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href="https://www.academia.edu/118376009/Did_al_Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB_know_u%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABl_al_fiqh_The_Use_of_Legal_Maxims_qaw%C4%81%CA%BFid_in_the_Works_of_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_N%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir_al_D%C4%ABn_al_Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Did al-Albānī know uṣūl al-fiqh? The Use of Legal Maxims (qawāʿid) in the Works of Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/114017556/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118376009/Did_al_Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB_know_u%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABl_al_fiqh_The_Use_of_Legal_Maxims_qaw%C4%81%CA%BFid_in_the_Works_of_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_N%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir_al_D%C4%ABn_al_Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB">Did al-Albānī know uṣūl al-fiqh? The Use of Legal Maxims (qawāʿid) in the Works of Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hadis ve Siyer Arastımaları</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">One of the longest running criticisms directed against the Ahl al-Ḥadīth/ Salafī strain in Islami...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">One of the longest running criticisms directed against the Ahl al-Ḥadīth/ Salafī strain in Islamic thought is that its practitioners simply clumsily act on Hadiths and lack the understanding of how to weigh different types of scriptural evidence against one another or apply the hermeneutical and rational methods used to properly understand, delimit or extend their application. In the recent past, no paragon of Salafism has been tarred more frequently with this criticism that the late Albanian/Syrian Hadith scholar Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (d. 1999). Fierce opponents of Salafism like ʿAbdallāh b. al-Ṣiddīq al-Ghumārī (d. 1993) accused him of an ignorance of uṣūl al-fiqh that left him unable to process and reconcile contrasting evidence (adilla), leading him to catastrophic misunderstandings that broke with scholarly consensus. "When he takes up rulings and their derivation, he stumbles like a night-blind camel, wandering in blind misguidance," wrote al-Ghumārī. Even the late Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī, less severe a critic of Salafism who praises al-Albānī as a Hadith scholar, nonetheless offered that, in al-Albānī's legal writings (fiqh), he had a Ẓāhirī inclination, since he acts more on particular scriptural proof texts (juz'ī) without heeding the Shariah's general objectives (al-maqāṣid al-kulliyya).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="69a989ab4389acd14cc00e06f36a02af" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":114017556,"asset_id":118376009,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/114017556/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118376009"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118376009"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118376009; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118376009]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118376009]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118376009; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118376009']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118376009, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "69a989ab4389acd14cc00e06f36a02af" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118376009]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118376009,"title":"Did al-Albānī know uṣūl al-fiqh? 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="99245212"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/99245212/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_Ibn_%CA%BFUqda_and_Crossing_Sectarian_Boundaries_in_the_4th_10th_Century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Man for All Seasons: Ibn ʿUqda and Crossing Sectarian Boundaries in the 4th/10th Century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100385407/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/99245212/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_Ibn_%CA%BFUqda_and_Crossing_Sectarian_Boundaries_in_the_4th_10th_Century">A Man for All Seasons: Ibn ʿUqda and Crossing Sectarian Boundaries in the 4th/10th Century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A previous version of this article was published in al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā 20/2 (2008), 55-58. For unk...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A previous version of this article was published in al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā 20/2 (2008), 55-58. For unknown reasons, however, the published text was a draft version of the article that contained errors. Prof. Jonathan Brown ofers here a revised and slightly expanded version of his article.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bcff7315e44d9ddb55e9ae8d9675a378" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":100385407,"asset_id":99245212,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100385407/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="99245212"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="99245212"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245212; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245212]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245212]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245212; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='99245212']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99245212, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bcff7315e44d9ddb55e9ae8d9675a378" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=99245212]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":99245212,"title":"A Man for All Seasons: Ibn ʿUqda and Crossing Sectarian Boundaries in the 4th/10th Century","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A previous version of this article was published in al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā 20/2 (2008), 55-58. 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Challenges...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. Challenges to this position are generally seen as limited to Islamic modernists affected by Western historical criticism. This article demonstrates that there have actually been leading Sunni Muslim scholars from the fourth/tenth century until the modern period who held positions regarding the miracles of saints that were much more skeptical than the mainstream Sunni stance. These ‘faithful dissenters’ were motivated by both theological and social concerns, and the methodologies they presented for sifting true from false miracle claims were based entirely on indigenous Islamic epistemological and textual criticism.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="680eade447cdc30dea0411f67f23ce98" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":100385432,"asset_id":99245211,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100385432/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="99245211"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="99245211"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245211; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245211]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245211]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245211; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='99245211']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99245211, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "680eade447cdc30dea0411f67f23ce98" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=99245211]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":99245211,"title":"Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. Challenges to this position are generally seen as limited to Islamic modernists affected by Western historical criticism. This article demonstrates that there have actually been leading Sunni Muslim scholars from the fourth/tenth century until the modern period who held positions regarding the miracles of saints that were much more skeptical than the mainstream Sunni stance. These ‘faithful dissenters’ were motivated by both theological and social concerns, and the methodologies they presented for sifting true from false miracle claims were based entirely on indigenous Islamic epistemological and textual criticism.","publisher":"Brill","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Sufi Studies"},"translated_abstract":"Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. Challenges to this position are generally seen as limited to Islamic modernists affected by Western historical criticism. 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Challenges to this position are generally seen as limited to Islamic modernists affected by Western historical criticism. This article demonstrates that there have actually been leading Sunni Muslim scholars from the fourth/tenth century until the modern period who held positions regarding the miracles of saints that were much more skeptical than the mainstream Sunni stance. 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Pp. 308. £19.99</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Qur'anic Studies</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2f842587890654de29bce626be79dbd0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":100385411,"asset_id":99245190,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100385411/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="99245190"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="99245190"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245190; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245190]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245190]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245190; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='99245190']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99245190, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2f842587890654de29bce626be79dbd0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=99245190]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":99245190,"title":"Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94538351"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94538351/Even_If_Its_Not_True_Its_True_Using_Unreliable_Had%C4%ABths_in_Sunni_Islam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Even If It's Not True It's True: Using Unreliable Hadīths in Sunni Islam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102750296/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94538351/Even_If_Its_Not_True_Its_True_Using_Unreliable_Had%C4%ABths_in_Sunni_Islam">Even If It's Not True It's True: Using Unreliable Hadīths in Sunni Islam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Islamic Law and Society</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Sunni Islam is at heart a cult of authenticity, with the science of Hadīth criticism functioning ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Sunni Islam is at heart a cult of authenticity, with the science of Hadīth criticism functioning as a centerpiece designed to distinguish authentic attributions to the Prophet from forgeries. It is thus surprising that even after Hadīth scholars had sifted sound Hadīths from weak, mainstream Sunni Islam allowed the use of unreliable Hadīths as evidence in subjects considered outside of the core areas of law. This majority stance, however, did not displace minority schools of thought that saw the use of unreliable Hadīths as both a danger to social morality and contrary to the stated values of Islamic thought. This more stringent position has burgeoned in the early modern and modern periods, when eliminating the use of weak Hadīths has become a common call of both Salafi revivalists and Islamic modernists. This article explores and traces the history of the various Sunni schools of thought on the use of weak and forged Hadīths from the third/ninth century to the present day.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="67f9e731106b87c0ca1b0ad326fdd948" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":102750296,"asset_id":94538351,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102750296/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94538351"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94538351"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94538351; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94538351]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94538351]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94538351; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94538351']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 94538351, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "67f9e731106b87c0ca1b0ad326fdd948" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94538351]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94538351,"title":"Even If It's Not True It's True: Using Unreliable Hadīths in Sunni Islam","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Sunni Islam is at heart a cult of authenticity, with the science of Hadīth criticism functioning as a centerpiece designed to distinguish authentic attributions to the Prophet from forgeries. It is thus surprising that even after Hadīth scholars had sifted sound Hadīths from weak, mainstream Sunni Islam allowed the use of unreliable Hadīths as evidence in subjects considered outside of the core areas of law. This majority stance, however, did not displace minority schools of thought that saw the use of unreliable Hadīths as both a danger to social morality and contrary to the stated values of Islamic thought. This more stringent position has burgeoned in the early modern and modern periods, when eliminating the use of weak Hadīths has become a common call of both Salafi revivalists and Islamic modernists. This article explores and traces the history of the various Sunni schools of thought on the use of weak and forged Hadīths from the third/ninth century to the present day.","publisher":"Brill","ai_title_tag":"The Role of Unreliable Hadīths in Sunni Islamic Thought","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2011,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Islamic Law and Society"},"translated_abstract":"Sunni Islam is at heart a cult of authenticity, with the science of Hadīth criticism functioning as a centerpiece designed to distinguish authentic attributions to the Prophet from forgeries. It is thus surprising that even after Hadīth scholars had sifted sound Hadīths from weak, mainstream Sunni Islam allowed the use of unreliable Hadīths as evidence in subjects considered outside of the core areas of law. This majority stance, however, did not displace minority schools of thought that saw the use of unreliable Hadīths as both a danger to social morality and contrary to the stated values of Islamic thought. This more stringent position has burgeoned in the early modern and modern periods, when eliminating the use of weak Hadīths has become a common call of both Salafi revivalists and Islamic modernists. This article explores and traces the history of the various Sunni schools of thought on the use of weak and forged Hadīths from the third/ninth century to the present day.