CINXE.COM
Family Planning Use in Central America: Closing the Equity Gap - Population Reference Bureau
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.prb.org/Articles/2009/centralamericafamilyplanning.aspx","20091008185616","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1255028176"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <script type="text/JavaScript"> <!-- function MM_preloadImages() { //v3.0 var d=document; if(d.images){ if(!d.MM_p) d.MM_p=new Array(); var i,j=d.MM_p.length,a=MM_preloadImages.arguments; for(i=0; i<a.length; i++) if (a[i].indexOf("#")!=0){ d.MM_p[j]=new Image; d.MM_p[j++].src=a[i];}} } function MM_swapImgRestore() { //v3.0 var i,x,a=document.MM_sr; for(i=0;a&&i<a.length&&(x=a[i])&&x.oSrc;i++) x.src=x.oSrc; } function MM_findObj(n, d) { //v4.01 var p,i,x; if(!d) d=document; if((p=n.indexOf("?"))>0&&parent.frames.length) { d=parent.frames[n.substring(p+1)].document; n=n.substring(0,p);} if(!(x=d[n])&&d.all) x=d.all[n]; for (i=0;!x&&i<d.forms.length;i++) x=d.forms[i][n]; for(i=0;!x&&d.layers&&i<d.layers.length;i++) x=MM_findObj(n,d.layers[i].document); if(!x && d.getElementById) x=d.getElementById(n); return x; } function MM_swapImage() { //v3.0 var i,j=0,x,a=MM_swapImage.arguments; document.MM_sr=new Array; for(i=0;i<(a.length-2);i+=3) if ((x=MM_findObj(a[i]))!=null){document.MM_sr[j++]=x; if(!x.oSrc) x.oSrc=x.src; x.src=a[i+2];} } //--> </script> <!-- page title --> <title> Family Planning Use in Central America: Closing the Equity Gap - Population Reference Bureau </title> <!-- search meta tags --> <meta name="title" content="Family Planning Use in Central America: Closing the Equity Gap"> <meta name="description" content=""> <meta name="date" content="2009-2-9"> <meta name="topic" content="Reproductive Health,Marriage/Family,"> <meta name="country" content="El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,"> <meta name="type" content="Article"> <meta name="language" content="english"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="CODE_LANGUAGE" content="C#"/><meta name="vs_defaultClientScript" content="JavaScript"/><meta name="vs_targetSchema" content="http://schemas.microsoft.com/intellisense/ie5"/> <!-- Stylesheets --> <link href="/web/20091008185616cs_/http://www.prb.org/default.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20091008185616cs_/http://www.prb.org/css/styles_legacy.css?param=3"/><link href="/web/20091008185616cs_/http://www.prb.org/css/styles_home.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="/web/20091008185616cs_/http://www.prb.org/css/new_banner.css?param=2" rel="stylesheet"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20091008185616cs_/http://www.prb.org/css/superfish.css?param=2" media="screen"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20091008185616js_/http://www.prb.org/js/jquery-1.2.6.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20091008185616js_/http://www.prb.org/js/superfish.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // initialise plugins jQuery(function(){ jQuery('ul.sf-menu').superfish(); }); </script> <!--[if IE 6]> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready( function(){ $(".publication_tab").hover(function(){ $("#browsebox2bottom select.hidden").css({ visibility: "hidden" }); }, function(){ $("#browsebox2bottom select.hidden").css({ visibility: "visible" }); }); }); $(document).ready( function(){ $(".about_tab").hover(function(){ $("#browsebox2bottom select.hidden").css({ visibility: "hidden" }); }, function(){ $("#browsebox2bottom select.hidden").css({ visibility: "visible" }); }); }); </script> <![endif]--> <!-- icon --> <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/favicon.ico"/></head> <body> <form name="Form1" method="post" action="centralamericafamilyplanning.aspx" id="Form1"> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATE" id="__VIEWSTATE" value="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"/> <!-- Start Header Block --> <!--googleoff: all--> <div class="newheader"> <div class="functional"> <p class="links"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore.aspx">Bookstore</a> / <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Contact.aspx">Contact</a> / <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/SpanishContent.aspx">Español</a> / <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent.aspx">Français</a></p> <p class="cart_profile"><a id="ctl13_hlHeaderViewCart" class="cart" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/https://www.e-noah.net/prb/Sales/ShoppingCart.aspx?CartID=fudjvo45u1wuyq55njvt4245"><span id="ctl13_lblCart">1 items in cart</span></a> | <a class="profile" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/https://www.e-noah.net/prb/MyRecord/ContactEdit.aspx?CartID=fudjvo45u1wuyq55njvt4245">My