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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchismus" title="Revanchismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Revanchismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="انتقامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتقامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revan%C5%9Fizm" title="Revanşizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Revanşizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Реваншизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реваншизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revan%C5%A1ismus" title="Revanšismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Revanšismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchismus" title="Revanchismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Revanchismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchismo" title="Revanchismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revanchismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C4%9Dismo" title="Venĝismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venĝismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errebantxismo" title="Errebantxismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errebantxismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="انتقام‌گرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتقام‌گرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchisme" title="Revanchisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Revanchisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ռևանշիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռևանշիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchisme" title="Revanchisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revanchisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanscismo" title="Revanscismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Revanscismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="רוואנשיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוואנשיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რევანშიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რევანშიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Реваншизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Реваншизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Реваншизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Реваншизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revan%C5%A1isms" title="Revanšisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Revanšisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchisme" title="Revanchisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revanchisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek_revisionisme" title="Politiek revisionisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek revisionisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BE%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="失地回復主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="失地回復主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revansjismen" title="Revansjismen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Revansjismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewan%C5%BCyzm" title="Rewanżyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewanżyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanchismo" title="Revanchismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revanchismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revan%C8%99ism" title="Revanșism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revanșism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Реваншизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реваншизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revansismi" title="Revansismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Revansismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revanschism" title="Revanschism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Revanschism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6van%C5%9Fizm" title="Rövanşizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rövanşizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Реваншизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реваншизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E4%BB%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="復仇主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="復仇主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1136718#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/revanchism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/revanchism">revanchism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"La Revanche" redirects here. For the 1916 Australian film, see <a href="/wiki/La_Revanche_(film)" title="La Revanche (film)"><i>La Revanche</i> (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Revanchist" redirects here. For the Evian Christ album, see <a href="/wiki/Revanchist_(album)" title="Revanchist (album)"><i>Revanchist</i> (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/300px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/450px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/600px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11506" data-file-height="8400" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bettannier" title="Albert Bettannier">Albert Bettannier</a>'s <i>La Tache Noire</i> (The Black Stain, 1887) French students are taught about the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, taken by Germany in 1871.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Revanchism</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">revanchisme</i>, from <i>revanche</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">revenge</a>") is the political manifestation of the will to reverse the territorial losses which are incurred by a country, frequently after a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> or after a <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a>. As a term, revanchism originated in 1870s <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> among nationalists who wanted to avenge the French defeat and reclaim the lost territories of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jay_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revanchism draws its strength from patriotic and <a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">retributionist</a> thought and is often motivated by economic or geopolitical factors. Extreme revanchist ideologues often represent a hawkish stance, suggesting that their desired objectives can be achieved through the positive outcome of another war. It is linked with <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a>, the conception that a part of the cultural and ethnic nation remains "unredeemed" outside the borders of its appropriate <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revanchist politics often rely on the identification of a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> with a nation state, mobilizing sentiments of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> to claim territories outside of where members of the ethnic group currently live. Such claims are often presented as being based on ancient or even <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">autochthonous</a> occupation of a territory since "<a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">time