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94538351/Even_If_Its_Not_True_Its_True_Using_Unreliable_Had%C4%ABths_in_Sunni_Islam","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-01-07T20:21:21.201-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4594993,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":102750296,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102750296/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Even_If_It_s_Not_True_It_s_True_The_Use_of_Unreliable_Hadiths_in_Sunni_Islam.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102750296/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Even_If_Its_Not_True_Its_True_Using_Unre.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/102750296/Even_If_It_s_Not_True_It_s_True_The_Use_of_Unreliable_Hadiths_in_Sunni_Islam-libre.pdf?1685307091=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEven_If_Its_Not_True_Its_True_Using_Unre.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=cIqrgGSKGVF-1NaTrWaNgKWdvwteQxvDdIXgQEVxEbUQ1rkepnLxGznzkZyYHb9-6gsIwZUkJktzWlZ4MMi7BEMxmiZ4ZgNnwCjNe9~3cz9bW-379j4JpEklMlp5AmXc30y9YuI6mFz1wiA-7RPhWiiSP1RDz-OLyiyOI~60tEE92T0nukZvFunoCQkVdXvVCTryR6RoyXzkpSNr8nfoK-eoVdZnsXXgb~7T3-kdQ8tIJDu-LsdZIiTXHrAhDUZ3O5nIV550AUdGYfQWreJCBdYQ5wXZWacy5EnDNI-KhkCnn3Pm1Kmm4dDKiVuN6tAyntzSS8IRLkXLvZFldMT4Hg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Even_If_Its_Not_True_Its_True_Using_Unreliable_Hadīths_in_Sunni_Islam","translated_slug":"","page_count":52,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Sunni Islam is at heart a cult of authenticity, with the science of Hadīth criticism functioning as a centerpiece designed to distinguish authentic attributions to the Prophet from forgeries. It is thus surprising that even after Hadīth scholars had sifted sound Hadīths from weak, mainstream Sunni Islam allowed the use of unreliable Hadīths as evidence in subjects considered outside of the core areas of law. This majority stance, however, did not displace minority schools of thought that saw the use of unreliable Hadīths as both a danger to social morality and contrary to the stated values of Islamic thought. This more stringent position has burgeoned in the early modern and modern periods, when eliminating the use of weak Hadīths has become a common call of both Salafi revivalists and Islamic modernists. 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The argument that these critics took the matn into account has relied on material of dubious reliability or on works produced after the formative period of the Sunni hadīth tradition. By providing examples of matn criticism from the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, I prove that Sunni hadīth critics did in fact engage in matn criticism; and I argue that these critics consciously manufactured the image of exclusive focus on the isnād in an effort to ward off attacks by rationalist opponents. By demonstrating a high correlation between the hadīths found in early books of transmitter criticism and those found in later books of forged hadīth with explicit matn criticism, I show that early critics engaged in matn criticism far more often than appears to have been the case, disguising this activity in the language of isnād criticism.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3ec3f04b5d1c30d40b158e5ef7090e3e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":92670481,"asset_id":88755027,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/92670481/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="88755027"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="88755027"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88755027; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88755027]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88755027]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88755027; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='88755027']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 88755027, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3ec3f04b5d1c30d40b158e5ef7090e3e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=88755027]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":88755027,"title":"How We Know Early Hadīth Critics Did Matn Criticism and Why It's So Hard to Find","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Western scholars generally agree that early hadīth critics limited their authentication of hadīths to examining isnāds. The argument that these critics took the matn into account has relied on material of dubious reliability or on works produced after the formative period of the Sunni hadīth tradition. By providing examples of matn criticism from the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, I prove that Sunni hadīth critics did in fact engage in matn criticism; and I argue that these critics consciously manufactured the image of exclusive focus on the isnād in an effort to ward off attacks by rationalist opponents. By demonstrating a high correlation between the hadīths found in early books of transmitter criticism and those found in later books of forged hadīth with explicit matn criticism, I show that early critics engaged in matn criticism far more often than appears to have been the case, disguising this activity in the language of isnād criticism.","publisher":"Brill","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Islamic Law and Society"},"translated_abstract":"Western scholars generally agree that early hadīth critics limited their authentication of hadīths to examining isnāds. The argument that these critics took the matn into account has relied on material of dubious reliability or on works produced after the formative period of the Sunni hadīth tradition. By providing examples of matn criticism from the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, I prove that Sunni hadīth critics did in fact engage in matn criticism; and I argue that these critics consciously manufactured the image of exclusive focus on the isnād in an effort to ward off attacks by rationalist opponents. By demonstrating a high correlation between the hadīths found in early books of transmitter criticism and those found in later books of forged hadīth with explicit matn criticism, I show that early critics engaged in matn criticism far more often than appears to have been the case, disguising this activity in the language of isnād criticism.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88755027/How_We_Know_Early_Had%C4%ABth_Critics_Did_Matn_Criticism_and_Why_Its_So_Hard_to_Find","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-10-18T17:15:13.638-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4594993,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":92670481,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92670481/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"81ab0c71fd12f36c882b71526995ace359a8.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/92670481/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"How_We_Know_Early_Hadith_Critics_Did_Mat.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/92670481/81ab0c71fd12f36c882b71526995ace359a8-libre.pdf?1666141601=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHow_We_Know_Early_Hadith_Critics_Did_Mat.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=fUgyvFo7rKLFxVPAJXKmG5iL1yT2YuXq2eRvgM6nPYymXAv6i~crPh~Ol-knVIn9FI5DTeLOX4yQY4XEq4kSP8RAL7-x0od3JrnDl8OITyVdAQvsQeic6vA7PNIvpdtvji1p2dKKJ1vibJIt617zhIObfPlDwACkA-HwVMOGLBxvhmgQDarqFWfvqTY4DR6NlkY11N5kcavyrHZS8x6JY6jMQz1XnxTJttyZMblhve8nPycs07D3nsVCv9FsBeYvJdr7RVt8LeCH-Yhyx27D~qNWUEWeV8gNOMGp3EsBjemMfJBJGU~oLUI1IZDEiSpxoRyVKc02FLyaV02PdCWpAQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"How_We_Know_Early_Hadīth_Critics_Did_Matn_Criticism_and_Why_Its_So_Hard_to_Find","translated_slug":"","page_count":42,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Western scholars generally agree that early hadīth critics limited their authentication of hadīths to examining isnāds. The argument that these critics took the matn into account has relied on material of dubious reliability or on works produced after the formative period of the Sunni hadīth tradition. By providing examples of matn criticism from the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, I prove that Sunni hadīth critics did in fact engage in matn criticism; and I argue that these critics consciously manufactured the image of exclusive focus on the isnād in an effort to ward off attacks by rationalist opponents. By demonstrating a high correlation between the hadīths found in early books of transmitter criticism and those found in later books of forged hadīth with explicit matn criticism, I show that early critics engaged in matn criticism far more often than appears to have been the case, disguising this activity in the language of isnād criticism.","owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":92670481,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92670481/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"81ab0c71fd12f36c882b71526995ace359a8.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/92670481/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"How_We_Know_Early_Hadith_Critics_Did_Mat.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/92670481/81ab0c71fd12f36c882b71526995ace359a8-libre.pdf?1666141601=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHow_We_Know_Early_Hadith_Critics_Did_Mat.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=fUgyvFo7rKLFxVPAJXKmG5iL1yT2YuXq2eRvgM6nPYymXAv6i~crPh~Ol-knVIn9FI5DTeLOX4yQY4XEq4kSP8RAL7-x0od3JrnDl8OITyVdAQvsQeic6vA7PNIvpdtvji1p2dKKJ1vibJIt617zhIObfPlDwACkA-HwVMOGLBxvhmgQDarqFWfvqTY4DR6NlkY11N5kcavyrHZS8x6JY6jMQz1XnxTJttyZMblhve8nPycs07D3nsVCv9FsBeYvJdr7RVt8LeCH-Yhyx27D~qNWUEWeV8gNOMGp3EsBjemMfJBJGU~oLUI1IZDEiSpxoRyVKc02FLyaV02PdCWpAQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy"},{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature"},{"id":56663,"name":"Criticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criticism"},{"id":1650419,"name":"Islamic Law And Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law_And_Society"}],"urls":[{"id":24909438,"url":"https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/15/2/article-p143_1.xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="47454588"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/47454588/Slavery_and_Sufism_The_%E1%B8%A4ilyat_al_Awliy%C4%81_of_Ab%C5%AB_Nu_aym_al_I%E1%B9%A3bah%C4%81n%C4%AB_d_430_1038_as_a_Source_on_Slavery_in_Medieval_Islamic_Civilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Slavery and Sufism: The Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’ of Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī (d. 430/1038) as a Source on Slavery in Medieval Islamic Civilization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66539107/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/47454588/Slavery_and_Sufism_The_%E1%B8%A4ilyat_al_Awliy%C4%81_of_Ab%C5%AB_Nu_aym_al_I%E1%B9%A3bah%C4%81n%C4%AB_d_430_1038_as_a_Source_on_Slavery_in_Medieval_Islamic_Civilization">Slavery and Sufism: The Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’ of Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī (d. 430/1038) as a Source on Slavery in Medieval Islamic Civilization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies (AJAMES)</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article explores the value of a voluminous and important biographical dictionary of Sufism, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article explores the value of a voluminous and important biographical dictionary of Sufism, the Ornament of Saints and the Generations of the Pure (Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’ wa Ṭabaqāt al-Aṣfiyā’), by the famous Persian Sufi and Hadith scholar Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī (d. 430/1038), as a source for<br />information about slavery in medieval Islamic civilization. The article reviews prevalent theories about Abū Nu‘aym’s scholarly leanings and offers some correctives, then discusses the place of the idiom of slavery in the Near Eastern tradition of monotheism, philosophy and mysticism. It places the Islamic Sufi tradition, exemplified by the Ḥilya, in this context. Finally, the article explores the unique information provided in the Ḥilya on how both the mundane realities of slavery and its spiritual dimensions were<br />understood in the centuries leading up to Abū Nu‘aym’s career.