Profile</a> </p> <div class="search"> <input name="ctl13$searchBox" type="text" value="Search" id="ctl13_searchBox" onkeydown="if(event.which || event.keyCode){if ((event.which == 13) || (event.keyCode == 13)) {document.getElementById('ctl13_linkButtonSearch').click();return false;}} else {return true}; "/> <input type="image" name="ctl13$linkButtonSearch" id="ctl13_linkButtonSearch" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/go.gif" border="0" style="vertical-align: bottom"/> </div> </div> <div class="banner"> <div class="logo"><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/logo.gif" alt="PRB" width="210" height="99"/></div> <div class="title"><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/title.gif" alt="Population Reference Bureau" width="564" height="63"/></div> <div class="join"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Join.aspx"><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/join.gif" alt="Join/Renew Membership" width="111" height="63" border="0"/></a></div> <div class="donate"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Donate.aspx"><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/donate.gif" alt="Donate Now" width="106" height="63" border="0"/></a></div> <ul id="ctl13_ulHeaderMenu" class="nav sf-menu sf-js-enabled"><li class="first home_tab"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="data_tab"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/DataFinder.aspx"><span>DataFinder</span></a></li><li class="educator_tab"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Educators.aspx"><span>Educators</span></a><ul class="vertical"><li class="first"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Educators/LessonPlans.aspx">Lesson Plans</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides.aspx">Teachers Guides</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachingStandards.aspx">Teaching Standards</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Educators/BuildAText.aspx">Build-A-Text</a></li><li class="last"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Educators/Resources.aspx">Resources</a></li></ul></li><li class="journalist_tab"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Journalists.aspx"><span>Journalists</span></a><ul class="vertical"><li class="first"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/Contact.aspx">Contact</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/FAQ.aspx">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/TakeANumber.aspx">Take a Number</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/Webcasts.aspx">PRB Webcasts</a></li><li class="last"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/PressReleases.aspx">Press Releases</a></li></ul></li><li class="event_tab"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/EventsTraining.aspx"><span>Events and Training</span></a><ul class="vertical"><li class="first"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/EventsTraining/InternationalTraining.aspx">International Training</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/EventsTraining/TrainingMaterials.aspx">Training Materials</a></li><li class="last"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/EventsTraining/PolicySeminars.aspx">Policy Seminars</a></li></ul></li><li class="publication_tab"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications.aspx"><span>Publications</span></a><ul class="vertical"><li class="first"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets.aspx">Data Sheets</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins.aspx">Population Bulletins</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/ReportsOnAmerica.aspx">Reports On America</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/GraphicsBank.aspx">Graphics Bank</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PolicyBriefs.aspx">Policy Briefs</a></li><li class="last"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationToday.aspx">Population Today</a></li></ul></li><li class="about_tab"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/About.aspx"><span>About PRB</span></a><ul class="vertical"><li class="first"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/About/Communications.aspx">Communications</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/About/DomesticPrograms.aspx">Domestic Programs</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/About/InternationalPrograms.aspx">International Programs</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/About/AnnualReports.aspx">Annual Reports</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/About/JobOpportunities.aspx">Job Opportunities</a></li><li class="last"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/About/StaffTrustees.aspx">Staff and Trustees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> <!