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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Council of Malaysian Rulers</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Conference of Rulers</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname" lang="ms">Majlis Raja-Raja</div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">مجليس راج٢</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja-Raja_Melayu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Raja-Raja_Melayu.svg/170px-Raja-Raja_Melayu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Raja-Raja_Melayu.svg/255px-Raja-Raja_Melayu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Raja-Raja_Melayu.svg/340px-Raja-Raja_Melayu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Term limits</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 years</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">18 February 1948<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1948-02-18</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Council of Rulers of the Federated States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">New session started</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2021 – present</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><i>Rotates per meeting</i> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Rulers%27_Seal" title="Keeper of the Rulers' Seal">Keeper of the Rulers' Seal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Danial_Syed_Ahmad" title="Syed Danial Syed Ahmad">Syed Danial Syed Ahmad</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">Assistant Secretary of the Conference of Rulers</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">Mohd Aseral bin Jusman </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">13</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Voting members</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-voting members</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia-Istana_Negara-Jalan-Duta-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia-Istana_Negara-Jalan-Duta-01.jpg/220px-Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia-Istana_Negara-Jalan-Duta-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia-Istana_Negara-Jalan-Duta-01.jpg/330px-Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia-Istana_Negara-Jalan-Duta-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia-Istana_Negara-Jalan-Duta-01.jpg/440px-Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia-Istana_Negara-Jalan-Duta-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5689" data-file-height="3793" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/Istana_Negara,_Jalan_Tuanku_Abdul_Halim" title="Istana Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim">Istana Negara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (Venue used since 13 December 2011)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my">www<wbr />.majlisraja-raja<wbr />.gov<wbr />.my</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Constitution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Article 38, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitution of Malaysia">Federal Constitution of Malaysia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.7em; border: 4px double #ffcc00;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Politics of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#cd0000; border: 1px double #ffcc00;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia"><span style="color:white;"><small>Politics of</small><br />Malaysia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Head of State</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg/45px-Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg/60px-Arms_of_the_Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor" title="Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor">Ibrahim Iskandar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conference of Rulers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Legislature</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg/45px-Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg/60px-Parliament_Of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament of Malaysia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat,_15th_Malaysian_Parliament" title="Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament">15th Parliament</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg/30px-Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg/45px-Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg/60px-Dewan_Negara_Parlimen_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Senate (Dewan Negara)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dewan_Negara" title="President of the Dewan Negara">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Awang_Bemee_Awang_Ali_Basah" title="Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah">Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewan_Rakyat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dewan_Rakyat.svg/30px-Dewan_Rakyat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dewan_Rakyat.svg/45px-Dewan_Rakyat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dewan_Rakyat.svg/60px-Dewan_Rakyat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat" title="Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Johari_Abdul" title="Johari Abdul">Johari Abdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Leader of the Government</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Malaysia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia)">Leader of the Opposition</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamzah_Zainudin" title="Hamzah Zainudin">Hamzah Zainudin</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia#Executive" title="Government of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Executive</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Cabinet</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_in_Malaysia" title="Civil service in Malaysia">Civil service</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_ministries_and_agencies_in_Malaysia" title="List of federal ministries and agencies in Malaysia">agencies</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Government_of_Malaysia" title="Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia">Chief Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamsul_Azri_Abu_Bakar" title="Shamsul Azri Abu Bakar">Shamsul Azri Abu Bakar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Malaysia" title="Chief Justice of Malaysia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Tengku_Maimun_Tuan_Mat" title="Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat">Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Malaysia" title="Court