immemorial</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_Neumont,_War_is_the_National_Industry_of_Prussia,_1917,_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1185_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maurice_Neumont%2C_War_is_the_National_Industry_of_Prussia%2C_1917%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1185_01.jpg/350px-Maurice_Neumont%2C_War_is_the_National_Industry_of_Prussia%2C_1917%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1185_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maurice_Neumont%2C_War_is_the_National_Industry_of_Prussia%2C_1917%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1185_01.jpg/525px-Maurice_Neumont%2C_War_is_the_National_Industry_of_Prussia%2C_1917%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1185_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maurice_Neumont%2C_War_is_the_National_Industry_of_Prussia%2C_1917%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1185_01.jpg/700px-Maurice_Neumont%2C_War_is_the_National_Industry_of_Prussia%2C_1917%2C_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1185_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="2985" /></a><figcaption> A French propaganda poster from 1917 portrays Prussia as an octopus stretching out its tentacles vying for control. It is captioned with an 18th-century quotation: "By 1788, <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a> was already saying that War is the National Industry of Prussia."</figcaption></figure> <p>The instance of revanchism that gave these groundswells of opinion their modern name came in the 1870s. French revanchism was a deep sense of bitterness, hatred and demand for revenge against Germany, especially because of the loss of Alsace and Lorraine following defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paintings that emphasized the humiliation of the defeat came in high demand, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville">Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jay_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)#Radicals_before_the_party_(1830–1901)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Republicans</a>, opposed participation in the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">scramble for Africa</a> and other adventures that would divert the Republic from objectives related to the "blue line of the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>. After the governments of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> had pursued a number of colonies in the early 1880s, Clemenceau lent his support to <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Georges Ernest Boulanger</a>, a popular figure, nicknamed <i>Général Revanche</i>, who it was felt might overthrow the Republic in 1889. This <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalist tradition</a> influenced French politics up to 1921 and was one of the major reasons France went to great pains to woo the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> of 1894 and, after more accords, the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> of the three great Allied powers of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>: France, Great Britain, and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French revanchism influenced the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> of 1919 following the end of World War I, which restored Alsace-Lorraine to France and extracted reparations from the defeated Germany. The conference was not only opened on the anniversary of the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>; the treaty also had to be signed by the new German government in the same room, the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Europe_1923-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/220px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/330px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/440px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Map of territorial changes in Europe after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (as of 1923)</figcaption></figure> <p>A German revanchist movement developed in response to the losses of World War I. <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanists</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> called for the reclamation of the property of a German state due to pre-war borders or because of the territory's historical relation to Germanic peoples. The movement called for the reincorporation of Alsace-Lorraine, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>—parts of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> until its dismemberment after World War I). Those claims, supported by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, led to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>. This irredentism had also been characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> in general and of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-German_League" title="Pan-German League">Pan-German League</a> (<i>Alldeutscher Verband</i>). The <i>Verband</i> wanted to uphold German "<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial hygiene</a>" and were against breeding with, in their eyes, inferior races like the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></div> <p>Greek revanchism refers to the political sentiment or movement advocating for the restoration or reclaiming of territories historically or culturally once associated with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, but currently under the control of other states. Stemming from unresolved territorial disputes, Greek revanchism often manifests in nationalist rhetoric, diplomatic tensions, and occasional military confrontations. Historical grievances, such as the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchanges between Greece and Turkey</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, also fuel revanchist sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Greek revanchism has influenced foreign policy decisions and public discourse, it remains a contentious and complex issue in the broader context of regional geopolitics and international relations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s and 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> was trying to reclaim ethnic Polish lands that had been seized by German, Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Poland counted herself among the revisionist powers, with dreams of a southward advance, even a Polish presence on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The victim of the revisionist claims of others, she did not see the Versailles frontiers as fixed either. In 1938 when the Czech state was dismembered at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich conference</a>, Poland issued an ultimatum of her own to Prague, demanding the cession of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Teschen region</a>; the Czech government was powerless to resist.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> lost <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> to Russia at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a> (1808–09), ending nearly 600 years of Swedish rule. For most of the rest of the 1800s there was talk, but few practical plans and little political will, of reclaiming Finland from Russia. Since Sweden was never able to challenge Russia's military might on its own, no attempts were made. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in 1853 to 1856, the Allied nations initiated talks with Sweden to allow troop and fleet movements through Swedish ports to be used against Russia. In return, the Allies would help Sweden reclaim Finland with the help of an expeditionary force. In the end, the plans fell through and Sweden never became involved in the fighting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magyarorszag_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/220px-Magyarorszag_1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/330px-Magyarorszag_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/440px-Magyarorszag_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>: Kingdom of Hungary lost 72% of its land and 3.3 million people of Hungarian ethnicity.