-- This will clear the text when the focus is changed to the text box --> <script type="text/javascript"> var searchField = document.getElementById("ctl13_searchBox"); searchField.onfocus = function() { if (searchField.value == 'Search') { searchField.value = ''; } }; </script> <!-- End Header Block --> <!--googleon: all--> <div align="center"> <div id="c-block"> <div id="c-colint"> <!--googleoff: all--> <div id="lh-colint"> <div align="right"> <br/> <a target="_blank" href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2009/centralamericafamilyplanning.aspx?p=1"><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/printthis.gif" alt="Print This" border="0"/></a><br/> <a target="_blank" href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2009/centralamericafamilyplanning.aspx?e=1"><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/emailthis.gif" alt="Email To a Friend" border="0"/></a><br/> <!-- AddThis Button BEGIN --> <script type="text/javascript">addthis_pub = 'prb';</script> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php" onmouseover="return addthis_open(this, '', '[URL]', '[TITLE]')" onmouseout="addthis_close()" onclick="return addthis_sendto()"><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/sharethis.gif" style="padding-top: 2px" border="0" alt=""/></a> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616js_/http://s7.addthis.com/js/152/addthis_widget.js"></script> <!-- AddThis Button END --> </div> <div id="ctl15_ctl04_ctl03_debugdiv"> </div> <br/><br/> <div id="homebox1">DID YOU KNOW?</div> <div id="homebox1bottom">Women's earnings have generally increased faster than men's since 1975, but were just 77 percent of men's median earnings in 2006. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2008/uslaborforce.aspx">More...</a></div> </div> <!--googleon: all--> <!--googleoff: all--> <div id="rh-colint"> <!--New e-mailboxthingy by chris --> <div id="ctl15_ctl06_EmailSignup_divEmailSignup" class="InternalEmailBoxWrapper"> <div class="InternalEmailBoxTop"></div> <div class="InternalEmailBoxMiddle"> <div class="InternalEmailBoxLine1"><strong>Get PRB E-mail News</strong></div> <div class="InternalEmailBoxLine2">Enter e-mail address...</div> <div class="InternalEmailInputLine"> <input name="ctl15$ctl06$EmailSignup$tbEmailSignup" type="text" id="ctl15_ctl06_EmailSignup_tbEmailSignup" class="InternalEmailInputbox" onkeydown="if (event.which || event.keyCode) { if ((event.which == 13) || (event.keyCode == 13)) { document.getElementById('ctl15_ctl06_EmailSignup_btnEmailSignup').click(); return false;}} else {return true}; "/> <input type="image" name="ctl15$ctl06$EmailSignup$btnEmailSignup" id="ctl15_ctl06_EmailSignup_btnEmailSignup" class="InternalEmailInputButton" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/go2.gif" align="absmiddle" border="0"/> </div> </div> <div class="InternalEmailBoxBottom"></div> </div> <!--End: New thingy by chris --> <!-- Wide version of the email signup box, for the home page --> <div id="browsebox1">BROWSE BY TOPIC </div> <div id="browsebox2bottom"> <select name="ctl15$ctl06$ctl01$ddTopics" id="ctl15_ctl06_ctl01_ddTopics" class="browselist hidden"> <option selected="selected" value="Select a topic...">Select a topic...</option> <option value="Aging">Aging</option> <option value="Education">Education</option> <option value="Environment">Environment</option> <option value="Gender">Gender</option> <option value="Health">Health/Nutrition</option> <option value="HivAids">HIV/AIDS</option> <option value="ImmigrationMigration">Immigration/Migration</option> <option value="IncomePoverty">Income/Poverty</option> <option value="MarriageFamily">Marriage/Family</option> <option value="PopulationBasics">Population Basics</option> <option value="RaceEthnicity">Race/Ethnicity</option> <option value="ReproductiveHealth">Reproductive Health</option> <option value="Census2010">U.S. Census 2010</option> <option value="Youth">Youth</option> </select> </div> <br/> <div id="browsebox2">BROWSE BY REGION/COUNTRY</div> <div id="browsebox2bottom"> <select name="ctl15$ctl06$ctl03$ddRegions" id="ctl15_ctl06_ctl03_ddRegions" class="browselist"> <option selected="selected" value="Select a region or country">Select a region or country</option> <option value="r:AsiaPacific">Asia/Pacific</option> <option value="r:Europe">Europe</option> <option value="r:LatinAmerica">Latin America</option> <option value="r:MiddleEast">Middle East</option> <option value="r:NorthAmerica">North America</option> <option value="r:SubSaharanAfrica">Sub-Saharan Africa</option> <option value="">------------------------</option> <option value="c:139">Afghanistan</option> <option