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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Terminology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Terminology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ocean_and_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_and_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Ocean and sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_and_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 World Ocean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Natural history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Natural history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origin of water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ocean formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oceanic_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanic_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Oceanic divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanic_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_basins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_basins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ocean basins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_basins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_the_coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_the_coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Interaction with the coast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_the_coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Physical properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Color </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_cycle,_weather,_and_rainfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_cycle,_weather,_and_rainfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Water cycle, weather, and rainfall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_cycle,_weather,_and_rainfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waves_and_swell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waves_and_swell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Waves and swell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waves_and_swell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_level_and_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_level_and_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Sea level and surface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_level_and_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Tides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Depth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanic_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanic_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Oceanic zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanic_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grouped_by_light_penetration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grouped_by_light_penetration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Grouped by light penetration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grouped_by_light_penetration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grouped_by_depth_and_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grouped_by_depth_and_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Grouped by depth and temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grouped_by_depth_and_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grouped_by_distance_from_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grouped_by_distance_from_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.3 Grouped by distance from land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grouped_by_distance_from_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Volumes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_and_salinity_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_and_salinity_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Temperature and salinity by region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_and_salinity_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_ice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_ice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Sea ice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_ice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_currents_and_global_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_currents_and_global_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Ocean currents and global climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_currents_and_global_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_ocean_currents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_ocean_currents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.1 Types of ocean currents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_ocean_currents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_of_currents_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_of_currents_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12.2 Relationship of currents and climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_of_currents_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Chemical properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemical properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Salinity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolved_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolved_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Dissolved gases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolved_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxygen,_photosynthesis_and_carbon_cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen,_photosynthesis_and_carbon_cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Oxygen, photosynthesis and carbon cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen,_photosynthesis_and_carbon_cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-pH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#pH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 pH </div> </a> <ul id="toc-pH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alkalinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkalinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Alkalinity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkalinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residence_times_of_chemical_elements_and_ions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence_times_of_chemical_elements_and_ions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Residence times of chemical elements and ions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residence_times_of_chemical_elements_and_ions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Nutrients </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Marine life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_uses_of_the_oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_uses_of_the_oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Human uses of the oceans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_uses_of_the_oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_from_human_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_from_human_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Threats from human activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Threats_from_human_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Threats from human activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Threats_from_human_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Marine pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overfishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overfishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Overfishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overfishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ocean</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 217 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-217" aria-hidden="true" > 217 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseaan" title="Oseaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oseaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean" title="Ozean – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ozean" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%85%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5" title="ውቅያኖስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ውቅያኖስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ldimeer%C3%A2" title="Väldimeerâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Väldimeerâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%81rsecg" title="Gārsecg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gārsecg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аокеан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аокеан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="محيط (جغرافيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محيط (جغرافيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano" title="Oceano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oceano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%A3" title="ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A8an" title="Ocèan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ocèan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="মহাসাগৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মহাসাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anu" title="Océanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Océanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguasu" title="Paraguasu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Paraguasu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean" title="Okean – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Okean" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اوقیانوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوقیانوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Samudra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="মহাসাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাসাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Samudra" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-i%C3%BB%E2%81%BF" title="Hái-iûⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-iûⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Samudra" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Акіян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Акіян – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Акіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="महासागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महासागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadagatan" title="Kadagatan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kadagatan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipsi" title="Dipsi – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Dipsi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean" title="Ozean – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ozean" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean" title="Okean – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Okean" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurvor" title="Meurvor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meurvor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Далай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Далай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A0" title="Oceà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oceà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadagatan" title="Kadagatan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kadagatan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A1n" title="Oceán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oceán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A5si" title="Tåsi – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Tåsi" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungwa" title="Gungwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gungwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefnfor" title="Cefnfor – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cefnfor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdenshave" title="Verdenshave – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Verdenshave" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean" title="Ozean – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ozean" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nteel" title="Tónteel – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tónteel" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="महासागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="महासागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ookean" title="Ookean – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ookean" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ωκεανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ωκεανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano" title="Océano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Océano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano" title="Oceano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oceano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anu" title="Océanu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Océanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeano" title="Ozeano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ozeano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اقیانوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقیانوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav" title="Hav – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hav" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an" title="Océan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Océan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseaan" title="Oseaan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oseaan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9an" title="Aigéan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuan" title="Cuan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cuan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano" title="Océano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Océano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Оакафорд – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Оакафорд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B" title="大洋 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="大洋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%96%91" title="대양 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대양" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Օվկիանոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օվկիանոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="महासागर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महासागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awuhu" title="Awuhu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Awuhu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano" title="Oceano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oceano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oke_%C3%92r%C3%ACm%C3%ACl%C3%AC" title="Oke Òrìmìlì – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Oke Òrìmìlì" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaw" title="Taaw – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samudra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano" title="Oceano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oceano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%92%AB%E1%93%97%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᒫᓗᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᒫᓗᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%A1iuq_(imiq)" title="Taġiuq (imiq) – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Taġiuq (imiq)" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iilwandle" title="Iilwandle – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Iilwandle" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haf" title="Haf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Haf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano" title="Oceano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oceano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אוקיינוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוקיינוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodra" title="Samodra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Samodra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%A9%C5%8Bgam%CA%8B%CA%8B_(Oc%C3%A9an)" title="Lɩŋgamʋʋ (Océan) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɩŋgamʋʋ (Océan)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0" title="ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karayatmalatan" title="Karayatmalatan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Karayatmalatan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ოკეანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოკეანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="سۆدُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سۆدُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мұхит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұхит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynvor" title="Keynvor – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Keynvor" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_kuu" title="Bahari kuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari kuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfa" title="Welfa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Welfa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseyan_(jewografi)" title="Oseyan (jewografi) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Oseyan (jewografi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%C3%A9an" title="Loséan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Loséan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyan%C3%BBs" title="Okyanûs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Okyanûs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean" title="Ozean – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ozean" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94" title="ມະຫາສະໝຸດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາສະໝຸດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oceanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oke%C4%81ns" title="Okeāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Okeāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenynas" title="Vandenynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandenynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano" title="Oceano – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Oceano" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaan" title="Oceaan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/braxamsi" title="braxamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="braxamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucean" title="Ucean – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ucean" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ce%C3%A1n" title="Óceán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Óceán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="महासागर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="महासागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasina" title="Ranomasina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സമുദ്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമുദ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana_nui" title="Moana nui – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Moana nui" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="महासागर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="महासागर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ოკიანე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოკიანე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7" title="محيط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محيط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan" title="Lautan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lautan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Samudra" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2i-i%C3%B2ng" title="Dâi-iòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâi-iòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouceano" title="Ouceano – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouceano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Оцюведь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Оцюведь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Далай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Далай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="သမုဒ္ဒရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သမုဒ္ဒရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhuica%C4%81tl" title="Ilhuicaātl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ilhuicaātl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasa" title="Wasa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wasa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaan" title="Oceaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaan" title="Oceaan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="महासागर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महासागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="महासागर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="महासागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B" title="大洋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大洋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano" title="Oceano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Oceano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Ӏапказ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏапказ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosean" title="Oosean – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Oosean" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshen" title="Oshen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Oshen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdenshav" title="Verdenshav – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdenshav" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdshav" title="Verdshav – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Verdshav" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Тептеҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тептеҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean" title="Okean – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Okean" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="ساگر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساگر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="သမုဒ္ဒရာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သမုဒ္ဒရာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A9ano" title="Oséano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oséano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سمندر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoshan" title="Uoshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Uoshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="មហាសមុទ្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាសមុទ្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean" title="Ozean – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ozean" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano" title="Oceano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oceano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean" title="Okean – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Okean" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean" title="Okean – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Okean" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeyanu" title="Okeyanu – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Okeyanu" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_qucha" title="Mama qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mama qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Далай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Далай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="सागरः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सागरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱯᱩᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean" title="Ozean – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ozean" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewatle" title="Lewatle – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Lewatle" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqeani" title="Oqeani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oqeani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A8anu" title="Ocèanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ocèanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB" title="සාගර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාගර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%8F%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="وڏو سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وڏو سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A1n_(%C4%8Das%C5%A5_svetov%C3%A9ho_oce%C3%A1nu)" title="Oceán (časť svetového oceánu) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oceán (časť svetového oceánu)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94cean" title="Ôcean – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ôcean" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badweyn" title="Badweyn – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Badweyn" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ئۆقیانووس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆقیانووس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaladri" title="Jaladri – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jaladri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtameri" title="Valtameri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtameri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ocean" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karagatan" title="Karagatan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karagatan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெருங்கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெருங்கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaru" title="Agaru – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agaru" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaraw" title="Agaraw – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agaraw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceane" title="Oceane – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Oceane" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="మహాసముద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మహాసముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3" title="มหาสมุทร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาสมุทร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="Уқёнус – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уқёнус" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BA%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎠᎺᏉᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎺᏉᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyanus" title="Okyanus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Okyanus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean" title="Okean – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Okean" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1gba%CC%B1ndang_kyai_a%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot" title="A̱gba̱ndang kyai a̱sa̱khwot – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱gba̱ndang kyai a̱sa̱khwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Океан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Океан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81" title="بحیرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئوكيان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوكيان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haijyangz" title="Haijyangz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haijyangz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A8ano" title="Osèano – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Osèano" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdmeri" title="Valdmeri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Valdmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đại dương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean" title="Sean – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sean" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurmeri" title="Suurmeri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Suurmeri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceyan" title="Oceyan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oceyan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B" title="洋 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="洋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceoan" title="Oceoan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Oceoan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawdan" title="Kalawdan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalawdan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%A0mbulaan" title="Mbàmbulaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbàmbulaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B" title="洋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="洋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwandle" title="Lwandle – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Lwandle" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אקעאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקעאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun" title="Òkun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òkun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B" title="大洋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大洋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyanus" title="Okyanus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Okyanus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C4%97n%C4%ABns" title="Ondėnīns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ondėnīns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B" title="洋 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okean" title="Okean – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Okean" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1" title="ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9430#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marine_(ocean)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">Marine (ocean)</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Body of salt water covering most of Earth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about natural science aspects of Earth's oceans. For more on human experience, history and culture of oceans, see <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ocean_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ocean (disambiguation)">Ocean (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Earth's ocean</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_world_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ocean_world_Earth.jpg/264px-Ocean_world_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ocean_world_Earth.jpg/396px-Ocean_world_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ocean_world_Earth.jpg/528px-Ocean_world_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2300" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> of Earth seen from space in 1969</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_length_of_coastline" title="List of countries by length of coastline">List of countries by length of coastline</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">361,000,000 km2 (139,382,879 sq mi) (71% Earth's surface area)<a href="#cite_note-Webb-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">3.688 km (2 mi)<a href="#cite_note-NOAAs_National_Ocean_Service-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">11.034 km (6.856 mi) (<a href="/wiki/Challenger_Deep" title="Challenger Deep">Challenger Deep</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">1,370,000,000 km3 (328,680,479 cu mi)<a href="#cite_note-Webb-1">[1]</a> (97.5% of Earth's water)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shore length1</th><td class="infobox-data">Low interval calculation: 356,000 km (221,208 mi)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> High interval calculation: 1,634,701 km (1,015,756 mi)<a href="#cite_note-wri-5">[5]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. temperature</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>30 °C (86 °F) (max. surface)</li><li>20 °C (68 °F) (avg. surface)</li><li>4 °C (39 °F) (avg. overall)<a href="#cite_note-Home_2013-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography_2014-7">[7]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Min. temperature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>−2 °C (28 °F) (surface)</li><li>1 °C (34 °F) (deepest points)<a href="#cite_note-Home_2013-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography_2014-7">[7]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sections/sub-basins</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">Main divisions</a> (volume %): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> (50.1%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> (23.3%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> (19.8%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> (5.4%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> (1.4%)</li></ul></div> Other divisions: <a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trenches</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_oceanic_trenches" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oceanic trenches">List of oceanic trenches</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff; border-top: 1px solid #cedeff">1 Shore length is <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">not a well-defined measure</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> The ocean is the body of <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">salt water</a> that covers approximately 70.8% of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Percentage-8">[8]</a> In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oed.130201-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-mw.ocean-11">[11]</a> The ocean contains 97% of <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Earth's water</a><a href="#cite_note-Percentage-8">[8]</a> and is the primary component of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a> and is thereby essential to <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> on Earth. The ocean influences <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> patterns, the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> by acting as a huge <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat reservoir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Ocean scientists</a> split the ocean into vertical and horizontal zones based on physical and biological conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic zone</a> is the open ocean's <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a> from the surface to the ocean floor. The water column is further divided into zones based on depth and the amount of light present. The <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a> starts at the surface and is defined to be "the depth at which light intensity is only 1% of the surface value"<a href="#cite_note-:12-12">[12]</a>: 36  (approximately 200 m in the open ocean). This is the zone where <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> can occur. In this process plants and microscopic <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> (free floating <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>) use light, water, carbon dioxide, and nutrients to produce organic matter. As a result, the photic zone is the most <a href="/wiki/Biodiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiverse">biodiverse</a> and the source of the food supply which sustains most of the ocean <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. Ocean photosynthesis also produces half of the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Light can only penetrate a few hundred more meters; the rest of the deeper ocean is cold and dark (these zones are called <a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">mesopelagic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aphotic_zone" title="Aphotic zone">aphotic</a> zones). The <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> is where the ocean meets dry land. It is more shallow, with a depth of a few hundred meters or less. Human activity often has <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">negative impacts</a> on <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a> within the continental shelf. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperatures</a> depend on the amount of solar radiation reaching the ocean surface. In the tropics, <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">surface temperatures</a> can rise to over 30 °C (86 °F). Near the poles where <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> forms, the temperature in equilibrium is about −2 °C (28 °F). In all parts of the ocean, deep ocean temperatures range between −2 °C (28 °F) and 5 °C (41 °F).<a href="#cite_note-:7-14">[14]</a> Constant circulation of water in the ocean creates <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>. Those currents are caused by forces operating on the water, such as temperature and salinity differences, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a> (wind), and the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a> create tidal currents, while wind and waves cause surface currents. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuroshio_Current" title="Kuroshio Current">Kuroshio Current</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> are all major ocean currents. Such currents transport massive amounts of water, gases, pollutants and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat</a> to different parts of the world, and from the surface into the deep ocean. All this has impacts on the global <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a>. Ocean water contains dissolved gases, including <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">exchange of these gases</a> occurs at the ocean's surface. The solubility of these gases depends on the temperature and salinity of the water.<a href="#cite_note-:9-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere</a> is rising due to <a href="/wiki/CO2_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 emissions">CO2 emissions</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> combustion. As the oceans absorb CO2 from the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, a higher concentration leads to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> (a drop in <a href="/wiki/PH_value" class="mw-redirect" title="PH value">pH value</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:10-17">[17]</a> The ocean provides many benefits to humans such as <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a>, access to <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">marine resources</a>, and a means of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">transport</a>. The ocean is known to be the <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> of over 230,000 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, but may hold considerably more – perhaps over two million species.<a href="#cite_note-la.2009-18">[18]</a> Yet, the ocean faces many <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental</a> threats, such as <a href="#Marine_pollution">marine pollution</a>, <a href="#Overfishing">overfishing</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">effects of climate change</a>. Those effects include <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">ocean warming</a>, ocean acidification and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal waters</a> are most affected by human activity. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_and_sea">Ocean and sea</h3></div> The terms "the ocean" or "the sea" used without specification refer to the interconnected body of salt water covering the majority of Earth's surface.<a href="#cite_note-oed.130201-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-mw.ocean-11">[11]</a> It includes the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern/Antarctic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a> oceans.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> As a general term, "the ocean" and "the sea" are often interchangeable.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Strictly speaking, a "sea" is a body of water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.<a href="#cite_note-pri.sea-21">[21]</a> The word "sea" can also be used for many specific, much smaller bodies of seawater, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. There is no sharp distinction between seas and oceans, though generally seas are smaller, and are often partly (as <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth#Marginal_seas_by_ocean" title="List of seas on Earth">marginal seas</a>) or wholly (as <a href="/wiki/Inland_sea" title="Inland sea">inland seas</a>) bordered by land.<a href="#cite_note-oceanservice.noaa2-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Ocean">World Ocean</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"World Ocean" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">ocean world</a>. "Ocean Sea" redirects here. For the 1993 novel by Alessandro Baricco, see <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Sea_(novel)" title="Ocean Sea (novel)">Ocean Sea (novel)</a>.</div> The contemporary concept of the World Ocean was coined in the early 20th century by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> oceanographer <a href="/wiki/Yuly_Shokalsky" title="Yuly Shokalsky">Yuly Shokalsky</a> to refer to the continuous ocean that covers and encircles most of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Janin_Mandia_2012_p._20-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The global, interconnected body of salt water is sometimes referred to as the World Ocean, global ocean or the great ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Ro_2020-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNAoO-27">[27]</a> The concept of a continuous body of water with relatively unrestricted exchange between its components is critical in <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spil.42-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> The word ocean comes from the figure in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/oʊˈsiːənəs/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%A8%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ὠκεανός">Ὠκεανός</a> Ōkeanós,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ɔːkeanós]</a>), the elder of the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a> in classical <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. Oceanus was believed by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> to be the divine personification of an enormous <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> encircling the world. The concept of Ōkeanós has an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European religion">Indo-European</a> connection. Greek Ōkeanós has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> epithet ā-śáyāna-, predicated of the dragon Vṛtra-, who captured the cows/rivers. Related to this notion, the Okeanos is represented with a dragon-tail on some early Greek vases.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_oceans" title="List of ancient oceans">List of ancient oceans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_water">Origin of water</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin of water on Earth</a></div> Scientists believe that a sizable quantity of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> would have been in the material that formed Earth.