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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لين سين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لين سين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEm_Sim" title="Lîm Sim – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lîm Sim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%B0%EC%8D%AC" title="린썬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="린썬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACng_S%C4%95ng" title="Lìng Sĕng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lìng Sĕng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%A3%AE" title="林森 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="林森" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Линь Сэнь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Линь Сэнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="หลิน เซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลิน เซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lin Sen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лінь Сень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лінь Сень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_S%C3%A2m_(Trung_Hoa_D%C3%A2n_Qu%E1%BB%91c)" title="Lâm Sâm (Trung Hoa Dân Quốc) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lâm Sâm (Trung Hoa Dân Quốc)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%A3%AE" title="林森 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="林森" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%A3%AE_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" title="林森 (中華民國) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="林森 (中華民國)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%A3%AE" title="林森 – Chinese" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chairman of the National Government of China from 1938-1943</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lin Sen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">林森</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lin_Sen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lin_Sen.jpg/250px-Lin_Sen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lin_Sen.jpg/330px-Lin_Sen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lin_Sen.jpg/500px-Lin_Sen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">Chairman of the National Government of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 December 1931 – 1 August 1943</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Mingshu" title="Chen Mingshu">Chen Mingshu</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun Fo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a><br /><a href="/wiki/H.H._Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="H.H. Kung">H.H. Kung</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Military_Affairs_Commission" title="Military Affairs Commission">Military chief</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chiang Kai-shek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Chiang Kai-shek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Chiang Kai-shek (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Yuan" title="President of the Legislative Yuan">President of the Legislative Yuan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 March 1931 – 1 January 1932</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Legislative_Yuan" title="Vice President of the Legislative Yuan">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yuanchong" title="Shao Yuanchong">Shao Yuanchong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu Hanmin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yuanchong" title="Shao Yuanchong">Shao Yuanchong</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ji_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Ji (Republic of China)">Zhang Ji</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Legislative_Yuan" title="Vice President of the Legislative Yuan">Vice President of the Legislative Yuan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 October 1928 – 2 March 1931</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Hu Hanmin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Shao Yuanchong</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">16 March 1868<br /><a href="/wiki/Minhou_County" title="Minhou County">Minhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1943<span style="display:none">(1943-08-01)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills faction</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Brilliant_Jade" title="Order of Brilliant Jade">Order of Brilliant Jade</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9E%97%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%BC%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B30%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%83%E6%97%A6%E6%BC%94%E8%AC%9B.oga" title="File:林森於民國30年元旦演講.oga">Lin Sen's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="268" data-mwtitle="林森於民國30年元旦演講.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/%E6%9E%97%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%BC%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B30%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%83%E6%97%A6%E6%BC%94%E8%AC%9B.oga/%E6%9E%97%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%BC%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B30%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%83%E6%97%A6%E6%BC%94%E8%AC%9B.oga.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/%E6%9E%97%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%BC%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B30%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%83%E6%97%A6%E6%BC%94%E8%AC%9B.oga/%E6%9E%97%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%BC%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B30%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%83%E6%97%A6%E6%BC%94%E8%AC%9B.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/%E6%9E%97%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%BC%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B30%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%83%E6%97%A6%E6%BC%94%E8%AC%9B.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="flac"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Lin Sen speech on New Year's Day of the 30th year of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a><br />Recorded 1 January 1941</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lin Sen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">林森</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lín Sēn</span></i>; 16 March 1868 – 1 August 1943),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Chinese politician who served as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the National Government of China">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">National Government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> from 1931 until his death. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Sen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_View_of_the_Former_Villa_of_Lin_Sen_2011-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Full_View_of_the_Former_Villa_of_Lin_Sen_2011-12.jpg/220px-Full_View_of_the_Former_Villa_of_Lin_Sen_2011-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Full_View_of_the_Former_Villa_of_Lin_Sen_2011-12.jpg/330px-Full_View_of_the_Former_Villa_of_Lin_Sen_2011-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Full_View_of_the_Former_Villa_of_Lin_Sen_2011-12.jpg/440px-Full_View_of_the_Former_Villa_of_Lin_Sen_2011-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7606" data-file-height="2715" /></a><figcaption>Former villa of Lin Sen in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Born to a middle-class family in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanggan_Township&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanggan Township (page does not exist)">Shanggan Township</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%B9%B2%E9%95%87" class="extiw" title="zh:尚干镇">zh</a>]</span> (尚幹鄉), <a href="/wiki/Minhou_County" title="Minhou County">Minhou County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, Lin was educated by American missionaries. He later worked in the Telegram Bureau of <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> in 1884. After the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, he engaged in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> activities against the Japanese occupiers. He returned to China and worked in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> customs office in 1902. He later lived in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. </p><p>There he was recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> in 1905, and was an overseas organizer for the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>, he was in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> revolt. He became speaker of the senate in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Beiyang_government)" title="National Assembly (Beiyang government)">National Assembly</a>. After the failed <a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a> against President <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, Lin fled with <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> to Japan and joined his <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Revolutionary Party">Chinese Revolutionary Party</a>. He was sent to the United States to raise funds from the party's local branches. In 1917, he followed Sun to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> where he continued to lead its "extraordinary session" during the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Constitutional Protection Movement</a>. When the assembly defected to the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a>, he remained with Sun and later served as governor of Fujian. </p><p>Lin was a member of the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a> based in Shanghai. The group was formed in Beijing shortly after Sun's death in 1925. They called for a party congress to expel the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communists</a> and to declare social revolution as incompatible with the Kuomintang's national revolution. The party pre-empted this faction and the ensuing congress expelled Western Hills' leaders and suspended the membership of the followers. They supported <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">purge of the communists</a> in 1927. Lin rose to become the leader of the Western Hills faction and undertook a world tour after the demise of the Beiyang government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_head_of_state">As head of state</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Sen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As head of state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931, Chairman Chiang's arrest of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu Hanmin</a> caused an uproar within the party and military. Lin and other high-ranking officials called for the impeachment of Chiang. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> prevented the civil war from erupting, however it did cause Chiang to resign on 15 December. Lin was appointed in his place as acting chairman and confirmed as chairman of government on 1 January 1932. He was chosen as a sign of personal respect and held few powers since the Kuomintang wanted to avoid a repeat of Chiang's rule. He never used the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Palace, Nanjing">Presidential Palace</a>, where Chiang continued to reside, and preferred his modest rented house near the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_Mausoleum" title="Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum">Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum</a>. Chiang's full influence was restored after the 1932 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai_(1932)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Shanghai (1932)">Battle of Shanghai</a> as party grandees realized his necessity. </p><p>Shortly after acceding to the chairmanship, Lin Sen embarked on an extended trip that took him to the Philippines, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France. He visited the Chinese diaspora and the Kuomintang party organisations in those countries. This was the first overseas visit by a serving head of state of China. </p><p>In 1934, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine called him "puppet President Lin", and when there was a talk by <a href="/wiki/Military_Affairs_Commission" title="Military Affairs Commission">military chief</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> at a "secret conference of government leaders" of granting the President of China actual powers, it insinuated that Chiang was entertaining the thought of taking the Presidency himself, since Chiang held the actual power while Lin's position was described as "<a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead class</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though he had little influence on public policy, Lin was highly respected by the public as an august elder statesman who was above politics. His lack of political ambition, corruption, and nepotism was an exceedingly rare trait. He lent dignity and stability to an office while other state institutions were in chaos. </p><p>A widower, Lin used his position to promote monogamy and combat <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a> which became a punishable felony in 1935. He also called for a peaceful resolution when Chiang was kidnapped during the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a>. National unity was something he stressed as relations with Japan deteriorated further. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> entered full swing in 1937, he moved to the wartime capital of <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>. He legalized civilian use of guerrilla warfare, but this was merely a formality as it was already a widespread practice. He spurned all offers to defect and collaborate with the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of China">Japanese puppet government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Sen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 March 1943, his car was involved in an accident. Two days later, he had a stroke while meeting the Canadian delegation. As he was in <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a>, he urged the recovery of Taiwan be included in the post-war settlement; it became part of the <a href="/wiki/1943_Cairo_Declaration" title="1943 Cairo Declaration">Cairo Declaration</a> months later. He died on 1 August, aged 76, following which a month of mourning was declared. He was the longest serving head of state in the Republic of China while it still held <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. The central executive committee elected Chiang as chairman of government a few hours after Lin's death. All of the powers that were denied to the chairmanship were restored for Chiang. </p><p>Lin visited Qingzhi Mountain in <a href="/wiki/Lianjiang_County" title="Lianjiang County">Lianjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou,_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhou, Fujian">Fuzhou, Fujian</a> and was fascinated by it, which encouraged him to style himself "Old Man Qingzhi" (<span lang="zh">青芝老人</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qīngzhī lǎorén</span></i>) in his old age. His monument, built beside Qingzhi Mountain in 1926 before his death, was damaged in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, and was restored in 1979. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Sen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lin had adopted his nephew Lin Jing (known in English as K.M. James Lin), as his son. While studying as a postgraduate student in <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, James Lin married Viola Brown, a <a href="/wiki/Five-and-ten-cent_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-and-ten-cent store">five-and-ten-cent store</a> clerk, although he was reported already to have two wives in China. Lin Sen objected to the marriage and the couple eventually divorced. James Lin returned to China and died in action during the Japanese invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Sen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No._97,_Ningbo_W._St.,_Zhongzheng_Dist.,_Taipei_City_-_02_20240111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/No._97%2C_Ningbo_W._St.%2C_Zhongzheng_Dist.%2C_Taipei_City_-_02_20240111.jpg/250px-No._97%2C_Ningbo_W._St.%2C_Zhongzheng_Dist.%2C_Taipei_City_-_02_20240111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/No._97%2C_Ningbo_W._St.%2C_Zhongzheng_Dist.%2C_Taipei_City_-_02_20240111.jpg/330px-No._97%2C_Ningbo_W._St.%2C_Zhongzheng_Dist.%2C_Taipei_City_-_02_20240111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/No._97%2C_Ningbo_W._St.%2C_Zhongzheng_Dist.%2C_Taipei_City_-_02_20240111.jpg/500px-No._97%2C_Ningbo_W._St.%2C_Zhongzheng_Dist.%2C_Taipei_City_-_02_20240111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Lin Sen Memorial Hall in Taipei.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are roads named after Lin Sen in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tainan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tainan City">Tainan</a>, and other towns and cities in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> due to his role in fighting the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan</a> and as ROC president. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, Lin was denounced for his anti-communism and roads and places named after Lin Sen were renamed, but he was later <a href="/wiki/Political_rehabilitation" title="Political rehabilitation">rehabilitated</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Sen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jieshou_Park" title="Jieshou Park">Jieshou Park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Sen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a> <b>Zi Chao</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">子超</span>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tze-chao</span></i>), sobriquet <b>Zhang Ren</b> (<span lang="zh">長仁</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Chang-jen</span></i>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Sen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125090434/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,747712,00.html">"CHINA: Chiang on Lid"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. Aug 20, 1934. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,747712,00.html">the original</a> on November 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=CHINA%3A+Chiang+on+Lid&rft.date=1934-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C747712%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALin+Sen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1938/03/24/archives/son-of-chinas-president-reported-killed-in-action.html">"Son of China's President Reported Killed in Action"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. March 24, 1938. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Son+of+China%27s+President+Reported+Killed+in+Action&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1938-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1938%2F03%2F24%2Farchives%2Fson-of-chinas-president-reported-killed-in-action.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALin+Sen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Lin Sen</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span 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Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">Chairman of the National Government</a> </b><br />1931–1943 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China1506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China1506" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">Presidents of the Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931928).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guozhang" title="Feng Guozhang">Feng Guozhang</a> (1917–1918; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shichang" title="Xu Shichang">Xu Shichang</a> (1918–1922)</li> <li>Li Yuanhong (1922–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Lingwei" title="Gao Lingwei">Gao Lingwei</a> (1923; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Kun" title="Cao Kun">Cao Kun</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Fu" title="Huang Fu">Huang Fu</a> (1924; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a> (1924–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Weide" title="Hu Weide">Hu Weide</a> (1926; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Huiqing" title="Yan Huiqing">Yan Huiqing</a> (1926; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Xigui" title="Du Xigui">Du Xigui</a> (1926; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a> (1926–1927; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a> (1927–1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a><br />(Chairman)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Yankai" title="Tan Yankai">Tan Yankai</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> (1928–1931)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lin Sen</a> (1931–1943)</li> <li>Chiang Kai-shek (1943–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitutional government</a><br />(Indirect election)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Tsung-jen</a> (1949; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yen Hsi-shan</a> (1949–1950; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li>Chiang Kai-shek (1950–1975; <i>resumed</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yen_Chia-kan" title="Yen Chia-kan">Yen Chia-kan</a> (1975–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> (1978–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> (1988–1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitutional government</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Taiwan" title="Presidential elections in Taiwan">Direct election</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> (1996–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chen_Shui-bian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Chen Shui-bian">2000–2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Presidency of Ma Ying-jeou">2008–2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Presidency of Tsai Ing-wen">2016–2024</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lai_Ching-te" title="Presidency of Lai Ching-te">2024–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="List of presidents of the Republic of China">List of presidents of the Republic of China</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705872#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705872#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705872#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063611176">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/28511943">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/165417/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGQy4YtfmT3WX7tqr8YP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116665463X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85186718">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36638087">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p144030128">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1352321">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/161623530">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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