value="c:209">Albania</option> <option value="c:9">Algeria</option> <option value="c:210">Andorra</option> <option value="c:54">Angola</option> <option value="c:84">Antigua and Barbuda</option> <option value="c:104">Argentina</option> <option value="c:120">Armenia</option> <option value="c:225">Australia</option> <option value="c:188">Austria</option> <option value="c:121">Azerbaijan</option> <option value="c:85">Bahamas</option> <option value="c:122">Bahrain</option> <option value="c:140">Bangladesh</option> <option value="c:86">Barbados</option> <option value="c:198">Belarus</option> <option value="c:189">Belgium</option> <option value="c:75">Belize</option> <option value="c:17">Benin</option> <option value="c:141">Bhutan</option> <option value="c:105">Bolivia</option> <option value="c:211">Bosnia-Herzegovina</option> <option value="c:64">Botswana</option> <option value="c:106">Brazil</option> <option value="c:154">Brunei</option> <option value="c:199">Bulgaria</option> <option value="c:18">Burkina Faso</option> <option value="c:34">Burundi</option> <option value="c:155">Cambodia</option> <option value="c:55">Cameroon</option> <option value="c:71">Canada</option> <option value="c:19">Cape Verde</option> <option value="c:56">Central African Republic</option> <option value="c:57">Chad</option> <option value="c:177">Channel Islands</option> <option value="c:107">Chile</option> <option value="c:166">China</option> <option value="c:108">Colombia</option> <option value="c:35">Comoros</option> <option value="c:58">Congo</option> <option value="c:59">Congo, Dem. Rep. of</option> <option value="c:226">Cook Islands</option> <option value="c:76">Costa Rica</option> <option value="c:20">Cote d'Ivoire</option> <option value="c:212">Croatia</option> <option value="c:87">Cuba</option> <option value="c:123">Cyprus</option> <option value="c:200">Czech Republic</option> <option value="c:176">Denmark</option> <option value="c:36">Djibouti</option> <option value="c:88">Dominica</option> <option value="c:89">Dominican Republic</option> <option value="c:109">Ecuador</option> <option value="c:10">Egypt</option> <option value="c:77">El Salvador</option> <option value="c:60">Equatorial Guinea</option> <option value="c:37">Eritrea</option> <option value="c:178">Estonia</option> <option value="c:38">Ethiopia</option> <option value="c:227">Federated States of Micronesia</option> <option value="c:228">Fiji</option> <option value="c:179">Finland</option> <option value="c:190">France</option> <option value="c:110">French Guiana</option> <option value="c:229">French Polynesia</option> <option value="c:61">Gabon</option> <option value="c:21">Gambia</option> <option value="c:124">Georgia</option> <option value="c:191">Germany</option> <option value="c:22">Ghana</option> <option value="c:213">Greece</option> <option value="c:90">Grenada</option> <option value="c:91">Guadeloupe</option> <option value="c:230">Guam</option> <option value="c:78">Guatemala</option> <option value="c:23">Guinea</option> <option value="c:24">Guinea-Bissau</option> <option value="c:111">Guyana</option> <option value="c:92">Haiti</option> <option value="c:79">Honduras</option> <option value="c:167">Hong Kong, SAR</option> <option value="c:201">Hungary</option> <option value="c:180">Iceland</option> <option value="c:142">India</option> <option value="c:157">Indonesia</option> <option value="c:143">Iran</option> <option value="c:125">Iraq</option> <option value="c:181">Ireland</option> <option value="c:126">Israel</option> <option value="c:214">Italy</option> <option value="c:93">Jamaica</option> <option value="c:169">Japan</option> <option value="c:127">Jordan</option> <option value="c:144">Kazakhstan</option> <option value="c:39">Kenya</option> <option value="c:231">Kiribati</option> <option value="c:170">Korea, North</option> <option value="c:171">Korea, South</option> <option value="c:215">Kosovo</option> <option value="c:128">Kuwait</option> <option value="c:145">Kyrgyzstan</option> <option value="c:158">Laos</option> <option value="c:182">Latvia</option> <option value="c:129">Lebanon</option> <option value="c:65">Lesotho</option> <option value="c:25">Liberia</option> <option value="c:11">Libya</option> <option value="c:192">Liechtenstein</option> <option value="c:183">Lithuania</option> <option value="c:193">Luxembourg</option> <option value="c:168">Macao, SAR</option> <option value="c:216">Macedonia</option> <option value="c:40">Madagascar</option> <option value="c:41">Malawi</option> <option value="c:159">Malaysia</option> <option value="c:146">Maldives</option> <option value="c:26">Mali</option> <option value="c:217">Malta</option> <option value="c:232">Marshall Islands</option> <option value="c:94">Martinique</option> <option