</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Greater Hungary</a> is associated with Hungarian revisionist aims at least to regain control over <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a>-populated areas in Hungary's neighbouring countries. The outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> of 1920 is to this day remembered in Hungary as the <a href="/wiki/Trianon_syndrome" title="Trianon syndrome">Trianon trauma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study, two-thirds of Hungarians agreed in 2020 that parts of neighbouring countries should belong to them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Reconquista (Mexico)</a></div> <p>Some Mexican nationalists consider the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> to be Mexican territory that must be returned.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory belonged to Mexico until 1836 when Texas established itself as its own nation. Texas citizens then voted to join the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a> (1845) leading to the 1846-48 <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and, as a consequence of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a> of further territory that now constitutes much of the western US. </p><p>In 1865, as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> ended, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian</a> "was actively recruiting Confederate refugees to colonize northern Mexico and bring their slaves with them. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> foresaw that Maximilian was creating a base from which diehard rebels would carry on a revanchist war against the United States and create an obstacle protecting Maximilian's empire against invasion by U.S. forces".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War_border_changes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/250px-Cold_War_border_changes.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/375px-Cold_War_border_changes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cold_War_border_changes.png/500px-Cold_War_border_changes.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Changes in national boundaries after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of the Crimean peninsula</a> by the Russian Federation in April 2014, together with accusations by Western and Ukrainian leaders that Russia is supporting <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">separatist actions</a> by ethnic Russians in the secessionist <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> region, has been cited by a number of prominent media outlets in the West as evidence of a revanchist policy on the part of the Kremlin and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in 2022 has the same origins.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Russian nationalists consider <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to be Russian territory that must be returned.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alaska was <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">legally sold</a> to the United States by Russia in 1867. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute</a></div> <p>Argentina considers the British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_Province_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tierra del Fuego Province (Argentina)">Tierra del Fuego Province</a>. In 1994, Argentina's claim to the territories was added to <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">its constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, the Argentine fascist ideology <a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalista</a> and organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Alliance of Nationalist Youth</a> openly supported plans to annex <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and some southern and eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, which they claimed belonged to Argentina via past territories of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar" title="Status of Gibraltar">Status of Gibraltar</a></div> <p>Spain ceded <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> to Britain under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> of 1713. Spain's claim to Gibraltar became government policy under the regime of the dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and has remained in place under successive governments following the Spanish transition to democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg/220px-Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg/330px-Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg/440px-Iraq_Kuwait_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> was invaded and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">annexed</a> by Iraq (under Saddam Hussein) in August 1990.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Saddam Hussein's government</a> sought to annex several territories. In the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (1980–1988), Saddam claimed that <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> had the right to hold sovereignty to the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab river</a> held by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iraqi government, echoing claims made by <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi nationalists</a> for years, justified the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a> in 1990 by claiming that <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> had always been an integral part of Iraq and only became an independent nation due to the interference of the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suspected that <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> intended to invade and annex a portion of Saudi Arabia's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia">Eastern Province</a> on the justification that the Saudi region of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Hasa</a> had been part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">province of Basra</a> that the British had helped Saudi Arabia conquer in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></div> <p>The 21st century has seen a domestic trend in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish politics">Turkish politics</a>, where the revival of Ottoman traditions and culture has been accompanied by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP, founded in 2001) which came to power in 2002, along with claims to territory once held by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The use of the ideology by Justice and Development Party has mainly supported a greater influence of Ottoman culture in domestic social policy which has caused issues with the secular and republican credentials of modern Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a> have used slogans such as <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Osmanlı torunu</i></span></i> ("descendant of the Ottomans") to refer to their supporters and also their former leader <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> (who was <a href="/wiki/2014_Turkish_presidential_election" title="2014 Turkish presidential election">elected President in 2014</a>) during their election campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These domestic ideals have also seen a revival of neo-Ottomanism in the AKP's foreign policy. Besides acting as a clear distinction between them and ardent supporters of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, the social Ottomanism advocated by the AKP has served as a basis for their efforts to transform Turkey's existing <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>, favouring a strong centralised leadership similar to that of the Ottoman era. Critics have thus accused Erdoğan of acting like an "Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise in Ottomanism has also been accompanied by claims to territories held by <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, with prominent examples including in 2015, a crowd of Turkish youth rallying in Armenian populated districts of Istanbul chanted "We must turn these districts into Armenian and Kurdish cemeteries."