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="97b88cf6ff008caea7f188682e3e3c67" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66539107,"asset_id":47454588,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66539107/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="47454588"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47454588"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47454588; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47454588]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47454588]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47454588; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='47454588']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47454588, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "97b88cf6ff008caea7f188682e3e3c67" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=47454588]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":47454588,"title":"Slavery and Sufism: The Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’ of Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī (d. 430/1038) as a Source on Slavery in Medieval Islamic Civilization","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article explores the value of a voluminous and important biographical dictionary of Sufism, the Ornament of Saints and the Generations of the Pure (Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’ wa Ṭabaqāt al-Aṣfiyā’), by the famous Persian Sufi and Hadith scholar Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī (d. 430/1038), as a source for\ninformation about slavery in medieval Islamic civilization. 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Challenges...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. Challenges to this position are generally seen as limited to Islamic modernists affected by Western historical criticism. This article demonstrates that there have actually been leading Sunni Muslim scholars from the fourth/tenth century until the modern period who held positions regarding the miracles of saints that were much more skeptical than the mainstream Sunni stance. These ‘faithful dissenters’ were motivated by both theological and social concerns, and the methodologies they presented for sifting true from false miracle claims were based entirely on indigenous Islamic epistemological and textual criticism.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ed52b40a0fa6db76f7d7e19a2673074d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":69131226,"asset_id":38236662,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69131226/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="38236662"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38236662"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38236662; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38236662]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38236662]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38236662; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='38236662']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38236662, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ed52b40a0fa6db76f7d7e19a2673074d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=38236662]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":38236662,"title":"Faithful Dissenters - Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints.pdf","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. 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These ‘faithful dissenters’ were motivated by both theological and social concerns, and the methodologies they presented for sifting true from false miracle claims were based entirely on indigenous Islamic epistemological and textual criticism.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38236662/Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints_pdf","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-01-28T08:09:48.571-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4594993,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69131226,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69131226/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69131226/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_abo.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/69131226/Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints-libre.pdf?1630973897=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFaithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_abo.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=Vg-suM-MzLopc99DY6h07AHgSBc1SfWahU5F1nRr1YrcTsiiglxTOt~Tpmu8ZBscXjoZUZnoyiZNsJw-rvDbPV7yy47UbXSqc53AyABJR6cbs7i-Fqic6ZDcb4-Xez3YbybiO6clhA1HD0LmDYPMwis4cCMPQcsMZ~ZOensu5jvjCMhoLb34Wfzu2nIksuQi4ol0LD3UQEu6PCJzGP-uom85A3b~J6nqqYmPKNtStETQETQRg1F9208dpehldBUK9EpnZNOaf1iL3PYDOY-sPntALxPY~8HzDSvM5QVPqKYzAs6OZrejI8UVzLO~eyzG3TtVqNmu0eyzsXtyzB8r2Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints_pdf","translated_slug":"","page_count":46,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. 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These ‘faithful dissenters’ were motivated by both theological and social concerns, and the methodologies they presented for sifting true from false miracle claims were based entirely on indigenous Islamic epistemological and textual criticism.","owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":69131226,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69131226/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69131226/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_abo.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/69131226/Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints-libre.pdf?1630973897=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFaithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_abo.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=Vg-suM-MzLopc99DY6h07AHgSBc1SfWahU5F1nRr1YrcTsiiglxTOt~Tpmu8ZBscXjoZUZnoyiZNsJw-rvDbPV7yy47UbXSqc53AyABJR6cbs7i-Fqic6ZDcb4-Xez3YbybiO6clhA1HD0LmDYPMwis4cCMPQcsMZ~ZOensu5jvjCMhoLb34Wfzu2nIksuQi4ol0LD3UQEu6PCJzGP-uom85A3b~J6nqqYmPKNtStETQETQRg1F9208dpehldBUK9EpnZNOaf1iL3PYDOY-sPntALxPY~8HzDSvM5QVPqKYzAs6OZrejI8UVzLO~eyzG3TtVqNmu0eyzsXtyzB8r2Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism"},{"id":41317,"name":"Miracles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Miracles"},{"id":88513,"name":"Salafism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salafism"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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It highlights the role of the ulama in interpreting divine texts, illustrating how their hermeneutic methods were shaped by the socio-economic contexts of their time. The study demonstrates a dialogic relationship between the teachings of the Quran and the realities of social life, suggesting that the ulama's conclusions were influenced not only by divine revelation but also by contemporary social norms and values.","publication_name":"Religious Minorities in Christian, Jewish and Muslim Law (5th-15th Centuries)"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34657090/_Scripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_the_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-09-23T13:37:05.507-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4594993,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54525797,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54525797/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Scripture_and_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_-_The_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_RELMIN.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54525797/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Scripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Soci.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54525797/Scripture_and_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_-_The_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_RELMIN-libre.pdf?1506310340=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DScripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Soci.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=CW3e4AOZZIrGEOMUw4H7kCB6xjdwf4FrwLYw5EUeWpn5ovObwCkHBY0M7nPMvHTzYb24-C~2uirLrZkQ8n6slv~c3RSVaI~MZlLkLNssbudvf8Utn6n7eMD6h5dCqu5jM2z5edHnH5utH62FlrO9s4g6pyAbqCDf6Ba-ck6RrQFB0ue9utNxKq2k~59iCuq6IXAYHuqaBsuFAjcIt1ftM8yylbC2byXZ-ziOS6K-BsoiXP-eezAGjAi4miJJCF8XmeN9vLcgsqtmId68aaQL8FepHaa~Iszfox1l7C9uMwnPD9HOU0Sayu~ITwOSpKxicX5MEGrKED3PHh2dnQ-4ug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"_Scripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_the_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_","translated_slug":"","page_count":15,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":54525797,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54525797/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Scripture_and_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_-_The_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_RELMIN.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54525797/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Scripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Soci.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54525797/Scripture_and_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_-_The_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_RELMIN-libre.pdf?1506310340=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DScripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Soci.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=CW3e4AOZZIrGEOMUw4H7kCB6xjdwf4FrwLYw5EUeWpn5ovObwCkHBY0M7nPMvHTzYb24-C~2uirLrZkQ8n6slv~c3RSVaI~MZlLkLNssbudvf8Utn6n7eMD6h5dCqu5jM2z5edHnH5utH62FlrO9s4g6pyAbqCDf6Ba-ck6RrQFB0ue9utNxKq2k~59iCuq6IXAYHuqaBsuFAjcIt1ftM8yylbC2byXZ-ziOS6K-BsoiXP-eezAGjAi4miJJCF8XmeN9vLcgsqtmId68aaQL8FepHaa~Iszfox1l7C9uMwnPD9HOU0Sayu~ITwOSpKxicX5MEGrKED3PHh2dnQ-4ug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History"},{"id":35262,"name":"Marriage (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marriage_History_"},{"id":83516,"name":"Polygamy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polygamy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="34462012"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/34462012/The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Issue of Apostasy in Islam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62170345/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34462012/The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam">The Issue of Apostasy in Islam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Shariah consists of some laws that remain the same regardless of changing circumstances and o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Shariah consists of some laws that remain the same regardless of changing circumstances and others that change with them. Most of the Shariah is up to individual Muslims to follow in their own lives. Some are for judges to implement in courts. Finally, the third set of laws is for the ruler or political authority to implement based on the best interests of society. The Shariah ruling on Muslims who decide to leave Islam belongs to this third group. Implemented in the past to protect the integrity of the Muslim community, today this important goal can best be reached by Muslim governments using their right to set punishments for<br />apostasy aside.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ec1d158ce5f0c2cf0ca41605ee49dc51" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":62170345,"asset_id":34462012,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62170345/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34462012"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34462012"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34462012; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34462012]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34462012]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34462012; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34462012']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34462012, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ec1d158ce5f0c2cf0ca41605ee49dc51" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34462012]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34462012,"title":"The Issue of Apostasy in Islam","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The Shariah consists of some laws that remain the same regardless of changing circumstances and others that change with them. 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The Shariah ruling on Muslims who decide to leave Islam belongs to this third group. Implemented in the past to protect the integrity of the Muslim community, today this important goal can best be reached by Muslim governments using their right to set punishments for\napostasy aside.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34462012/The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-09-04T10:00:19.088-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4594993,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62170345,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62170345/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The-Issue-of-Apostasy-in-Islam.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62170345/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/62170345/The-Issue-of-Apostasy-in-Islam-libre.pdf?1582390774=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040558\u0026Signature=EMhCGL64A1Q6c86HGW4jQGgxCahSjQI2vGQsGDG4HP4J14M2ZfRoetlv8BtaIH3vAbb2HQyrwdjs~Gos5AFppQEVnuE1l-P161SWorkClDMDBmu4SXsh0CH2-uB1ysINQFwdp54HFJZoHHb4MyXYD2p3CVf51GcDyFneAPfOnw5lQVOLACbMAeUu0VrXFPQas6dpAXNnF4qMReIvC3LlUsVkr~p8V1cCo22bZE9gf-g2IvMXVNyfsuy4GmzC63yf2plvjxTw0BxdKJF~DrgBmvLePYqrbu-PZU6osK1ic-t9hpB-39QbtICCe-p5J2QlXoXrKLKdLFsi4uJi2wTZTA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam","translated_slug":"","page_count":27,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The Shariah consists of some laws that remain the same regardless of changing circumstances and others that change with them. Most of the Shariah is up to individual Muslims to follow in their own lives. Some are for judges to implement in courts. Finally, the third set of laws is for the ruler or political authority to implement based on the best interests of society. The Shariah ruling on Muslims who decide to leave Islam belongs to this third group. Implemented in the past to protect the integrity of the Muslim community, today this important goal can best be reached by Muslim governments using their right to set punishments for\napostasy aside.","owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":62170345,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62170345/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The-Issue-of-Apostasy-in-Islam.