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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_parks_and_protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_parks_and_protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Nature parks and protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_parks_and_protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vosges</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogese" title="Vogese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vogese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogesen" title="Vogesen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vogesen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="جبال الفوج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبال الفوج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgos" title="Vosgos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vosgos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordal_de_los_Vosgos" title="Cordal de los Vosgos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cordal de los Vosgos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Вагезы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вагезы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Вагезы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вагезы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="वॉसजेज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वॉसजेज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Вогези – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вогези" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojo%C3%B9" title="Vojoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vojoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges_(serralada)" title="Vosges (serralada) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vosges (serralada)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vog%C3%A9zy" title="Vogézy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vogézy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges_(mynyddoedd)" title="Vosges (mynyddoedd) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Vosges (mynyddoedd)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogeserne" title="Vogeserne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vogeserne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogesen" title="Vogesen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vogesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogeesid" title="Vogeesid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vogeesid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Βόσγια όρη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόσγια όρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_de_los_Vosgos" title="Cordillera de los Vosgos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cordillera de los Vosgos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogezoj" title="Vogezoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vogezoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosge_mendiak" title="Vosge mendiak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vosge mendiak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%DA%98" title="ووژ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ووژ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_des_Vosges" title="Massif des Vosges – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massif des Vosges" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogezen" title="Fogezen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fogezen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%A3%BC%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="보주산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보주산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վոգեզներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոգեզներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogezi" title="Vogezi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vogezi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan_Vosges" title="Pegunungan Vosges – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan Vosges" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgi" title="Vosgi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vosgi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%96%27" title="הרי הווז' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרי הווז'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვოგეზები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოგეზები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Вогез таулары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вогез таулары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosegus" title="Vosegus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vosegus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vog%C4%93zi" title="Vogēzi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vogēzi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogesen" title="Vogesen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vogesen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vog%C4%97z%C5%B3_kalnai" title="Vogėzų kalnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vogėzų kalnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogeze" title="Vogeze – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vogeze" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vog%C3%A9zek" title="Vogézek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vogézek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogezen_(gebergte)" title="Vogezen (gebergte) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vogezen (gebergte)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="ヴォージュ山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴォージュ山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogesene" title="Vogesene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vogesene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogesane" title="Vogesane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vogesane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2ges" title="Vòges – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vòges" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2" title="فوز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فوز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wogezy" title="Wogezy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wogezy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgos" title="Vosgos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vosgos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Vosgi" title="Munții Vosgi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Munții Vosgi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Вогезы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вогезы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vosges" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges_mountains" title="Vosges mountains – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vosges mountains" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vog%C3%A9zy_(pohorie)" title="Vogézy (pohorie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vogézy (pohorie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogezi" title="Vogezi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vogezi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Вогези (планине) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вогези (планине)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges_(masiv)" title="Vosges (masiv) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vosges (masiv)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogeesit" title="Vogeesit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vogeesit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogeserna" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vosges&params=48_N_7_E_type:mountain_region:FR_scale:600000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°N</span> <span class="longitude">7°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48°N 7°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48; 7</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain range in France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department of France</a> of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges (department)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Vosges</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses_near_Bussang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of houses on the slopes near Bussang (Vosges, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Houses_near_Bussang.jpg/272px-Houses_near_Bussang.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Houses_near_Bussang.jpg/408px-Houses_near_Bussang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Houses_near_Bussang.jpg/544px-Houses_near_Bussang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Houses on the slopes near <a href="/wiki/Bussang" title="Bussang">Bussang</a> in France</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ballon" title="Grand Ballon">Grand Ballon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,424 m (4,672 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">120 km (75 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">5,500 km<sup>2</sup> (2,100 sq mi)up to 6,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,300 sq mi) depending on the natural region boundaries selected</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vogesen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Vogese</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannic German language">Alemannic German</a>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_topographique_des_Vosges.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Carte_topographique_des_Vosges.svg/272px-Carte_topographique_des_Vosges.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Carte_topographique_des_Vosges.svg/408px-Carte_topographique_des_Vosges.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Carte_topographique_des_Vosges.svg/544px-Carte_topographique_des_Vosges.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><div>Map of the Vosges Mountains</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vosges&params=48_N_7_E_type:mountain_region:FR_scale:600000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°N</span> <span class="longitude">7°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48°N 7°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48; 7</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Medium mountain range</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gneiss, granite and vulcanite <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_unit" title="Stratigraphic unit">stratigraphic units</a>: about 419–252 mya<br /><a href="/wiki/Bunter_sandstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunter sandstone">Bunter sandstone</a> stratigraphic unit: 252–243 mya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">Rock type(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulcanite" title="Vulcanite">vulcanite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Vosges</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">VOHZH</span></i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[voʒ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/Fr-Paris--Vosges.ogg\/Fr-Paris--Vosges.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Paris--Vosges.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Fr-Paris--Vosges.ogg/Fr-Paris--Vosges.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Paris--Vosges.ogg" title="File:Fr-Paris--Vosges.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Vogesen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[voˈɡeːzn̩]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/73\/De-Vogesen.ogg\/De-Vogesen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Vogesen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/De-Vogesen.ogg/De-Vogesen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Vogesen.ogg" title="File:De-Vogesen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franconian_(linguistics)" title="Franconian (linguistics)">Franconian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannic German language">Alemannic German</a>: <i lang="gsw">Vogese</i>) are a range of medium mountains in Eastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, near its <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_border" title="France–Germany border">border</a> with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Forest">Palatine Forest</a> to the north on the German side of the border, they form a single <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphological</a> unit and low mountain range of around 8,000 km<sup>2</sup> (3,100 sq mi) in area. It runs in a north-northeast direction from the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundian Gate">Burgundian Gate</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Belfort" title="Belfort">Belfort</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ronchamp" title="Ronchamp">Ronchamp</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lure,_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Lure, Haute-Saône">Lure</a> line) to the Börrstadt Basin (the <a href="/wiki/Winnweiler" title="Winnweiler">Winnweiler</a>–<a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rrstadt" title="Börrstadt">Börrstadt</a>–<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6llheim" title="Göllheim">Göllheim</a> line), and forms the western boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain" title="Upper Rhine Plain">Upper Rhine Plain</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ballon" title="Grand Ballon">Grand Ballon</a> is the highest peak at 1,424 m (4,672 ft), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Storkenkopf" title="Storkenkopf">Storkenkopf</a> (1,366 m, 4,482 ft), and the <a href="/wiki/Hohneck_(Vosges)" title="Hohneck (Vosges)">Hohneck</a> (1,364 m, 4,475 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-IGN_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGN-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geographically</a>, the Vosges Mountains are wholly in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, far above the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Saverne" title="Col de Saverne">Col de Saverne</a> separating them from the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_Forest" title="Palatinate Forest">Palatinate Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The latter area logically continues the same Vosges geologic structure but traditionally receives this different name for historical and political reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (June 2020)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From 1871 to 1918 the Vosges marked for the most part the border between <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and France, due to the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. The elongated <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a> is divided south to north into three sections: </p> <ul><li>The Higher Vosges or High Vosges<sup id="cite_ref-D_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Hautes Vosges</i>), extending in the southern part of the range from Belfort to the river valley of the <a href="/wiki/Bruche_(river)" title="Bruche (river)">Bruche</a>. The rounded summits of the Hautes Vosges are called <i>ballons</i> in French, literally "balloons".