CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '912f4eb7c91cf8de',cH: '1M5fnekUKx.3gqWBfJJlicy34KGrrKtDH80_OzicX1A-1739727466-1.2.1.1-XE1V1b0UeyeJnXQcDTc6.F_ZHN9TW7rcihSrxP3xoZJWl8PrnvisSBp73XtJErqD',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709?__cf_chl_tk=LMbv_uIBuabb_c67pNiSMvgx8O0v8OxpTtPsd.6oxN0-1739727466-1.0.1.1-NJB32EaDEKuA1may8.3nys5.GXhjXlr8wM3wNqw9z2M",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739727466',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709?__cf_chl_f_tk=LMbv_uIBuabb_c67pNiSMvgx8O0v8OxpTtPsd.6oxN0-1739727466-1.0.1.1-NJB32EaDEKuA1may8.3nys5.GXhjXlr8wM3wNqw9z2M",md: "Y_t7TZfm_3moXjO0bsjAMchkeXNtcbgNEm.Ec9rnjwo-1739727466-1.2.1.1-FgeSDzgjJhb_LDyBtGnO.9R6Z5b_DcbuO_GruGmcRstJCO1CNvUxOCE8y8GMAI4HEhDSYortc495jnH0vDjBxbQZhksh8_sW4xljD77fV83gwGdnzZQyFPBs399JfrbuTYJ6JXOomD5549y4KNk4XTVdXUuGqRuP2tE5fs206hW8N.Y9wKYrKqc7VJfeewJdJ3gvobp1rqm0jQMBhdP6qE69yO9zd9nLuVeZtDVS6PqUZ54VYG2ztp3snMvRS2LXXRNhXXR3kjbBgtinRQv8T1QB7ZRom_TARUjY..QTkC52ufnZUEJ0vcmqxkjOKK_lTzxbis4hfJFxxXqgUEjARx14NEYLZekzJUaq5nR7k4bN_M34_gBQ9JE64V3_mHKr_59U8mhFekcIplQH8A8VCxRi38ibbMXBvEphCtZfyt.VP4UdjM_9mCEoUvJK4j1aSiIatLDepqRPaWRJBo0CAzW41_t.l0IyM_tgIlB0tXsjEbSEpUcStLuxkb.2F4D4.rh065PTu.iI7pL.oFtlpsQbM94Ke_K5a8YNoxXsk9PDlnwomzjQv_PenInrDwPUCysR9_JCPv_cbFxbVncEnxLAtPghdeOZaHC7F2KJRSZudLrz7Ue2Wv53PK5RaoceYaXxRGXO4N8ts7aytfPFxUxg0bgwDighno9m59C6WZjXWDgkW3_NRbRa9rd9bxt2mghwdtNFkwZcDtcesIbSgh9TNnsg9ANbOamsjLTWDig6.XGIdFWwRSOg8f2xoeVB6IvkQft9zr9gfpIpLo30JoVmLvEXPpTfaJfIq.nHdZOWCdvSa16YSTko8Sv51NTW.vb8tYAPJ3Brxm22Y3T_7IgCSztPrmEd3D.GLBjZbJbUEDZcDcG8NU8i9MaOPLnHu.w9DB91DXeAwJfm0JoWPP53C_vNMTOdw97_drPf96.wvE4JGEQciHXB1g82QExjWYHREWO0AjjSplYyXJpCvhUQNdVI1JyR9FhNkzTjvnKk67UvGqohxTErgf0BXw8kvdAfEusBWB.Cxrit7akaa3rM0NGl62l8X02bssplXic7_mfpm_HE370lDFqQXMagD9uK2bD5c8HxDpGEvc2tWLFXWh1Rwts19jA4b3yAt6xOyo14Gy0npPc6N.f.dNBPODF6vXVt0QmWLh6XqwUTOxYOI2B9O2ouZOnVoZ9ARX9TUx5FafaoCvP1vbiEf