of Appeal of Malaysia">Court of Appeal</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Court_of_Appeal_of_Malaysia" title="President of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abang_Iskandar_Abang_Hashim" title="Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim">Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Malaysia">High Court in Malaya ∙ High Court in Sabah and Sarawak</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judge_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Judge of Malaya">Chief Judge of Malaya</a> <i>Vacant</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judge_of_Sabah_and_Sarawak" title="Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak">Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Rahman_Sebli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Rahman Sebli (page does not exist)">Abdul Rahman Sebli</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg/30px-Suruhanjaya_Pilihan_Raya_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" 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mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background: #000066; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #ffcc00;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia"><span style="color:#FFF;">Political parties</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">BN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">PH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional" title="Perikatan Nasional">PN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak" title="Gabungan Parti Sarawak">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Rakyat_Sabah" title="Gabungan Rakyat Sabah">GRS</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">List of political parties in Malaysia</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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<li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Feminism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">Reformasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Hadhari" title="Islam Hadhari">Islam Hadhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Race and politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayaks_in_politics" title="Dayaks in politics">Dayaks in politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)"><i>Bumiputera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malaysia" title="Malaysian Malaysia">Malaysian Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract_(Malaysia)" title="Social contract (Malaysia)">Social contract</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Politics of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Politics of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Conference of Rulers</b> (also known as <b>Council of Rulers</b> or <b>Durbar</b>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Majlis Raja-Raja</i>; <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl">مجليس راج٢</span></span>) is a council comprising the nine rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay states">Malay states</a>, and the governors (<i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a></i>) of the other four states in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. It was officially established by Article 38 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia</a>, and is the only such institution in the world, according to the Malaysian National Library. </p><p>Its main responsibility is the election of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></i> (King of Malaysia) and <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia#Deputy_King" title="King of Malaysia">Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></i> (Deputy King of Malaysia), which occurs every five years or when the positions fall vacant (either through death, resignation, or removal from office). Although its position in the process of <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a> is unique, the Conference of Rulers also plays a role in amending the Constitution of Malaysia and some other policies, in particular, those Articles which have been "entrenched", namely those pertaining to the status of the rulers, the special privileges of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bumiputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumiputra">Bumiputra</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Article_153_of_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia">Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia</a>), the status of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> as the national language, and the clause governing the entrenchment of such Articles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Conference of Rulers has its origins in the 1897 <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Durbar</a>, the Council of Rulers for the <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a>, which were not under the British colonial regime, with the British having an advisory role on only a very few administrative items and the full authority to govern remaining with the rulers of those states. Only the four Federated Malay States of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> were represented at the Durbar, which first convened in 1897. The purpose of the Durbar, as described by Resident-General <a href="/wiki/Frank_Swettenham" title="Frank Swettenham">Frank Swettenham</a>, was to "bring home to the Malays, in the most striking manner possible, the reality of federation".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, a similar body called the Council of Rulers was constituted under the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-keat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council comprised the Governor of the Union, who acted as president, the nine rulers, and the Chief Secretary, Attorney-General and Financial Secretary as <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> members.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sole functions of the Council were to consider legislation related to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (a function carried out by a subcommittee of the Council, comprising only the Muslim members) and to advise the Governor of the Union or the ruler of any state as necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-keat_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The first Conference of Rulers was convened on 31 August 1948, the year the British established the semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, and was attended by the rulers of all nine Malay states. The Conference of Rulers continued after independence, when it was formally established under the Constitution.