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> Vosges or Middle Vosges<sup id="cite_ref-D_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (50 km, 31 mi), between the Permian Basin of Saint-Die including the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dinantian" title="Dinantian">Dinantian</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanic massif</a> of Schirmeck-Moyenmoutier and the Col de Saverne</li> <li>The Lower Vosges or Low Vosges<sup id="cite_ref-D_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (48 km, 30 mi), commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vosges_Regional_Nature_Park" title="Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park">North Vosges</a>, a sandstone plateau ranging from 300 metres (1,000 ft) to 560 metres (1,850 ft) high,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the <a href="/wiki/Col_de_Saverne" title="Col de Saverne">Col de Saverne</a> and the source of the <a href="/wiki/Lauter_(Rhine)" title="Lauter (Rhine)">Lauter</a>.</li></ul> <p>In addition, the term "Central Vosges" is used to designate the various lines of summits, especially those above 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in elevation. The French department of Vosges is named after the range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballons_Vosges.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ballons_Vosges.png/220px-Ballons_Vosges.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ballons_Vosges.png/330px-Ballons_Vosges.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ballons_Vosges.png/440px-Ballons_Vosges.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Upper Vosges Mountains map</figcaption></figure> <p>From a geological point of view, a <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> period caused the formation of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and the uplift of the bedrock plates of the Vosges, in eastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and those in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. From a scientific view, the Vosges Mountains are not mountains as such, but rather the western edge of the unfinished Alsatian graben, stretching continuously as part of the larger Tertiary formations. Erosive <a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">glacial</a> action was the primary catalyst for development of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">highland</a> massif feature. </p><p>The Vosges in their southern and central parts are called the <i>Hautes Vosges</i>. These consist of a large <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> mountain eroded just before the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> Period with <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a> masses or other volcanic intrusions. The north, south and west parts are less eroded by glaciers, and here Vosges <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> and Permian red <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> remains are found in large beds. The <i>grès vosgien</i> (a French name for a Triassic rose sandstone) are embedded sometimes up to more than 500 m (1,600 ft) in thickness. The Lower Vosges in the north are dislocated plates of various sandstones, ranging from 300 to 600 m (1,000 to 2,000 ft) high. </p><p>The Vosges are very similar to the corresponding range of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> since both lie within the same degrees of latitude, have similar geological formations and are characterized by forests on their lower slopes, above which are open pastures and rounded summits of a rather uniform altitude. Both areas exhibit steeper slopes towards the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and a more gradual descent on the other side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Vosges and the Black Forest were formed by <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">isostatic uplift</a> in response to the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Graben" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine Graben">Rhine Graben</a>, a major extensional basin. When such basins form, the thinning of the crust causes uplift immediately adjacent to the basin, decreasing with distance from the basin. Thus, the highest range of peaks rises immediately adjacent to the basin and increasingly lower mountains rise further from the basin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains">Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Route_des_Cr%C3%AAtes_Grand_Ballon_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Route_des_Cr%C3%AAtes_Grand_Ballon_1.jpg/220px-Route_des_Cr%C3%AAtes_Grand_Ballon_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Route_des_Cr%C3%AAtes_Grand_Ballon_1.jpg/330px-Route_des_Cr%C3%AAtes_Grand_Ballon_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Route_des_Cr%C3%AAtes_Grand_Ballon_1.jpg/440px-Route_des_Cr%C3%AAtes_Grand_Ballon_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4509" data-file-height="2505" /></a><figcaption>Grand Ballon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Storkenkopf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Le_Storkenkopf.JPG/220px-Le_Storkenkopf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Le_Storkenkopf.JPG/330px-Le_Storkenkopf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Le_Storkenkopf.JPG/440px-Le_Storkenkopf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Storkenkopf</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-01-15_16-51-49-hohneck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2011-01-15_16-51-49-hohneck.jpg/220px-2011-01-15_16-51-49-hohneck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2011-01-15_16-51-49-hohneck.jpg/330px-2011-01-15_16-51-49-hohneck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2011-01-15_16-51-49-hohneck.jpg/440px-2011-01-15_16-51-49-hohneck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11625" data-file-height="3049" /></a><figcaption>Hohneck</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kastelberg_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kastelberg_large.jpg/220px-Kastelberg_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kastelberg_large.jpg/330px-Kastelberg_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kastelberg_large.jpg/440px-Kastelberg_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3910" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption>Kastelberg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Tanet_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Le_Tanet_01.jpg/220px-Le_Tanet_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Le_Tanet_01.jpg/330px-Le_Tanet_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Le_Tanet_01.jpg/440px-Le_Tanet_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Le