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity more easily when it was less massive during its formation. This is called <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">atmospheric escape</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Earth#Formation" title="Earth">planetary formation</a>, Earth possibly had <a href="/wiki/Magma_ocean" title="Magma ocean">magma oceans</a>. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanic activity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorite_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorite impact">meteorite impacts</a>, produced an early atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, according to current theories. The gases and the atmosphere are thought to have accumulated over millions of years. After Earth's surface had significantly cooled, the <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> over time would have condensed, forming Earth's first oceans.<a href="#cite_note-NOAAs_National_Ocean_Service_2013-32">[32]</a> The early oceans might have been significantly hotter than today and appeared green due to high iron content.<a href="#cite_note-Astrobiology_2017-33">[33]</a> Geological evidence helps constrain the time frame for liquid water existing on Earth. A sample of pillow basalt (a type of rock formed during an underwater eruption) was recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Isua_Greenstone_Belt" title="Isua Greenstone Belt">Isua Greenstone Belt</a> and provides evidence that water existed on Earth 3.8 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-:62-34">[34]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Nuvvuagittuq_Greenstone_Belt" title="Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt">Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada, rocks dated at 3.8 billion years old by one study<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and 4.28 billion years old by another<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> show evidence of the presence of water at these ages.<a href="#cite_note-:62-34">[34]</a> If oceans existed earlier than this, any geological evidence either has yet to be discovered, or has since been destroyed by geological processes like <a href="/wiki/Crustal_recycling" title="Crustal recycling">crustal recycling</a>. However, in August 2020, researchers reported that sufficient water to fill the oceans may have always been on the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> since the beginning of the planet's formation.<a href="#cite_note-SCI-20200827wu-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20200827aa-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In this model, atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> had <a href="/wiki/Faint_young_Sun_paradox" title="Faint young Sun paradox">only 70%</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity">current luminosity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-asp2002-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_formation">Ocean formation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paleoceanography" title="Paleoceanography">Paleoceanography</a></div>The origin of Earth's oceans is unknown. Oceans are thought to have formed in the <a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a> eon and may have been the cause for the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">emergence of life</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial rebound</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> continually change the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastline</a> and structure of the world ocean. A global ocean has existed in one form or another on Earth for eons. Since its formation the ocean has taken many conditions and shapes with many <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_oceans" title="List of ancient oceans">past ocean divisions</a> and potentially at times covering the whole globe.<a href="#cite_note-Voosen_p.-41">[41]</a> During colder climatic periods, more ice caps and glaciers form, and enough of the global water supply accumulates as ice to lessen the amounts in other parts of the water cycle. The reverse is true during warm periods. During the last ice age, glaciers covered almost one-third of Earth's land mass with the result being that the oceans were about 122 m (400 ft) lower than today. During the last global "warm spell," about 125,000 years ago, the seas were about 5.5 m (18 ft) higher than they are now. About three million years ago the oceans could have been up to 50 m (165 ft) higher.<a href="#cite_note-:32-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg/400px-World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg/600px-World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg/800px-World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>World map of the five-ocean model with approximate boundaries</figcaption></figure> The entire ocean, containing 97% of Earth's water, spans 70.8% of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface,<a href="#cite_note-Percentage-8">[8]</a> making it Earth's global ocean or world ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Janin_Mandia_2012_p._20-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ro_2020-25">[25]</a> This makes Earth, along with its vibrant <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a> a "water world"<a href="#cite_note-Smith_2021-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic_Society_2022-44">[44]</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">ocean world</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Lunine_2017_pp._123–130-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_Worlds-46">[46]</a> particularly in Earth's early history when the ocean is thought to have possibly covered Earth completely.<a href="#cite_note-Voosen_p.-41">[41]</a> The ocean's shape is irregular, unevenly dominating the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's surface">Earth's surface</a>. This leads to the distinction of the Earth's surface into a <a href="/wiki/Water_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hemisphere">water and land hemisphere</a>, as well as the division of the ocean into different oceans. <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a> covers about 361,000,000 km2 (139,000,000 sq mi) and the ocean's furthest <a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">pole of inaccessibility</a>, known as "<a href="/wiki/Point_Nemo" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Nemo">Point Nemo</a>", in a region known as <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_cemetery" title="Spacecraft cemetery">spacecraft cemetery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Ocean">South Pacific Ocean</a>, at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ocean&params=48_52.6_S_123_23.6_W_type:landmark&title=Point+Nemo">48°52.6′S 123°23.6′W / 48.8767°S 123.3933°W / -48.8767; -123.3933 (Point Nemo)</a>. This point is roughly 2,688 km (1,670 mi) from the nearest land.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanic_divisions">Oceanic divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">Borders of the oceans</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_ocean_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/220px-World_ocean_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/330px-World_ocean_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/440px-World_ocean_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Map of Earth centered on its ocean, showing the different ocean divisions</figcaption></figure> There are different customs to subdivide the ocean and are adjourned by smaller bodies of water such as, <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of seas">seas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_gulfs" title="List of gulfs">gulfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">bights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">straits</a>. The ocean is customarily divided into five principal oceans – listed below in descending order of area and volume: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Oceans by size </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"># </th> <th scope="col">Ocean </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Location </th> <th scope="col">Area (km2) </th> <th scope="col">Volume (km3) </th> <th scope="col">Avg. depth (m) </th> <th scope="col">Coastline (km)<a href="#cite_note-itu-48">[48]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:text-top;"> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></td> <td align="left">Between <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a><a href="#cite_note-eoe-pac-49">[49]</a></td> <td>168,723,000 (46.6%)</td> <td>669,880,000 (50.1%)</td> <td>3,970</td> <td>135,663 (35.9%) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:text-top;"> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></td> <td align="left">Between the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-eoe-atl-50">[50]</a></td> <td>85,133,000 (23.5%)</td> <td>310,410,900 (23.3%)</td> <td>3,646</td> <td>111,866 (29.6%) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:text-top;"> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></td> <td align="left">Between <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">southern Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-eoe-ind-51">[51]</a></td> <td>70,560,000 (19.5%)</td> <td>264,000,000 (19.8%)</td> <td>3,741</td> <td>66,526 (17.6%) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:text-top;"> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></td> <td align="left">Between <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans Sometimes considered an extension of those three oceans.<a href="#cite_note-eoe-sth-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-IHO-53">[53]</a></td> <td>21,960,000 (6.1%)</td> <td>71,800,000 (5.4%)</td> <td>3,270</td> <td>17,968 (4.8%) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:text-top;"> <th scope="row">5 </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></td> <td align="left">Between northern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> Sometimes considered a <a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">marginal sea</a> of the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-Tomczak-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyc-brit-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-eoe-arc-56">[56]</a></td> <td>15,558,000 (4.3%)</td> <td>18,750,000 (1.4%)</td> <td>1,205</td> <td>45,389 (12.0%) </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;vertical-align:text-top;"> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>361,900,000 (100%) </th> <th>1.335×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 (100%) </th> <th>3,688 </th> <th>377,412 (100%) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.4em; margin:.2em 0 1.4em 1em; font-size: 0.9em;">NB: Volume, area, and average depth figures include <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> ETOPO1 figures for marginal <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. Sources: <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Earth" title="Encyclopedia of Earth">Encyclopedia of Earth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-eoe-pac-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-eoe-atl-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-eoe-ind-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-eoe-sth-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-eoe-arc-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IHO-53">[53]</a> Regional Oceanography: an Introduction (Tomczak, 2005),<a href="#cite_note-Tomczak-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>,<a href="#cite_note-encyc-brit-55">[55]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-itu-48">[48]</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_basins">Ocean basins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_topographical_features" title="List of submarine topographical features">List of submarine topographical features</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif/370px-Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif" decoding="async" width="370" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif/555px-Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif/740px-Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">Bathymetry</a> of the ocean floor showing the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">oceanic plateaus</a> (red), the <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a> (yellow-green) and the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plains</a> (blue to purple)</div></figcaption></figure> The ocean fills Earth's <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">oceanic basins</a>. Earth's oceanic basins cover different <a href="/wiki/Geologic_province" title="Geologic province">geologic provinces</a> of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>. As such it covers mainly Earth's <a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">structural basins</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelfs</a>. In mid-ocean, <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> is constantly being thrust through the seabed between adjoining plates to form <a href="/wiki/Mid-oceanic_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-oceanic ridge">mid-oceanic ridges</a> and here convection currents within the mantle tend to drive the two plates apart. Parallel to these ridges and nearer the coasts, one oceanic plate may slide beneath another oceanic plate in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a>. Deep <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">trenches</a> are formed here and the process is accompanied by friction as the plates grind together. The movement proceeds in jerks which cause earthquakes, heat is produced and <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> is forced up creating underwater mountains, some of which may form chains of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic islands</a> near to deep trenches. Near some of the boundaries between the land and sea, the slightly denser oceanic plates slide beneath the continental plates and more subduction trenches are formed. As they grate together, the continental plates are deformed and buckle causing mountain building and seismic activity.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Every ocean basin has a <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a>, which creates a long mountain range beneath the ocean. Together they form the global <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-oceanic ridge</a> system that features the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#By_length" title="List of mountain ranges">longest</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> in the world. The longest continuous mountain range is 65,000 km (40,000 mi). This underwater mountain range is several times longer than the longest continental mountain range – the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanographers</a> state that less than 20% of the oceans have been mapped.<a href="#cite_note-noaa.gov-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_with_the_coast">Interaction with the coast</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG/220px-NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG/330px-NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG/440px-NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouse</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean County">Ocean County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, U.S., facing the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sunrise" title="Sunrise">sunrise</a></figcaption></figure> The zone where land meets sea is known as the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a>, and the part between the lowest spring <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a> and the upper limit reached by splashing waves is the <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">shore</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> is the accumulation of sand or <a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a> on the shore.<a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse2912-61">[61]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headland</a> is a point of land jutting out into the sea and a larger <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontory</a> is known as a <a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">cape</a>. The indentation of a coastline, especially between two headlands, is a <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bay</a>, a small bay with a narrow inlet is a <a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">cove</a> and a large bay may be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_gulfs" title="List of gulfs">gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Coastlines are influenced by several factors including the strength of the waves arriving on the shore, the gradient of the land margin, the composition and hardness of the coastal rock, the inclination of the off-shore slope and the changes of the level of the land due to local uplift or submergence.<a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse2912-61">[61]</a> Normally, waves roll towards the shore at the rate of six to eight per minute and these are known as constructive waves as they tend to move material up the beach and have little erosive effect. Storm waves arrive on shore in rapid succession and are known as destructive waves as the <a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">swash</a> moves beach material seawards. Under their influence, the sand and shingle on the beach is ground together and abraded. Around high tide, the power of a storm wave impacting on the foot of a cliff has a shattering effect as air in cracks and crevices is compressed and then expands rapidly with release of pressure. At the same time, sand and pebbles have an erosive effect as they are thrown against the rocks. This tends to undercut the cliff, and normal <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> processes such as the action of frost follows, causing further destruction. Gradually, a wave-cut platform develops at the foot of the cliff and this has a protective effect, reducing further wave-erosion.<a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse2912-61">[61]</a> Material worn from the margins of the land eventually ends up in the sea. Here it is subject to <a href="/wiki/Attrition_(erosion)" title="Attrition (erosion)">attrition</a> as currents flowing parallel to the coast scour out channels and transport sand and pebbles away from their place of origin. Sediment carried to the sea by rivers settles on the seabed causing <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">deltas</a> to form in estuaries. All these materials move back and forth under the influence of waves, tides and currents.<a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse2912-61">[61]</a> Dredging removes material and deepens channels but may have unexpected effects elsewhere on the coastline. Governments make efforts to prevent flooding of the land by the building of <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dykes and levees</a> and other sea defences. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a> is designed to protect London from a storm surge,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> while the failure of the dykes and levees around <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis" title="Humanitarian crisis">humanitarian crisis</a> in the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Season-long_composites_of_ocean_chlorophyll_(8161799575).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Season-long_composites_of_ocean_chlorophyll_%288161799575%29.jpg/350px-Season-long_composites_of_ocean_chlorophyll_%288161799575%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Season-long_composites_of_ocean_chlorophyll_%288161799575%29.jpg/525px-Season-long_composites_of_ocean_chlorophyll_%288161799575%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Season-long_composites_of_ocean_chlorophyll_%288161799575%29.jpg/700px-Season-long_composites_of_ocean_chlorophyll_%288161799575%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Ocean <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> concentration is a proxy for <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> biomass. In this map, blue colors represent lower chlorophyll and reds represent higher chlorophyll. Satellite-measured chlorophyll is estimated based on <a href="/wiki/Ocean_color" title="Ocean color">ocean color</a> by how green the color of the water appears from space.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_color" title="Ocean color">Ocean color</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_color&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Most of the ocean is blue in color, but in some places the ocean is blue-green, green, or even yellow to brown.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Blue ocean color is a result of several factors. First, water preferentially absorbs red light, which means that blue light remains and is reflected back out of the water. Red light is most easily absorbed and thus does not reach great depths, usually to less than 50 meters (164 ft). Blue light, in comparison, can penetrate up to 200 meters (656 ft).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Second, water molecules and very tiny particles in ocean water preferentially scatter blue light more than light of other colors. Blue light scattering by water and tiny particles happens even in the very clearest ocean water,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and is similar to <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_sky_radiation" title="Diffuse sky radiation">blue light scattering in the sky</a>. The main substances that affect the color of the ocean include <a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">dissolved organic matter</a>, living <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> pigments, and non-living particles like <a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">marine snow</a> and mineral <a href="/wiki/Sediments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediments">sediments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_color_Coble-67">[67]</a> Chlorophyll can be measured by <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> observations and serves as a proxy for ocean productivity (<a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">marine primary productivity</a>) in surface waters. In long term composite satellite images, regions with high ocean productivity show up in yellow and green colors because they contain more (green) <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, whereas areas of low productivity show up in blue.