value="c:27">Mauritania</option> <option value="c:42">Mauritius</option> <option value="c:43">Mayotte</option> <option value="c:80">Mexico</option> <option value="c:202">Moldova</option> <option value="c:194">Monaco</option> <option value="c:172">Mongolia</option> <option value="c:218">Montenegro</option> <option value="c:12">Morocco</option> <option value="c:44">Mozambique</option> <option value="c:160">Myanmar</option> <option value="c:66">Namibia</option> <option value="c:233">Nauru</option> <option value="c:147">Nepal</option> <option value="c:195">Netherlands</option> <option value="c:95">Netherlands Antilles</option> <option value="c:234">New Caledonia</option> <option value="c:235">New Zealand</option> <option value="c:81">Nicaragua</option> <option value="c:28">Niger</option> <option value="c:29">Nigeria</option> <option value="c:184">Norway</option> <option value="c:130">Oman</option> <option value="c:148">Pakistan</option> <option value="c:236">Palau</option> <option value="c:136">Palestinian Territory</option> <option value="c:82">Panama</option> <option value="c:237">Papua New Guinea</option> <option value="c:112">Paraguay</option> <option value="c:113">Peru</option> <option value="c:161">Philippines</option> <option value="c:203">Poland</option> <option value="c:219">Portugal</option> <option value="c:96">Puerto Rico</option> <option value="c:131">Qatar</option> <option value="c:45">Reunion</option> <option value="c:204">Romania</option> <option value="c:205">Russia</option> <option value="c:46">Rwanda</option> <option value="c:242">Samoa</option> <option value="c:220">San Marino</option> <option value="c:62">Sao Tome and Principe</option> <option value="c:132">Saudi Arabia</option> <option value="c:30">Senegal</option> <option value="c:221">Serbia</option> <option value="c:47">Seychelles</option> <option value="c:31">Sierra Leone</option> <option value="c:162">Singapore</option> <option value="c:206">Slovakia</option> <option value="c:222">Slovenia</option> <option value="c:238">Solomon Islands</option> <option value="c:48">Somalia</option> <option value="c:67">South Africa</option> <option value="c:223">Spain</option> <option value="c:149">Sri Lanka</option> <option value="c:97">St. Barthelemy</option> <option value="c:99">St. Kitts-Nevis</option> <option value="c:98">St. Lucia</option> <option value="c:100">St. Martin (French)</option> <option value="c:101">St. Vincent & the Grenadines</option> <option value="c:13">Sudan</option> <option value="c:114">Suriname</option> <option value="c:68">Swaziland</option> <option value="c:185">Sweden</option> <option value="c:196">Switzerland</option> <option value="c:133">Syria</option> <option value="c:173">Taiwan</option> <option value="c:150">Tajikistan</option> <option value="c:49">Tanzania</option> <option value="c:163">Thailand</option> <option value="c:156">Timor-Leste</option> <option value="c:32">Togo</option> <option value="c:239">Tonga</option> <option value="c:102">Trinidad and Tobago</option> <option value="c:14">Tunisia</option> <option value="c:134">Turkey</option> <option value="c:151">Turkmenistan</option> <option value="c:240">Tuvalu</option> <option value="c:50">Uganda</option> <option value="c:207">Ukraine</option> <option value="c:135">United Arab Emirates</option> <option value="c:186">United Kingdom</option> <option value="c:72">United States</option> <option value="c:115">Uruguay</option> <option value="c:152">Uzbekistan</option> <option value="c:241">Vanuatu</option> <option value="c:116">Venezuela</option> <option value="c:164">Vietnam</option> <option value="c:15">Western Sahara</option> <option value="c:137">Yemen</option> <option value="c:51">Zambia</option> <option value="c:52">Zimbabwe</option> </select> </div> <br/> <div id="ctl15_ctl06_ctl05_pnlSuper"> <div id="browsebox3" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">QUICK LINKS</div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="225" bgcolor="#efebde" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.prbblog.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images08/blogart.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.prbblog.org/"><strong>PRB Blog </strong></a></strong><br/>Read and respond to what PRB colleagues are thinking about—Behind the Numbers</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://discuss.prb.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb8.