Tanet</figcaption></figure> <p>The highest points are in the <i>Hautes Vosges</i>: the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ballon" title="Grand Ballon">Grand Ballon</a>, in ancient times called <i>Ballon de Guebwiller</i> or <i>Ballon de Murbach,</i> rises to 1,424 m (4,672 ft); the <a href="/wiki/Storckenkopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Storckenkopf">Storckenkopf</a> to 1,366 m (4,482 ft); the <a href="/wiki/Hohneck_(Vosges)" title="Hohneck (Vosges)">Hohneck</a> to 1,364 m (4,475 ft); the <a href="/wiki/Kastelberg" title="Kastelberg">Kastelberg</a> to 1,350 m (4,429 ft); and the <a href="/wiki/Ballon_d%27Alsace" title="Ballon d'Alsace">Ballon d'Alsace</a> to 1,247 m (4,091 ft). The Col de Saales, between the Higher and Central Vosges, reaches nearly 579 m (1,900 ft), both lower and narrower than the Higher Vosges, with <a href="/wiki/Mont_Donon" title="Mont Donon">Mont Donon</a> at 1,008 m (3,307 ft) being the highest point of this Nordic section. </p><p>The highest mountains and peaks of the Vosges (with Alsatian or German names in brackets) are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ballon" title="Grand Ballon">Grand Ballon</a> (<i>Großer Belchen</i>) 1,424 m (4,672 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storkenkopf" title="Storkenkopf">Storkenkopf</a> 1,366 m (4,482 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohneck_(Vosges)" title="Hohneck (Vosges)">Hohneck</a> 1,363 m (4,472 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastelberg" title="Kastelberg">Kastelberg</a> 1,350 m (4,429 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klintzkopf" title="Klintzkopf">Klintzkopf</a> (<i>Klinzkopf</i>) 1,330 m (4,364 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothenbachkopf" title="Rothenbachkopf">Rothenbachkopf</a> 1,316 m (4,318 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauchenkopf" title="Lauchenkopf">Lauchenkopf</a> 1,314 m (4,311 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batteriekopf" title="Batteriekopf">Batteriekopf</a> 1,311 m (4,301 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haut_de_Falimont" title="Haut de Falimont">Haut de Falimont</a> 1,306 m (4,285 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazon_du_Faing" title="Gazon du Faing">Gazon du Faing</a> 1,306 m (4,285 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainkopf" title="Rainkopf">Rainkopf</a> 1,305 m (4,281 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazon_de_Fa%C3%AEte" title="Gazon de Faîte">Gazon de Faîte</a> 1,303 m (4,275 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringbuhl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringbuhl">Ringbuhl</a> (<i>Ringbühl</i>) 1,302 m (4,272 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soultzereneck" class="mw-redirect" title="Soultzereneck">Soultzereneck</a> (<i>Sulzereneck</i>) 1,302 m (4,272 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Tanet" title="Le Tanet">Le Tanet</a> (<i>Tanneck</i>) 1,292 m (4,239 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Ballon" title="Petit Ballon">Petit Ballon</a> (<i>Kahler Wasen</i> or <i>Kleiner Belchen</i>) 1,272 m (4,173 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballon_d%27Alsace" title="Ballon d'Alsace">Ballon d'Alsace</a> (<i>Elsässer Belchen</i>) 1,247 m (4,091 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9zouard" title="Brézouard">Brézouard</a> 1,229 m (4,032 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballon_de_Servance" title="Ballon de Servance">Ballon de Servance</a> (highest point in the département of <a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a>) 1,216 m (3,990 ft)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drumont_(Vosges)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drumont (Vosges) (page does not exist)">Drumont</a> 1,200 m (3,937 ft)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rossberg_(Masevaux)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rossberg (Masevaux) (page does not exist)">Rossberg</a> 1,191 m (3,907 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planche_des_Belles_Filles" class="mw-redirect" title="Planche des Belles Filles">Planche des Belles Filles</a> 1,148 m (3,766 ft)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molkenrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molkenrain (page does not exist)">Molkenrain</a> 1,123 m (3,684 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_du_Feu" title="Champ du Feu">Champ du Feu</a> (<i>Hochfeld</i> or <i>Firstfeld</i>) 1,098 m (3,602 ft)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baerenkopf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baerenkopf (page does not exist)">Baerenkopf</a> 1,074 m (3,524 ft)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocher_de_Mutzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocher de Mutzig (page does not exist)">Rocher de Mutzig</a> (<i>Mutzigfelsen</i>) 1,008 m (3,307 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donon" class="mw-redirect" title="Donon">Donon</a> 1,008 m (3,307 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taennchel" title="Taennchel">Taennchel</a> (<i>Tännchel</i>) 992 m (3,255 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climont" title="Climont">Climont</a> 965 m (3,166 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmannswillerkopf" title="Hartmannswillerkopf">Hartmannswillerkopf</a> (<i>Hartmannsweilerkopf</i>) 956 m (3,136 ft)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ungersberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ungersberg (page does not exist)">Ungersberg</a> 901 m (2,956 ft)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%AAte_du_Coquin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tête du Coquin (page does not exist)">Tête du Coquin</a> 837 m (2,746 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Odile" title="Mont Sainte-Odile">Mont Sainte-Odile</a> (<i>Odilienberg</i>) 764 m (2,507 ft)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabo_(Vosges)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabo (Vosges) (page does not exist)">Dabo</a> (<i>Dagsburg</i>) 650 m (2,130 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Wintersberg" title="Grand Wintersberg">Grand Wintersberg</a> (<i>Großer Wintersberg</i>) 581 m (1,906 ft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Hohenbourg" title="Château de Hohenbourg">Hohenbourg</a> (<i>Hohenburg</i>) 550 m (1,804 ft)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_parks_and_protected_areas">Nature parks and protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nature parks and protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Nature_park" title="Nature park">nature parks</a> lie within the Vosges: the <a href="/wiki/Ballons_des_Vosges_Nature_Park" title="Ballons des Vosges Nature Park">Ballons des Vosges Nature Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vosges_Regional_Nature_Park" title="Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park">Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vosges" title="Northern Vosges">Northern Vosges</a> Nature Park and the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_Forest_Nature_Park" title="Palatinate Forest Nature Park">Palatinate Forest Nature Park</a> on the German side of the border form the cross-border <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>-designated <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_Forest-North_Vosges_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve">Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve</a>. </p><p>In the late 20th century, a wide area of the massif was included in two <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vosges_Regional_Natural_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Vosges Regional Natural Park">Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord</a> (established in 1976) and the <a href="/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_des_Ballons_des_Vosges" class="mw-redirect" title="Parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges">Parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges</a> (established in 1989).