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62170345/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/62170345/The-Issue-of-Apostasy-in-Islam-libre.pdf?1582390774=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040558\u0026Signature=EMhCGL64A1Q6c86HGW4jQGgxCahSjQI2vGQsGDG4HP4J14M2ZfRoetlv8BtaIH3vAbb2HQyrwdjs~Gos5AFppQEVnuE1l-P161SWorkClDMDBmu4SXsh0CH2-uB1ysINQFwdp54HFJZoHHb4MyXYD2p3CVf51GcDyFneAPfOnw5lQVOLACbMAeUu0VrXFPQas6dpAXNnF4qMReIvC3LlUsVkr~p8V1cCo22bZE9gf-g2IvMXVNyfsuy4GmzC63yf2plvjxTw0BxdKJF~DrgBmvLePYqrbu-PZU6osK1ic-t9hpB-39QbtICCe-p5J2QlXoXrKLKdLFsi4uJi2wTZTA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law"},{"id":48516,"name":"Apostasy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apostasy"},{"id":66015,"name":"Shariah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shariah"}],"urls":[{"id":8959136,"url":"https://yaqeeninstitute.org/jonathan-brown/the-issue-of-apostasy-in-islam/#ftnt_ref42"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="34162565"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/34162565/A_Pre_Modern_Defense_of_Hadiths_against_Sodomy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Pre-Modern Defense of Hadiths against Sodomy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107438161/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34162565/A_Pre_Modern_Defense_of_Hadiths_against_Sodomy">A Pre-Modern Defense of Hadiths against Sodomy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article provides an annotated translation of a treatise written by the famous scholar Jalal ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article provides an annotated translation of a treatise written<br />by the famous scholar Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911/1505) in defense<br />of the hadiths condemning sodomy (liwāṭ). The article situates<br />such a defense within the current discourse on Islam and<br />homosexuality, summarizing the main arguments for and against<br />the prohibition of liwāṭ as well as how the “traditionalist” and<br />“Progressive” camps have constructed their arguments.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a576f696fae564da64b4c86d92d6d726" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107438161,"asset_id":34162565,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107438161/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34162565"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34162565"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34162565; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34162565]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34162565]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34162565; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34162565']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34162565, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a576f696fae564da64b4c86d92d6d726" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34162565]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34162565,"title":"A Pre-Modern Defense of Hadiths against Sodomy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article provides an annotated translation of a treatise written\nby the famous scholar Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911/1505) in defense\nof the hadiths condemning sodomy (liwāṭ). 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The article situates\nsuch a defense within the current discourse on Islam and\nhomosexuality, summarizing the main arguments for and against\nthe prohibition of liwāṭ as well as how the “traditionalist” and\n“Progressive” camps have constructed their arguments.","owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":107438161,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107438161/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Attaining_the_Hoped_for_in_Service_of_the_Messenger_Translation_of_Suyuti_s_Text_on_Liwat_Hadiths.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107438161/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Pre_Modern_Defense_of_Hadiths_against.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/107438161/Attaining_the_Hoped_for_in_Service_of_the_Messenger_Translation_of_Suyuti_s_Text_on_Liwat_Hadiths-libre.pdf?1700169815=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Pre_Modern_Defense_of_Hadiths_against.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040558\u0026Signature=MQqYIrUifu1hfrDaqm1uN~BGWtQRMkI4gzD-r6fheuUfHIcIOtYD4NgDF7HFIgLb6NvF-pjAXOHCMKflcOoprRhpcV7XJJprSUcED90Swz4KyyQa2r5SGOa9dySKGdYSYQReGuL4LpDc9Op-WH51fnS~6R3zbrs607CYMLolA549grI73huXcEld9g8BJLGFzKxLnFVcJvBAljMzW6UYNOR2881lXd-gW61GaRE3Uke5sw8q~qPVK6eQXv8ree9WMNnXjMrGn9pq-28tflaZ1NblBlwjAbREV~YJ883DV8RnIhaLlwiiqx2jUhlpVGPmNy7rbm5XkQgDc2VNvSI8lA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law"},{"id":3369,"name":"Religion and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Sexuality"},{"id":6463,"name":"History of Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Sexuality"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="578175" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="118376009"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/118376009/Did_al_Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB_know_u%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABl_al_fiqh_The_Use_of_Legal_Maxims_qaw%C4%81%CA%BFid_in_the_Works_of_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_N%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir_al_D%C4%ABn_al_Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Did al-Albānī know uṣūl al-fiqh? The Use of Legal Maxims (qawāʿid) in the Works of Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/114017556/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118376009/Did_al_Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB_know_u%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABl_al_fiqh_The_Use_of_Legal_Maxims_qaw%C4%81%CA%BFid_in_the_Works_of_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_N%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir_al_D%C4%ABn_al_Alb%C4%81n%C4%AB">Did al-Albānī know uṣūl al-fiqh? The Use of Legal Maxims (qawāʿid) in the Works of Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hadis ve Siyer Arastımaları</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">One of the longest running criticisms directed against the Ahl al-Ḥadīth/ Salafī strain in Islami...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">One of the longest running criticisms directed against the Ahl al-Ḥadīth/ Salafī strain in Islamic thought is that its practitioners simply clumsily act on Hadiths and lack the understanding of how to weigh different types of scriptural evidence against one another or apply the hermeneutical and rational methods used to properly understand, delimit or extend their application. In the recent past, no paragon of Salafism has been tarred more frequently with this criticism that the late Albanian/Syrian Hadith scholar Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (d. 1999). Fierce opponents of Salafism like ʿAbdallāh b. al-Ṣiddīq al-Ghumārī (d. 1993) accused him of an ignorance of uṣūl al-fiqh that left him unable to process and reconcile contrasting evidence (adilla), leading him to catastrophic misunderstandings that broke with scholarly consensus. "When he takes up rulings and their derivation, he stumbles like a night-blind camel, wandering in blind misguidance," wrote al-Ghumārī. Even the late Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī, less severe a critic of Salafism who praises al-Albānī as a Hadith scholar, nonetheless offered that, in al-Albānī's legal writings (fiqh), he had a Ẓāhirī inclination, since he acts more on particular scriptural proof texts (juz'ī) without heeding the Shariah's general objectives (al-maqāṣid al-kulliyya).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="69a989ab4389acd14cc00e06f36a02af" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":114017556,"asset_id":118376009,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/114017556/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="118376009"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="118376009"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118376009; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118376009]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=118376009]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 118376009; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='118376009']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 118376009, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "69a989ab4389acd14cc00e06f36a02af" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=118376009]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":118376009,"title":"Did al-Albānī know uṣūl al-fiqh? 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Fierce opponents of Salafism like ʿAbdallāh b. al-Ṣiddīq al-Ghumārī (d. 1993) accused him of an ignorance of uṣūl al-fiqh that left him unable to process and reconcile contrasting evidence (adilla), leading him to catastrophic misunderstandings that broke with scholarly consensus. \"When he takes up rulings and their derivation, he stumbles like a night-blind camel, wandering in blind misguidance,\" wrote al-Ghumārī. Even the late Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī, less severe a critic of Salafism who praises al-Albānī as a Hadith scholar, nonetheless offered that, in al-Albānī's legal writings (fiqh), he had a Ẓāhirī inclination, since he acts more on particular scriptural proof texts (juz'ī) without heeding the Shariah's general objectives (al-maqāṣid al-kulliyya). ","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2023,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Hadis ve Siyer Arastımaları"},"translated_abstract":"One of the longest running criticisms directed against the Ahl al-Ḥadīth/ Salafī strain in Islamic thought is that its practitioners simply clumsily act on Hadiths and lack the understanding of how to weigh different types of scriptural evidence against one another or apply the hermeneutical and rational methods used to properly understand, delimit or extend their application. In the recent past, no paragon of Salafism has been tarred more frequently with this criticism that the late Albanian/Syrian Hadith scholar Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (d. 1999). Fierce opponents of Salafism like ʿAbdallāh b. al-Ṣiddīq al-Ghumārī (d. 1993) accused him of an ignorance of uṣūl al-fiqh that left him unable to process and reconcile contrasting evidence (adilla), leading him to catastrophic misunderstandings that broke with scholarly consensus. \"When he takes up rulings and their derivation, he stumbles like a night-blind camel, wandering in blind misguidance,\" wrote al-Ghumārī. Even the late Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī, less severe a critic of Salafism who praises al-Albānī as a Hadith scholar, nonetheless offered that, in al-Albānī's legal writings (fiqh), he had a Ẓāhirī inclination, since he acts more on particular scriptural proof texts (juz'ī) without heeding the Shariah's general objectives (al-maqāṣid al-kulliyya). 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In the recent past, no paragon of Salafism has been tarred more frequently with this criticism that the late Albanian/Syrian Hadith scholar Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (d. 1999). Fierce opponents of Salafism like ʿAbdallāh b. al-Ṣiddīq al-Ghumārī (d. 1993) accused him of an ignorance of uṣūl al-fiqh that left him unable to process and reconcile contrasting evidence (adilla), leading him to catastrophic misunderstandings that broke with scholarly consensus. \"When he takes up rulings and their derivation, he stumbles like a night-blind camel, wandering in blind misguidance,\" wrote al-Ghumārī. Even the late Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī, less severe a critic of Salafism who praises al-Albānī as a Hadith scholar, nonetheless offered that, in al-Albānī's legal writings (fiqh), he had a Ẓāhirī inclination, since he acts more on particular scriptural proof texts (juz'ī) without heeding the Shariah's general objectives (al-maqāṣid al-kulliyya). ","owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":114017556,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/114017556/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Brown_Did_Albani_know_Usul_al_fiqh_or_not_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/114017556/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Did_al_Albani_know_uul_al_fiqh_The_Use.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/114017556/Brown_Did_Albani_know_Usul_al_fiqh_or_not_-libre.pdf?1714570886=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDid_al_Albani_know_uul_al_fiqh_The_Use.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=Lq0t4D~jtdhwNYZUHwvtGMHH187DQjwHIpZ6aKhkh8X4dakMbTX7gHpHuoC4oGKx30QyFLzHjP~lTaW2Pq5syTWKY2xFA8lRt8CMnAzoip5ghlMUGdhtA9bdKnzvSstZilb8wJbAu1c607WLYseGcBHwlSa66kicQCYFUnHyoQfus3OuFuxxDLe4PjmPJ~CtZdG6UQEqp7vliVmZLckV2s8nIY-AQQ~45bDLJebPKjBuR8bVNZZCiVTXviV-IeyM2vYE9qjMq4l8~TFMb0RoVFjw8ClZ18ehtLEnuoio2-ln4OjzsKoSG-2NQuHZmTZ1C08jNpqZTANEcPQuHwbELQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law"},{"id":88513,"name":"Salafism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salafism"},{"id":120722,"name":"Hadith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hadith"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108273247"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108273247/From_Quietism_to_Parliamentary_Giant_Salafism_in_Egypt_and_the_Nour_Party_of_Alexandria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of From Quietism to Parliamentary Giant: Salafism in Egypt and the Nour Party of Alexandria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106698966/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108273247/From_Quietism_to_Parliamentary_Giant_Salafism_in_Egypt_and_the_Nour_Party_of_Alexandria">From Quietism to Parliamentary Giant: Salafism in Egypt and the Nour Party of Alexandria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">I never published this. Seemed a pity to waste it!