CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2008/uslaborforce.aspx","20091008211136","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1255036296"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <script type="text/JavaScript">  </script>  <title> U.S. Labor Force Trends - Population Reference Bureau </title>  <meta name="title" content="U.S. Labor Force Trends"> <meta name="description" content=""> <meta name="date" content="2008-6-22"> <meta name="topic" content="Income/Poverty,"> <meta name="country" content="United States,"> <meta name="type" content="PopulationBulletin"> <meta name="language" content="english"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="CODE_LANGUAGE" content="C#"/><meta name="vs_defaultClientScript" content="JavaScript"/><meta name="vs_targetSchema" content="http://schemas.microsoft.com/intellisense/ie5"/>  <link href="/web/20091008211136cs_/http://www.prb.org/default.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20091008211136cs_/http://www.prb.org/css/styles_legacy.css?param=3"/><link href="/web/20091008211136cs_/http://www.prb.org/css/styles_home.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="/web/20091008211136cs_/http://www.prb.org/css/new_banner.css?param=2" rel="stylesheet"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20091008211136cs_/http://www.prb.org/css/superfish.css?param=2" media="screen"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20091008211136js_/http://www.prb.org/js/jquery-1.2.6.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20091008211136js_/http://www.prb.org/js/superfish.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // initialise plugins jQuery(function(){ jQuery('ul.sf-menu').superfish(); }); </script>   <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/favicon.ico"/></head> <body> <form name="Form1" method="post" action="uslaborforce.aspx" id="Form1"> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATE" id="__VIEWSTATE" value="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"/>   <div class="newheader"> <div class="functional"> <p class="links"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore.aspx">Bookstore</a> / <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Contact.aspx">Contact</a> / <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/SpanishContent.aspx">Español</a> / <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent.aspx">Français</a></p> <p class="cart_profile"><a id="ctl13_hlHeaderViewCart" class="cart" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/https://www.e-noah.net/prb/Sales/ShoppingCart.aspx?CartID=fudjvo45u1wuyq55njvt4245"><span id="ctl13_lblCart">8 items in cart</span></a> | <a class="profile" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/https://www.e-noah.net/prb/MyRecord/ContactEdit.aspx?CartID=fudjvo45u1wuyq55njvt4245">My Profile</a> </p> <div class="search"> <input name="ctl13$searchBox" type="text" value="Search" id="ctl13_searchBox" onkeydown="if(event.which || event.keyCode){if ((event.which == 13) || (event.keyCode == 13)) {document.getElementById('ctl13_linkButtonSearch').click();return false;}} else {return true}; "/> <input type="image" name="ctl13$linkButtonSearch" id="ctl13_linkButtonSearch" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/go.gif" border="0" style="vertical-align: bottom"/> </div> </div> <div class="banner"> <div class="logo"><img src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/logo.gif" alt="PRB" width="210" height="99"/></div> <div class="title"><img src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/title.gif" alt="Population Reference Bureau" width="564" height="63"/></div> <div class="join"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Join.aspx"><img src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/join.gif" alt="Join/Renew Membership" width="111" height="63" border="0"/></a></div> <div class="donate"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Donate.aspx"><img src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/new_banner/donate.gif" alt="Donate Now" width="106" height="63" border="0"/></a></div> <ul id="ctl13_ulHeaderMenu" class="nav sf-menu sf-js-enabled"><li class="first home_tab"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="data_tab"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/DataFinder.aspx"><span>DataFinder</span></a></li><li class="educator_tab"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Educators.aspx"><span>Educators</span></a><ul class="vertical"><li class="first"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Educators/LessonPlans.aspx">Lesson Plans</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides.aspx">Teachers