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lac_de_Schiessroth_140707.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lac_de_Schiessroth_140707.JPG/220px-Lac_de_Schiessroth_140707.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lac_de_Schiessroth_140707.JPG/330px-Lac_de_Schiessroth_140707.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lac_de_Schiessroth_140707.JPG/440px-Lac_de_Schiessroth_140707.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schiessrothried" title="Schiessrothried">Schiessrothried</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">glacial lake</a> in the Vosges</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Saint-Odile_1_11_2011_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mont_Saint-Odile_1_11_2011_3.jpg/220px-Mont_Saint-Odile_1_11_2011_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mont_Saint-Odile_1_11_2011_3.jpg/330px-Mont_Saint-Odile_1_11_2011_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mont_Saint-Odile_1_11_2011_3.jpg/440px-Mont_Saint-Odile_1_11_2011_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="2444" /></a><figcaption>View from Mont Saint-Odile in Autumn</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorologically</a>, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">Foehn effect</a> the difference between the eastern and western mean slopes of the range is very marked. The main air streams come generally from the west and southwest, so the Alsatian central plains just under the Hautes-Vosges receive much less water than the south-west front of the Vosges Mountains. The highlands of the <a href="/wiki/Arrondissement" title="Arrondissement">arrondissement</a> of Remiremont receive as annual rainfall or snowfall more than 2,000 mm (79 in) of precipitation yearly, whereas some dry countryside near Colmar receives less than 500 mm (20 in) of water in the event of insufficient storms. The temperature is much lower in the west front of the mountains than in the low plains behind the massif, especially in summer. On the eastern slope economic vineyards reach to a height of 400 m (1,300 ft); on the other hand, in the mountains, it is a land of pasture and forest. </p><p>The only rivers in Alsace are the <a href="/wiki/Ill_(France)" title="Ill (France)">Ill</a> coming from south Alsace (or Sundgau), and the Bruche d'Andlau and the <a href="/wiki/Bruche_(river)" title="Bruche (river)">Bruche</a> which have as tributaries other, shorter but sometimes powerful streams coming like the last two from the Vosges Mountains. The rivers <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meurthe_(river)" title="Meurthe (river)">Meurthe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Sarre</a> and their numerous affluents all rise on the <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> side. </p><p>In the High Moselle and Meurthe basins, <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a>, boulders and polished rocks testify to the former existence of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> which once covered the top of the Vosges. The mountain lakes caused by the original glacial phenomena are surrounded by pines, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beeches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maples</a>, and green meadows provide pasture for large herds of cattle, with views of the Rhine valley, the Black Forest and the distant, snow-covered Swiss mountains. </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="font-size:medium"> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Ballon_d%27Alsace" title="Ballon d'Alsace">Ballon d'Alsace</a></b> </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.038em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">252</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.32em;height:0.9em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.22em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">1</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.82em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−3</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:4.078em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">204</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.3em;height:0.98em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.28em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">1</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.93em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">197</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.8em;height:1.14em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−1</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.474em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">124</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.48em;height:1.38em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.86em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.98em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.576em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">179</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.18em;height:1.5em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.68em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.68em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.692em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">135</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.88em;height:1.52em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.38em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.976em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">149</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.24em;height:1.48em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.72em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.74em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.142em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">157</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.26em;height:1.42em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.68em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.76em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">11</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">154</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.58em;height:1.28em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.86em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.08em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:4.21em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">211</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.98em;height:1.08em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.06em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.48em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:4.304em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">215</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.1em;height:0.92em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.02em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">1</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.772em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">289</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.52em;height:0.88em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.02em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−2</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: Meteociel.fr<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.038em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">9.