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://discuss.prb.org/"><strong>PRB Discuss Online > </strong></a></strong><br/>"Live online" conversations about population, health, and environment </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/WPDS09-thumb.jpg" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left" width="153"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx"><strong>2009 World Population Data Sheet ></strong></a> <br/>World: 6.8 billion<br/>United States: 306.8 million</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><img alt="/Publications/PopulationBulletins.aspx" hspace="6" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/PopBull643-thumb.jpg" border="0"/></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins.aspx"><strong>Population Bulletins ></strong></a></strong> <br/>Exploring current domestic and international population issues and trends</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/GraphicsBank.aspx"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb3.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Publications/GraphicsBank.aspx"><strong>Graphics Bank > </strong></a></strong><br/>PowerPoint presentations on population and health</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/CPIPR.aspx"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images07/CPIPR_logo.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/CPIPR.aspx"><strong>CPIPR> </strong></a></strong><br/>Current research results and their implications</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.phishare.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb5.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.phishare.org/"><strong>InfoShare > </strong></a></strong><br/>Electronic library for reproductive and child health, HIV/AIDS, and population</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.igwg.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb6.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.igwg.org/"><strong>IGWG > </strong></a></strong><br/>Tools to promote gender equity programs worldwide</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.dcp2.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb7.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.dcp2.org/"><strong>DCPP > </strong></a></strong><br/>Evidence-based analyses to inform health policymaking in developing countries.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <!--googleon: all--> <p><br/> <div id="featuredlinksbox"> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_pnlTitle"> <div id="titles"><span class="titletext">Family Planning Use in Central America: Closing the Equity Gap</span></div> </div> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_contentBody"> <p> <em>by Calvin Siow </em> </p> <p>(February 2009) Family planning reduces infant and maternal mortality rates by allowing women to plan and space their pregnancies and avoid unintended pregnancies. Pregnancies that are adequately spaced increase child survival by allowing mothers to invest more resources and time in their children. Spaced pregnancies also allow mothers to recover their health and avoid complications, such as anemia, during their next pregnancy. Family planning is also an effective poverty reduction strategy, breaking the link between high fertility and extreme poverty. </p> <p>The overall contraceptive prevalence among women in union has increased in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua in the past two decades, according to the latest CDC report, <em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.cdc.gov/Reproductivehealth/Surveys/SurveyList.htm#CA-Equity">Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health in Central America: Health Equity Trends</a>.</em> With the exception of Guatemala, the gap in contraceptive use between the poorest and wealthiest segments of the population has also decreased. Ensuring equitable access is important in improving maternal and child health, especially among the poor because they are often unaware of the benefits and live in areas where services are unavailable. <br/></p> <p> <h2>Trends in Contraceptive Use <br/></h2> <p>In El Salvador, overall contraceptive use increased from 53 percent in 1993 to 67 percent in 2002 and 2003. During the same period, contraceptive use among the poorest segment of the population increased from 33 percent to 52 percent, while among the wealthiest group, use remained relatively unchanged at 72 percent. As such, the "equity gap" in contraceptive use between the poorest and wealthiest population fell from 40 percent to 20 percent in a decade. </p> <hr align="left" width="570" color="#cf7127" noshade="" size="1"/> <p><i>Figure 1</i> <br/><strong>Contraceptive Prevalence Rate by Quintile in El Salvador and Guatemala </strong></p> <p><b><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images09/ContracPrevElSalvGuat.gif"/> </b><br/></p> <p class="little"><strong>Source:</strong> Paul W. Stupp, Danni Daniels, and Alicia Ruiz, <em>Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health in Central America: Health Equity Trends </em>(Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007).