Guides</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachingStandards.aspx">Teaching Standards</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Educators/BuildAText.aspx">Build-A-Text</a></li><li class="last"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Educators/Resources.aspx">Resources</a></li></ul></li><li class="journalist_tab"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Journalists.aspx"><span>Journalists</span></a><ul class="vertical"><li class="first"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/Contact.aspx">Contact</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/FAQ.aspx">FAQ</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/TakeANumber.aspx">Take a Number</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/Webcasts.aspx">PRB Webcasts</a></li><li class="last"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Journalists/PressReleases.aspx">Press Releases</a></li></ul></li><li class="event_tab"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/EventsTraining.aspx"><span>Events and Training</span></a><ul class="vertical"><li class="first"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/EventsTraining/InternationalTraining.aspx">International Training</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/EventsTraining/TrainingMaterials.aspx">Training Materials</a></li><li class="last"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/EventsTraining/PolicySeminars.aspx">Policy Seminars</a></li></ul></li><li class="publication_tab"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications.aspx"><span>Publications</span></a><ul class="vertical"><li class="first"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets.aspx">Data Sheets</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins.aspx">Population Bulletins</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/ReportsOnAmerica.aspx">Reports On America</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/GraphicsBank.aspx">Graphics Bank</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PolicyBriefs.aspx">Policy Briefs</a></li><li class="last"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationToday.aspx">Population Today</a></li></ul></li><li class="about_tab"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/About.aspx"><span>About PRB</span></a><ul class="vertical"><li class="first"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/About/Communications.aspx">Communications</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/About/DomesticPrograms.aspx">Domestic Programs</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/About/InternationalPrograms.aspx">International Programs</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/About/AnnualReports.aspx">Annual Reports</a></li><li><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/About/JobOpportunities.aspx">Job Opportunities</a></li><li class="last"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/About/StaffTrustees.aspx">Staff and Trustees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> var searchField = document.getElementById("ctl13_searchBox"); searchField.onfocus = function() { if (searchField.value == 'Search') { searchField.value = ''; } }; </script>   <div align="center"> <div id="c-block"> <div id="c-colint">  <div id="lh-colint"> <br/> <div align="right"> <div class="subnavclass"><span class="subnavoff"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications.aspx">Publications</a></span></div> <div class="subnavclass"><span class="subnavoff"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets.aspx">Data Sheets</a></span></div> <div class="subnavclass"><span class="subnavoff"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins.aspx">Population Bulletins</a></span></div> <div class="subnavclass"><span class="subnavoff"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/ReportsOnAmerica.aspx">Reports On America</a></span></div> <div class="subnavclass"><span class="subnavoff"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/GraphicsBank.aspx">Graphics Bank</a></span></div> <div class="subnavclass"><span class="subnavoff"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PolicyBriefs.aspx">Policy Briefs</a></span></div> <div class="subnavclass"><span class="subnavoff"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationToday.aspx">Population Today</a></span></div> </div> <div id="ctl15_ctl04_ctl01_debugdiv"></div> <div align="right"> <br/> <a target="_blank" href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2008/uslaborforce.aspx?p=1"><img src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/printthis.gif" alt="Print This" border="0"/></a><br/> <a