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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="NJzDzawtMKzBSmCzYZ2tG93nEXduFHBtxzOmj4XuBHSviwP7GtOfv4Ko1n5iHPGosf7L2Zvso009RBZ5Bii4AA" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="FIGURE AND GROUND: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE METAPHYSICS AND LOGICS OF TIME" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jim Scott" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/36532127/FIGURE_AND_GROUND_CONSIDERATIONS_ON_THE_METAPHYSICS_AND_LOGICS_OF_TIME" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="FIGURE AND GROUND: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE METAPHYSICS AND LOGICS OF TIME" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The thesis provides a survey and analysis of three-dimensional and four- dimensional theories of time. These theories are considered both from the perspective of experienced time and of physical time. It is argued that experienced time is tensed and" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/2833035/927801/1161770/s200_jim.scott.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/36532127/FIGURE_AND_GROUND_CONSIDERATIONS_ON_THE_METAPHYSICS_AND_LOGICS_OF_TIME" /> <meta property="og:title" content="FIGURE AND GROUND: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE METAPHYSICS AND LOGICS OF TIME" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The thesis provides a survey and analysis of three-dimensional and four- dimensional theories of time. These theories are considered both from the perspective of experienced time and of physical time. It is argued that experienced time is tensed and" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/JimScott" /> <meta name="description" content="The thesis provides a survey and analysis of three-dimensional and four- dimensional theories of time. These theories are considered both from the perspective of experienced time and of physical time. It is argued that experienced time is tensed and" /> <title>(PDF) Metaphysics and Logics of Time Explained</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/36532127/FIGURE_AND_GROUND_CONSIDERATIONS_ON_THE_METAPHYSICS_AND_LOGICS_OF_TIME" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739839314000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739839314000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The thesis provides a survey and analysis of three-dimensional and four- dimensional theories of time. These theories are considered both from the perspective of experienced time and of physical time. It is argued that experienced time is tensed and finite. It is further argued that physical time can be modeled by various theories, and that the choice of temporal theory is largely determined by the basic tenets of a particular theory of the external world. Arthur Prior‟s tense logic and U-calculus are presented, and it is shown that tense logic models tensed time, while the U-calculus models tenseless time. Further, it is seen that the U-calculus can be reduced to tense logic. Following the development of a general hybrid modal logic, a temporal hybrid modal logic is presented which is shown to model both tensed and tenseless time.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jim Scott","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JimScott"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2018-04-29","headline":"FIGURE AND GROUND: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE METAPHYSICS AND LOGICS OF TIME","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56451438/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Logic","Temporal and Modal Logic","Metaphysics of Time","Temporal Logics"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56451438/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36532127/FIGURE_AND_GROUND_CONSIDERATIONS_ON_THE_METAPHYSICS_AND_LOGICS_OF_TIME"}</script><style 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{"work":{"id":36532127,"created_at":"2018-04-29T11:58:01.906-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-01-31T19:41:12.116-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"The thesis provides a survey and analysis of three-dimensional and four-\ndimensional theories of time. These theories are considered both from the perspective of experienced time and of physical time. It is argued that experienced time is tensed and finite. It is further argued that physical time can be modeled by various theories, and that the choice of temporal theory is largely determined by the basic tenets of a particular theory of the external world.\n\nArthur Prior‟s tense logic and U-calculus are presented, and it is shown that tense logic models tensed time, while the U-calculus models tenseless time. Further, it is seen that the U-calculus can be reduced to tense logic.\n\nFollowing the development of a general hybrid modal logic, a temporal hybrid modal logic is presented which is shown to model both tensed and tenseless time.","ai_title_tag":"Metaphysics and Logics of Time Explained"},"document_type":"thesis_chapter","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"FIGURE AND GROUND: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE METAPHYSICS AND LOGICS OF TIME","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2833035]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":56451438,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “FIGURE AND GROUND: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE METAPHYSICS AND LOGICS OF TIME”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/56451438/mini_magick20190112-8495-j5z6cs.png?1547284783" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">FIGURE AND GROUND: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE METAPHYSICS AND LOGICS OF TIME</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2833035" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JimScott"><img alt="Profile image of Jim Scott" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2833035/927801/1161770/s65_jim.scott.jpg" />Jim Scott</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">221 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 36532127; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The thesis provides a survey and analysis of three-dimensional and four- dimensional theories of time. These theories are considered both from the perspective of experienced time and of physical time. It is argued that experienced time is tensed and finite. It is further argued that physical time can be modeled by various theories, and that the choice of temporal theory is largely determined by the basic tenets of a particular theory of the external world. Arthur Prior‟s tense logic and U-calculus are presented, and it is shown that tense logic models tensed time, while the U-calculus models tenseless time. Further, it is seen that the U-calculus can be reduced to tense logic. Following the development of a general hybrid modal logic, a temporal hybrid modal logic is presented which is shown to model both tensed and tenseless time.