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.32em;height:0.9em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.22em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.82em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:4.078em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.3em;height:0.98em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.28em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">35</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.93em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">7.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.8em;height:1.14em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.94em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">40</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.474em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.48em;height:1.38em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.86em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">49</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.98em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.576em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.18em;height:1.5em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.68em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">56</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.68em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">43</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.692em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.88em;height:1.52em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.38em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">49</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.976em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.24em;height:1.48em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.72em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">65</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.74em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.142em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.26em;height:1.42em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.68em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">65</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.76em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">52</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.58em;height:1.28em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.86em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">58</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.08em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:4.21em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">8.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.98em;height:1.08em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.06em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">51</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.48em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:4.304em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">8.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.1em;height:0.92em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.02em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:5.772em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">11</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.52em;height:0.88em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.02em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vosagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosagus">Vosagus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Vosges (disambiguation)">Battle of Vosges (disambiguation)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hohk%C3%B6nigsburg,_Bergfried,_Blick_in_die_Ebene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hohk%C3%B6nigsburg%2C_Bergfried%2C_Blick_in_die_Ebene.jpg/220px-Hohk%C3%B6nigsburg%2C_Bergfried%2C_Blick_in_die_Ebene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hohk%C3%B6nigsburg%2C_Bergfried%2C_Blick_in_die_Ebene.jpg/330px-Hohk%C3%B6nigsburg%2C_Bergfried%2C_Blick_in_die_Ebene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hohk%C3%B6nigsburg%2C_Bergfried%2C_Blick_in_die_Ebene.jpg/440px-Hohk%C3%B6nigsburg%2C_Bergfried%2C_Blick_in_die_Ebene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4490" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Haut-K%C5%93nigsbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg">Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg</a> in the Vosges was built during the 12th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Grand_Geroldseck%22_castle_(looking_East)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%22Grand_Geroldseck%22_castle_%28looking_East%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%22Grand_Geroldseck%22_castle_%28looking_East%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%22Grand_Geroldseck%22_castle_%28looking_East%29_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%22Grand_Geroldseck%22_castle_%28looking_East%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%22Grand_Geroldseck%22_castle_%28looking_East%29_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%22Grand_Geroldseck%22_castle_%28looking_East%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Grand-Geroldseck" title="Château du Grand-Geroldseck">Château du Grand-Geroldseck</a>, now in ruins</figcaption></figure> <p>The massif known in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> as <i>Vosago mons </i> or <i>Vosego silva</i>, sometimes <i>Vogesus mons</i>, was extended to the vast woods covering the region. Later, German speakers referred to the same region as <i>Vogesen</i> or <i>Wasgenwald</i>. </p><p>Over the centuries, settlement population density grew gradually, as was typical for a forested region. Forests were cleared for agriculture, livestock and early industrial factories (such as <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> works and <a href="/wiki/Glassworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassworks">glassworks</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Water_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mill">water mills</a> used <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">water power</a>. Concentrations of settlement and immigration took place and not only in areas where <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a> were found. In the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> area of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%A8pvrette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lièpvrette (page does not exist)">Lièpvrette</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8pvrette" class="extiw" title="fr:Lièpvrette">fr</a>]</span> valley, for example, there was an influx of Saxon miners and mining specialists. From time to time, wars, plagues and religious conflicts saw the depopulation of territories – in their wake it was not uncommon for people to be relocated there from other areas. </p><p>On the lower heights and buttresses of the main chain on the <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsatian</a> side are numerous castles, generally in ruins, testifying to the importance of this crucial crossroads of Europe, violently contested for centuries. At several points on the main ridge, especially at <a href="/wiki/Sainte_Odile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte Odile">Sainte Odile</a> above <a href="/wiki/Ribeauvill%C3%A9" title="Ribeauvillé">Ribeauvillé</a> (German: Rappoltsweiler), are the remains of a wall of unmortared stone with tenons of wood, about 1.8 to 2.2 m (6 to 7 ft) thick and 1.3 to 1.7 m (4 to 6 ft) high, called the <i>Mur Païen</i> (Pagan Wall). It was used for defence in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> are divided as to whether it was built by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">the Romans</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">before their arrival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, on 13 July 1794, the Vosges were the scene of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trippstadt" title="Battle of Trippstadt">Battle of Trippstadt</a>. From 1871 to 1918, they formed the main border line between France and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. The demarcation line stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Ballon_d%27Alsace" title="Ballon d'Alsace">Ballon d'Alsace</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Mont_Donon" title="Mont Donon">Mont Donon</a> in the north with the lands east of it being incorporated into Germany as part of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>. </p><p>The Vosges saw extensive fighting during the world wars. During World War I, there was severe and almost continuous fighting in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II in October 1944, there was a fierce battle between German forces and the U.S. 442nd Regiment, a segregated unit composed of second-generation Japanese Americans (Nisei), during which the 442nd charged straight up the mountain to rescue the 1st Battalion of the 36th Infantry, formerly the Texas Guard—also known as the "Lost Battalion"—who were cut off and stranded on the mountainside under heavy fire from the Germans. Two previous rescues failed. The 442nd suffered 800 casualties, rescued the Texans, and took the mountain. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 January 1992 <a href="/wiki/Air_Inter_Flight_148" title="Air Inter Flight 148">Air Inter Flight 148</a> crashed into the Vosges Mountains while circling to land at Strasbourg International Airport, killing 87 people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In pre-Roman times, the Vosges was empty of settlements or was colonized and dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> era, <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> also settled in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in the northwest. Contrary to widespread belief, the main ridge of the Vosges coincided with the historical Roman-Germanic language boundary only in the southern Vosges. Old Romance (<i>Altromanisch</i>) is spoken east of the main ridge: in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Weiss_(river)" title="Weiss (river)">Weiss</a> around <a href="/wiki/Lapoutroie" title="Lapoutroie">Lapoutroie</a>, the valley of Lièpvrette (nowadays also called the <i>Val d'Argent</i>; "Valley of Silver"), parts of the canton of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vall%C3%A9e_de_Vill%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vallée de Villé (page does not exist)">Villé valley</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_Vill%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Vallée de Villé">fr</a>]</span> (<i>Vallée de Villé</i>) and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Bruche_(river)" title="Bruche (river)">Bruche valley</a> (<i>Vallée de la Bruche</i>). By contrast, those parts of the northern Vosges and the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Wasgau" title="Wasgau">Wasgau</a>, which lie north of the Breusch valley, fall within the Germanic-speaking area because, from <a href="/wiki/Schirmeck" title="Schirmeck">Schirmeck</a> the historical linguistic boundary turns to the northwest and runs between Donon and Mutzigfelsen heading for <a href="/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a> (<i>Saarburg</i>). The Germanic areas of the Vosges mountains are part of the <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic dialect</a> region and cultural area and, in the north, also part of the <a href="/wiki/Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Franconian languages">Frankish dialect</a> region and cultural area. The Romance-speaking areas are traditionally part of the <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain language</a> region in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a> region in the south. For a long time the distribution of languages and dialects basically correlated with the pattern of settlement movements. However, the switch from German to French as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> which took place between the 17th and the 20th century across the whole of Alsace was not accompanied by any further significant movements of population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Vosges_Regional_Natural_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Vosges Regional Natural Park">Northern Vosges Regional Natural Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosges_and_Jura_coal_mining_basins" title="Vosges and Jura coal mining basins">Vosges and Jura coal mining basins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_the_Vosges_massif" title="Flora of the Vosges massif">Flora of the Vosges massif</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Reference-AHD-Vosges" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Vosges">"Vosges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Vosges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DVosges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVosges" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081743/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Vosges">"Vosges"</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200305210825/https://www.lexico.com/definition/vosges">"Vosges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Vosges">the original</a> on 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vosges&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FVosges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVosges" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Vosges">"Vosges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Vosges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FVosges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVosges" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Vogesen">"Vogesen | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a> online</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duden+online&rft.atitle=Vogesen+%7C+Rechtschreibung%2C+Bedeutung%2C+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2FVogesen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVosges" class="Z3988"></span> or Wasgenwald</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGN-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IGN_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Institut_G%C3%A9ographique_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Géographique National">IGN</a> maps available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/accueil">Géoportail</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickinson, Robert E (1964). <i>Germany: A Regional and Economic Geography</i> (2nd ed.). London: Methuen, p. 540. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000IOFSEQ">B000IOFSEQ</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parc-ballons-vosges.fr/comprendre/parc-naturel-regional-ballons-vosges/">"Parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges | PnrBV"</a>. <i>Parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parc+naturel+r%C3%A9gional+des+Ballons+des+Vosges&rft.atitle=Parc+naturel+r%C3%A9gional+des+Ballons+des+Vosges+%7C+PnrBV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parc-ballons-vosges.fr%2Fcomprendre%2Fparc-naturel-regional-ballons-vosges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVosges" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meteociel.fr/obs/clim/normales_records.php?code=90065003">"気象庁｜過去の気象データ検索"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E5%BA%81%EF%BD%9C%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%97%E8%B1%A1%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteociel.fr%2Fobs%2Fclim%2Fnormales_records.php%3Fcode%3D90065003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVosges" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1921" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Vosges Mountains"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Vosges_Mountains">"Vosges Mountains" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vosges+Mountains&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=P.+F.+Collier+%26+Son+Company&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVosges" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, James Daniel, Facing the Mountain, a True Story of Japanese American Heroes in WWII (Viking, 2021), Chapter 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolbéry1823" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golbéry, Philippe de (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2SVh5AeIQkcC"><i>Mémoire sur quelques anciennes fortifications des Vosges, ou l'on examine la question de savoir quel peuple au temps de Jules-César, était établi dans la Haute-Alsace</i></a> (in French). de l'imprimerie de F.G. Levrault, imprimeur du Roi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+quelques+anciennes+fortifications+des+Vosges%2C+ou+l%27on+examine+la+question+de+savoir+quel+peuple+au+temps+de+Jules-C%C3%A9sar%2C+%C3%A9tait+%C3%A9tabli+dans+la+Haute-Alsace&rft.pub=de+l%27imprimerie+de+F.G.+Levrault%2C+imprimeur+du+Roi&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Golb%C3%A9ry&rft.aufirst=Philippe+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2SVh5AeIQkcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVosges" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vosges (mountains)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Vosges_(mountains)">"Vosges" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vosges&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=214&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVosges" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General texts: </p> <ul><li>René Bastien, <i>Histoire de Lorraine</i>, éditions Serpenoise, Metz, 1991, 224 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87692-088-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-87692-088-3">2-87692-088-3</a> (simple historic approach for children)</li> <li>Etienne Julliard, <i>Atlas et géographie de l'Alsace et de la Lorraine</i>, Flammarion, 1977, 288 pages (a geogropher's view of this part of France who gives theirs waters to <a href="/wiki/Rhin" title="Rhin">Rhin</a>)</li> <li>Robert Parisot, <i>Histoire de Lorraine (Meurthe, Meuse, Moselle, Vosges)</i>, Tome 1 à 4 et index alphabétique général, Auguste Picard éditeur, Paris, 1924. Anastaltic impression in Belgium by the éditions Culture et Civilisation, Bruxelles, 1978. (large and more sophisticated evenemential history)</li> <li>Yves Sell (dir.), <i>L'Alsace et les Vosges, géologie, milieux naturels, flore et faune</i>, La bibliothèque du naturaliste, Delachaux et Niestlé, Lausanne, 1998, 352 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-603-01100-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-603-01100-6">2-603-01100-6</a> (global view of nature and land)</li> <li>Jean-Paul von Eller, <i>Guide géologique Vosges-Alsace</i>, guide régionaux, collection dirigée par Charles Pomerol, 2° édition, Masson, Paris, 1984, 184 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-225-78496-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-225-78496-5">2-225-78496-5</a> (a precise geologic description)</li></ul> <p>List of majors periodicals concerning Lorraine and South Lorraine: </p> <ul><li><i>Annales de l'Est (et du Nord)</i>, Nancy.</li> <li><i>Annales de la <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9mulation" title="Société d'émulation">Société d'Émulation des Vosges</a></i>, Epinal, from 1826.</li> <li><i>Bulletin de la Société Philomatique Vosgienne</i>, Saint-Dié, from 1875 to 1999 (nowadays <i>Mémoire des Vosges Histoire Société Coutumes</i>)</li> <li>Publications of the <i>Société d'Histoire et d'Archéologie lorraine</i>, Metz (from 1890, nowadays <i>Les Cahiers Lorrains</i>, trimestrial review).</li> <li>Publications of the <i>Société d'Histoire de la Lorraine & <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Lorrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée Lorrain">Musée Lorrain</a></i>, Nancy (Lotharingist wrintings since 1820, nowadays trimestrial périodical, <i>Le Pays Lorrain</i>)</li></ul> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>: </p> <ul><li><i>Guide des sources de la Grande Guerre dans le département des Vosges</i>, Conseil général de Vosges, Epinal, 2008, 296 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86088-062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86088-062-6">978-2-86088-062-6</a></li> <li>Isabelle Chave (dir.) avec Magali Delavenne, Jean-Claude Fombaron, Philippe Nivet, Yann Prouillet, <i>La Grande Guerre dans les Vosges : sources et état des lieux</i>, Actes du colloque tenu à Epinal du 4 au 6 septembre 2008, Conseil général des Vosges, 2009, 348 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86088-067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86088-067-1">978-2-86088-067-1</a></li> <li>"La guerre aérienne dans les Vosges. 1914–1919", <i>Mémoire des Vosges H.S.C.</i> édité par la Société Philomatique Vosgienne, [hors série n°5, septembre 2009], 68 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1626-5238">1626-5238</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vosges&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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