target="_blank" href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2008/uslaborforce.aspx?e=1"><img src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/emailthis.gif" alt="Email To a Friend" border="0"/></a><br/>  <script type="text/javascript">addthis_pub = 'prb';</script> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php" onmouseover="return addthis_open(this, '', '[URL]', '[TITLE]')" onmouseout="addthis_close()" onclick="return addthis_sendto()"><img src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/sharethis.gif" style="padding-top: 2px" border="0" alt=""/></a> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136js_/http://s7.addthis.com/js/152/addthis_widget.js"></script>  </div> <div id="ctl15_ctl04_ctl03_debugdiv"> </div> <br/><br/> <div id="homebox1">DID YOU KNOW?</div> <div id="homebox1bottom">The largest flow of migrants is from less developed to more developed countries. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2008/managingmigration.aspx">More...</a></div> </div>   <div id="rh-colint">  <div id="ctl15_ctl06_EmailSignup_divEmailSignup" class="InternalEmailBoxWrapper"> <div class="InternalEmailBoxTop"></div> <div class="InternalEmailBoxMiddle"> <div class="InternalEmailBoxLine1"><strong>Get PRB E-mail News</strong></div> <div class="InternalEmailBoxLine2">Enter e-mail address...</div> <div class="InternalEmailInputLine"> <input name="ctl15$ctl06$EmailSignup$tbEmailSignup" type="text" id="ctl15_ctl06_EmailSignup_tbEmailSignup" class="InternalEmailInputbox" onkeydown="if (event.which || event.keyCode) { if ((event.which == 13) || (event.keyCode == 13)) { document.getElementById('ctl15_ctl06_EmailSignup_btnEmailSignup').click(); return false;}} else {return true}; "/> <input type="image" name="ctl15$ctl06$EmailSignup$btnEmailSignup" id="ctl15_ctl06_EmailSignup_btnEmailSignup" class="InternalEmailInputButton" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/go2.gif" align="absmiddle" border="0"/> </div> </div> <div class="InternalEmailBoxBottom"></div> </div>   <div id="browsebox1">BROWSE BY TOPIC </div> <div id="browsebox2bottom"> <select name="ctl15$ctl06$ctl01$ddTopics" id="ctl15_ctl06_ctl01_ddTopics" class="browselist hidden"> <option selected="selected" value="Select a topic...">Select a topic...</option> <option value="Aging">Aging</option> <option value="Education">Education</option> <option value="Environment">Environment</option> <option value="Gender">Gender</option> <option value="Health">Health/Nutrition</option> <option value="HivAids">HIV/AIDS</option> <option value="ImmigrationMigration">Immigration/Migration</option> <option value="IncomePoverty">Income/Poverty</option> <option value="MarriageFamily">Marriage/Family</option> <option value="PopulationBasics">Population Basics</option> <option value="RaceEthnicity">Race/Ethnicity</option> <option value="ReproductiveHealth">Reproductive Health</option> <option value="Census2010">U.S. Census 2010</option> <option value="Youth">Youth</option> </select> </div> <br/> <div id="browsebox2">BROWSE BY REGION/COUNTRY</div> <div id="browsebox2bottom"> <select name="ctl15$ctl06$ctl03$ddRegions" id="ctl15_ctl06_ctl03_ddRegions" class="browselist"> <option selected="selected" value="Select a region or country">Select a region or country</option> <option value="r:AsiaPacific">Asia/Pacific</option> <option value="r:Europe">Europe</option> <option value="r:LatinAmerica">Latin America</option> <option value="r:MiddleEast">Middle East</option> <option value="r:NorthAmerica">North America</option> <option value="r:SubSaharanAfrica">Sub-Saharan Africa</option> <option value="">------------------------</option> <option value="c:139">Afghanistan</option> <option value="c:209">Albania</option> <option value="c:9">Algeria</option> <option value="c:210">Andorra</option> <option value="c:54">Angola</option> <option value="c:84">Antigua and Barbuda</option> <option value="c:104">Argentina</option> <option value="c:120">Armenia</option> <option value="c:225">Australia</option> <option value="c:188">Austria</option> <option value="c:121">Azerbaijan</option> <option value="c:85">Bahamas</option> <option value="c:122">Bahrain</option> <option value="c:140">Bangladesh</option> <option value="c:86">Barbados</option> <option value="c:198">Belarus</option> <option value="c:189">Belgium</option> <option value="c:75">Belize</option> <option value="c:17">Benin</option> <option value="c:141">Bhutan</option> <option value="c:105">Bolivia</option> <option value="c:211">Bosnia-Herzegovina</option> <option value="c:64">Botswana</option> <option value="c:106">Brazil</option> <option value="c:154">Brunei</option> <option value="c:199">Bulgaria</option> <option value="c:18">Burkina