</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="79d7ba6ca9b671216130813437dd01e8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106698966,"asset_id":108273247,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106698966/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108273247"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108273247"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108273247; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108273247]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108273247]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108273247; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108273247']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 108273247, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "79d7ba6ca9b671216130813437dd01e8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108273247]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108273247,"title":"From Quietism to Parliamentary Giant: Salafism in Egypt and the Nour Party of Alexandria","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"I never published this. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105464461"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105464461/Brown_Curse_of_Ham_in_Islamic_Sources"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Brown Curse of Ham in Islamic Sources" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104912272/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105464461/Brown_Curse_of_Ham_in_Islamic_Sources">Brown Curse of Ham in Islamic Sources</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Islam and Blackness</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This is an appendix from my book Islam & Blackness (Oneworld, 2022)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="744a65a38aea8ce6d31411d53a788c1a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104912272,"asset_id":105464461,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104912272/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105464461"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105464461"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105464461; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="99245212"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/99245212/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_Ibn_%CA%BFUqda_and_Crossing_Sectarian_Boundaries_in_the_4th_10th_Century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Man for All Seasons: Ibn ʿUqda and Crossing Sectarian Boundaries in the 4th/10th Century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100385407/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/99245212/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_Ibn_%CA%BFUqda_and_Crossing_Sectarian_Boundaries_in_the_4th_10th_Century">A Man for All Seasons: Ibn ʿUqda and Crossing Sectarian Boundaries in the 4th/10th Century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A previous version of this article was published in al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā 20/2 (2008), 55-58. For unk...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A previous version of this article was published in al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā 20/2 (2008), 55-58. For unknown reasons, however, the published text was a draft version of the article that contained errors. Prof. Jonathan Brown ofers here a revised and slightly expanded version of his article.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bcff7315e44d9ddb55e9ae8d9675a378" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":100385407,"asset_id":99245212,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100385407/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="99245212"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="99245212"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245212; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245212]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245212]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245212; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='99245212']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99245212, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bcff7315e44d9ddb55e9ae8d9675a378" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=99245212]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":99245212,"title":"A Man for All Seasons: Ibn ʿUqda and Crossing Sectarian Boundaries in the 4th/10th Century","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A previous version of this article was published in al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā 20/2 (2008), 55-58. 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Prof. Jonathan Brown ofers here a revised and slightly expanded version of his article.","owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":100385407,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100385407/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3756.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100385407/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Man_for_All_Seasons_Ibn_Uqda_and_Cros.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/100385407/3756-libre.pdf?1680061511=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Man_for_All_Seasons_Ibn_Uqda_and_Cros.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=DHUFNrCkZcJI6anDwy8H9yLnBID6ca6ybqRrUpepueRR2Xj0xqD1s~do1-i6T2lKhXB3mvraLcd0jdUj~psxy0e7Rqvs5GpH0q4RN3oZAEjdI2ojCNls~N82kThMvNE~eT1VExn5p~akqg-T3X3IgDeiOJ6izepnOiZRdhgCR~55TbUE2uBw2-ZdkLoMks5nQWe3d6XNdMs24Xls1pw8FejJVmZ6GcMNhHZQXMZ6zFi7lorKvMZnD9ICIBEalYQPlr906lnab-gp13obHWgir5IKSqQ7sCdMdl5DQkP6UNFlSkbz8UK8f7LuYeUx-7EKlFtCbttNuIvLYeMf-Jophg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":100385408,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100385408/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3756.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100385408/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Man_for_All_Seasons_Ibn_Uqda_and_Cros.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/100385408/3756-libre.pdf?1680061514=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Man_for_All_Seasons_Ibn_Uqda_and_Cros.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=IL1xn9wm9Qvg8RCRRmFPDd2~C4obzwaw-S2wF2dHvvr-XNW68OrQ1uXTJK9sqGvbj9wBI9hV1BW6QK-o3XfcMVheR20woU8a1I-EaZ5YpDJ5yvg1dOJwa9ToFA2N9dAejdXi-ZjBJ0hhgbDfHmSylMdXbALhZfYYwFIO3FggRtxo8CuZtbWSxw1pkLw-vrtr2x5g2zU9q6amehV2hXiT1qqNsfHu47vskC~hYhby3gFUO~P3rOfnBlqeIRQbpcahjt-qu5MLI6o1JMfkJfHAIE8pMNZJnDMNaRNoX9bpToo16lUqYRGBQAyuIgTXcwiXiaXgxzaxkn5y8ay7epmaEQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11313,"name":"Border Crossing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Border_Crossing"}],"urls":[{"id":30143090,"url":"https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/alusur/article/download/7021/3756"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="99245211"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/99245211/Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100385432/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/99245211/Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints">Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Sufi Studies</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. Challenges...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. Challenges to this position are generally seen as limited to Islamic modernists affected by Western historical criticism. This article demonstrates that there have actually been leading Sunni Muslim scholars from the fourth/tenth century until the modern period who held positions regarding the miracles of saints that were much more skeptical than the mainstream Sunni stance. These ‘faithful dissenters’ were motivated by both theological and social concerns, and the methodologies they presented for sifting true from false miracle claims were based entirely on indigenous Islamic epistemological and textual criticism.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="680eade447cdc30dea0411f67f23ce98" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":100385432,"asset_id":99245211,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100385432/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="99245211"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="99245211"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245211; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245211]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245211]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245211; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='99245211']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99245211, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "680eade447cdc30dea0411f67f23ce98" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=99245211]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":99245211,"title":"Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. 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By Jonathan A.C. Brown. Oxford: One World, 2009. Pp. 308. £19.99" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100385411/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/99245190/Hadith_Muhammads_Legacy_in_the_Medieval_and_Modern_World_By_Jonathan_A_C_Brown_Oxford_One_World_2009_Pp_308_19_99">Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. By Jonathan A.C. Brown. Oxford: One World, 2009. Pp. 308. £19.99</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Qur'anic Studies</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2f842587890654de29bce626be79dbd0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":100385411,"asset_id":99245190,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100385411/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="99245190"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="99245190"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245190; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245190]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99245190]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99245190; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='99245190']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99245190, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2f842587890654de29bce626be79dbd0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=99245190]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":99245190,"title":"Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94538351"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94538351/Even_If_Its_Not_True_Its_True_Using_Unreliable_Had%C4%ABths_in_Sunni_Islam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Even If It's Not True It's True: Using Unreliable Hadīths in Sunni Islam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102750296/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94538351/Even_If_Its_Not_True_Its_True_Using_Unreliable_Had%C4%ABths_in_Sunni_Islam">Even If It's Not True It's True: Using Unreliable Hadīths in Sunni Islam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Islamic Law and Society</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Sunni Islam is at heart a cult of authenticity, with the science of Hadīth criticism functioning ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Sunni Islam is at heart a cult of authenticity, with the science of Hadīth criticism functioning as a centerpiece designed to distinguish authentic attributions to the Prophet from forgeries. It is thus surprising that even after Hadīth scholars had sifted sound Hadīths from weak, mainstream Sunni Islam allowed the use of unreliable Hadīths as evidence in subjects considered outside of the core areas of law. This majority stance, however, did not displace minority schools of thought that saw the use of unreliable Hadīths as both a danger to social morality and contrary to the stated values of Islamic thought. This more stringent position has burgeoned in the early modern and modern periods, when eliminating the use of weak Hadīths has become a common call of both Salafi revivalists and Islamic modernists. This article explores and traces the history of the various Sunni schools of thought on the use of weak and forged Hadīths from the third/ninth century to the present day.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="67f9e731106b87c0ca1b0ad326fdd948" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":102750296,"asset_id":94538351,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/102750296/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94538351"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94538351"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94538351; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94538351]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94538351]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94538351; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94538351']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 94538351, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "67f9e731106b87c0ca1b0ad326fdd948" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94538351]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94538351,"title":"Even If It's Not True It's True: Using Unreliable Hadīths in Sunni Islam","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Sunni Islam is at heart a cult of authenticity, with the science of Hadīth criticism functioning as a centerpiece designed to distinguish authentic attributions to the Prophet from forgeries. 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The argument that these critics took the matn into account has relied on material of dubious reliability or on works produced after the formative period of the Sunni hadīth tradition. By providing examples of matn criticism from the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, I prove that Sunni hadīth critics did in fact engage in matn criticism; and I argue that these critics consciously manufactured the image of exclusive focus on the isnād in an effort to ward off attacks by rationalist opponents. By demonstrating a high correlation between the hadīths found in early books of transmitter criticism and those found in later books of forged hadīth with explicit matn criticism, I show that early critics engaged in matn criticism far more often than appears to have been the case, disguising this activity in the language of isnād criticism.