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg/220px-Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg/330px-Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg/440px-Sultans_at_the_first_Malayan_Durbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>First Malay Rulers Durbar held at the <a href="/wiki/Istana_Iskandariah" title="Istana Iskandariah">Istana Negara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a>, Perak in 1897.</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>Current members of the Conference of Rulers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State</th> <th>Member</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Reign since </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Muhriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuanku Muhriz">Tuanku Muhriz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Besar_of_Negeri_Sembilan" title="Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan">Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan</a></td> <td>29 December 2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Sharafuddin_Idris_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah">Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Sultan of Selangor</a></td> <td>21 November 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Syed_Sirajuddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin">Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raja_of_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja of Perlis">Raja of Perlis</a></td> <td>17 April 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mizan_Zainal_Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin">Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu" title="Sultan of Terengganu">Sultan of Terengganu</a></td> <td>15 May 1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sallehuddin_of_Kedah" title="Sallehuddin of Kedah">Sultan Sallehuddin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Kedah">Sultan of Kedah</a></td> <td>11 September 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Muhammad_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Muhammad V">Sultan Muhammad V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kelantan" title="Sultan of Kelantan">Sultan of Kelantan</a></td> <td>13 September 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Pahang" title="Abdullah of Pahang">Al-Sultan Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Pahang" title="Sultan of Pahang">Sultan of Pahang</a></td> <td>11 January 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Iskandar_of_Johor" title="Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor">Sultan Ibrahim</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Sultan of Johor</a></td> <td>23 January 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Nazrin_Muizzuddin_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah">Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Sultan of Perak</a></td> <td>29 May 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wan_Junaidi_Tuanku_Jaafar" title="Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar">Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sarawak" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak">Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak</a></td> <td>26 January 2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Musa_Aman" title="Musa Aman">Musa Aman</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sabah" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah">Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah</a></td> <td>1 January 2025 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohd_Ali_Rustam" title="Mohd Ali Rustam">Mohd Ali Rustam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Malacca" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca">Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Malacca</a></td> <td>4 June 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fuzi_Abdul_Razak" title="Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak">Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang">Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang</a></td> <td>1 May 2021 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The membership of the Conference depends on the succession of the Malay rulers, and the appointment of the governors. The <i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></i> appoints the governors, while each state has its own procedure for succession to the throne. One, <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, is itself an elective monarchy. </p><p>Only the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay states">Malay states</a> of Negeri Sembilan, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> are permitted to participate in the election of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></i> and stand as candidates. The governors of the other states (<a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>) do not participate when the Conference of Rulers meets to decide matters related to the election or removal of the <i>Yang di-Pertuan Agong</i> or their deputy, those related to privileges of the Malay rulers and those related to the observance of Islam. </p><p>Should a member of the Conference be unable to attend a meeting, their state must designate a temporary replacement; this process is set out by each state's own constitution, and therefore varies. Once elected, the <i>Yang di-Pertuan Agong</i> delegates their state representation in the Conference to the Regent they have selected to rule in their stead in their home state. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong still attends the meetings of the Conference, though they do so intermittently, usually only when the Conference would be discussing national policy or electing a new Yang di-Pertuan Agong. </p><p>When attending Conference meetings, each ruler and governor is accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Ministers_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Ministers in Malaysia">Menteri Besar</a> or Chief Minister (for states with a governor) of their state. When the <i>Yang di-Pertuan Agong</i> attends, they are accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a>. </p><p>Every meeting of the Conference is chaired by one of the nine Malay rulers, who is appointed rotationally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_and_procedure">Roles and procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roles and procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Library has called the Conference of Rulers "the supreme institution in the country", which would mean even <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a> is subordinate to it. However, its role