Faso</option> <option value="c:34">Burundi</option> <option value="c:155">Cambodia</option> <option value="c:55">Cameroon</option> <option value="c:71">Canada</option> <option value="c:19">Cape Verde</option> <option value="c:56">Central African Republic</option> <option value="c:57">Chad</option> <option value="c:177">Channel Islands</option> <option value="c:107">Chile</option> <option value="c:166">China</option> <option value="c:108">Colombia</option> <option value="c:35">Comoros</option> <option value="c:58">Congo</option> <option value="c:59">Congo, Dem. Rep. of</option> <option value="c:226">Cook Islands</option> <option value="c:76">Costa Rica</option> <option value="c:20">Cote d'Ivoire</option> <option value="c:212">Croatia</option> <option value="c:87">Cuba</option> <option value="c:123">Cyprus</option> <option value="c:200">Czech Republic</option> <option value="c:176">Denmark</option> <option value="c:36">Djibouti</option> <option value="c:88">Dominica</option> <option value="c:89">Dominican Republic</option> <option value="c:109">Ecuador</option> <option value="c:10">Egypt</option> <option value="c:77">El Salvador</option> <option value="c:60">Equatorial Guinea</option> <option value="c:37">Eritrea</option> <option value="c:178">Estonia</option> <option value="c:38">Ethiopia</option> <option value="c:227">Federated States of Micronesia</option> <option value="c:228">Fiji</option> <option value="c:179">Finland</option> <option value="c:190">France</option> <option value="c:110">French Guiana</option> <option value="c:229">French Polynesia</option> <option value="c:61">Gabon</option> <option value="c:21">Gambia</option> <option value="c:124">Georgia</option> <option value="c:191">Germany</option> <option value="c:22">Ghana</option> <option value="c:213">Greece</option> <option value="c:90">Grenada</option> <option value="c:91">Guadeloupe</option> <option value="c:230">Guam</option> <option value="c:78">Guatemala</option> <option value="c:23">Guinea</option> <option value="c:24">Guinea-Bissau</option> <option value="c:111">Guyana</option> <option value="c:92">Haiti</option> <option value="c:79">Honduras</option> <option value="c:167">Hong Kong, SAR</option> <option value="c:201">Hungary</option> <option value="c:180">Iceland</option> <option value="c:142">India</option> <option value="c:157">Indonesia</option> <option value="c:143">Iran</option> <option value="c:125">Iraq</option> <option value="c:181">Ireland</option> <option value="c:126">Israel</option> <option value="c:214">Italy</option> <option value="c:93">Jamaica</option> <option value="c:169">Japan</option> <option value="c:127">Jordan</option> <option value="c:144">Kazakhstan</option> <option value="c:39">Kenya</option> <option value="c:231">Kiribati</option> <option value="c:170">Korea, North</option> <option value="c:171">Korea, South</option> <option value="c:215">Kosovo</option> <option value="c:128">Kuwait</option> <option value="c:145">Kyrgyzstan</option> <option value="c:158">Laos</option> <option value="c:182">Latvia</option> <option value="c:129">Lebanon</option> <option value="c:65">Lesotho</option> <option value="c:25">Liberia</option> <option value="c:11">Libya</option> <option value="c:192">Liechtenstein</option> <option value="c:183">Lithuania</option> <option value="c:193">Luxembourg</option> <option value="c:168">Macao, SAR</option> <option value="c:216">Macedonia</option> <option value="c:40">Madagascar</option> <option value="c:41">Malawi</option> <option value="c:159">Malaysia</option> <option value="c:146">Maldives</option> <option value="c:26">Mali</option> <option value="c:217">Malta</option> <option value="c:232">Marshall Islands</option> <option value="c:94">Martinique</option> <option value="c:27">Mauritania</option> <option value="c:42">Mauritius</option> <option value="c:43">Mayotte</option> <option value="c:80">Mexico</option> <option value="c:202">Moldova</option> <option value="c:194">Monaco</option> <option value="c:172">Mongolia</option> <option value="c:218">Montenegro</option> <option value="c:12">Morocco</option> <option value="c:44">Mozambique</option> <option value="c:160">Myanmar</option> <option value="c:66">Namibia</option> <option value="c:233">Nauru</option> <option value="c:147">Nepal</option> <option value="c:195">Netherlands</option> <option value="c:95">Netherlands Antilles</option> <option value="c:234">New Caledonia</option> <option value="c:235">New Zealand</option> <option value="c:81">Nicaragua</option> <option value="c:28">Niger</option> <option value="c:29">Nigeria</option> <option value="c:184">Norway</option> <option value="c:130">Oman</option> <option value="c:148">Pakistan</option> <option value="c:236">Palau</option> <option