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3ec3f04b5d1c30d40b158e5ef7090e3e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":92670481,"asset_id":88755027,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/92670481/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="88755027"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="88755027"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88755027; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88755027]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88755027]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88755027; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='88755027']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 88755027, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3ec3f04b5d1c30d40b158e5ef7090e3e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=88755027]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":88755027,"title":"How We Know Early Hadīth Critics Did Matn Criticism and Why It's So Hard to Find","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Western scholars generally agree that early hadīth critics limited their authentication of hadīths to examining isnāds. 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By demonstrating a high correlation between the hadīths found in early books of transmitter criticism and those found in later books of forged hadīth with explicit matn criticism, I show that early critics engaged in matn criticism far more often than appears to have been the case, disguising this activity in the language of isnād criticism.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88755027/How_We_Know_Early_Had%C4%ABth_Critics_Did_Matn_Criticism_and_Why_Its_So_Hard_to_Find","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-10-18T17:15:13.638-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4594993,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":92670481,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92670481/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"81ab0c71fd12f36c882b71526995ace359a8.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/92670481/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"How_We_Know_Early_Hadith_Critics_Did_Mat.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/92670481/81ab0c71fd12f36c882b71526995ace359a8-libre.pdf?1666141601=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHow_We_Know_Early_Hadith_Critics_Did_Mat.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=fUgyvFo7rKLFxVPAJXKmG5iL1yT2YuXq2eRvgM6nPYymXAv6i~crPh~Ol-knVIn9FI5DTeLOX4yQY4XEq4kSP8RAL7-x0od3JrnDl8OITyVdAQvsQeic6vA7PNIvpdtvji1p2dKKJ1vibJIt617zhIObfPlDwACkA-HwVMOGLBxvhmgQDarqFWfvqTY4DR6NlkY11N5kcavyrHZS8x6JY6jMQz1XnxTJttyZMblhve8nPycs07D3nsVCv9FsBeYvJdr7RVt8LeCH-Yhyx27D~qNWUEWeV8gNOMGp3EsBjemMfJBJGU~oLUI1IZDEiSpxoRyVKc02FLyaV02PdCWpAQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"How_We_Know_Early_Hadīth_Critics_Did_Matn_Criticism_and_Why_Its_So_Hard_to_Find","translated_slug":"","page_count":42,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Western scholars generally agree that early hadīth critics limited their authentication of hadīths to examining isnāds. The argument that these critics took the matn into account has relied on material of dubious reliability or on works produced after the formative period of the Sunni hadīth tradition. By providing examples of matn criticism from the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, I prove that Sunni hadīth critics did in fact engage in matn criticism; and I argue that these critics consciously manufactured the image of exclusive focus on the isnād in an effort to ward off attacks by rationalist opponents. By demonstrating a high correlation between the hadīths found in early books of transmitter criticism and those found in later books of forged hadīth with explicit matn criticism, I show that early critics engaged in matn criticism far more often than appears to have been the case, disguising this activity in the language of isnād criticism.","owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":92670481,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92670481/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"81ab0c71fd12f36c882b71526995ace359a8.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/92670481/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"How_We_Know_Early_Hadith_Critics_Did_Mat.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/92670481/81ab0c71fd12f36c882b71526995ace359a8-libre.pdf?1666141601=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHow_We_Know_Early_Hadith_Critics_Did_Mat.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=fUgyvFo7rKLFxVPAJXKmG5iL1yT2YuXq2eRvgM6nPYymXAv6i~crPh~Ol-knVIn9FI5DTeLOX4yQY4XEq4kSP8RAL7-x0od3JrnDl8OITyVdAQvsQeic6vA7PNIvpdtvji1p2dKKJ1vibJIt617zhIObfPlDwACkA-HwVMOGLBxvhmgQDarqFWfvqTY4DR6NlkY11N5kcavyrHZS8x6JY6jMQz1XnxTJttyZMblhve8nPycs07D3nsVCv9FsBeYvJdr7RVt8LeCH-Yhyx27D~qNWUEWeV8gNOMGp3EsBjemMfJBJGU~oLUI1IZDEiSpxoRyVKc02FLyaV02PdCWpAQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy"},{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature"},{"id":56663,"name":"Criticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criticism"},{"id":1650419,"name":"Islamic Law And Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law_And_Society"}],"urls":[{"id":24909438,"url":"https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/15/2/article-p143_1.xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="47454588"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/47454588/Slavery_and_Sufism_The_%E1%B8%A4ilyat_al_Awliy%C4%81_of_Ab%C5%AB_Nu_aym_al_I%E1%B9%A3bah%C4%81n%C4%AB_d_430_1038_as_a_Source_on_Slavery_in_Medieval_Islamic_Civilization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Slavery and Sufism: The Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’ of Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī (d. 430/1038) as a Source on Slavery in Medieval Islamic Civilization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66539107/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/47454588/Slavery_and_Sufism_The_%E1%B8%A4ilyat_al_Awliy%C4%81_of_Ab%C5%AB_Nu_aym_al_I%E1%B9%A3bah%C4%81n%C4%AB_d_430_1038_as_a_Source_on_Slavery_in_Medieval_Islamic_Civilization">Slavery and Sufism: The Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’ of Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī (d. 430/1038) as a Source on Slavery in Medieval Islamic Civilization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies (AJAMES)</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article explores the value of a voluminous and important biographical dictionary of Sufism, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article explores the value of a voluminous and important biographical dictionary of Sufism, the Ornament of Saints and the Generations of the Pure (Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’ wa Ṭabaqāt al-Aṣfiyā’), by the famous Persian Sufi and Hadith scholar Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī (d. 430/1038), as a source for<br />information about slavery in medieval Islamic civilization. The article reviews prevalent theories about Abū Nu‘aym’s scholarly leanings and offers some correctives, then discusses the place of the idiom of slavery in the Near Eastern tradition of monotheism, philosophy and mysticism. It places the Islamic Sufi tradition, exemplified by the Ḥilya, in this context. Finally, the article explores the unique information provided in the Ḥilya on how both the mundane realities of slavery and its spiritual dimensions were<br />understood in the centuries leading up to Abū Nu‘aym’s career.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="97b88cf6ff008caea7f188682e3e3c67" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66539107,"asset_id":47454588,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66539107/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="47454588"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47454588"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47454588; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47454588]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47454588]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47454588; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='47454588']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47454588, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "97b88cf6ff008caea7f188682e3e3c67" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=47454588]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":47454588,"title":"Slavery and Sufism: The Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’ of Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī (d. 430/1038) as a Source on Slavery in Medieval Islamic Civilization","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article explores the value of a voluminous and important biographical dictionary of Sufism, the Ornament of Saints and the Generations of the Pure (Ḥilyat al-Awliyā’ wa Ṭabaqāt al-Aṣfiyā’), by the famous Persian Sufi and Hadith scholar Abū Nu‘aym al-Iṣbahānī (d. 430/1038), as a source for\ninformation about slavery in medieval Islamic civilization. The article reviews prevalent theories about Abū Nu‘aym’s scholarly leanings and offers some correctives, then discusses the place of the idiom of slavery in the Near Eastern tradition of monotheism, philosophy and mysticism. It places the Islamic Sufi tradition, exemplified by the Ḥilya, in this context. 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Challenges...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. Challenges to this position are generally seen as limited to Islamic modernists affected by Western historical criticism. This article demonstrates that there have actually been leading Sunni Muslim scholars from the fourth/tenth century until the modern period who held positions regarding the miracles of saints that were much more skeptical than the mainstream Sunni stance. These ‘faithful dissenters’ were motivated by both theological and social concerns, and the methodologies they presented for sifting true from false miracle claims were based entirely on indigenous Islamic epistemological and textual criticism.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ed52b40a0fa6db76f7d7e19a2673074d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":69131226,"asset_id":38236662,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69131226/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="38236662"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38236662"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38236662; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38236662]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38236662]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38236662; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='38236662']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38236662, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ed52b40a0fa6db76f7d7e19a2673074d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=38236662]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":38236662,"title":"Faithful Dissenters - Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints.pdf","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. 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These ‘faithful dissenters’ were motivated by both theological and social concerns, and the methodologies they presented for sifting true from false miracle claims were based entirely on indigenous Islamic epistemological and textual criticism.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38236662/Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints_pdf","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-01-28T08:09:48.571-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4594993,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69131226,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69131226/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69131226/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_abo.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/69131226/Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints-libre.pdf?1630973897=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFaithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_abo.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=Vg-suM-MzLopc99DY6h07AHgSBc1SfWahU5F1nRr1YrcTsiiglxTOt~Tpmu8ZBscXjoZUZnoyiZNsJw-rvDbPV7yy47UbXSqc53AyABJR6cbs7i-Fqic6ZDcb4-Xez3YbybiO6clhA1HD0LmDYPMwis4cCMPQcsMZ~ZOensu5jvjCMhoLb34Wfzu2nIksuQi4ol0LD3UQEu6PCJzGP-uom85A3b~J6nqqYmPKNtStETQETQRg1F9208dpehldBUK9EpnZNOaf1iL3PYDOY-sPntALxPY~8HzDSvM5QVPqKYzAs6OZrejI8UVzLO~eyzG3TtVqNmu0eyzsXtyzB8r2Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints_pdf","translated_slug":"","page_count":46,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. 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These ‘faithful dissenters’ were motivated by both theological and social concerns, and the methodologies they presented for sifting true from false miracle claims were based entirely on indigenous Islamic epistemological and textual criticism.","owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":69131226,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/69131226/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69131226/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_abo.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/69131226/Faithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_about_the_Miracles_of_Saints-libre.pdf?1630973897=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFaithful_Dissenters_Sunni_Skepticism_abo.