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2015, a 'Welcome' sign was installed in <a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r" title="Iğdır">Iğdır</a> and written in four languages, Turkish, Kurdish, English, and Armenian. The Armenian portion of the sign was protested by the "Fight against Armenian groundless allegations” alliance (ASIMDER) who demanded its removal.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2015, the Armenian writing on the 'Welcome' sign was heavily vandalized.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian portion of the sign was ultimately removed in June 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-armenian_igdir_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armenian_igdir-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mayor of Igdir also claimed that the existence of the Armenian state was a "historical mistake", and that Armenia is actually Turkish territory, illegally occupied by Armenians, waiting to be re-integrated into Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-armenian_igdir_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armenian_igdir-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png/220px-Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png/330px-Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png/440px-Map_of_Ukraine_with_Cities.png 2x" data-file-width="4844" data-file-height="3255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> at bottom and two self-proclaimed separatist republics in <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> at right</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 March 2021, Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> signed the <i>Decree No. 117/2021</i> approving the "strategy of de-occupation and reintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">temporarily occupied territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>", complementing the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Crimea_Platform" title="Crimea Platform">Crimean Platform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 May 2022, Ukrainian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Kuleba" title="Dmytro Kuleba">Dmytro Kuleba</a> said that "In the first months" of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> "the victory for us looked like withdrawal of Russian forces to the positions they occupied before February 24 and payment for inflicted damage. Now if we are strong enough on the military front and we win the battle for Donbas, which will be crucial for the following dynamics of the war, of course the victory for us in this war will be the liberation of the rest of our territories", including <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></div> <p>The People's Republic of China (PRC) has used historical claims in the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a> (SCS) as justification for island building activities and revised territorial claims. The "<a href="/wiki/Nine-dash_line" title="Nine-dash line">nine-dash line</a>" map extends the area that the PRC identifies as within its sovereign territory disregarding several international laws of the sea. In addition to civil and military confrontations in the SCS, other territorial disputes have affected Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Chinese irredentism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> (1870–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Former eastern territories of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Palestine">Greater Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Independence movement in Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">Legal status of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Texas" title="Legal status of Texas">Legal status of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Lists of active separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_question" title="Karelian question">Karelian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_border_conflicts" title="Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts">Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Reconquista (Mexico)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a> (a geopolitical state of existence that revanchism may create, seek to correct, or both)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante bellum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uti_possidetis" title="Uti possidetis">Uti possidetis</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jay-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jay_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jay_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJay1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jay, Robert (1984). "Alphonse de Neuville's 'The Spy' and the Legacy of the Franco-Prussian War". <i>Metropolitan Museum Journal</i>. 19–20: 151–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1512817">10.2307/1512817</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1512817">1512817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193058659">193058659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+Journal&rft.atitle=Alphonse+de+Neuville%27s+%27The+Spy%27+and+the+Legacy+of+the+Franco-Prussian+War&rft.volume=19%E2%80%9320&rft.pages=151-162&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193058659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1512817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1512817&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">Margaret MacMillan</a>, <i>The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914</i> (2013), ch. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karine Varley, "The Taboos of Defeat: Unmentionable Memories of the Franco-Prussian War in France, 1870–1914." in Jenny Macleod, ed., <i>Defeat and Memory: Cultural Histories of Military Defeat in the Modern Era</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) pp. 62–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karine Varley, <i>Under the Shadow of Defeat: The War of 1870–71 in French Memory</i> (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See W. Schivelbusch, <i>The Culture of Defeat</i>, p. 106 (Henry Holt and Co. 2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levy_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution</i>, Volume 1. Richard S. Levy, 528–529, ABC-CLIO 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPloumidis2020" class="citation book cs1">Ploumidis, Spyridon G. (2020). "Nationalism and authoritarianism in interwar Greece (1922–1940)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429275272-10/nationalism-authoritarianism-interwar-greece-1922%E2%80%931940-spyridon-ploumidis"><i>Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 