value="c:136">Palestinian Territory</option> <option value="c:82">Panama</option> <option value="c:237">Papua New Guinea</option> <option value="c:112">Paraguay</option> <option value="c:113">Peru</option> <option value="c:161">Philippines</option> <option value="c:203">Poland</option> <option value="c:219">Portugal</option> <option value="c:96">Puerto Rico</option> <option value="c:131">Qatar</option> <option value="c:45">Reunion</option> <option value="c:204">Romania</option> <option value="c:205">Russia</option> <option value="c:46">Rwanda</option> <option value="c:242">Samoa</option> <option value="c:220">San Marino</option> <option value="c:62">Sao Tome and Principe</option> <option value="c:132">Saudi Arabia</option> <option value="c:30">Senegal</option> <option value="c:221">Serbia</option> <option value="c:47">Seychelles</option> <option value="c:31">Sierra Leone</option> <option value="c:162">Singapore</option> <option value="c:206">Slovakia</option> <option value="c:222">Slovenia</option> <option value="c:238">Solomon Islands</option> <option value="c:48">Somalia</option> <option value="c:67">South Africa</option> <option value="c:223">Spain</option> <option value="c:149">Sri Lanka</option> <option value="c:97">St. Barthelemy</option> <option value="c:99">St. Kitts-Nevis</option> <option value="c:98">St. Lucia</option> <option value="c:100">St. Martin (French)</option> <option value="c:101">St. Vincent & the Grenadines</option> <option value="c:13">Sudan</option> <option value="c:114">Suriname</option> <option value="c:68">Swaziland</option> <option value="c:185">Sweden</option> <option value="c:196">Switzerland</option> <option value="c:133">Syria</option> <option value="c:173">Taiwan</option> <option value="c:150">Tajikistan</option> <option value="c:49">Tanzania</option> <option value="c:163">Thailand</option> <option value="c:156">Timor-Leste</option> <option value="c:32">Togo</option> <option value="c:239">Tonga</option> <option value="c:102">Trinidad and Tobago</option> <option value="c:14">Tunisia</option> <option value="c:134">Turkey</option> <option value="c:151">Turkmenistan</option> <option value="c:240">Tuvalu</option> <option value="c:50">Uganda</option> <option value="c:207">Ukraine</option> <option value="c:135">United Arab Emirates</option> <option value="c:186">United Kingdom</option> <option value="c:72">United States</option> <option value="c:115">Uruguay</option> <option value="c:152">Uzbekistan</option> <option value="c:241">Vanuatu</option> <option value="c:116">Venezuela</option> <option value="c:164">Vietnam</option> <option value="c:15">Western Sahara</option> <option value="c:137">Yemen</option> <option value="c:51">Zambia</option> <option value="c:52">Zimbabwe</option> </select> </div> <br/> <div id="ctl15_ctl06_ctl05_pnlSuper"> <div id="browsebox3" style="TEXT-ALIGN: left">QUICK LINKS</div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="225" bgcolor="#efebde" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www.prbblog.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images08/blogart.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www.prbblog.org/"><strong>PRB Blog </strong></a></strong><br/>Read and respond to what PRB colleagues are thinking about—Behind the Numbers</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://discuss.prb.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb8.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://discuss.prb.org/"><strong>PRB Discuss Online > </strong></a></strong><br/>"Live online" conversations about population, health, and environment </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/WPDS09-thumb.jpg" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left" width="153"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx"><strong>2009 World Population Data Sheet ></strong></a> <br/>World: 6.8 billion<br/>United States: 306.8 million</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><img alt="/Publications/PopulationBulletins.aspx" hspace="6" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/PopBull643-thumb.jpg" border="0"/></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins.aspx"><strong>Population Bulletins ></strong></a></strong> <br/>Exploring current domestic and international population issues and trends</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/GraphicsBank.aspx"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb3.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Publications/GraphicsBank.aspx"><strong>Graphics Bank > </strong></a></strong><br/>PowerPoint presentations on population and health</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/CPIPR.aspx"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images07/CPIPR_logo.