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_cycle,_weather,_and_rainfall">Water cycle, weather, and rainfall</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Effects of climate change on the water cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_Water_Cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Diagram_of_the_Water_Cycle.jpg/390px-Diagram_of_the_Water_Cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Diagram_of_the_Water_Cycle.jpg/585px-Diagram_of_the_Water_Cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Diagram_of_the_Water_Cycle.jpg/780px-Diagram_of_the_Water_Cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The ocean is a major driver of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ocean water represents the largest body of water within the global <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> (oceans contain 97% of <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Earth's water</a>). Evaporation from the ocean moves water into the atmosphere to later rain back down onto land and the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-:3-68">[68]</a> Oceans have a significant effect on the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>. The ocean as a whole is thought to cover approximately 90% of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-noaa.gov-60">[60]</a> Oceanic <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, as a phase of the water cycle, is the source of most rainfall (about 90%),<a href="#cite_note-:3-68">[68]</a> causing a global <a href="/wiki/Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">cloud cover</a> of 67% and a consistent oceanic cloud cover of 72%.<a href="#cite_note-King_Platnick_Menzel_Ackerman_2013_pp._3826–3852-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperatures</a> affect <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> patterns that affect life on land. One of the most dramatic forms of <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> occurs over the oceans: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> (also called "typhoons" and "hurricanes" depending upon where the system forms). As the world's ocean is the principal component of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, it is integral to <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> on Earth, forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, and – as a huge <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat reservoir</a> – influences climate and weather patterns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waves_and_swell">Waves and swell</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv/220px--Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="390" data-height="292" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="390" data-height="292" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv/Steep_deep_water_wave.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Movement of water as waves pass</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell (ocean)</a></div> The motions of the ocean surface, known as undulations or <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">wind waves</a>, are the partial and alternate rising and falling of the ocean surface. The series of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical waves">mechanical waves</a> that propagate along the interface between water and air is called <a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">swell</a> – a term used in <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> These motions profoundly affect ships on the surface of the ocean and the well-being of people on those ships who might suffer from <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">sea sickness</a>. Wind blowing over the surface of a body of water forms <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">waves</a> that are perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The friction between air and water caused by a gentle breeze on a pond causes <a href="/wiki/Capillary_wave" title="Capillary wave">ripples</a> to form. A stronger gust blowing over the ocean causes larger waves as the moving air pushes against the raised ridges of water. The waves reach their maximum height when the rate at which they are travelling nearly matches the speed of the wind. In open water, when the wind blows continuously as happens in the Southern Hemisphere in the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Forties" title="Roaring Forties">Roaring Forties</a>, long, organized masses of water called <a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">swell</a> roll across the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Stow-71">[71]</a>: 83–84 <a href="#cite_note-NOAA-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> If the wind dies down, the wave formation is reduced, but already-formed waves continue to travel in their original direction until they meet land. The size of the waves depends on the <a href="/wiki/Fetch_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetch (geography)">fetch</a>, the distance that the wind has blown over the water and the strength and duration of that wind. When waves meet others coming from different directions, interference between the two can produce broken, irregular seas.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constructive_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive interference">Constructive interference</a> can lead to the formation of unusually high <a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">rogue waves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-74">[74]</a> Most waves are less than 3 m (10 ft) high<a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-74">[74]</a> and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above 25 meters (82 ft).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The top of a wave is known as the crest, the lowest point between waves is the trough and the distance between the crests is the wavelength. The wave is pushed across the surface of the ocean by the wind, but this represents a transfer of energy and not horizontal movement of water. As waves approach land and <a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">move into shallow water</a>, they change their behavior. If approaching at an angle, waves may bend (<a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>) or wrap around rocks and headlands (<a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a>). When the wave reaches a point where its deepest oscillations of the water contact the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">ocean floor</a>, they begin to slow down. This pulls the crests closer together and increases the <a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">waves' height</a>, which is called <a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">wave shoaling</a>. When the ratio of the wave's height to the water depth increases above a certain limit, it "<a href="/wiki/Wave_breaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave breaking">breaks</a>", toppling over in a mass of foaming water.<a href="#cite_note-mrgarrison-74">[74]</a> This rushes in a sheet up the beach before retreating into the ocean under the influence of gravity.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA2-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a> or other major geological disturbances can set off waves that can lead to <a href="/wiki/Tsunamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsunamis">tsunamis</a> in coastal areas which can be very dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-usgstsunami-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-NTWC-physics-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_level_and_surface">Sea level and surface</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ocean%27s_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean's surface">ocean's surface</a> is an important reference point for oceanography and geography, particularly as <a href="/wiki/Mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean sea level">mean sea level</a>. The ocean surface has globally little, but <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">measurable topography</a>, depending on the ocean's volumes. The ocean surface is a crucial interface for oceanic and atmospheric processes. Allowing interchange of particles, enriching the air and water, as well as grounds by some particles becoming <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>. This interchange has fertilized life in the ocean, on land and air. All these processes and components together make up <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_ecosystem" title="Ocean surface ecosystem">ocean surface ecosystems</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tides">Tides</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_of_Fundy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bay_of_Fundy.jpg/220px-Bay_of_Fundy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bay_of_Fundy.jpg/330px-Bay_of_Fundy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bay_of_Fundy.jpg/440px-Bay_of_Fundy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>High tide and low tide in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by oceans, primarily driven by <a href="/wiki/The_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon">the Moon</a>'s gravitational <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a> upon the Earth. Tidal forces affect all matter on Earth, but only <a href="/wiki/Fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluids">fluids</a> like the ocean demonstrate the effects on human timescales. (For example, tidal forces acting on rock may produce <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">tidal locking</a> between two planetary bodies.) Though primarily driven by the Moon's gravity, oceanic tides are also substantially modulated by the Sun's tidal forces, by the rotation of the Earth, and by the shape of the rocky continents blocking oceanic water flow. (Tidal forces vary more with distance than the "base" force of gravity: the Moon's tidal forces on Earth are more than double the Sun's,<a href="#cite_note-NOAAtides-81">[81]</a> despite the latter's much stronger gravitational force on Earth. Earth's tidal forces upon the Moon are 20x stronger than the Moon's tidal forces on the Earth.) The primary effect of lunar tidal forces is to bulge Earth matter towards the near and far sides of the Earth, relative to the moon. The "perpendicular" sides, from which the Moon appears in line with the local horizon, experience "tidal troughs". Since it takes nearly 25 hours for the Earth to rotate under the Moon (accounting for the Moon's 28 day orbit around Earth), tides thus cycle over a course of 12.5 hours. However, the rocky continents pose obstacles for the tidal bulges, so the timing of tidal maxima may not actually align with the Moon in most localities on Earth, as the oceans are forced to "dodge" the continents. Timing and magnitude of tides vary widely across the Earth as a result of the continents. Thus, knowing the Moon's position does not allow a local to predict tide timings, instead requiring precomputed <a href="/wiki/Tide_table" title="Tide table">tide tables</a> which account for the continents and the Sun, among others. During each tidal cycle, at any given place the tidal waters rise to maximum height, high tide, before ebbing away again to the minimum level, low tide. As the water recedes, it gradually reveals the <a href="/wiki/Foreshore" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshore">foreshore</a>, also known as the intertidal zone. The difference in height between the high tide and low tide is known as the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a> or tidal amplitude.<a href="#cite_note-oceanservice-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> When the sun and moon are aligned (full moon or new moon), the combined effect results in the higher "spring tides", while the sun and moon misaligning (half moons) result in lesser tidal ranges.<a href="#cite_note-oceanservice-82">[82]</a> In the open ocean tidal ranges are less than 1 meter, but in coastal areas these tidal ranges increase to more than 10 meters in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Some of the largest tidal ranges in the world occur in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ungava_Bay" title="Ungava Bay">Ungava Bay</a> in Canada, reaching up to 16 meters.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Other locations with record high tidal ranges include the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> between England and Wales, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet">Cook Inlet</a> in Alaska, and the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Gallegos,_Santa_Cruz" title="Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz">Río Gallegos</a> in Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Tides are not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surges</a>, which can occur when high winds pile water up against the coast in a shallow area and this, coupled with a low pressure system, can raise the surface of the ocean dramatically above a typical high tide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depth">Depth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">Bathymetry</a></div> The average depth of the oceans is about 4 km. More precisely the average depth is 3,688 meters (12,100 ft).<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-72">[72]</a> Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep.<a href="#cite_note-UNAoO-27">[27]</a> "Deep ocean," which is anything below 200 meters (660 ft), covers about 66% of Earth's surface.<a href="#cite_note-drazen-87">[87]</a> This figure does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. The deepest region of the ocean is at the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a>, located in the Pacific Ocean near the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smmt-88">[88]</a> The maximum depth has been estimated to be 10,971 meters (35,994 ft). The British naval vessel Challenger II surveyed the trench in 1951 and named the deepest part of the trench the "<a href="/wiki/Challenger_Deep" title="Challenger Deep">Challenger Deep</a>". In 1960, the <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste">Trieste</a> successfully reached the bottom of the trench, manned by a crew of two men. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanic_zones">Oceanic zones</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_divisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing showing divisions according to depth and distance from shore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Oceanic_divisions.svg/400px-Oceanic_divisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Oceanic_divisions.svg/600px-Oceanic_divisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Oceanic_divisions.svg/800px-Oceanic_divisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>The major oceanic zones, based on depth and biophysical conditions </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanographers</a> classify the ocean into vertical and horizontal zones based on physical and biological conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic zone</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a> of the open ocean, and can be divided into further regions categorized by light abundance and by depth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grouped_by_light_penetration">Grouped by light penetration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic zone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aphotic_zone" title="Aphotic zone">Aphotic zone</a></div> The ocean zones can be grouped by light penetration into (from top to bottom): the photic zone, the mesopelagic zone and the aphotic deep ocean zone: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a> is defined to be "the depth at which light intensity is only 1% of the surface value".<a href="#cite_note-:12-12">[12]</a>: 36  This is usually up to a depth of approximately 200 m in the open ocean. It is the region where <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> can occur and is, therefore, the most <a href="/wiki/Biodiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiverse">biodiverse</a>. Photosynthesis by plants and microscopic <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> (free floating <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>) allows the creation of organic matter from chemical precursors including water and carbon dioxide. This organic matter can then be consumed by other creatures. Much of the organic matter created in the photic zone is consumed there but some sinks into deeper waters. The pelagic part of the photic zone is known as the epipelagic.<a href="#cite_note-:4-89">[89]</a> The actual optics of light reflecting and penetrating at the ocean surface are complex.<a href="#cite_note-:12-12">[12]</a>: 34–39 </li> <li>Below the photic zone is the <a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">mesopelagic</a> or twilight zone where there is a very small amount of light. The basic concept is that with that little light photosynthesis is unlikely to achieve any net growth over respiration.<a href="#cite_note-:12-12">[12]</a>: 116–124 </li> <li>Below that is the aphotic deep ocean to which no surface sunlight at all penetrates. Life that exists deeper than the photic zone must either rely on material sinking from above (see <a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">marine snow</a>) or find another energy source. <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vents" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal vents">Hydrothermal vents</a> are a source of energy in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Aphotic_zone" title="Aphotic zone">aphotic zone</a> (depths exceeding 200 m).<a href="#cite_note-:4-89">[89]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grouped_by_depth_and_temperature">Grouped by depth and temperature</h4></div> The pelagic part of the aphotic zone can be further divided into vertical regions according to depth and temperature:<a href="#cite_note-:4-89">[89]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopelagic">mesopelagic</a> is the uppermost region. Its lowermost boundary is at a <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a> of 12 °C (54 °F) which generally lies at 700–1,000 meters (2,300–3,300 ft) in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>. Next is the <a href="/wiki/Bathypelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathypelagic">bathypelagic</a> lying between 10 and 4 °C (50 and 39 °F), typically between 700–1,000 meters (2,300–3,300 ft) and 2,000–4,000 meters (6,600–13,100 ft). Lying along the top of the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plain</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_zone" title="Abyssal zone">abyssopelagic</a>, whose lower boundary lies at about 6,000 meters (20,000 ft). The last and deepest zone is the <a href="/wiki/Hadal_zone" title="Hadal zone">hadalpelagic</a> which includes the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trench</a> and lies between 6,000–11,000 meters (20,000–36,000 ft).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> zones are aphotic and correspond to the three deepest zones of the <a href="/wiki/Deep-sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-sea">deep-sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bathyal_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyal zone">bathyal zone</a> covers the continental slope down to about 4,000 meters (13,000 ft). The abyssal zone covers the abyssal plains between 4,000 and 6,000 m. Lastly, the <a href="/wiki/Hadal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadal">hadal</a> zone corresponds to the hadalpelagic zone, which is found in oceanic trenches.</li></ul> Distinct boundaries between ocean surface waters and deep waters can be drawn based on the properties of the water. These boundaries are called <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermoclines</a> (temperature), <a href="/wiki/Halocline" title="Halocline">haloclines</a> (salinity), <a href="/wiki/Chemocline" title="Chemocline">chemoclines</a> (chemistry), and <a href="/wiki/Pycnocline" title="Pycnocline">pycnoclines</a> (density). If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in temperature with depth, it contains a <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a>, a distinct boundary between warmer surface water and colder deep water. In tropical regions, the thermocline is typically deeper compared to higher latitudes. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar waters</a>, where solar energy input is limited, temperature <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a> is less pronounced, and a distinct thermocline is often absent. This is due to the fact that surface waters in polar latitudes are nearly as cold as deeper waters. Below the thermocline, water everywhere in the ocean is very cold, ranging from −1 °C to 3 °C. Because this deep and cold layer contains the bulk of ocean water, the average temperature of the world ocean is 3.9 °C.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in salinity with depth, it contains a <a href="/wiki/Halocline" title="Halocline">halocline</a>. If a zone undergoes a strong, vertical chemistry gradient with depth, it contains a <a href="/wiki/Chemocline" title="Chemocline">chemocline</a>. Temperature and salinity control ocean water density. Colder and saltier water is denser, and this density plays a crucial role in regulating the global water circulation within the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-:4-89">[89]</a> The halocline often coincides with the thermocline, and the combination produces a pronounced <a href="/wiki/Pycnocline" title="Pycnocline">pycnocline</a>, a boundary between less dense surface water and dense deep water. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grouped_by_distance_from_land">Grouped by distance from land</h4></div> The pelagic zone can be further subdivided into two sub regions based on distance from land: the <a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">neritic zone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">oceanic zone</a>. The neritic zone covers the water directly above the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelves" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental shelves">continental shelves</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal waters</a>. On the other hand, the oceanic zone includes all the completely open water. The <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zone</a> covers the region between low and high tide and represents the transitional area between marine and terrestrial conditions. It is also known as the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a> zone because it is the area where tide level affects the conditions of the region.<a href="#cite_note-:4-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volumes">Volumes</h3></div> The combined volume of water in all the oceans is roughly 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (1.335 <a href="/wiki/Sextillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextillion">sextillion</a> liters, 320.3 million cubic miles).<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-hypertextbook2003-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charette_Smith_Ocean-depth-92">[92]</a><div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrosphere&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> It has been estimated that there are 1.386 billion <a href="/wiki/Cubic_kilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic kilometer">cubic</a> kilometres (333 million cubic miles) of water on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Hydrosphere_USGS-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> This includes water in gaseous, liquid and frozen forms as soil moisture, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> (to a depth of 2 km); oceans and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of seas">seas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, ice and snow cover on Earth's surface; vapour, droplets and crystals in the air; and part of living plants, animals and unicellular organisms of the biosphere. <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">Saltwater</a> accounts for 97.5% of this amount, whereas <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> accounts for only 2.5%. Of this fresh water, 68.9% is in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> and permanent snow cover in the Arctic, the Antarctic and mountain <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>; 30.8% is in the form of fresh groundwater; and only 0.3% of the fresh water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes, reservoirs and river systems.<a href="#cite_note-Hydrosphere_Shiklomanov1998-96">[96]</a> The total mass of Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1018 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>, which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. At any given time, about 2 × 1013 tonnes of this is in the form of <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a> (for practical purposes, 1 cubic metre of water weighs 1 tonne). Approximately 71% of Earth's surface, an area of some 361 million square kilometres (139.5 million square miles), is covered by ocean. The average <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> per kilogram of sea water (3.5%).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean stratification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">Ocean heat content</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></div> Ocean temperatures depends on the amount of solar radiation falling on its surface. In the tropics, with the Sun nearly overhead, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">temperature of the surface layers</a> can rise to over 30 °C (86 °F) while near the <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">poles</a> the temperature in equilibrium with the <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> is about −2 °C (28 °F). There is a continuous circulation of water in the oceans. Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics, and the water becomes denser and sinks. The cold water moves back towards the equator as a deep sea current, driven by changes in the temperature and density of the water, before eventually welling up again towards the surface. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Deep ocean water has a temperature</a> between −2 °C (28 °F) and 5 °C (41 °F) in all parts of the globe.<a href="#cite_note-:7-14">[14]</a> The temperature gradient over the water depth is related to the way the surface water mixes with deeper water or does not mix (a lack of mixing is called ocean stratification). This depends on the temperature: in the tropics the warm surface layer of about 100 m is quite stable and does not mix much with deeper water, while near the poles winter cooling and storms makes the surface layer denser and it mixes to great depth and then stratifies again in summer. The <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic depth</a> is typically about 100 m (but varies) and is related to this heated surface layer.<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[98]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans#Rising_ocean_temperature" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Effects of climate change on oceans § Rising ocean temperature</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit#Rising_ocean_temperature">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> It is clear that the ocean is warming as a result of climate change, and this rate of warming is increasing.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_SROCC_SPM_20190925-99">[99]</a>: 9  The global ocean was the warmest it had ever been recorded by humans in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_:110-100">[100]</a> This is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">ocean heat content</a>, which exceeded the previous 2021 maximum in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_:110-100">[100]</a> The steady rise in ocean temperatures is an unavoidable result of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_Energy_Imbalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's Energy Imbalance">Earth's energy imbalance</a>, which is primarily caused by rising levels of greenhouse gases.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_:110-100">[100]</a> Between pre-industrial times and the 2011–2020 decade, the ocean's surface has heated between 0.68 and 1.01 °C.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_AR6_WG1_Chapter9-101">[101]</a>: 1214 </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_and_salinity_by_region">Temperature and salinity by region</h3></div> The temperature and salinity of ocean waters vary significantly across different regions. This is due to differences in the local water balance (<a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>) and the "sea to air" <a href="/wiki/Temperature_gradient" title="Temperature gradient">temperature gradients</a>. These characteristics can vary widely from one ocean region to another. The table below provides an illustration of the sort of values usually encountered. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"> <caption>General characteristics of ocean surface waters by region<a href="#cite_note-ipcc.556-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-ecmwf.era40-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atmosphere,_Weather,_and_Climate-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-ucar.10-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Characteristic </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar regions</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Temperate regions</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical regions</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> </td> <td>Precip > Evap </td> <td>Precip > Evap </td> <td>Evap > Precip </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a> in winter </td> <td>−2 °C </td> <td>5 to 20 °C </td> <td>20 to 25 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Average <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> </td> <td>28‰ to 32‰ </td> <td>35‰ </td> <td>35‰ to 37‰ </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Annual variation of <a href="/wiki/Air_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Air temperature">air temperature</a> </td> <td>≤ 40 °C </td> <td>10 °C </td> <td>< 5 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Annual variation of <a href="/wiki/Sea_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea temperature">water temperature</a> </td> <td>< 5 °C </td> <td>10 °C </td> <td>< 5 °C </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_ice">Sea ice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea ice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></div> Seawater with a typical salinity of 35‰ has a freezing point of about −1.8 °C (28.8 °F).<a href="#cite_note-:4-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Because sea ice is less <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">dense</a> than water, it floats on the ocean's surface (as does <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> ice, which has an even lower density). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth's surface and about 12% of the world's oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Wadhams-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shokr&Sinha-110">[110]</a> Sea ice usually starts to freeze at the very surface, initially as a very thin ice film. As further freezing takes place, this ice film thickens and can form <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a>. The ice formed incorporates some <a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">sea salt</a>, but much less than the seawater it forms from. As the ice forms with low salinity this results in saltier residual seawater. This in turn increases density and promotes vertical sinking of the water.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_currents_and_global_climate">Ocean currents and global climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_general_circulation_model" title="Ocean general circulation model">Ocean general circulation model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corrientes-oceanicas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/440px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/660px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corrientes-oceanicas.png/880px-Corrientes-oceanicas.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Ocean surface currents</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map with colored, directed lines showing how water moves through the oceans. Cold deep water rises and warms in the central Pacific and in the Indian, whereas warm water sinks and cools near Greenland in the North Atlantic and near Antarctica in the South Atlantic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/250px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/375px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png/500px-Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>A map of the global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>; blue represents deep-water currents, whereas red represents surface currents.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans#Changing_ocean_currents" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Effects of climate change on oceans § Changing ocean currents</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_ocean_currents">Types of ocean currents</h4></div> An <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean current</a> is a continuous, directed flow of seawater caused by several forces acting upon the water. These include <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> differences.<a href="#cite_note-:8-15">[15]</a> Ocean currents are primarily horizontal water movements that have different origins such as tides for tidal currents, or wind and waves for surface currents. Tidal currents are in phase with the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tide</a>, hence are <a href="/wiki/Quasiperiodicity" title="Quasiperiodicity">quasiperiodic</a>; associated with the influence of the moon and sun pull on the ocean water. Tidal currents may form various complex patterns in certain places, most notably around <a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">headlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Non-periodic or non-tidal currents are created by the action of winds and changes in <a href="/wiki/Density_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Density of water">density of water</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">breaking waves</a> are so intense and the depth measurement so low, that maritime currents reach often 1 to 2 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-talley7-113">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a> create surface currents (designated as "drift currents"). These currents can decompose in one quasi-permanent current (which varies within the hourly scale) and one movement of <a href="/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a> under the effect of rapid waves movement (which vary on timescales of a couple of seconds). The quasi-permanent current is accelerated by the breaking of waves, and in a lesser governing effect, by the friction of the wind on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-talley7-113">[113]</a> This acceleration of the current takes place in the direction of waves and dominant wind. Accordingly, when the ocean depth increases, the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">rotation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a> changes the direction of currents in proportion with the increase of depth, while friction lowers their speed. At a certain ocean depth, the current changes direction and is seen inverted in the opposite direction with current speed becoming null: known as the <a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a>. The influence of these currents is mainly experienced at the mixed layer of the ocean surface, often from 400 to 800 meters of maximum depth. These currents can considerably change and are dependent on the yearly <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>. If the mixed layer is less thick (10 to 20 meters), the quasi-permanent current at the surface can adopt quite a different direction in relation to the direction of the wind. In this case, the water column becomes virtually homogeneous above the <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-talley7-113">[113]</a> The wind blowing on the ocean surface will set the water in motion. The global pattern of winds (also called <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a>) creates a global pattern of ocean currents. These are driven not only by the wind but also by the effect of the circulation of the earth (<a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">coriolis force</a>). These major ocean currents include the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuroshio_Current" title="Kuroshio Current">Kuroshio current</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas current</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a>. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current encircles <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and influences the area's climate, connecting currents in several oceans.<a href="#cite_note-talley7-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_of_currents_and_climate">Relationship of currents and climate</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_36754_Gulf-Stream,_coupe_par_l%27Itineraire_des_Paquebots_Transatlantiques_qui_Vont_de_Havre_a_New-York.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/FMIB_36754_Gulf-Stream%2C_coupe_par_l%27Itineraire_des_Paquebots_Transatlantiques_qui_Vont_de_Havre_a_New-York.jpeg/220px-FMIB_36754_Gulf-Stream%2C_coupe_par_l%27Itineraire_des_Paquebots_Transatlantiques_qui_Vont_de_Havre_a_New-York.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/FMIB_36754_Gulf-Stream%2C_coupe_par_l%27Itineraire_des_Paquebots_Transatlantiques_qui_Vont_de_Havre_a_New-York.jpeg/330px-FMIB_36754_Gulf-Stream%2C_coupe_par_l%27Itineraire_des_Paquebots_Transatlantiques_qui_Vont_de_Havre_a_New-York.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/FMIB_36754_Gulf-Stream%2C_coupe_par_l%27Itineraire_des_Paquebots_Transatlantiques_qui_Vont_de_Havre_a_New-York.jpeg/440px-FMIB_36754_Gulf-Stream%2C_coupe_par_l%27Itineraire_des_Paquebots_Transatlantiques_qui_Vont_de_Havre_a_New-York.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, a major ocean current that transports heat from the equator to northern latitudes and moderates the climate of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></figcaption></figure> Collectively, currents move enormous amounts of water and heat around the globe influencing <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. These wind driven currents are largely confined to the top hundreds of meters of the ocean. At greater depth, the <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> drives water motion. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> (AMOC) is driven by the cooling of surface waters in the polar latitudes in the north and south, creating dense water which sinks to the bottom of the ocean. This cold and dense water moves slowly away from the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">poles</a> which is why the waters in the deepest layers of the world ocean are so cold. This deep ocean water circulation is relatively slow and water at the bottom of the ocean can be isolated from the ocean surface and atmosphere for hundreds or even a few thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-talley7-113">[113]</a> This circulation has important impacts on the global <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a> and on the uptake and redistribution of pollutants and gases such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, for example by moving contaminants from the surface into the deep ocean. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean currents</a> greatly affect Earth's climate by <a href="/wiki/Transferring_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Transferring heat">transferring heat</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar regions">polar regions</a>. This affects air temperature and precipitation in coastal regions and further inland. Surface heat and freshwater <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">fluxes</a> create global <a href="/wiki/Density_gradient" title="Density gradient">density gradients</a>, which drive the <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> that is a part of large-scale ocean circulation. It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> regulation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Oceans moderate the climate of locations where prevailing winds blow in from the ocean. At similar latitudes, a place on Earth with more influence from the ocean will have a more moderate climate than a place with more influence from land. For example, the cities <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (37.8 N) and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> (40.7 N) have different climates because San Francisco has more influence from the ocean. San Francisco, on the west coast of North America, gets <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">winds from the west</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. New York, on the east coast of North America gets <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">winds from the west</a> over land, so New York has colder winters and hotter, earlier summers than San Francisco. Warmer ocean currents yield warmer climates in the long term, even at high latitudes. At similar latitudes, a place influenced by warm ocean currents will have a warmer climate overall than a place influenced by cold ocean currents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Changes in the thermohaline circulation are thought to have significant impacts on <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a>. Because the thermohaline circulation determines the rate at which deep waters reach the surface, it may also significantly influence <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric carbon dioxide</a> concentrations. Modern observations, <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">climate simulations</a> and paleoclimate reconstructions suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation</a> (AMOC) has weakened since the preindustrial era. The latest climate change projections in 2021 suggest that the AMOC is likely to weaken further over the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-114">[114]</a>: 19  Such a weakening could cause large changes to global climate, with the North Atlantic particularly vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-114">[114]</a>: 19  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seawater#Properties" title="Seawater">Seawater § Properties</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salinity">Salinity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Salinity#Seawater" title="Salinity">Salinity § Seawater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seawater#Salinity" title="Seawater">Seawater § Salinity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png/330px-WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png/495px-WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png/660px-WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png 2x" data-file-width="3208" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>Annual mean sea surface salinity in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Practical_salinity_units&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Practical salinity units (page does not exist)">practical salinity units</a> (psu) from the World Ocean Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Baranova-115">[115]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a> is a measure of the total amounts of dissolved salts in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>. It was originally measured via measurement of the amount of <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> in seawater and hence termed chlorinity. It is now standard practice to gauge it by measuring <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> of the water sample. Salinity can be calculated using the chlorinity, which is a measure of the total mass of <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> ions (includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) in seawater. According to an international agreement, the following formula is used to determine salinity:<a href="#cite_note-:6-116">[116]</a> <dl><dd>Salinity (in ‰) = 1.80655 × Chlorinity (in ‰)</dd></dl> The average ocean water chlorinity is about 19.2‰, and, thus, the average salinity is around 34.7‰.