap">9782707147752</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aux+origines+des+sciences+cognitives&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.date=2005&rft.tpages=196&rft.isbn=9782707147752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Gardner1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Howard_Gardner1993"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Howard_Gardner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Howard Gardner">Howard Gardner</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr> de l'anglais par Jean-Louis Peytavin), <cite class="italique">Histoire de la révolution cognitive : la nouvelle science de l'esprit</cite>, Paris, Payot, <time>1993</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 1985), 494 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2228886882?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2228886882"><span class="nowrap">2228886882</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+r%C3%A9volution+cognitive&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Payot&rft.stitle=la+nouvelle+science+de+l%27esprit&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.date=1993&rft.tpages=494&rft.isbn=2228886882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li><i>Sciences cognitives. Textes fondateurs, 1943-1950 : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norbert_Wiener?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norbert Wiener">Wiener</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arturo_Rosenblueth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arturo Rosenblueth">Rosenblueth</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julian_Bigelow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julian Bigelow">Bigelow</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_McCulloch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren McCulloch">McCulloch</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Pitts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Pitts">Pitts</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_von_Neumann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donald_Hebb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donald Hebb">Hebb</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_Weaver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren Weaver">Weaver</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Shannon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Turing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Turing">Turing</a></i>, textes rassemblés et traduits par Aline Pélissier, présentés et annotés par Alain Tête, Paris, PUF (coll. « Psychologie et sciences de la pensée »), 1995, 352 p.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Miller2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="George_Miller2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Armitage Miller">George Miller</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Trends in Cognitive Science</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 7, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-03" data-sort-value="2003-03">mars 2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 4 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rit/geo/Miller.pdf">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-05-29" data-sort-value="2023-05-29">29 mai 2023</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+cognitive+revolution%3A+a+historical+perspective&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Science&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=George&rft.date=2003-03&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Mandler2011"><span class="ouvrage" id=":George_Mandler2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=George_Mandler&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="George Mandler (page inexistante)">George Mandler</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mandler" class="extiw" title="en:George Mandler"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « George Mandler »">(en)</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A history of modern experimental psychology : From James and Wundt to cognitive science</cite>, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, <time>2011</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 2007), 310 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/026251608X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/026251608X"><span class="nowrap">026251608X</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+experimental+psychology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.stitle=From+James+and+Wundt+to+cognitive+science&rft.aulast=Mandler&rft.aufirst=%3AGeorge&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=310&rft.isbn=026251608X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASciences+cognitives"></span></span></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Revues">Revues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Revues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://intellectica.org/">Intellectica</a> est la revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive (ARCo). Elle s'adresse à l'ensemble des disciplines intéressées par l'étude de la cognition.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://journals.openedition.org/rac/">Revue d’Anthropologie des Connaissances</a>, revue multidisciplinaire en sciences sociales, publie des travaux à la fois théoriques et pratiques qui visent à montrer comment les connaissances se forment et se diffusent.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wikiversity"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/Facult%25C3%25A9:Sciences_cognitives" class="extiw" title="v:Faculté:Sciences cognitives">Sciences cognitives</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiversity</span></span></li> <li class="wikibooks"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sciences_cognitives" class="extiw" title="b:Sciences cognitives">Sciences cognitives</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikibooks</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_de_la_psychologie_cognitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire de la psychologie cognitive">Histoire de la psychologie cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychologie_cognitive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychologie cognitive">Psychologie cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traitement_de_l%27information?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traitement de l'information">Traitement de l'information</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sciences_cognitives&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : français">(fr)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.risc.cnrs.fr/"><i>RISC: Relais d'Information sur les Sciences de la Cognition</i></a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a>, The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective, <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>, 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rit/geo/Miller.pdf">pdf</a></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Denis Regnier & Rita Astuti (dir.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/soca.v23.2/issuetoc">Special issue: The cognitive challenge</a>. <i>Social Anthropology</i> 23(2), 2015</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des sciences"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/24px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/24px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/36px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Circle-icons-genius.svg/48px-Circle-icons-genius.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Sciences">Portail des sciences</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Psychologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la psychologie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Greek_uc_psi.svg/24px-Greek_uc_psi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Greek_uc_psi.svg/24px-Greek_uc_psi.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Greek_uc_psi.svg/36px-Greek_uc_psi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Greek_uc_psi.svg/48px-Greek_uc_psi.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Psychologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Psychologie">Portail de la psychologie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" 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</div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiewe_wetenskap" title="Kognitiewe wetenskap – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kognitiewe wetenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="علوم استعرافية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علوم استعرافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koqnitivistika" title="Koqnitivistika – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koqnitivistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596" title="Кагнітыўныя навукі – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кагнітыўныя навукі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Когнитивна наука – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Когнитивна наука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259E%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%2595_%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259E%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8" title="সংজ্ঞানাত্মক বিজ্ঞান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংজ্ঞানাত্মক বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivna_nauka" title="Kognitivna nauka – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kognitivna nauka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%25C3%25A8ncia_cognitiva" title="Ciència cognitiva – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciència cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivn%25C3%25AD_v%25C4%259Bda" title="Kognitivní věda – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kognitivní věda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitionsvidenskab" title="Kognitionsvidenskab – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kognitionsvidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitionswissenschaft" title="Kognitionswissenschaft – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kognitionswissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25BD%25CF%2589%25CF%2583%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%25B5%25CF%2580%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25AE%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B7" title="Γνωσιακή επιστήμη – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γνωσιακή επιστήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cognitive science" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognoscienco" title="Kognoscienco – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kognoscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_cognitiva" title="Ciencia cognitiva – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnetusteadus" title="Tunnetusteadus – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tunnetusteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D8%25B4%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C" title="علوم شناختی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم شناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiotiede" title="Kognitiotiede – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kognitiotiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitsioonswedenskap" title="Kognitsioonswedenskap – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kognitsioonswedenskap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eola%25C3%25ADocht_chogna%25C3%25ADoch" title="Eolaíocht chognaíoch – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eolaíocht chognaíoch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidheans_cognatach" title="Saidheans cognatach – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Saidheans cognatach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%25A2%25D7%2599%25D7%259D_%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%2592%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="מדעים קוגניטיביים – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדעים קוגניטיביים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259E%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259E%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="संज्ञानात्मक विज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संज्ञानात्मक विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivna_znanost" title="Kognitivna znanost – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kognitivna znanost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognit%25C3%25ADv_tudom%25C3%25A1ny" title="Kognitív tudomány – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kognitív tudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25A3%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BF%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BE_%25D5%25A3%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Կոգնիտիվ գիտություն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոգնիտիվ գիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_kognitif" title="Ilmu kognitif – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu kognitif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentala_cienco" title="Mentala cienco – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mentala cienco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitsmunav%25C3%25ADsindi" title="Vitsmunavísindi – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vitsmunavísindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienze_cognitive" title="Scienze cognitive – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienze cognitive" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25AA%258D%25E7%259F%25A5%25E7%25A7%2591%25E5%25AD%25A6" title="認知科学 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="認知科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259D%25B8%25EC%25A7%2580_%25EA%25B3%25BC%25ED%2595%2599" title="인지 과학 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인지 과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA_%25D3%25A9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D2%25AF%25D1%2580%25D2%25AF%25D1%2588" title="Когнициялык өндүрүш – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Когнициялык өндүрүш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_cognitionis" title="Scientia cognitionis – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scientia cognitionis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitieweitesjap" title="Cognitieweitesjap – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cognitieweitesjap" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognityviniai_mokslai" title="Kognityviniai mokslai – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kognityviniai mokslai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%2597%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%2580%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%25BB%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D" title="കോഗ്നിറ്റീവ് സയൻസ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോഗ്നിറ്റീവ് സയൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D0%25B4%25D1%258D%25D1%2585%25D2%25AF%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2588%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B6%25D0%25BB%25D1%258D%25D1%2585_%25D1%2583%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Танин мэдэхүйн шинжлэх ухаан – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Танин мэдэхүйн шинжлэх ухаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains_kognitif" title="Sains kognitif – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sains kognitif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xjenza_konjittiva" title="Xjenza konjittiva – maltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Xjenza konjittiva" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitiewetenschap" title="Cognitiewetenschap – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cognitiewetenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitive_vitskapar" title="Kognitive vitskapar – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kognitive vitskapar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognisjonsvitenskap" title="Kognisjonsvitenskap – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kognisjonsvitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AC%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%25A7_%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2597%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2586%25E0%25A8%25A8" title="ਬੋਧ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਧ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitywistyka" title="Kognitywistyka – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kognitywistyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%258A_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="ادراکي علوم – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادراکي علوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%25C3%25AAncia_cognitiva" title="Ciência cognitiva – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciência cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C8%2598tiin%25C8%259Be_cognitive" title="Științe cognitive – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Științe cognitive" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Когнитивистика – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Когнитивистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cognitive science" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DA%25AA%25D9%258A_%25D8%25A7%25DA%2580%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3" title="ادراڪي اڀياس – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ادراڪي اڀياس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivna_nauka" title="Kognitivna nauka – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kognitivna nauka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cognitive science" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognit%25C3%25ADvna_veda" title="Kognitívna veda – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kognitívna veda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkenca_kognitive" title="Shkenca kognitive – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkenca kognitive" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Когнитивна наука – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Когнитивна наука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitionsvetenskap" title="Kognitionsvetenskap – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kognitionsvetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BC%25D2%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2588%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D1%2582%25D3%25A3" title="Илмҳои шинохтӣ – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Илмҳои шинохтӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C" title="ประชานศาสตร์ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชานศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agham_na_pampagtalos" title="Agham na pampagtalos – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Agham na pampagtalos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bili%25C5%259Fsel_bilim" title="Bilişsel bilim – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilişsel bilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Когнітивна наука – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Когнітивна наука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2585_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9" title="علم ادراک – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علم ادراک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivistika" title="Kognitivistika – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kognitivistika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%25E1%25BB%258Dc_nh%25E1%25BA%25ADn_th%25E1%25BB%25A9c" title="Khoa học nhận thức – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học nhận thức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25AE%25A4%25E7%259F%25A5%25E7%25A7%2591%25E5%25AD%25A6" title="认知科学 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="认知科学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25AE%25A4%25E7%259F%25A5%25E7%25A7%2591%25E5%25AD%25A6" title="认知科学 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="认知科学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25AA%258D%25E7%259F%25A5%25E7%25A7%2591%25E5%25AD%25B8" title="認知科學 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="認知科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul 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