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=Vg-suM-MzLopc99DY6h07AHgSBc1SfWahU5F1nRr1YrcTsiiglxTOt~Tpmu8ZBscXjoZUZnoyiZNsJw-rvDbPV7yy47UbXSqc53AyABJR6cbs7i-Fqic6ZDcb4-Xez3YbybiO6clhA1HD0LmDYPMwis4cCMPQcsMZ~ZOensu5jvjCMhoLb34Wfzu2nIksuQi4ol0LD3UQEu6PCJzGP-uom85A3b~J6nqqYmPKNtStETQETQRg1F9208dpehldBUK9EpnZNOaf1iL3PYDOY-sPntALxPY~8HzDSvM5QVPqKYzAs6OZrejI8UVzLO~eyzG3TtVqNmu0eyzsXtyzB8r2Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism"},{"id":41317,"name":"Miracles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Miracles"},{"id":88513,"name":"Salafism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salafism"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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It highlights the role of the ulama in interpreting divine texts, illustrating how their hermeneutic methods were shaped by the socio-economic contexts of their time. The study demonstrates a dialogic relationship between the teachings of the Quran and the realities of social life, suggesting that the ulama's conclusions were influenced not only by divine revelation but also by contemporary social norms and values.","publication_name":"Religious Minorities in Christian, Jewish and Muslim Law (5th-15th Centuries)"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34657090/_Scripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_the_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-09-23T13:37:05.507-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4594993,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54525797,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54525797/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Scripture_and_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_-_The_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_RELMIN.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54525797/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Scripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Soci.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54525797/Scripture_and_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_-_The_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_RELMIN-libre.pdf?1506310340=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DScripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Soci.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=CW3e4AOZZIrGEOMUw4H7kCB6xjdwf4FrwLYw5EUeWpn5ovObwCkHBY0M7nPMvHTzYb24-C~2uirLrZkQ8n6slv~c3RSVaI~MZlLkLNssbudvf8Utn6n7eMD6h5dCqu5jM2z5edHnH5utH62FlrO9s4g6pyAbqCDf6Ba-ck6RrQFB0ue9utNxKq2k~59iCuq6IXAYHuqaBsuFAjcIt1ftM8yylbC2byXZ-ziOS6K-BsoiXP-eezAGjAi4miJJCF8XmeN9vLcgsqtmId68aaQL8FepHaa~Iszfox1l7C9uMwnPD9HOU0Sayu~ITwOSpKxicX5MEGrKED3PHh2dnQ-4ug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"_Scripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_the_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_","translated_slug":"","page_count":15,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":54525797,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54525797/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Scripture_and_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_-_The_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_RELMIN.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54525797/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Scripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Soci.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54525797/Scripture_and_Legal_Interpretation_and_Social_Praxis_in_the_Islamic_Tradition_-_The_Cases_of_Polygamy_and_Slavery_RELMIN-libre.pdf?1506310340=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DScripture_Legal_Interpretation_and_Soci.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040557\u0026Signature=CW3e4AOZZIrGEOMUw4H7kCB6xjdwf4FrwLYw5EUeWpn5ovObwCkHBY0M7nPMvHTzYb24-C~2uirLrZkQ8n6slv~c3RSVaI~MZlLkLNssbudvf8Utn6n7eMD6h5dCqu5jM2z5edHnH5utH62FlrO9s4g6pyAbqCDf6Ba-ck6RrQFB0ue9utNxKq2k~59iCuq6IXAYHuqaBsuFAjcIt1ftM8yylbC2byXZ-ziOS6K-BsoiXP-eezAGjAi4miJJCF8XmeN9vLcgsqtmId68aaQL8FepHaa~Iszfox1l7C9uMwnPD9HOU0Sayu~ITwOSpKxicX5MEGrKED3PHh2dnQ-4ug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History"},{"id":35262,"name":"Marriage (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marriage_History_"},{"id":83516,"name":"Polygamy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polygamy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="34462012"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/34462012/The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Issue of Apostasy in Islam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62170345/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34462012/The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam">The Issue of Apostasy in Islam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The Shariah consists of some laws that remain the same regardless of changing circumstances and o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The Shariah consists of some laws that remain the same regardless of changing circumstances and others that change with them. Most of the Shariah is up to individual Muslims to follow in their own lives. Some are for judges to implement in courts. Finally, the third set of laws is for the ruler or political authority to implement based on the best interests of society. The Shariah ruling on Muslims who decide to leave Islam belongs to this third group. Implemented in the past to protect the integrity of the Muslim community, today this important goal can best be reached by Muslim governments using their right to set punishments for<br />apostasy aside.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ec1d158ce5f0c2cf0ca41605ee49dc51" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":62170345,"asset_id":34462012,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62170345/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34462012"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34462012"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34462012; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34462012]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34462012]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34462012; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34462012']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34462012, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ec1d158ce5f0c2cf0ca41605ee49dc51" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34462012]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34462012,"title":"The Issue of Apostasy in Islam","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The Shariah consists of some laws that remain the same regardless of changing circumstances and others that change with them. 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The Shariah ruling on Muslims who decide to leave Islam belongs to this third group. Implemented in the past to protect the integrity of the Muslim community, today this important goal can best be reached by Muslim governments using their right to set punishments for\napostasy aside.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34462012/The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-09-04T10:00:19.088-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4594993,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62170345,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/62170345/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The-Issue-of-Apostasy-in-Islam.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62170345/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/62170345/The-Issue-of-Apostasy-in-Islam-libre.pdf?1582390774=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam.pdf\u0026Expires=1734040558\u0026Signature=EMhCGL64A1Q6c86HGW4jQGgxCahSjQI2vGQsGDG4HP4J14M2ZfRoetlv8BtaIH3vAbb2HQyrwdjs~Gos5AFppQEVnuE1l-P161SWorkClDMDBmu4SXsh0CH2-uB1ysINQFwdp54HFJZoHHb4MyXYD2p3CVf51GcDyFneAPfOnw5lQVOLACbMAeUu0VrXFPQas6dpAXNnF4qMReIvC3LlUsVkr~p8V1cCo22bZE9gf-g2IvMXVNyfsuy4GmzC63yf2plvjxTw0BxdKJF~DrgBmvLePYqrbu-PZU6osK1ic-t9hpB-39QbtICCe-p5J2QlXoXrKLKdLFsi4uJi2wTZTA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Issue_of_Apostasy_in_Islam","translated_slug":"","page_count":27,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The Shariah consists of some laws that remain the same regardless of changing circumstances and others that change with them. Most of the Shariah is up to individual Muslims to follow in their own lives. Some are for judges to implement in courts. Finally, the third set of laws is for the ruler or political authority to implement based on the best interests of society. The Shariah ruling on Muslims who decide to leave Islam belongs to this third group. 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The article situates<br />such a defense within the current discourse on Islam and<br />homosexuality, summarizing the main arguments for and against<br />the prohibition of liwāṭ as well as how the “traditionalist” and<br />“Progressive” camps have constructed their arguments.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a576f696fae564da64b4c86d92d6d726" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":107438161,"asset_id":34162565,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/107438161/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34162565"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34162565"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34162565; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34162565]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34162565]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34162565; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34162565']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34162565, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a576f696fae564da64b4c86d92d6d726" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34162565]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34162565,"title":"A Pre-Modern Defense of Hadiths against Sodomy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article provides an annotated translation of a treatise written\nby the famous scholar Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911/1505) in defense\nof the hadiths condemning sodomy (liwāṭ). 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Western and African critics alike have contended that antiblack racism is in the faith’s very scriptural foundations and its traditions of law, spirituality, and theology. But what is the basis for this accusation?<br /><br />Bestselling scholar Jonathan A.C. Brown examines Islamic scripture, law, Sufism, and history to comprehensively interrogate this claim and determine how and why it emerged. Locating its origins in conservative politics, modern Afrocentrism, and the old trope of Barbary enslavement, he explains how antiblackness arose in the Islamic world and became entangled with normative tradition. From the imagery of ‘blackened faces’ in the Quran to Shariah assessments of Black women as ‘undesirable’ and the assertion that Islam and Muslims are foreign to Africa, this work provides an in-depth study of the controversial knot that is Islam and Blackness, and identifies authoritative voices in Islam’s past that are crucial for combatting antiblack racism today.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="90787460"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90787460"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90787460; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90787460]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90787460]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90787460; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='90787460']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 90787460, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=90787460]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":90787460,"title":"Islam \u0026 Blackness","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"\n\nIt is commonly claimed that Islam is antiblack, even inherently bent on enslaving Black Africans. Western and African critics alike have contended that antiblack racism is in the faith’s very scriptural foundations and its traditions of law, spirituality, and theology. But what is the basis for this accusation?\n\nBestselling scholar Jonathan A.C. Brown examines Islamic scripture, law, Sufism, and history to comprehensively interrogate this claim and determine how and why it emerged. Locating its origins in conservative politics, modern Afrocentrism, and the old trope of Barbary enslavement, he explains how antiblackness arose in the Islamic world and became entangled with normative tradition. From the imagery of ‘blackened faces’ in the Quran to Shariah assessments of Black women as ‘undesirable’ and the assertion that Islam and Muslims are foreign to Africa, this work provides an in-depth study of the controversial knot that is Islam and Blackness, and identifies authoritative voices in Islam’s past that are crucial for combatting antiblack racism today.\n","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2022,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"\n\nIt is commonly claimed that Islam is antiblack, even inherently bent on enslaving Black Africans. Western and African critics alike have contended that antiblack racism is in the faith’s very scriptural foundations and its traditions of law, spirituality, and theology. But what is the basis for this accusation?\n\nBestselling scholar Jonathan A.C. Brown examines Islamic scripture, law, Sufism, and history to comprehensively interrogate this claim and determine how and why it emerged. 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From the imagery of ‘blackened faces’ in the Quran to Shariah assessments of Black women as ‘undesirable’ and the assertion that Islam and Muslims are foreign to Africa, this work provides an in-depth study of the controversial knot that is Islam and Blackness, and identifies authoritative voices in Islam’s past that are crucial for combatting antiblack racism today.\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90787460/Islam_and_Blackness","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-11-14T17:11:53.011-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":4594993,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"book","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Islam_and_Blackness","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"\n\nIt is commonly claimed that Islam is antiblack, even inherently bent on enslaving Black Africans. Western and African critics alike have contended that antiblack racism is in the faith’s very scriptural foundations and its traditions of law, spirituality, and theology. But what is the basis for this accusation?