is <i>de facto</i> largely symbolic, as even the election of the <i>Yang di-Pertuan Agong</i> generally follows a fixed order based on the seniority of the Malay rulers at the time of independence in 1957. </p><p>In policy-making, if the Conference of Rulers is involved, the <i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></i> is constitutionally required to consult with not only the Prime Minister and the members of the Conference, but also with the Menteri Besar/Chief Minister/Premier of each state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amending_the_Constitution">Amending the Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amending the Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Conference's role in amending the Constitution was first set out by the Constitution (Amendment) Act 1971, one of the first pieces of legislation passed by Parliament after the catastrophic <a href="/wiki/May_13_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 13 Incident">May 13 Incident</a>, which saw at least 200 deaths after racial rioting in the federal capital of <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>. </p><p>The Act named Article 152, <a href="/wiki/Article_153_of_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia">153</a>, and 181, and also Part III of the Constitution as specially protected; any public questioning of these provisions could now be criminalised by Parliament (this was done separately at the same time in amendments to the Sedition Act).<sup id="cite_ref-khoo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khoo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provisions in question covered the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract_(Malaysia)" title="Social contract (Malaysia)">social contract</a> (not to be confused with the philosophy of a social contract between the government and the governed), a <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a></i> agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Bumiputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumiputra">Bumiputra</a> and the non-Bumiputra. In return for the granting of citizenship to the non-Bumiputra, the Bumiputra were guaranteed special rights (or as some claim, Malay supremacy — <i><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">ketuanan Melayu</a></i>). The amendments thus effectively "entrenched" the social contract, making the contract alterable only with the agreement of the Conference of Rulers. Some have subsequently described the Conference of Rulers as a symbol of "Malay dominance".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provisions covered were (respectively) those relating to <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> as the national language, the special privileges and rights of the Malays and other indigenous peoples (Bumiputra, constituting more than half the Malaysian population), the status of the Malay rulers, and the provisions for Malaysian citizenship. These restrictions applied to all Malaysians, including members of parliament, over-ruling their <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">parliamentary immunity</a>. In addition, Article 159(5), which governed amendments to the Constitution, was also amended to require the provisions of the Constitution relating to the "sensitive issues" mentioned earlier be amended only with the consent of the Conference of Rulers. This regulation would also apply to Article 159(5).<sup id="cite_ref-khoo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khoo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These changes met with strong opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)">Democratic Action Party</a> (DAP) and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Progressive_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Progressive Party (Malaysia)">People's Progressive Party</a> (PPP), both of which had called for changes in government policies related to those "sensitive issues" mentioned during their campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_general_election,_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian general election, 1969">1969 general election</a>. The changes were criticised as undermining <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary supremacy">parliamentary supremacy</a>, and some considered the legislation to insufficiently clarify the bans on discussion; in particular, it was questioned if the ban on discussion applied to Article 159(5) as well.<sup id="cite_ref-khoo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khoo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London in the United Kingdom, lambasted the constitutional amendments, stating they would "preserve as immutable the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a> dominating Malay society" by "giving this archaic body of petty constitutional monarchs incredible blocking power", suggesting that this move was hypocritical in light of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razak_Hussein" title="Abdul Razak Hussein">Abdul Razak Hussein</a>'s declaration of "the full realization that important matters must no longer be swept under the carpet..."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, despite fierce opposition, the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Alliance</a> coalition government passed the constitutional amendments in Parliament without the opposition votes because of its two-thirds Parliamentary majority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meetings">Meetings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Conference of Rulers generally meets three times a year. Should the <i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></i> or at least three members of the Conference request it, however, the <a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Rulers%27_Seal" title="Keeper of the Rulers' Seal">Keeper of the Rulers' Seal</a> may convene a meeting of the Conference of Rulers. Meetings will also be convened no later than four weeks before the end of the five-year reign of the <i>Yang di-Pertuan Agong</i>, or whenever there is a vacancy in either their seat or that of their deputy. </p><p>The Conference generally meets at the <a href="/wiki/Istana_Negara,_Jalan_Tuanku_Abdul_Halim" title="Istana Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim">Istana Negara</a> (National Palace), but meetings may be held at other venues should the members of the Conference consent. Meetings have been held on occasion at various state palaces, a State Assembly, and at hotel resorts. </p><p>Each Malay ruler generally takes turns chairing each meeting. The agenda is generally outlined and made known to the Rulers prior to the meeting. During the meeting, none