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":56451438,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/36532127/FIGURE_AND_GROUND_CONSIDERATIONS_ON_THE_METAPHYSICS_AND_LOGICS_OF_TIME"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":56451438,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/36532127/FIGURE_AND_GROUND_CONSIDERATIONS_ON_THE_METAPHYSICS_AND_LOGICS_OF_TIME"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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He also argues against Bertrand Russell’s relationist theory, in which times are classes of events, and against the idea that relativity compels the integration of time and space (called by Meyer the Inseparability Argument). I find fault with each of these negative arguments, as well as with Meyer’s purported reconstruction of empty spacetime from tense operators and substantial spatial points. I suggest that Meyer’s positive project is best conceived as an elimination of time in the mode of Julian Barbour's The End of Time.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Taking Times Out: Tense Logic as a Theory of Time","attachmentId":37758109,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12642091/Taking_Times_Out_Tense_Logic_as_a_Theory_of_Time","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12642091/Taking_Times_Out_Tense_Logic_as_a_Theory_of_Time"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="61980355" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61980355/Between_the_Time_of_Physics_and_the_Time_of_Metaphysics_the_Time_of_Tense_Logic">Between the Time of Physics and the Time of Metaphysics, the Time of Tense Logic?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="448539" href="https://cef.academia.edu/JeanClaudeDumoncel">Jean-Claude Dumoncel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Einstein vs. Bergson</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Accordingt oR ussell, Being is divided into atemporal universals and temporal particulars. But,t ot he extent that the Antisthene'sc aballeity pops up in the topos noeton,the ancestors of the horse must precede the horse in the sublunar. Thus, Being must be divided into Sosein, Dasein and Zeitsein. Onlythe Whiteheadian "eternal objects",s uch as geometricalf orms and colours,a re atemporal universals, while caballeity is in the Zeitsein togetherw ith Conquérant (one among Napoleon'sh orses). In this ontology,a ccordingt ot he Lautmanian shift, Spatiotemporality pertains to the Sosein and has at wo-fold structure: logical and mathematical. The tensel ogic of A.N.P rior describes it,while its link with the mathematics of spacetime is fixed by the Boolean kernel in the vonNeumann algebraf or quantum logic. Thiss peculation will be precededb yanarrative exposition of elementaryt ense logic. *Iam grateful to the all staff at the What is time? symposium for theirinvitation and generous hospitality.Great thanks are especiallydue to RoccoRonchi for his marked concerns, to Elie During for the courtesy of his discussion and to AlessandraC ampof or the truth of her philosophical enthusiasm. As pecial thanks is for the anonymous reviewer of this paper. 1T he Tale of TenseL ogic Tense logic is avariety of temporal logic, and temporallogic is abranch of modal logic. Thus, in order to give ashort history of tenselogic, we must start by tracing as hort genealogyo ft he modal logic.¹ The latter has threem ain moments: the Leibnizian foundation,t he Kripkean mathematization and the creation of tense logic by Arthur Prior.  See Blackburn,D eR ijkea nd Venema (2001). Arthur Prior and Hybrid Logic is af ascinating paper which focuses on the morep romisingl ines of thoughti nt he area.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Between the Time of Physics and the Time of Metaphysics, the Time of Tense Logic?","attachmentId":74871065,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61980355/Between_the_Time_of_Physics_and_the_Time_of_Metaphysics_the_Time_of_Tense_Logic","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61980355/Between_the_Time_of_Physics_and_the_Time_of_Metaphysics_the_Time_of_Tense_Logic"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="24965219" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24965219/Tense_in_a_vectorial_model_for_the_conceptualization_of_time">Tense in a vectorial model for the conceptualization of time</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1214384" href="https://uned.academia.edu/IsmaelTeomiro">Ismael Iván Teomiro García</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this work we assume that the human mind can- not perceive time directly and thus resorts to a meta- phor of space in order to conceptualize it (Casasanto & Boroditsky, 2008; Gentner et al., 2002; Merrit et al., 2010). We argue that time, which is conceptualized in terms of a path image schema, is needed along with spatial coordinates in order to locate a proposition in a possible world so that it can receive a truth-value. In other words, both time and space are needed to evaluate a proposition. The human mind codides the temporal properties of a proposition by means of three systems, which are based upon Reichenbach's (1947) temporal variables, namely speech time, evaluation time and ut- terance time: tense, which locates an event or situation along the temporal path image schema (past, present or future); aspect, which represents the speaker's view- point of the event or situation conveyed in the utterance (perfectivity and progressivity, among others); and le xical aspect or aktionsart, which encodes the temporal properties of the event or situation itself (i.e. whether it is bound, unbound, or punctual). Speci cally, we pro vide a mathematical model that represents the information codi ed by these three systems by means of a Euclidean vector (a geometric entity characterized by a magnitude, which in our case is a number times an abstract temporal unit) in a four-dimensional-like mental representation, namely an R3+ˆt mental representation: a three dimensional space (R3) de ned by three versors (a vector whose magnitude equals one unit and de nes a line), xˆ, yˆ and zˆ plus a fourth versor ˆt that de nes the temporal path image schema along which the propo- sition must be placed in order to receive a truth value. Ultimately, this