<a href="#cite_note-:6-116">[116]</a> Salinity has a major influence on the density of seawater. A zone of rapid salinity increase with depth is called a <a href="/wiki/Halocline" title="Halocline">halocline</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Salinity#Seawater" title="Salinity">seawater</a>'s salt content increases, so does the temperature at which its maximum density occurs. Salinity affects both the freezing and boiling points of water, with the boiling point increasing with salinity. At <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> normal seawater freezes at a temperature of about −2 °C. Salinity is higher in Earth's oceans where there is more <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and lower where there is more <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>. If precipitation exceeds evaporation, as is the case in <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate regions</a>, salinity will be lower. Salinity will be higher if evaporation exceeds precipitation, as is sometimes the case in <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical regions</a>. For example, evaporation is greater than precipitation in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, which has an average salinity of 38‰, more saline than the global average of 34.7‰.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-118">[118]</a> Thus, oceanic waters in polar regions have lower salinity content than oceanic waters in tropical regions.<a href="#cite_note-:6-116">[116]</a> However, when <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> forms at high latitudes, <a href="/wiki/Brinicle" title="Brinicle">salt is excluded</a> from the ice as it forms, which can increase the salinity in the residual seawater in polar regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Snow_and_Ice_Data_Center-119">[119]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans#Salinity_changes" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">effects of climate change on oceans</a>, observations of sea surface salinity between 1950 and 2019 indicate that regions of high salinity and evaporation have become more saline while regions of low salinity and more precipitation have become fresher.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter92-120">[120]</a> It is very likely that the Pacific and Antarctic/Southern Oceans have freshened while the Atlantic has become more saline.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter92-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolved_gases">Dissolved gases</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WOA05_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/WOA05_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png/260px-WOA05_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/WOA05_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png/390px-WOA05_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/WOA05_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png/520px-WOA05_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Sea surface oxygen concentration in moles per cubic meter from the World Ocean Atlas<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> Ocean water contains large quantities of dissolved gases, including <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>. These dissolve into ocean water via <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> at the ocean surface, with the solubility of these gases depending on the temperature and salinity of the water.<a href="#cite_note-:9-16">[16]</a> The four most abundant gases in earth's atmosphere and oceans are nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide. In the ocean by volume, the most abundant gases dissolved in seawater are carbon dioxide (including bicarbonate and carbonate ions, 14 mL/L on average), nitrogen (9 mL/L), and oxygen (5 mL/L) at equilibrium at 24 °C (75 °F)<a href="#cite_note-The_seawater_solution-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-soest.OCN623-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-uiuc.L23-124">[124]</a> All gases are more <a href="/wiki/Solubility_of_gases_in_liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Solubility of gases in liquids">soluble</a> – more easily dissolved – in colder water than in warmer water. For example, when salinity and pressure are held constant, oxygen concentration in water almost doubles when the temperature drops from that of a warm summer day 30 °C (86 °F) to freezing 0 °C (32 °F). Similarly, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases are more <a href="/wiki/Solubility_of_gases_in_liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Solubility of gases in liquids">soluble</a> at colder temperatures, and their solubility changes with temperature at different rates.<a href="#cite_note-The_seawater_solution-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-mit.12.742-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen,_photosynthesis_and_carbon_cycling">Oxygen, photosynthesis and carbon cycling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine biogeochemical cycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">Ocean deoxygenation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">Oceanic carbon cycle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OceanCarbonCycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/OceanCarbonCycle.jpg/330px-OceanCarbonCycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/OceanCarbonCycle.jpg/495px-OceanCarbonCycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/OceanCarbonCycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the ocean carbon cycle showing the relative size of stocks (storage) and fluxes<a href="#cite_note-GRID-Arendal_2009-126">[126]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> in the surface ocean releases oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide. <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a>, a type of microscopic free-floating algae, controls this process. After the plants have grown, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide released, as a result of bacterial decomposition of the organic matter created by photosynthesis in the ocean. The sinking and bacterial decomposition of some organic matter in deep ocean water, at depths where the waters are out of contact with the atmosphere, leads to a reduction in oxygen concentrations and increase in carbon dioxide, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[98]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">cycling of carbon dioxide in oceans</a> is an important part of the global <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>. The oceans represent a major <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a> for carbon dioxide taken up from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and by dissolution (see also <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>). There is also increased attention on carbon dioxide uptake in coastal <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine habitats">marine habitats</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">saltmarshes</a>. This process is often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a>". The focus is on these ecosystems because they are strong carbon sinks as well as ecologically important habitats under threat from human activities and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. As deep ocean water circulates throughout the globe, it contains gradually less oxygen and gradually more carbon dioxide with more time away from the air at the surface. This gradual decrease in oxygen concentration happens as sinking organic matter continuously gets decomposed during the time the water is out of contact with the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[98]</a> Most of the deep waters of the ocean still contain relatively high concentrations of oxygen sufficient for most animals to survive. However, some ocean areas have very low oxygen due to long periods of isolation of the water from the atmosphere. These oxygen deficient areas, called <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_minimum_zone" title="Oxygen minimum zone">oxygen minimum zones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxic</a> waters, will generally be made worse by the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">effects of climate change on oceans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karstensen2008-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="pH">pH</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/PH#Seawater" title="PH">pH § Seawater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seawater#pH" title="Seawater">Seawater § pH</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/PH_value" class="mw-redirect" title="PH value">pH value</a> at the surface of oceans (global mean surface pH) is currently approximately in the range of 8.05<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> to 8.08.<a href="#cite_note-:82-130">[130]</a> This makes it slightly <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkaline</a>. The pH value at the surface used to be about 8.2 during the past 300 million years.<a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-131">[131]</a> However, between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">Carbon dioxide emissions</a> from human activities are the primary cause of this process called ocean acidification, with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels</a> exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020).<a href="#cite_note-:14-133">[133]</a> CO2 from the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is absorbed by the oceans. This produces <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (H2CO3) which dissociates into a <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicarbonate ion">bicarbonate ion</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>HCO−3) and a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">hydrogen ion</a> (H+). The presence of free hydrogen ions (H+) lowers the pH of the ocean. There is a natural gradient of pH in the ocean which is related to the breakdown of organic matter in deep water which slowly lowers the pH with depth: The pH value of seawater is naturally as low as 7.8 in deep ocean waters as a result of degradation of organic matter there.<a href="#cite_note-:11-134">[134]</a> It can be as high as 8.4 in surface waters in areas of high <a href="/wiki/Biological_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological productivity">biological productivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[98]</a> The definition of global mean surface pH refers to the top layer of the water in the ocean, up to around 20 or 100 m depth. In comparison, the average depth of the ocean is about 4 km. The pH value at greater depths (more than 100 m) has not yet been affected by ocean acidification in the same way. There is a large body of deeper water where the natural gradient of pH from 8.2 to about 7.8 still exists and it will take a very long time to acidify these waters, and equally as long to recover from that acidification. But as the top layer of the ocean (the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a>) is crucial for its marine productivity, any changes to the pH value and temperature of the top layer can have many knock-on effects, for example on <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">effects of climate change on oceans</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[98]</a> The key issue in terms of the penetration of ocean acidification is the way the surface water mixes with deeper water or does not mix (a lack of mixing is called <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">ocean stratification</a>). This in turn depends on the water temperature and hence is different between the tropics and the polar regions (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Temperature">ocean#Temperature</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical properties</a> of seawater complicate pH measurement, and several distinct pH scales exist in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical oceanography">chemical oceanography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zeebe-135">[135]</a> There is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on multiple reference scales may be up to 0.14 units.<a href="#cite_note-:02-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alkalinity">Alkalinity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity#Changes_to_oceanic_alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">Alkalinity § Changes to oceanic alkalinity</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">Alkalinity</a> is the balance of base (proton acceptors) and acids (proton donors) in seawater, or indeed any natural waters. The alkalinity acts as a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical buffer">chemical buffer</a>, regulating the pH of seawater. While there are many ions in seawater that can contribute to the alkalinity, many of these are at very low concentrations. This means that the carbonate, bicarbonate and borate ions are the only significant contributors to seawater alkalinity in the open ocean with well oxygenated waters. The first two of these ions contribute more than 95% of this alkalinity.<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[98]</a> The chemical equation for alkalinity in seawater is: <dl><dd>AT = [HCO3-] + 2[CO32-] + [B(OH)4-]</dd></dl> The growth of phytoplankton in surface ocean waters leads to the conversion of some bicarbonate and carbonate ions into organic matter. Some of this organic matter sinks into the deep ocean where it is broken down back into carbonate and bicarbonate. This process is related to ocean productivity or <a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">marine primary production</a>. Thus alkalinity tends to increase with depth and also along the global thermohaline circulation from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Indian Ocean, although these increases are small. The concentrations vary overall by only a few percent.<a href="#cite_note-:5-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-134">[134]</a> The absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere does not affect the ocean's <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkalinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPCC_AR6_WGI_Glossary-137">[137]</a>: 2252  It does lead to a reduction in pH value though (termed <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:14-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residence_times_of_chemical_elements_and_ions">Residence times of chemical elements and ions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_(AU),_Coast,_New_Zealand_sea_lions_--_2019_--_3489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sydney_%28AU%29%2C_Coast%2C_New_Zealand_sea_lions_--_2019_--_3489.jpg/220px-Sydney_%28AU%29%2C_Coast%2C_New_Zealand_sea_lions_--_2019_--_3489.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sydney_%28AU%29%2C_Coast%2C_New_Zealand_sea_lions_--_2019_--_3489.jpg/330px-Sydney_%28AU%29%2C_Coast%2C_New_Zealand_sea_lions_--_2019_--_3489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sydney_%28AU%29%2C_Coast%2C_New_Zealand_sea_lions_--_2019_--_3489.jpg/440px-Sydney_%28AU%29%2C_Coast%2C_New_Zealand_sea_lions_--_2019_--_3489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6670" data-file-height="4447" /></a><figcaption>Residence time of elements in the ocean depends on supply by processes like <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">rock weathering</a> and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> vs. removal by processes like <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>.</figcaption></figure> The ocean waters contain many <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> as dissolved ions. Elements dissolved in ocean waters have a wide range of concentrations. Some elements have very high concentrations of several grams per liter, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, together making up the majority of ocean salts. Other elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, are present at tiny concentrations of just a few nanograms (10−9 grams) per liter.<a href="#cite_note-:6-116">[116]</a> The concentration of any element depends on its rate of supply to the ocean and its rate of removal. Elements enter the ocean from rivers, the atmosphere and <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a>. Elements are removed from ocean water by sinking and becoming buried in <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> or evaporating to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> in the case of water and some gases. By estimating the <a href="/wiki/Residence_time" title="Residence time">residence time</a> of an element, oceanographers examine the balance of input and removal. Residence time is the average time the element would spend dissolved in the ocean before it is removed. Heavily abundant elements in ocean water such as sodium, have high input rates. This reflects high abundance in rocks and rapid rock weathering, paired with very slow removal from the ocean due to sodium ions being comparatively unreactive and highly soluble. In contrast, other elements such as iron and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> are abundant in rocks but very insoluble, meaning that inputs to the ocean are low and removal is rapid. These cycles represent part of the major global cycle of elements that has gone on since the Earth first formed. The residence times of the very abundant elements in the ocean are estimated to be millions of years, while for highly reactive and insoluble elements, residence times are only hundreds of years.<a href="#cite_note-:6-116">[116]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin:auto;"> <caption>Residence times of elements and ions<a href="#cite_note-uga.3030-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-chapter_11-139">[139]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Chemical element or ion </th> <th scope="col">Residence time (years) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a> (Cl−) </th> <td>100,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> (Na+) </th> <td>68,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> (Mg2+) </th> <td>13,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> (K+) </th> <td>12,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">Sulfate</a> (SO42−) </th> <td>11,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (Ca2+) </th> <td>1,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonate</a> (CO32−) </th> <td>110,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> (Si) </th> <td>20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> (H2O) </th> <td>4,100 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> (Mn) </th> <td>1,300 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminum</a> (Al) </th> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> (Fe) </th> <td>200 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrients">Nutrients</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication#Coastal_waters" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication § Coastal waters</a></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_gyres.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ocean gyres rotate clockwise in the north and counterclockwise in the south."><img alt="Map showing 5 circles. The first is between western Australia and eastern Africa. The second is between eastern Australia and western South America. The third is between Japan and western North America. Of the two in the Atlantic, one is in hemisphere." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/300px-Oceanic_gyres.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/450px-Oceanic_gyres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/600px-Oceanic_gyres.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1225" /></a></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_200x_35" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top: 35px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;">North Atlantic gyre</div> <div id="annotation_202x_37" style="position:absolute; left:202px; top: 37px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;">North Atlantic gyre</div> <div id="annotation_201x_36" style="position:absolute; left:201px; top: 36px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;">North Atlantic gyre</div> <div id="annotation__75x140" style="position:absolute; left: 75px; top:140px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;">Indian Ocean gyre</div> <div id="annotation_125x_58" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top: 58px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;">North Pacific gyre</div> <div id="annotation_165x115" style="position:absolute; left:165px; top:115px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;">South Pacific gyre</div> <div id="annotation_220x160" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:160px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;">South Atlantic         gyre</div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_gyres.