of the Malay Rulers take precedence above another and all are considered equal. Even the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> has no precedence above the Malay Rulers and serves to represent the federal government. However, a Ruler who has been on the throne for a longer period of time is considered more senior and their advice is widely respected due to the wealth of their experience, but this advice does not have to be followed. </p><p>The Secretary of the Conference is the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Royal Scholarship Fund (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Kumpulan Wang Biasiswa Raja-Raja</i>) was established on 31 August 1949 by the 8th Meeting of the Conference of Rulers. In accordance with that, a rule has been made and named the Regulations of the Royal Scholarship Funds. The Trustee Meeting of the Royal Scholarship Fund was changed to the Royal Scholarship Fund and Governors (Malay: <i lang="ms">Kumpulan Wang Biasiswa Raja-Raja dan Gabenor-Gabenor</i>). </p><p>On 12 May 1983, an Act of Act 284 was gazetted and named the Higher Education Scholarship Fund of the Yang di-Pertuan Negeri of the States (Malay: <i lang="ms">Kumpulan Wang Biasiswa Pengajian Tinggi Raja-Raja dan Yang di-Pertua Yang di-Pertuan Negeri</i>). Its control and management are placed under the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal who is also secretary of the Fund's Board. </p><p>The Board of this Fund in accordance with section 5 (1) of Act 284 consists of a Chairman and four members appointed by the Conference of Rules between the <i>Menteri Besar</i> and the Chief Minister for a period of two years and is eligible for a reappointment. The Chairman chairs all Board Meetings and meet at least three times a year and at any meeting of the Board, the Chairman and two members shall be quorum. The Keeper of the Rulers' Seal is the secretary of the Board. </p><p>In 2019, The Board of this Fund consists of: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1 </td> <td>YAB the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Sarawak" title="Premier of Sarawak">Premier of Sarawak</a> </td> <td>Chairman </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>YAB the <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Perak" title="Menteri Besar of Perak">Menteri Besar of Perak</a> </td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>YAB the <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Kedah" title="Menteri Besar of Kedah">Menteri Besar of Kedah</a> </td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>YAB the <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Johor" title="Menteri Besar of Johor">Menteri Besar of Johor</a> </td> <td>Member </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>YAB the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sabah" title="Chief Minister of Sabah">Chief Minister of Sabah</a> </td> <td>Member </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The main function of the establishment of the Board of Fund is to provide scholarships, financial assistance and other assistance to students who are studying at Public Higher Education Institutions to take on the First Degree only. The number of students who have been offered scholarships are limited to the fund capacity of the time This scholarship is offered to students who have excellent results in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sijil_Tinggi_Persekolahan_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia">Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia</a></i> / Matriculation examinations only. Candidates to be offered are in various fields of study such as medicine, technology, science and literature. All candidates are received from the Public Service Department (PSD).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conference_of_Rulers_Scholarship">Conference of Rulers Scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conference of Rulers Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scholarship was first introduced in 1967 initially to three students and the value of scholarship is according to the rate of <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Department_(Malaysia)" title="Public Service Department (Malaysia)">Public Service Department</a>'s scholarship with an extra of 200 <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Ringgit Malaysia</a> for each student. The total number of students offered the scholarship from 1967 to 2013 was 415.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_Education_Award">Royal Education Award</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Royal Education Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 145th Conference of the Rulers (2nd Day) on 6 November 1988, agreed to create a Royal Education Award (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Anugerah Pelajaran DiRaja</i>), also called <i>Pingat Jaya Cemerlang</i>. It is one of the oldest and most prestigious awards for any graduate or scholar achievable in Malaysia. The purpose of the award is to give the highest recognition to a graduate whose quality and academic achievement are the best and meet the following criteria: </p> <ul><li>Significant development and contribution to country's progress and development</li> <li>High intellectual prowess</li> <li>Overall exam results</li> <li>Co-curriculum activities</li> <li>Other prizes obtained</li> <li>Certificate and report from the relevant Dean of the Faculty</li> <li>Good behavior</li></ul> <p>The <i>Pingat Jaya Cemerlang</i> was first introduced in 1989 for seven Public Institutions of Higher Learning (IPTA) of two graduates for every IPTA comprising a <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> and a non-Bumiputera recipient of the award is eligible to receive: </p> <ul><li>A gold medal worth RM 1,000</li> <li>Cash for the amount RM 1,000</li> <li>A certificate</li></ul> <p>The cash payment rate has been raised to RM 2,500 per person from 1995 and RM 5,000 per person from 2009. In 2018, the prize was raised to RM7,000. A total of 19 IPTAs and two graduates for each IPTA have received this award. A total of 567 graduates have received this award.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2016, there are less than 600 recipients of award,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fewer than the <a href="/wiki/Tan_Sri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tan Sri">Tan Sri</a> title, which had 886 recipients as of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong_Scholarship">Yang di-Pertuan Agong Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Yang di-Pertuan Agong Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, the Public Service Department (PSD) implemented a programme called the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Scholarship (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Biasiswa Yang di-Pertuan Agong</i>) or the King Scholarship, following the decision of the Prime Minister on 3 November 2004, which was approved by the Conference of Rulers meeting on 16 March 2005.