work aims to offer a novel account of tense using theoretical tools from cognitive linguistics and formal logic, as well as mathematical formalisms, which will allow us to carry out the computational implementation of the model in NLP systems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Tense in a vectorial model for the conceptualization of time","attachmentId":45296995,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24965219/Tense_in_a_vectorial_model_for_the_conceptualization_of_time","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24965219/Tense_in_a_vectorial_model_for_the_conceptualization_of_time"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="3001962" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3001962/A_Philosophical_Investigation_into_Time_and_Tense">A Philosophical Investigation into Time and Tense</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="127868" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DykeH">Heather Dyke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1996</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">I defend and develop the new tenseless token-reflexive theory of time. I begin by charting the development of the debate between the tensed and the old tenseless theories of time. The tensed theory of time maintains that time exists and is intrinsically tensed. According to the old tenseless theory, time exists and is intrinsically tenseless, the notions of past, present and future being analytically reducible to tenseless temporal relations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Philosophical Investigation into Time and Tense","attachmentId":30950155,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3001962/A_Philosophical_Investigation_into_Time_and_Tense","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3001962/A_Philosophical_Investigation_into_Time_and_Tense"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="58844260" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58844260/Tense_Logic_and_Ontology_of_Time">Tense Logic and Ontology of Time</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28197927" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/AvrilEmil">Avril Styrman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the Joint Ontology Workshops 2021 Episode VII: The Bolzano Summer of Knowledge co-located with the 12th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2021), and the 12th International Conference on Biomedical Ontologies (ICBO 2021), 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This work aims to make tense logic a more robust tool for ontologists, philosophers, knowledge engineers and programmers by outlining a fusion of tense logic and ontology of time. In order to make tense logic better understandable, the central formal primitives of standard tense logic are derived as theorems from an informal and intuitive ontology of time. In order to make formulation of temporal propositions easier, temporal operators that were introduced by Georg Henrik von Wright are developed, and mapped to the ontology of time.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Tense Logic and Ontology of Time","attachmentId":73058149,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58844260/Tense_Logic_and_Ontology_of_Time","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58844260/Tense_Logic_and_Ontology_of_Time"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="66535437" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66535437/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Themes_from_Prior_Volume_1">Logic and Philosophy of Time: Themes from Prior, Volume 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1931726" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatrickBlackburn">Patrick Blackburn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A.N. Prior’s Past, Present and Future [18] was published 50 years ago in 1967 and was clearly a milestone in the development of tense-logic. It is a mature and comprehensive presentation of the basic concepts, systems and issues in tense-logic. In addition it also contains a number of interesting ideas that later led to important further developments of the field. Past, Present and Future represents a culmination of Prior’s struggle with the problem of determinism (including his study of the tension between the doctrines of divine foreknowledge and human freedom). Prior’s study of the problem of determinism led him to a reconstruction of the famous DiodoreanMaster Argument which had for centuries been regarded as a strong argument in favour of determinism. In his further analysis of the problem, hemade extensive use of tense-logic and the idea of branching time. However, in Past, Present and Future Prior also stresses that time as such should not simply be understood in terms of bra...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Logic and Philosophy of Time: Themes from Prior, Volume 1","attachmentId":77688835,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66535437/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Themes_from_Prior_Volume_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66535437/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Themes_from_Prior_Volume_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="31306734" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31306734/Theory_of_Time_A_general_approach">Theory of Time: A general approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59823180" href="https://louisiana.academia.edu/RasiahLoganantharaj">Rasiah Loganantharaj</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1996</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The notion of time has intrigued researchers of diverse disciplines, such as, databases, theoretical computer science, philosophy, applied psychology, and artificial intelligence. In spite of several contributions towards the advancement of temporal reasoning, very little work has been done in developing a theory of time that is common to all the time elements. Allen and Hayes have provided an elegant theory of time for intervals. The major shortcoming in their approach is that they have ignored or neglected the points. On the other hand, McDermott's theory of time was based on points ignoring intervals. Ma and Knight have straightforwardly extended Allen and Hayes' axioms so that it can be applicable to both points and intervals.