5U.LuUngxdJ9W0jAYQhVcU.QQ.xKwwu5HipRvSS32SlNE6mdU9WN7mxS9Bdikybiq49A1wIZm8i3SdPn2qOkOhHgKxlRtmkMaHcUQw8sLmbyfT9S3E4RGa57.5G165W4NkoAqjiJ4AZ2WngucN5d2yXXeeX70mw8D5Jk7fGFCEIEdKNYlVKE0kYbNxT7Ozknv6aOGtvhHYe6KIiityKMUTSzGsBiVwugIF6BHEPbQaB0sgRrSNCO75eUs9VZKWFMVLM96XW8bKAfdTgVrGelk2Xne_j_KeV7l8Noco3uGFcM_Kjx5U6nzw38fYvVbNoB.s5oNEadwbwcEEqnsm4XULllsEMGDI5K3x3e8ZwVbyZrOu8LJJml.RWYu8QQvuhF2tihi2M4dSHvWkXb43dex5vM7ys9trYDXkMgzU.OsuyN53F8Q.jitSi1zajGt6Zy9wDRy7zngNu9xUnlHU_5d38rmekb6Kat6ZgpzGxIdjDQpxiX3ETsnstaaMTyJ2w2Cjw_AD6mUgBQK5Ah2Zsq1JPBt595jQ3WbS2E1iLDTqtGewLTM_euhCUT74EQUburVmOKoRpzAVvUCrC.RrQ1w6TIOQIsV6NJKQ4cyOmg.fLVsOi2Tw25tmm_hJnxdJCCI.hTAv1xed4lj1St5Xl_WD6eKuOQDEMcjLhJGNdu2tPs_BBLWeY7KNexIsxcIoN_qZmUjGO_5L.hAEK5i9_gwbLUwOENDcJBISFsoDKTrXy_XQHJ47VPZaaKwI7qFwH74.LhdVCHVH_o8MVVyAw9fOzsRsBkUCmRXUwbSQ3Q8HfLJdIrpf2Ng3exViL9Wq5.iCP1XepkT.pFwpTrUinE0RAG6F2W3PHl.oNJ7BtYJumO46uAS1x3vnMbjmqzXWRizIGIt.BAmJ4CxY_EOuNXe.nCIQp75NItwT2glQOTdNKmEKBvmchiedJ65RJxzH3kq0Bo7GsLy3m0sL51WYhBBAXfHEUQbS4NZUTFXWmJiKHc_dvvXgByJNBhpUgRZa_5mCejcO8W7WYOzUdOZNRV1ziZW.Jboj7IDo1MPfigfK0K.pk7tpcjsz3a4y3FtGI5urZL0hFaMVoGRiDh.xKVoJa3WxGgYi38o.BNZC6IMhqCjP6nma80XJ9trWSvoLs3MJN6y8XiSWeTCskY0yfMKtbB49qEeMbTLnyUteVXCc69jtAWz4QowGDvaSfJ9Qm21MlQyiLVeEZ0_b.KOUzyABsVAcoEslWIaNxlZs0jbvvL.FEhBUr8917OwPdbwgoM2GxmRJy3VMN3FNCUozV3I3_f9vvWKzK3Jwzr0lR89QvATOPEJz1wQN3b21ehyCnfUyn9ZkATsSrEEJbec6dasSW5Hc6vRWW2dx0378HZojQBoAZxdLb6AVLNfUF.Eqbqkrb",mdrd: "EFuDRtIF7qHv7ZliWJJChKtzLmogWIjwqQaBqI2dzos-1739727466-1.2.1.1-eZmOA0eISMMZEXD3zUcQCInzpz.tuh_ZFsVldekNMuomNp8smsNL5.F4.npqc0xBy9kJNjTGd4.EtTaTJxL_Ha.UkXfM_JmTVsOUDXKLxpKK.70DUk.UKv1JK5PZK346SsjC5DbuXgN4TJczcyNujKl3FhZ0hKbOidZKtUB7JEphLLcIPqzUXqzKzpDiqcv0x6riXVA4CWG_B.w1zmiqPKGOc2Tbyz8z5XveftYJY38ZozTWqz_n7fawd3wdsO5zXbNPCBzgRWgRHvS8mrC091yILExmVe1kWkzxdhlBFghqxx6FrIiuWorDqKCBaDl5FmnSqfDOPxL_8PZM4tAdf950o4TscRntOjywWI2yMcIlR2Ifg.AiuYMLPRrXmlmAEB3eFaCc8MadA.0uLTSK4VFpmQLxJItDgwelZm.NiSFMwu.usGe2QmbNH6WKG9wSVGzT0uxH9uLUsYEsufKsY6WkBjF8CSg958v.og3CgfeagsaAATUJ_4saZwfsR3LneXtWo_rlhIgaohlya6P.pISvrXJ46.C7.uWc4YRp0KWBl7zBhuQxwHPGq0fhThjIXFcVFb2j..dyah0k7piiYfSPv203UOGMKJhWMIefPPYe5WoSCIgUI3tlgJZOUEvELFxJPHoL7fHMs6RuG4EJLNFMvDRTcBfA8oWTMIiRW08Db.d5aCRYNvLWACIavQiqAqG_PeWCbbPkdx7wFKO3ZH7yFE.U64_fAhaHsRhPlPHybLdLkQ6WlmfaUjAQKMm1TLSvf.NM8OBnlsE0hteLCBRceTXAbl8qHC.BKcczc2Eq0Y3jzhzTQWWkgeFz0CCLqI6ZYJgrjg6Ql3jIZ1DIj2tYVSInV6qVjuLlr7jLCk4d0Wjyi10qssGt.gMRv0LwAvsV6EpgHFtmDp5WW_RNbtSDDYbLaJdYH9FZJzY2peZ40TAUCfb1y1leU4VgCiB_9evc66w_4unGCtZEbFDpS7wA7s2uktpCAGXViTLkoSrcyTFaqFZbmv.qtqnr4C4NIfyKnoInjo8eRurVLL2iyF9nktRlHV016ppZ14mInjwXKKGl8b67ZfJeiuBdKBobZ6chJMB4HFM0SjUeolxv3ra3Ke9mlcg2IjSxP2VttwymGBg_kNVGwTikUBa89CuGhtb8vK3AUsaQXrWMS0I4seZQglMK4HoW2JlUetvA7adl84SvAvjuGs60WvajG7ZGvpJ8f1JVC8CchnFhKdmaI9gX2k7PthxeCmyJBI48HjttFFZ0ffYzStyL3TI0Qm2jjkb0G1XjDgq2ZygXHr8NmFlRe5rIMYEqeZ8uaZNhRxR3tNc7l5I2cgDW4NY1xmZRw_QozaL_S7sMjXW0PbfbHXAE7YSO21vqooY1paso2UmYRfIZ6gYAfxEplw.Lzezh3Rfi4ILokg4ncskqsP67RIymePUrWMyW2WsetXUFF7knxfkGdINASindOefcA_2olEYXIorZYngLJml6l6kkavNIoVD5f2QCUKz_qqPRMxlzdXiZ_llqX7Xph0ma8Zi6d3PBPOi0dSblR8IElm8skZq.o9pqsucc3TgJpPYhL1UGjKeu2lNCZkd_GBphoSEOcyepbwsIklo6OXLcLTxhD8cfGFks84VS97MEFfAglPm1oNqnPHxXYnGfaTYS22Aw3had4Q1Q9UfIW6wmmusqKdHrl6hBTgjMMJe1tQLMXq1HppOJ_bPBngsyM.w8JO3WgVUQCe5QxuD6JIH8VtYzVWGseLxNTxKYPkIAJtDqsWoRpAoa.j2YwIsH7gPn8kYsviDt5MSZgW0YqVgHqoq7hrs190LHxpNPUMNqFqBvVmqpu0jGOcqeKOmvsao.e9oKkr5c9ClML7Wn29AMzQYEITGkrblvQaYDpm5OknyZeJWjeYvlKthb4xY8H9sK5KEFRlfovyhGePmy71UmCvAcfTgKQA_4uT.4n6D7._NbdwhEsFaZG_QMD2orNkMXCx3Fgo3B0D5PURI0xciNpfRmJEh0tLOXh6FCGQf540pyeXQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=912f4eb7c91cf8de';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709?__cf_chl_rt_tk=LMbv_uIBuabb_c67pNiSMvgx8O0v8OxpTtPsd.6oxN0-1739727466-1.0.1.1-NJB32EaDEKuA1may8.3nys5.GXhjXlr8wM3wNqw9z2M" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>