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing 5 circles. The first is between western Australia and eastern Africa. The second is between eastern Australia and western South America. The third is between Japan and western North America. Of the two in the Atlantic, one is in hemisphere." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/300px-Oceanic_gyres.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/450px-Oceanic_gyres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/600px-Oceanic_gyres.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1225" /></a></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_gyres.png" title="File:Oceanic gyres.png"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyres</a> rotate clockwise in the north and counterclockwise in the south.</div> </div></div> A few elements such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> essential for life, are major components of biological material, and are commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>". Nitrate and phosphate have ocean <a href="/wiki/Residence_time" title="Residence time">residence times</a> of 10,000<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> and 69,000<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> years, respectively, while potassium is a much more abundant ion in the ocean with a residence time of 12 million<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> years. The biological cycling of these elements means that this represents a continuous removal process from the ocean's water column as degrading organic material sinks to the ocean floor as <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>. Phosphate from <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">untreated sewage</a> is transported via runoff to rivers and coastal zones to the ocean where it is metabolized. Eventually, it sinks to the ocean floor and is no longer available to humans as a commercial resource.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Production of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">rock phosphate</a>, an essential ingredient in inorganic <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> is a slow geological process that occurs in some of the world's ocean sediments, rendering mineable sedimentary <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> (phosphate) a <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">non-renewable resource</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">peak phosphorus</a>). This continual net deposition loss of non-renewable phosphate from human activities, may become a resource issue for fertilizer production and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> in future.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmundsonBerhe2015-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marine_life">Marine life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine habitats">Marine habitats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Representative_ocean_animal_life.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Representative_ocean_animal_life.jpg/440px-Representative_ocean_animal_life.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="531" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Representative_ocean_animal_life.jpg/660px-Representative_ocean_animal_life.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Representative_ocean_animal_life.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption> Some representative ocean animals (not drawn to scale) within their approximate depth-defined ecological habitats. <a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine microorganisms</a> also exist on the surfaces and within the tissues and organs of the diverse life inhabiting the ocean, across all ocean habitats. The animals rooted to or living on the ocean floor are not <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> but are <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> animals.<a href="#cite_note-Apprill2017-147">[147]</a></figcaption></figure> Life within the ocean <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> 3 billion years prior to life on land. Both the depth and the distance from shore strongly influence the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of the plants and animals present in each region.<a href="#cite_note-bcc.34-148">[148]</a> The diversity of life in the ocean is immense, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">Animals</a>: most animal <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are found only in marine environments such as <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">comb jellies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea star">sea stars</a>). Many other familiar animal groups primarily live in the ocean, including <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharks">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>). In addition, many land animals have adapted to living a major part of their life on the oceans. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Seabirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabirds">seabirds</a> are a diverse group of birds that have adapted to a life mainly on the oceans. They feed on marine animals and spend most of their lifetime on water, many going on land only for breeding. Other birds that have adapted to oceans as their living space are <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">seagulls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">pelicans</a>. Seven species of turtles, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a>, also spend most of their time in the oceans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">Plants</a>: including <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">sea grasses</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a>: algae is a "catch-all" term to include many <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">single-celled</a> <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellates">dinoflagellates</a>, but also multicellular algae, such as some <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> (including organisms like <a href="/wiki/Pyropia" title="Pyropia">Pyropia</a>, which is the source of the edible <a href="/wiki/Nori" title="Nori">nori</a> seaweed), and <a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a> (including organisms like <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>: ubiquitous single-celled <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotes">prokaryotes</a> found throughout the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotes">prokaryotes</a> distinct from bacteria, that inhabit many environments of the ocean, as well as many <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extreme environments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>: many <a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">marine fungi</a> with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments</li></ul> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_life&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Too_many_photos plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/40px-Image_cancel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/60px-Image_cancel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/80px-Image_cancel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article contains too many pictures for its overall length. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ocean##" title="Talk:Ocean">talk page</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GALLERY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GALLERY">indiscriminate collections of images</a> or adjusting images that are <a href="/wiki/MOS:SANDWICH" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:SANDWICH">sandwiching text</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Manual of Style on use of images</a>. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orca_porpoising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Orca_porpoising.jpg/330px-Orca_porpoising.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Orca_porpoising.jpg/495px-Orca_porpoising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Orca_porpoising.jpg/660px-Orca_porpoising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Killer_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer whale">Killer whales</a> (orcas) are highly visible marine <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a> that hunt many large species. But most biological activity in the ocean takes place with <a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine microorganism">microscopic marine organisms</a> that cannot be seen individually with the naked eye, such as <a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteria">marine bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_phytoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_life_Cavicchioli_2019-149">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a>, sea life or ocean life is the collective <a href="/wiki/Ecological_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological communities">ecological communities</a> that encompass all <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">protists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single-celled" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-celled">single-celled</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">microorganisms</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Marine_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine virus">viruses</a> living in the <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline water</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">marine habitats</a>, either the <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">marginal seas</a> and oceans, or the <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inland_sea" title="Inland sea">inland seas</a>. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 242,000 marine <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> have been documented, and perhaps two million marine species are yet to be documented. An average of 2,332 new species per year are being described.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_life_Drogin_2009-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Marine life is studied scientifically in both <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biology</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Biological_oceanography" title="Biological oceanography">biological oceanography</a>. Today, marine species range in size from the microscopic <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, which can be as small as 0.02–<a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a>; to huge <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>, which can reach 33 m (108 ft) in length.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Marine microorganisms have been variously estimated as constituting about 70%<a href="#cite_note-Marine_life_Bar-On_2018-154">[154]</a> or about 90%<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marine_life_Cavicchioli_2019-149">[149]</a> of the total marine <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary producers</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">produce oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequester carbon</a> via <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, which generate enormous biomass and significantly influence the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">atmospheric chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Migratory</a> species, such as <a href="/wiki/Oceanodromous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanodromous">oceanodromous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anadromous" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadromous">anadromous</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, also create biomass and <a href="/wiki/Biological_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological energy">biological energy</a> transfer between different regions of Earth, with many serving as <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> of various ecosystems. At a fundamental level, marine life affects the nature of the planet, and in part, shape and protect shorelines, and some marine organisms (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>) even help create new <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> via accumulated <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a>-building.</div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitat</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_habitat&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">marine habitat</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> that supports <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a>. Marine life depends in some way on the <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">saltwater</a> that is in the sea (the term marine comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> mare, meaning sea or ocean). A habitat is an <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> area inhabited by one or more living <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_habitat_Abercrombie_66-156">[156]</a> The marine environment supports many kinds of these habitats.</div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystem</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_ecosystem&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/290px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/435px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/580px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Coral reefs form complex marine ecosystems with tremendous <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a> are the largest of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> and exist in <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">waters that have a high salt</a> content. These systems contrast with <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a>, which have a lower <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> and 90% of habitable space on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Seawater has an average salinity of 35 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">parts per thousand</a> of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_ecosystem_USEPA-160">[160]</a> Marine ecosystems can be divided into many zones depending upon water depth and shoreline features. The oceanic zone is the vast open part of the ocean where animals such as whales, sharks, and tuna live. The <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> zone consists of substrates below water where many invertebrates live. The <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a> is the area between high and low tides. Other near-shore (neritic) zones can include <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass meadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>, rocky <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>. In the deep water, <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a> may occur where <a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">chemosynthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> form the base of the food web.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_uses_of_the_oceans">Human uses of the oceans</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sea#Humans_and_the_sea" title="Sea">Sea § Humans and the sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_sea_in_culture" title="The sea in culture">The sea in culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exclusive_Economic_Zones_by_boundary_type.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Exclusive_Economic_Zones_by_boundary_type.png/330px-Exclusive_Economic_Zones_by_boundary_type.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Exclusive_Economic_Zones_by_boundary_type.png/495px-Exclusive_Economic_Zones_by_boundary_type.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Exclusive_Economic_Zones_by_boundary_type.png/660px-Exclusive_Economic_Zones_by_boundary_type.png 2x" data-file-width="8015" data-file-height="4372" /></a><figcaption>Global map of all <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a></figcaption></figure> The ocean has been linked to human activity throughout history. These activities serve a wide variety of purposes, including <a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">navigation and exploration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>, travel, <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">shipping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, food production (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">seaweed farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>), leisure (<a href="/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)" title="Cruising (maritime)">cruising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreational_boat_fishing" title="Recreational boat fishing">recreational boat fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>), power generation (see <a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">marine energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">offshore wind power</a>), extractive industries (<a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore drilling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">deep sea mining</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> production via <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a>. Many of the world's goods are moved by <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a> between the world's <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Large quantities of goods are transported across the ocean, especially across the Atlantic and around the Pacific Rim.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Many types of cargo including manufactured goods, are typically transported in <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">standard sized, lockable containers</a> that are loaded on purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a> at <a href="/wiki/Container_port" title="Container port">dedicated terminals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sauerbier-163">[163]</a> Containerization greatly boosted the efficiency and reduced the cost of shipping products by sea. This was a major factor in the rise of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and exponential increases in <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> in the mid-to-late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Oceans are also the major supply source for the <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a>. Some of the major harvests are <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabs">crabs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-noaa.gov-60">[60]</a> The biggest global commercial fishery is for <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-165">[165]</a>: 6  A report by <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> in 2020 stated that "in 2017, 34 percent of the fish stocks of the world's marine fisheries were classified as <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfished</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:1-165">[165]</a>: 54  Fish and other fishery products from both <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a> and aquaculture are among the most widely consumed sources of protein and other essential nutrients. Data in 2017 showed that "fish consumption accounted for 17 percent of the global population's intake of animal proteins".<a href="#cite_note-:1-165">[165]</a> To fulfill this need, coastal countries have exploited marine resources in their <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a>. Fishing vessels are increasingly venturing out to exploit stocks in international waters.<a href="#cite_note-GreenFacts-166">[166]</a> The ocean has a vast amount of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> carried by <a href="/wiki/Ocean_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean wave">ocean waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> differences, and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean thermal energy">ocean temperature differences</a> which can be harnessed to <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">generate electricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OES-167">[167]</a> Forms of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable marine energy</a> include <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">ocean thermal energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">wave power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OES-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">Offshore wind power</a> is captured by <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> placed out on the ocean; it has the advantage that wind speeds are higher than on land, though wind farms are more costly to construct offshore.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> There are large deposits of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, as oil and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, in rocks beneath the ocean floor. <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">Offshore platforms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rigs</a> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">extract</a> the oil or gas and store it for transport to land.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> "Freedom of the seas" is a principle in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> dating from the seventeenth century. It stresses freedom to navigate the oceans and disapproves of war fought in <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-171">[171]</a> Today, this concept is enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS).<a href="#cite_note-history-171">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO), which was ratified in 1958, is mainly responsible for <a href="/wiki/Maritime_safety" title="Maritime safety">maritime safety</a>, liability and compensation, and has held some conventions on marine pollution related to shipping incidents. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_governance" title="Ocean governance">Ocean governance</a> is the conduct of the policy, actions and affairs regarding the world's <a href="/wiki/Oceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceans">oceans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_from_human_activities">Threats from human activities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_cumulative_human_impact_on_the_ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Global_cumulative_human_impact_on_the_ocean.png/330px-Global_cumulative_human_impact_on_the_ocean.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Global_cumulative_human_impact_on_the_ocean.png/495px-Global_cumulative_human_impact_on_the_ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Global_cumulative_human_impact_on_the_ocean.png/660px-Global_cumulative_human_impact_on_the_ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Global cumulative human impact on the ocean<a href="#cite_note-Halpern2019-173">[173]</a></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></div>Human activities affect <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">marine habitats</a> through many negative influences, such as <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a>) <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">effects of climate change on oceans</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Effects of climate change on oceans</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> There are many <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">effects of climate change on oceans</a>. One of the main ones is an increase in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">ocean temperatures</a>. More frequent <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">marine heatwaves</a> are linked to this. The rising temperature contributes to a <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rise in sea levels</a> due to melting <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a>. Other effects on oceans include <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">sea ice decline</a>, reducing <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">pH values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">oxygen levels</a>, as well as increased <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">ocean stratification</a>. All this can lead to changes of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean currents">ocean currents</a>, for example a weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> (AMOC).<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_SROCC_SPM_20190925-99">[99]</a> The main root cause of these changes are the <a href="/wiki/Emissions_of_greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions of greenhouse gases">emissions of greenhouse gases</a> from human activities, mainly burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> are examples of greenhouse gases. The additional <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> leads to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">ocean warming</a> because the ocean takes up most of the additional heat in the <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The ocean also absorbs some of the extra <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere">carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere</a>. This causes the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">pH value of the seawater to drop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_:12-175">[175]</a> Scientists estimate that the ocean absorbs about 25% of all human-caused CO2 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_:12-175">[175]</a> The various layers of the oceans have different temperatures. For example, the water is colder towards the bottom of the ocean. This temperature stratification will increase as the ocean surface warms due to rising air temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_:10-176">[176]</a>: 471  Connected to this is a decline in mixing of the ocean layers, so that warm water stabilises near the surface. A reduction of cold, deep <a href="/wiki/Water_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water circulation">water circulation</a> follows. The reduced vertical mixing makes it harder for the ocean to absorb heat. So a larger share of future warming goes into the atmosphere and land. One result is an increase in the amount of energy available for <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> and other storms. Another result is a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> for fish in the upper ocean layers. These changes also reduce the ocean's capacity to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">store carbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> At the same time, contrasts in <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> are increasing. Salty areas are becoming saltier and fresher areas less salty.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_ChengSalinity-178">[178]</a> Warmer water cannot contain the same amount of oxygen as cold water. As a result, oxygen from the oceans moves to the atmosphere. Increased <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">thermal stratification</a> may reduce the supply of oxygen from surface waters to deeper waters. This lowers the water's oxygen content even more.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The ocean has already lost oxygen throughout its <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_minimum_zone" title="Oxygen minimum zone">Oxygen minimum zones</a> are increasing in size worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_:10-176">[176]</a>: 471  These changes harm <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a>, and this can lead to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> or changes in species distribution.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_SROCC_SPM_20190925-99">[99]</a> This in turn can <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">affect fishing</a> and coastal tourism. For example, rising water temperatures are harming tropical <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>. The direct effect is <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral bleaching</a> on these reefs, because they are sensitive to even minor temperature changes. So a small increase in water temperature could have a significant impact in these environments. Another example is loss of <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> habitats due to warming. This will have severe impacts on <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a> and other animals that rely on it. The effects of climate change on oceans put additional pressures on ocean ecosystems which are already under pressure by other <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">impacts from human activities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans_SROCC_SPM_20190925-99">[99]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_pollution">Marine pollution</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a> occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">residential</a> <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">particles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>, excess <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Invasive_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive organism">invasive organisms</a> enter the ocean and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activity, although <a href="/wiki/Marine_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Transportation">marine transportation</a> significantly contributes as well.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_pollution_:03-180">[180]</a> It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Since most inputs come from land, either via the <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> or the atmosphere, it means that <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelves</a> are more vulnerable to pollution. <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, silicon, sulfur, <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> or dust particles into the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The pollution often comes from <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">nonpoint sources</a> such as agricultural <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a>, and dust. These nonpoint sources are largely due to runoff that enters the ocean through rivers, but wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle into waterways and oceans.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">ship pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilge_pollution" title="Bilge pollution">bilge pollution</a>, atmospheric pollution and, potentially, <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">deep sea mining</a>. The types of marine pollution can be grouped as pollution from <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic soup">plastic pollution</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>, toxins and underwater noise. Plastic pollution in the ocean is a type of marine pollution by <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastics</a>, ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Plastic pollution is harmful to <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a>. Another concern is the runoff of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> (nitrogen and phosphorus) from <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive agriculture</a>, and the disposal of untreated or partially treated <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> to rivers and subsequently oceans. These <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> nutrients (which are also contained in <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>) stimulate <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macroalgal" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroalgal">macroalgal</a> growth, which can lead to harmful <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>) which can be harmful to humans as well as marine creatures. Excessive algal growth can also smother sensitive <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> and lead to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a> and coral health. A second major concern is that the degradation of <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> can lead to consumption of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in coastal waters, a situation that may worsen with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> as warming reduces vertical mixing of the water column.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_pollution_:2-184">[184]</a> Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthic animals</a>, most of which are either <a href="/wiki/Deposit_feeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposit feeder">deposit feeders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a>. In this way, the toxins are <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">concentrated upward</a> within ocean <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chains</a>. When pesticides are incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a>, they quickly become absorbed into marine <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a>. Once in the food webs, these pesticides can cause <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>, as well as diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web. <a href="/wiki/Toxic_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic metal">Toxic metals</a> can also be introduced into marine food webs. These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry, behavior, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. Also, many <a href="/wiki/Compound_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound feed">animal feeds</a> have a high <a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">fish meal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">fish hydrolysate</a> content. In this way, <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">marine toxins</a> can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overfishing">Overfishing</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overfishing&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> is the removal of a species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>) from a <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> naturally (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a>'s existing <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stock</a>), resulting in the species becoming increasingly <a href="/wiki/Underpopulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Underpopulated">underpopulated</a> in that area. Overfishing can occur in water bodies of any sizes, such as <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">ponds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> or oceans, and can result in <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>, reduced biological growth rates and low <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> levels. Sustained overfishing can lead to <a href="/wiki/Critical_depensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical depensation">critical depensation</a>, where the fish population is no longer able to sustain itself. Some forms of overfishing, such as the <a href="/wiki/Threatened_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened sharks">overfishing of sharks</a>, has led to the upset of entire <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Types of overfishing include growth overfishing, recruitment overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing. Overfishing not only causes negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, but also reduces fish production, which subsequently leads to negative social and economic consequences.<a href="#cite_note-Overfishing_:122-186">[186]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protection">Protection</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected area</a></div> Ocean protection serves to safeguard the ecosystems in the oceans upon which humans depend.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Protecting these ecosystems from threats is a major component of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>. One of protective measures is the creation and enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a> (MPAs). Marine protection may need to be considered within a national, regional and international context.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Other measures include supply chain transparency requirement policies, policies to prevent marine pollution, ecosystem-assistance (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching#Artificial_assistance" title="Coral bleaching">for coral reefs</a>) and support for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">sustainable seafood</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery#Remediation" title="Sustainable fishery">sustainable fishing practices and types of aquaculture</a>). There is also the protection of marine resources and components whose extraction or disturbance would cause substantial harm, engagement of broader publics and impacted communities,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> and the development of ocean clean-up projects (<a href="/wiki/Marine_plastic_pollution#Reduction_efforts" title="Marine plastic pollution">removal of marine plastic pollution</a>). Examples of the latter include <a href="/wiki/Clean_Oceans_International" title="Clean Oceans International">Clean Oceans International</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Ocean_Cleanup" title="The Ocean Cleanup">The Ocean Cleanup</a>. In 2021, 43 expert scientists published the first scientific framework version that – via integration, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific review">review</a>, clarifications and <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> – enables the evaluation of levels of protection of <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a> and can serve as a guide for any subsequent efforts to improve, plan and monitor marine protection quality and extents. Examples are the efforts towards the 30%-protection-goal of the "Global Deal For Nature"<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> and the UN's <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">Sustainable Development Goal 14</a> ("life below water").<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In March 2023 a <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty</a> was signed. It is legally binding. The main achievement is the new possibility to create marine protected areas in international waters. By doing so the agreement now makes it possible to protect 30% of the oceans by 2030 (part of the <a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30</a> target).<a href="#cite_note-NPR-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-greenpeace-195">[195]</a> The treaty has articles regarding the principle "polluter-pays", and different impacts of human activities including areas beyond the national jurisdiction of the countries making those activities. The agreement was adopted by the 193 United Nations Member States.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atlas_of_the_Seas" title="European Atlas of the Seas">European Atlas of the Seas</a> – Web-based atlas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land and water hemispheres</a> – Divisions of the Earth's surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of seas">List of seas</a> – Overview of Earth's seasPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a> – Planet containing a significant amount of water or other liquid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a> – Study of extraterrestrial oceans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a> – Dataset of ocean properties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Oceans_Day" title="World Oceans Day">World Oceans Day</a> – Observance day on or around June 8</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Webb-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webb_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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Retrieved March 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOcean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Bromhead, Helen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L4JvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Landscape and Culture – Cross-linguistic Perspectives</a>, p. 92, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027264008" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027264008">978-9027264008</a>; unlike Americans, speakers of <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> do not go swimming in "the ocean" but always "the sea". </li> <li id="cite_note-pri.sea-21"><a href="#cite_ref-pri.sea_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=sea">"WordNet Search – sea"</a>. 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Retrieved March 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenpeace&rft.atitle=How+people+power+helped+protect+the+oceans&rft.aulast=Flores&rft.aufirst=Gaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F58596%2Fhow-people-power-helped-protect-oceans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOcean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemingway_Jaynes2023" class="citation news cs1">Hemingway Jaynes, Cristen (June 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/un-high-seas-treaty-2023.html">"Newly Adopted UN High Seas Treaty Gives Ocean a 'Fighting Chance'"</a>. Ecowatch. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ocean" class="extiw" title="wikt:ocean">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a 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title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Culture and society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_symbol" title="Earth symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth#Etymology" title="Earth">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">Geopositioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_fluid_dynamics" title="Geophysical fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_physics" title="Mineral physics">Mineral physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_imaging" title="Geophysical imaging">Tomography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Age of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremes_on_Earth" title="Extremes on Earth">Extremes on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Geologic record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">The Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">Geology of solar terrestrial planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location in the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Earth" title="Category:Earth">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_oceanography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_oceanography" title="Template talk:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_oceanography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airy_wave_theory" title="Airy wave theory">Airy wave theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_scale" title="Ballantine scale">Ballantine scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">Benjamin–Feir instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_wave" title="Edge wave">Edge wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%27s_variational_principle" title="Luke's variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">Wave base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_nonlinearity" title="Wave nonlinearity">Wave nonlinearity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a 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title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" 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