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This scholarship was introduced to recognize the exceptional skills of candidates wishing to pursue their postgraduate studies (Master's and PhD), particularly in the field of science and technology, either locally or abroad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The inaugural award presentation ceremony of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Scholarship to five candidates for the Master's and Doctoral programmes respectively was held on 29 September 2006. It was officiated by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong at the National Palace. The recipients were also introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Malay rulers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a> in a special ceremony prior to the banquet in honour of the Conference of Rulers meeting at the National Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Malaysia" title="Regalia of Malaysia">Regalia of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Monarchies of Malaysia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFsKAQAAIAAJ&q=%22bring+home+to+the+Malays,+in+the+most+striking+manner+possible,+the+reality+of+federation%22"><i>Malaysia: Selected Historical Readings</i></a>, John Sturgus Bastin, KTO Press, 1979, page 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keat_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keat_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&dq=%22Council+of+Sultans%22&pg=PA838"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Keat_Gin_Ooi" title="Keat Gin Ooi">Keat Gin Ooi</a>, ABC-CLIO, 2004, page 838</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3A5AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Council+of+Sultans%22++"><i>Tan, Yeo and Lee's constitutional law in Malaysia and Singapore</i></a>, Kevin Tan, Tiong Min Yeo, Li-ann Thio, Kiat Seng Lee Butterworths Asia, 1997, pages 51 and 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khoo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khoo_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khoo_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khoo_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Khoo, Boo Teik (1995). <i>Paradoxes of Mahathirism</i>, pp. 104–106. Oxford University Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/967-65-3094-8" title="Special:BookSources/967-65-3094-8">967-65-3094-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wu & Hickling, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emery, Fred (8 November 1969). "Malaysia unity call against a background of fear", p. 7. <i>The Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012201544/http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja/sejarah">"Sejarah Biasiswa Raja-Raja"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja/sejarah">the original</a> on 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Biasiswa+Raja-Raja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.majlisraja-raja.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fbm%2Fbiasiswa-majlis-raja-raja%2Fsejarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConference+of+Rulers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012100108/http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja">"Biasiswa Majlis Raja-Raja"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja">the original</a> on 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biasiswa+Majlis+Raja-Raja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.majlisraja-raja.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fbm%2Fbiasiswa-majlis-raja-raja%2Fbiasiswa-majlis-raja-raja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConference+of+Rulers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012201435/http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja/anugerah-pelajaran-diraja">"Pingat Jaya Cemerlang"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja/anugerah-pelajaran-diraja">the original</a> on 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pingat+Jaya+Cemerlang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.majlisraja-raja.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fbm%2Fbiasiswa-majlis-raja-raja%2Fanugerah-pelajaran-diraja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConference+of+Rulers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012201435/http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja/anugerah-pelajaran-diraja">"Conference of Rulers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja/anugerah-pelajaran-diraja">the original</a> on 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conference+of+Rulers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.majlisraja-raja.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fbm%2Fbiasiswa-majlis-raja-raja%2Fanugerah-pelajaran-diraja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConference+of+Rulers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/12/114886/over-2000-datuk-datuk-seri-tan-sri-and-tuns-federal-level">"Over 2,000 'Datuk', 'Datuk Seri', 'Tan Sri' and 'Tuns' at federal level"</a>. <i>New Straits Times Malaysia</i>. December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Over+2%2C000+%27Datuk%27%2C+%27Datuk+Seri%27%2C+%27Tan+Sri%27+and+%27Tuns%27+at+federal+level&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2F2015%2F12%2F114886%2Fover-2000-datuk-datuk-seri-tan-sri-and-tuns-federal-level&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConference+of+Rulers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majlisraja-raja.gov.my/index.php/bm/biasiswa-majlis-raja-raja/biasiswa-yang-di-pertuan-agong">"Biasiswa Yang di-Pertuan Agong"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biasiswa+Yang+di-Pertuan+Agong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.majlisraja-raja.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fbm%2Fbiasiswa-majlis-raja-raja%2Fbiasiswa-yang-di-pertuan-agong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConference+of+Rulers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_references">Other references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_Rulers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117144514/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/portal_bi/rk1/rk1.htm">"Role Of The Conference Of Rulers In Constitutional Monarchy System In Malaysia"</a>. 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