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Theory of Time: A general approach","attachmentId":51700861,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31306734/Theory_of_Time_A_general_approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31306734/Theory_of_Time_A_general_approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="75039600" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75039600/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Themes_from_Prior">Logic and Philosophy of Time: Themes from Prior</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29244544" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PerHasle">Per Hasle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A.N. Prior (1914-69) in the course of the 1950s and 1960s founded a new and revolutionary paradigm in philosophy and logic. Its most central feature is the preoccupation with time and the development of the logic of time. However, this was inseparably interwoven with fundamental questions about human freedom, ethics, and existence. This remarkable integration of themes also embodies an original and in fact revolutionary conception of logic. The book series, Logic and Philosophy of Time, is dedicated to a deep investigation and also the further development of Prior&#39;s paradigm.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Logic and Philosophy of Time: Themes from Prior","attachmentId":82970530,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75039600/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Themes_from_Prior","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75039600/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Themes_from_Prior"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="56262669" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56262669/The_Logic_of_Time_Structures_Temporal_and_Nonmonotonic_Features">The Logic of Time Structures: Temporal and Nonmonotonic Features</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32559900" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/MiraBalaban">Mira Balaban</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the 11th international joint …, 1989</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We Imbed Into a first order logic a representation language that combines atemporal knowledge with time stamps in a hierarchical fashion. Each time structure contains its own chronology of events: sufficient information for an encoding of a classical temporal logic. By quantifying over time structures, we encode a modal logic of temporal knowledge. In addition, we show how to achieve the effect of nonmonotonic inference, by simulating preferential entailment within a first order framework.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Logic of Time Structures: Temporal and Nonmonotonic Features","attachmentId":71734932,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56262669/The_Logic_of_Time_Structures_Temporal_and_Nonmonotonic_Features","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56262669/The_Logic_of_Time_Structures_Temporal_and_Nonmonotonic_Features"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="31793050" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31793050/Philosophy_of_time_A_slightly_opinionated_introduction">Philosophy of time: A slightly opinionated introduction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="781566" href="https://uni-siegen.academia.edu/FlorianFischer">Florian Fischer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">There are several intertwined debates in the area of contemporary philosophy of time. One field of inquiry is the nature of time itself. Presentists think that only the present moment exists whereas eternalists believe that all of (space-)time exists on a par. The second main field of inquiry is the question of how objects persist through time. The endurantist claims that objects are three-dimensional wholes, which persist by being wholly present, whereas the perdurantist thinks that objects are four- dimensional and that their temporal parts are the bearers of properties. The third debate in the field of contemporary philosophy of time is about tense- versus tenseless theory. Tensers are at odds with detensers about the status of the linguistic reference to the present moment.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Philosophy of time: A slightly opinionated introduction","attachmentId":52093649,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31793050/Philosophy_of_time_A_slightly_opinionated_introduction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31793050/Philosophy_of_time_A_slightly_opinionated_introduction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":56451438,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":56451438,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_56451438" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="110343744" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110343744/Logic_and_Philosophy_of_Time_Further_Themes_from_Prior">Logic and Philosophy of Time: Further Themes from Prior</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1931726" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatrickBlackburn">Patrick Blackburn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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data-entity-id="722742" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/722742/A_catalog_of_temporal_theories">A catalog of temporal theories</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36480" href="https://ihmc.academia.edu/PatrickHayes">Patrick Hayes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Artificial Intelligence Technical Report UIUC-BI-AI-96- …, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A catalog of temporal theories","attachmentId":4106167,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/722742/A_catalog_of_temporal_theories","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophical Books, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Logic of Time","attachmentId":48324995,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28017494/The_Logic_of_Time","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28017494/The_Logic_of_Time"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="45687833" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45687833/ON_A_REALISTIC_AND_DISCRETE_APPROACH_TO_PHYSICAL_TIME_Logical_and_physical_considerations_on_the_theories_of_time">ON A REALISTIC AND DISCRETE APPROACH TO PHYSICAL TIME (Logical and physical considerations on the theories of time</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44039684" href="https://paris10.academia.edu/IegorReznikoff">Iegor Reznikoff</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">REZNIKOFF Iegor, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ON A REALISTIC AND DISCRETE APPROACH TO PHYSICAL TIME (Logical 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