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/CPIPR.aspx"><strong>CPIPR> </strong></a></strong><br/>Current research results and their implications</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www.phishare.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb5.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www.phishare.org/"><strong>InfoShare > </strong></a></strong><br/>Electronic library for reproductive and child health, HIV/AIDS, and population</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www.igwg.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb6.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www.igwg.org/"><strong>IGWG > </strong></a></strong><br/>Tools to promote gender equity programs worldwide</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www.dcp2.org/"><img hspace="6" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/quicklinks/thumb7.gif" border="0"/></a></td> <td class="featuretextsmall" valign="top" align="left"><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www.dcp2.org/"><strong>DCPP > </strong></a></strong><br/>Evidence-based analyses to inform health policymaking in developing countries.</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" align="left" colspan="2"><img height="2" alt="Divider" src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/browsedivider.gif" width="225" vspace="5"/></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div>  <p><br/> <div id="featuredlinksbox"> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_pnlTitle"> <div id="titles"><span class="titletext">U.S. Labor Force Trends</span></div> </div> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_contentBody"> <p>Download this publication (<a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/pdf08/63.2uslabor.pdf">PDF: 798KB</a>)</p> <p><a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore/AddToCart.aspx?sku=BUL63.2&qty=1"><img src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/add.gif" border="0"/> </a></p> <hr align="left" width="570" color="#cf7127" noshade="" size="1"/> <p><em>by Marlene A. Lee and Mark Mather</em> </p> <p>(June 2008) During the past four decades, baby boomers coming of age and the rise in women's labor force participation increased the size of the U.S. labor force which, in turn, helped fuel economic growth. The aging of baby boomers and the fact that women's labor force participation has already peaked are expected to slow labor force growth in the near future. Many policymakers and business leaders are concerned that as baby boomers retire, labor productivity will drop as more experienced workers are replaced by people with fewer years on the job. But there are also potential benefits for those seeking employment. For example, with a smaller pool of potential workers, employers may provide extra incentives to retain employees or to encourage women, the elderly, or people with disabilities to enter the labor force. Another long-term employment trend since the 1970s has been a shift in employment and population growth away from the Midwest and Northeast toward the South and the West. Regional differences in wages and cost of living; the attraction of natural amenities; and a desire to escape congestion, pollution, and crime in urban areas spurred these changes in the 1980s and 1990s. Another related trend has been the growth of population and jobs in suburbs and a decline in central cities. Demographic trends, with younger populations in the West and South, suggest that these regional trends will continue.</p> <p>This <em>Population Bulletin </em>examines demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the U.S. civilian labor force and changes since 1950, and relates these trends to demographic and institutional changes and economic restructuring internationally and within the United States.</p> <p>Some economists argue that technology changes, such as computerization, have tended to complement the work of higher-educated workers while replacing work for midlevel workers and hardly affecting the more manual work of the lowest-paid tier. They propose this as one reason for divergence in wages of the middle class and the highest earners. With the availability of inexpensive computers, demand has risen for the cognitive and interpersonal skills associated with educated professionals and managers. At the same time, demand for routine clerical and analytical skills used in many positions filled by middle-educated white-collar workers has declined. Technology has also reduced demand for routine manual skills used in high-paid manufacturing production jobs, but nonroutine manual skills used in many service jobs such as health aides, security guards, orderlies, cleaners, and food servers have not been affected by computerization. Recent trends in computerization of customer services and billing, as well as new technology that facilitates offshore outsourcing of these services, suggest that technology will continue to eliminate some U.S. jobs.