\n\nBestselling scholar Jonathan A.C. Brown examines Islamic scripture, law, Sufism, and history to comprehensively interrogate this claim and determine how and why it emerged. Locating its origins in conservative politics, modern Afrocentrism, and the old trope of Barbary enslavement, he explains how antiblackness arose in the Islamic world and became entangled with normative tradition. From the imagery of ‘blackened faces’ in the Quran to Shariah assessments of Black women as ‘undesirable’ and the assertion that Islam and Muslims are foreign to Africa, this work provides an in-depth study of the controversial knot that is Islam and Blackness, and identifies authoritative voices in Islam’s past that are crucial for combatting antiblack racism today.\n","owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law"},{"id":11152,"name":"Sufism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sufism"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History"},{"id":133527,"name":"Race and Islam in America","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Islam_in_America"},{"id":562848,"name":"Anti-Blackness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-Blackness"}],"urls":[{"id":25971727,"url":"https://oneworld-publications.com/work/islam-and-blackness/"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="38665550"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/38665550/Slavery_and_Islam"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Slavery & Islam" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/38665550/Slavery_and_Islam">Slavery & Islam</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Oneworld</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A thorough exploration of slavery from the perspective of Islam's authoritative texts as well as ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A thorough exploration of slavery from the perspective of Islam's authoritative texts as well as moral and philosophical debates on the subject.<br /><br />What happens when authorities you venerate condone something you know is wrong? Are you right or are they, and what does this mean about what you've been venerating? No issue brings this question into starker contrast than slavery. Every major religion and philosophy condoned or approved of it, but in modern times there is nothing seen as more evil. Americans confront this crisis of authority when they erect statues of Founding Fathers who slept with their slaves. And Muslims faced it when ISIS revived sex-slavery, justifying it with verses from the Quran and the practice of Muhammad.<br /><br />This book explores the moral and ultimately theological problem of slavery, tracing how the Christian, Jewish and Islamic traditions have tried to reconcile modern moral certainties with the infallibility of God's message, in particular on the issue of sex-slavery. It investigates the challenge of defining what slavery is in the first place, showing that this remains more than ever a highly politicized question. This book lays out how Islam viewed slavery in theory, and also how slavery was practiced across the reality of Islamic civilization. Finally, it explains how Muslims have argued for the abolition of slavery in Islam, asking whether their arguments are sincere and convincing.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="38665550"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38665550"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38665550; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38665550]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38665550]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38665550; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='38665550']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38665550, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=38665550]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":38665550,"title":"Slavery \u0026 Islam","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"A thorough exploration of slavery from the perspective of Islam's authoritative texts as well as moral and philosophical debates on the subject.\n\nWhat happens when authorities you venerate condone something you know is wrong? 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Americans confront this crisis of authority when they erect statues of Founding Fathers who slept with their slaves. And Muslims faced it when ISIS revived sex-slavery, justifying it with verses from the Quran and the practice of Muhammad.\n\nThis book explores the moral and ultimately theological problem of slavery, tracing how the Christian, Jewish and Islamic traditions have tried to reconcile modern moral certainties with the infallibility of God's message, in particular on the issue of sex-slavery. It investigates the challenge of defining what slavery is in the first place, showing that this remains more than ever a highly politicized question. This book lays out how Islam viewed slavery in theory, and also how slavery was practiced across the reality of Islamic civilization. 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Every major religion and philosophy condoned or approved of it, but in modern times there is nothing seen as more evil. Americans confront this crisis of authority when they erect statues of Founding Fathers who slept with their slaves. And Muslims faced it when ISIS revived sex-slavery, justifying it with verses from the Quran and the practice of Muhammad.\n\nThis book explores the moral and ultimately theological problem of slavery, tracing how the Christian, Jewish and Islamic traditions have tried to reconcile modern moral certainties with the infallibility of God's message, in particular on the issue of sex-slavery. It investigates the challenge of defining what slavery is in the first place, showing that this remains more than ever a highly politicized question. This book lays out how Islam viewed slavery in theory, and also how slavery was practiced across the reality of Islamic civilization. Finally, it explains how Muslims have argued for the abolition of slavery in Islam, asking whether their arguments are sincere and convincing.","owner":{"id":4594993,"first_name":"Jonathan","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"JonathanACBrown","domain_name":"georgetown","created_at":"2013-06-19T10:15:37.449-07:00","display_name":"Jonathan Brown","url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JonathanACBrown"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":5432,"name":"Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavery"},{"id":7643,"name":"Abolition of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolition_of_Slavery"},{"id":208692,"name":"Modern Day Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Day_Slavery"},{"id":1026491,"name":"Slavery In Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slavery_In_Islam"}],"urls":[{"id":8731050,"url":"https://oneworld-publications.com/slavery-and-islam-hb.html"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); 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Cultural Relativism vs. Universality in Islamic Jurisprudence" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116794784/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/122055960/Can_People_Sell_their_Children_into_Slavery_Cultural_Relativism_vs_Universality_in_Islamic_Jurisprudence">Can People Sell their Children into Slavery? Cultural Relativism vs. Universality in Islamic Jurisprudence</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">For millennia, one of the ways people entered slavery was as children sold by their families. Thi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">For millennia, one of the ways people entered slavery was as children sold by their families. This seems unthinkable to many today. As the sociologist Georg Simmel (d. 1918) observed, however, our valuation of goods like freedom only makes sense in a context of minimum safety and subsistence. 1 Parents who lacked such basic needs might sell their children if they were threatened, if their family were starving, or if they thought their children stood a better chance of surviving or succeeding as someone else's slave.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4a27701fca72d84974eb48e70212e41e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116794784,"asset_id":122055960,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116794784/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122055960"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122055960"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122055960; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122055960]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=122055960]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122055960; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='122055960']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 122055960, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4a27701fca72d84974eb48e70212e41e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=122055960]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":122055960,"title":"Can People Sell their Children into Slavery? 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As I strolled through the mosques of Bursa, Istanbul and Kayseri, the book introduced me to more than just the artistic details and theological underpinnings of Islamic art and architecture. It also showed me the conceptual coherence of Islamic thought and its civilizational production, how terms and concepts like ṣūra (external form, image) and maʿnā (internal reality, meaning) can unify philosophy, theology and literary expression. 1 Terms developed in grammar can flow into legal and theological discourse, legal formula can function in mystical expression, and this cross fertilization creates a united and cohering language of Islamic thought. This is perhaps no more evident than in the ubiquitous function of maxims (qawāʿid) in Islamic thought over the course of the past fourteen centuries. As in the case of Islamic art, sometimes these maxims originated clearly in the Quran and the Sunna of the Prophet. Such is the case with the Hadith-later maxim-"Neither harm nor reciprocal infliction of harm (lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār)." 2 Most maxims, however, developed as part of Muslim scholars' multidisciplinary discourse and rumination on their scriptures during the early centuries of Islamic history. Some were what common law jurists would call substantive canons, specific to certain questions of procedure or areas of law. Examples include "What is known by custom is equivalent to what is specified as a condition (al-maʿrūf ʿurfan ka'l-mashrūṭ sharṭan)" in matters of contract and "Whoever hastens to something before the appropriate time suffers its loss (man istaʿjala al-shay' qabla awānihi ubtuliya bi-ḥirmānihi)" in property law. 3 Moving upwards in abstraction, other maxims are equivalent to broader common-law semantic or interpretive canons. Perhaps the most influential example is "The presumption in speech is literal meaning (al-aṣl fī al-kalām al-ḥaqīqa)," or, fleshed out slightly more by the seminal theologian al-Ashʿarī (d. 324/935-6), the text of scripture must be read "according to its evident, external meaning (ẓāhir) unless some proof is established that it should be read according to a meaning other than its evident one." 4 At yet another, loftier level we find teleological canons, such as the above maxim on preventing harm or the principal maxim that "Matters are considered by their aims (alumūr bi-maqāṣidihā)."</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8c85f94e02d3f6eeae49af2eb3f535a7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":114897649,"asset_id":119508194,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/114897649/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="119508194"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="119508194"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 119508194; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=119508194]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=119508194]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 119508194; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='119508194']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 119508194, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8c85f94e02d3f6eeae49af2eb3f535a7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=119508194]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":119508194,"title":"Affirmation Supersedes Negation (al-muthbit muqaddam ʿalā al-nāfī): A Unifying and Productive Maxim in Islamic Thought","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"On my first trip to Turkey in 1999 I took as my companion Dr. Nasr's superb Islamic Art and Spirituality. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="109208719"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/109208719/Halimi_Ethics_of_Slavery_annotated_translation_and_commentary"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Halimi - Ethics of Slavery annotated translation & commentary" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/115727216/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/109208719/Halimi_Ethics_of_Slavery_annotated_translation_and_commentary">Halimi - Ethics of Slavery annotated translation & commentary</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Translations of chapters on the virtues of manumission and the proper treatment of slaves by the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Translations of chapters on the virtues of manumission and the proper treatment of slaves by the noted Khurasani scholar al-Halimi (d. 1012 CE)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cb7d4630f2d2febccd5bb5e03e91578f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":115727216,"asset_id":109208719,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115727216/download_file?st=MTczNDQ4Njg0MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="109208719"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="109208719"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109208719; 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