</p> <p> <hr align="left" width="570" color="#cf7127" noshade="" size="1"/> <p> <p>Contraceptive use in Guatemala increased overall in the past two decades, from 23 percent in 1987 to 43 percent in 2002. While the equity gap decreased in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua in the recent past, Guatemala's gap remained constant at 56 percent. This large gap is due primarily to the concurrent increase of contraceptive use in both the poorest and wealthiest segments of the population. </p> <p>Surveys conducted in 1991 and 1992 and subsequently in 2001 show an increase of 16 percent in contraceptive use among Honduran women. In the lowest socioeconomic quintile, the contraceptive prevalence increased to 43 percent from 23 percent. Although the inequity in contraceptive use between the poorest and wealthiest Hondurans decreased over time, the gap remained high with a difference of 31 percent in 2001. </p> <hr align="left" width="570" color="#cf7127" noshade="" size="1"/> <p><i>Figure 2</i> <br/><strong>Contraceptive Prevalence Rate by Quintile in Honduras and Nicaragua</strong></p> <p><b><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images09/ContracPrevHondNic.gif"/> </b><br/></p> <p class="little"><strong>Source:</strong> Paul W. Stupp, Danni Daniels, and Alicia Ruiz, <em>Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health in Central America: Health Equity Trends </em>(Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007).</p> <hr align="left" width="570" color="#cf7127" noshade="" size="1"/> <p>Among the four countries, Nicaragua has the highest overall contraceptive prevalence with 66 percent. The inequity is small compared to neighboring countries, with 19 percent difference, according to the latest survey conducted in 2001. The narrowing of the gap is attributed to the increase use of contraceptives, especially among the poorest Nicaraguans, where the rate has more than doubled from 24 percent in 1992 and 1993 to 52 percent in 2001. During the same period, contraceptive use among the wealthiest population increased moderately from 65 percent to 71 percent. Therefore, much of the decrease in inequity is due greater access for the poor to family planning services. </p> <h2>Family Planning Advances Closes the Equity Gap </h2> <p>The remarkable improvements in family planning services in Central America are due to a wide array of factors, such as the recognition that family planning plays an important role in ensuring healthy families, increased political support for women's rights, and the establishment of health facilities in rural areas. In addition, technical and financial support from development agencies such as USAID and UNFPA have helped these countries improve their family planning services and accessibility. <br/><br/>Part of the success in El Salvador is due to the Ministry of Health's efforts in improving family planning logistics and contraceptive availability at its public health facilities over the past decade. The contraceptive logistics system was redesigned and a cost-effective procurement system was set up to ensure that public health facilities have sufficient quantities of the appropriate contraceptives and that contraceptives are provided to the appropriate service providers. These measures strengthened family planning and helped El Salvador’s family planning program become self-sustainable. </p> <p>In Guatemala, the Ministry of Health launched an initiative to provide information and access to contraceptives to increase contraceptive awareness among Guatemalans and overcome cultural, religious, and political barriers. Given that contraceptive use was especially low among Mayan women, these efforts focused especially on reaching underserved populations in the Guatemalan highlands. Recent policy efforts in Guatemala have also led to additional funding for reproductive health programs, as well as the approval of a law to provide universal access to family planning. </p> <p>Efforts in Honduras have also contributed to increasing contraceptive use and closing the equity gap. In the late 1990s, the Honduran government allowed auxiliary nurses from the Secretariat of Health (SOH) to insert Intrauterine Devices, which expanded access to an underused family planning method. In addition, an increase in public coverage by the SOH from 35 percent in 1996 to 41 percent in 2001 improved contraceptive access, particularly among women in the lowest wealth quintile since they rely heavily on public health services. </p> <p>Legal and political support for reproductive health is strong in Nicaragua, where the constitutional guarantee to reproductive rights ensures contraceptive security. As a result, family planning services are offered by multiple government agencies and private sector organizations, thereby increasing contraceptive access and availability. In addition, the Nicaraguan Ministry of Health uses the community-based contraceptive distribution strategy to target the underserved population. </p> <p>Family planning improvements made over the past two decades by Central American countries have enabled the poorest segments of the population greater access to contraceptives and family planning services. Further efforts in strengthening existing programs would help ensure contraceptive security and further close the equity gap.