</p> <p>In a global economy, a country such as the United States is affected not only by its own demographic trends, but also by the trends and policies in other countries. Many U.S. and foreign-owned multinationals are shifting production from high-wage to low-wage countries, with China as one of the primary destinations for jobs. According to one study, companies shifting jobs tend to be large,well-established, publicly held corporations. Manufacturing firms are the main source of exported jobs, but offshore outsourcing of information technology jobs and customer service jobs continues to grow.</p> <p>Unionized workplaces are disproportionately affected by U.S. production shifts offshore. A study by Bronfenbrenner and Luce in 2004 estimated that 53 percent of jobs shifting out of the United States to Mexico and 34 percent shifting to China were unionized. The loss of union jobs through offshoring means that jobs leaving the United States are more likely to be jobs with full health care and pension plans. In addition to being costly to workers, losing these types of jobs will be costly to some communities as this may result in a declining tax base and greater demands on social services.</p> <p>Global corporate restructuring and other trends in the U.S. labor market also have the potential to exacerbate wage inequality. Corporate restructuring creates pressure to contain total compensation for many low-wage and mid-level workers but increases returns to managers at the highest levels where compensation may be linked to profits. In addition, the demand for higher-educated workers combined with technology will continue to widen the wage gap between the highly educated and the less skilled.</p> <hr align="left" width="570" color="#cf7127" noshade="" size="1"/> <p><strong>Marlene A. Lee </strong>is a senior research associate at the Population Reference Bureau, and editor of the Population Bulletin. <strong>Mark Mather </strong>is associate vice president of Domestic Programs at the Population Reference Bureau. This <i>Population Bulletin</i> was funded through the generosity of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.</p></div> <div id="ctl15_ctl08_ctl01_debug"></div> </div> <div align="left"></div> </p> </div> </div> </div> <br/><br/>  <div align="center" style="clear: both"> <p> </p> <div align="center" id="ftr"><img src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer2.gif" width="3" height="23" align="right"/><img src="/web/20091008211136im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer1.gif" width="3" height="23" align="left"/><span class="footertext">Services: <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Rss.aspx">RSS Feeds</a>  ·  <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Home/EmailSignup.aspx">Get E-Mail News</a>  ·  <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Join.aspx">Join/Renew Membership</a>  ·  <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Donate.aspx">Donate</a>  ·  <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore.aspx">Bookstore</a>  ·  <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Home/Contact.aspx">Contact</a>  · <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/SpanishContent.aspx">Español</a>  · <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent.aspx">Français</a></span></div> <span class="footer2text"><b>Copyright 2009, Population Reference Bureau.</b> All rights reserved. • <a href="/web/20091008211136/http://www.prb.org/Home/Privacy.aspx">Privacy Policy</a></span><br/> <span class="footer2text">1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW • Suite 520 • Washington, DC 20009-5728 • USA <br/> <b>Phone:</b> 800-877-9881 • <b>Fax:</b> 202-328-3937 • <b>E-mail:</b> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/mailto:popref@prb.org">popref@prb.org</a></span><br/> </div> <span class="footer2text">  </span> <span class="footer2text">   </span>  </form> <div id="debugdiv"> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/https://ssl." : "https://web.archive.org/web/20091008211136/http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-3593627-1"); pageTracker._initData(); pageTracker._trackPageview(); </script> <script src="/web/20091008211136js_/http://www.prb.org/__utm.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>