215–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429275272-10">10.4324/9780429275272-10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-27527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-27527-2"><bdi>978-0-429-27527-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+authoritarianism+in+interwar+Greece+%281922%E2%80%931940%29&rft.btitle=Conservatives+and+Right+Radicals+in+Interwar+Europe&rft.pages=215-236&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429275272-10&rft.isbn=978-0-429-27527-2&rft.aulast=Ploumidis&rft.aufirst=Spyridon+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780429275272-10%2Fnationalism-authoritarianism-interwar-greece-1922%25E2%2580%25931940-spyridon-ploumidis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedja2024" class="citation news cs1">Dedja, Stiljan (22 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sot.com.al/english/opinion-editorial/greqia-vazhdon-te-pengoje-shqiperine-ne-rrugen-e-saj-europiane-i637158">"Greece continues to hinder Albania on its European path"</a>. <i>Sot News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sot+News&rft.atitle=Greece+continues+to+hinder+Albania+on+its+European+path&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft.aulast=Dedja&rft.aufirst=Stiljan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsot.com.al%2Fenglish%2Fopinion-editorial%2Fgreqia-vazhdon-te-pengoje-shqiperine-ne-rrugen-e-saj-europiane-i637158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOveryWheatcroft1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a>; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtowar00over"><i>The Road to War</i></a></span>. Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtowar00over/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028530-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028530-7"><bdi>978-0-14-028530-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+War&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028530-7&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Wheatcroft%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtowar00over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulish2008" class="citation news cs1">Kulish, Nicholas (7 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/07/world/europe/07hungarians.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=Szekler&st=nyt&oref=slogin">"Kosovo's Actions Hearten a Hungarian Enclave"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sozcu.com.tr&rft.atitle=Yeniden+Osmanl%C4%B1+hayalinin+pe%C5%9Finden+ko%C5%9Fan+AKP%2C+felaketi+yakalad%C4%B1%21..&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sozcu.com.tr%2F2013%2Fyazarlar%2Fugur-dundar%2Fyeniden-osmanli-hayalinin-pesinden-kosan-akp-felaketi-yakaladi-291359%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://t24.com.tr/haber/kilicdaroglu-akp-cokmus-osmanliciligi-ambalajliyor,284360">"Kılıçdaroğlu: AKP çökmüş Osmanlıcılığı ambalajlıyor"</a>. <i>T24</i> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asbarez.com/139676/armenian-populated-districts-of-istanbul-attacked/">the original</a> on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armenian-Populated+Districts+of+Istanbul+Attacked&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F139676%2Farmenian-populated-districts-of-istanbul-attacked%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129144141/https://asbarez.com/140032/kurdish-mayor-of-igdir-town-installs-welcome-sign-in-armenian/">"Kurdish Mayor of Igdir Installs 'Welcome' Sign in Armenian"</a>. Asbarez. 22 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asbarez.com/140032/kurdish-mayor-of-igdir-town-installs-welcome-sign-in-armenian/">the original</a> on 29 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kurdish+Mayor+of+Igdir+Installs+%27Welcome%27+Sign+in+Armenian&rft.date=2015-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F140032%2Fkurdish-mayor-of-igdir-town-installs-welcome-sign-in-armenian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/ilce-girisindeki-ermenice-yaziyi-tahrip-ettiler">"İlçe girişindeki Ermenice yazıyı tahrip ettiler"</a> (in Turkish). 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Asbarez. 21 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armenian+Signboards+Removed+in+Igdir&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F151966%2Farmenian-signboards-removed-in-igdir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3214479-zelensky-enacts-strategy-for-deoccupation-and-reintegration-of-crimea.html">"Zelensky enacts strategy for de-occupation and reintegration of Crimea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Government of Ukraine</a>. 24 March 2021. <q><i>Decree No. 117/2021</i> of March 24 on enactment of the relevant decision of the National Security and Defense Council was published on the website of the Head of State.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukrinform&rft.atitle=Zelensky+enacts+strategy+for+de-occupation+and+reintegration+of+Crimea&rft.date=2021-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3214479-zelensky-enacts-strategy-for-deoccupation-and-reintegration-of-crimea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/8db0d387-fb41-4142-b78f-6619d36d8be0">"Ukraine has upgraded its war aims as confidence grows, says foreign minister"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 10 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/8db0d387-fb41-4142-b78f-6619d36d8be0">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Ukraine+has+upgraded+its+war+aims+as+confidence+grows%2C+says+foreign+minister&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F8db0d387-fb41-4142-b78f-6619d36d8be0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation web cs1">Lee, John (2013-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/03/02/commentary/world-commentary/beware-a-revanchist-china/">"Beware a revanchist China"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Beware+a+revanchist+China&rft.date=2013-03-02&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fopinion%2F2013%2F03%2F02%2Fcommentary%2Fworld-commentary%2Fbeware-a-revanchist-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-papers/taming-the-revanchist-dragon.html">"Taming the Revanchist Dragon"</a>. <i>www.delhipolicygroup.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.delhipolicygroup.org&rft.atitle=Taming+the+Revanchist+Dragon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delhipolicygroup.org%2Fpublication%2Fpolicy-papers%2Ftaming-the-revanchist-dragon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revanchism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2007" class="citation cs2">Akçam, Taner (2007), <i>A Shameful Act</i>, London: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shameful+Act&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkmeșe2005" class="citation cs2">Akmeșe, Handan Nezir (2005), <i>The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to World War I</i>, London: IB Tauris</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Modern+Turkey%3A+The+Ottoman+Military+and+the+March+to+World+War+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Akme%C8%99e&rft.aufirst=Handan+Nezir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2018" class="citation cs2">Kieser, Hans-Lukas (26 June 2018), <i>Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide</i>, Princeton University Press (published 2018), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15762-7"><bdi>978-0-691-15762-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talaat+Pasha%3A+Father+of+Modern+Turkey%2C+Architect+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15762-7&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevanchism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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