</p> <p> <hr align="left" width="570" color="#cf7127" noshade="" size="1"/> <p> <p> <p><strong>Calvin Siow</strong> is an intern with International Programs at PRB.</p> <hr align="left" width="570" color="#cf7127" noshade="" size="1"/> <p><strong>References</strong> </p> <ol> <li>DELIVER, <em>El Salvador: Securing Essential Contraceptive Supplies for All Who Need Them</em> (Arlington, VA: USAID, 2006). </li><li>DELIVER, <em>Honduras: Moving Contraceptive Security Forward with Political Commitment and Financial Capital </em>(Arlington, VA: USAID, 2006). </li><li>Health Policy Initiative, <em>Safeguarding contraceptive security in Latin America and the Caribbean </em>(Washington, DC: USAID, 2008). </li><li>Paul W. Stupp, Danni Daniels, and Alicia Ruiz, <em>Reproductive, Maternal, and Child Health in Central America: Health Equity Trends </em>(Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007). </li><li>P.A. Taylor, <em>Nicaragua: Contraceptive Security Assessment </em>(Arlington, VA and Washington, DC: USAID, 2004). </li><li>USAID, <em>Telling Our Story Guatemala: Can Family Planning Change Society?, </em>accessed online at <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www.usaid.gov/stories/guatemala/cs_gt_spacing.pdf">www.usaid.gov/stories/guatemala/cs_gt_spacing.pdf</a>, on Feb. 5, 2009.</li></ol> <p> </p> <p> <p> <p> <p> <p> <p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></div> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_debug"></div> </div> <div align="left"></div> </p> </div> </div> </div> <br/><br/> <!--googleoff: all--> <div align="center" style="clear: both"> <p> </p> <div align="center" id="ftr"><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer2.gif" width="3" height="23" align="right"/><img src="/web/20091008185616im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer1.gif" width="3" height="23" align="left"/><span class="footertext">Services: <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Rss.aspx">RSS Feeds</a> · <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Home/EmailSignup.aspx">Get E-Mail News</a> · <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Join.aspx">Join/Renew Membership</a> · <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Donate.aspx">Donate</a> · <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore.aspx">Bookstore</a> · <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Home/Contact.aspx">Contact</a> · <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/SpanishContent.aspx">Español</a> · <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent.aspx">Français</a></span></div> <span class="footer2text"><b>Copyright 2009, Population Reference Bureau.</b> All rights reserved. • <a href="/web/20091008185616/http://www.prb.org/Home/Privacy.aspx">Privacy Policy</a></span><br/> <span class="footer2text">1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW • Suite 520 • Washington, DC 20009-5728 • USA <br/> <b>Phone:</b> 800-877-9881 • <b>Fax:</b> 202-328-3937 • <b>E-mail:</b> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/mailto:popref@prb.org">popref@prb.org</a></span><br/> </div> <span class="footer2text"> <!-- left column --> </span> <span class="footer2text"> <!-- end of left column --> <!-- right column --> </span> <!--googleon: all--> </form> <div id="debugdiv"> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/https://ssl." : "https://web.archive.org/web/20091008185616/http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-3593627-1"); pageTracker._initData(); pageTracker._trackPageview(); </script> <script src="/web/20091008185616js_/http://www.prb.org/__utm.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 18:56:16 Oct 08, 2009 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 01:00:40 Nov 26, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.501 exclusion.robots: 0.027 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.017 esindex: 0.01 cdx.remote: 7.435 LoadShardBlock: 157.203 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 98.45 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 144.828 (2) load_resource: 140.905 -->