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Long-term effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychiatric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychiatric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Psychiatric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychiatric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Social effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Alcohol withdrawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Availability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_difference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_difference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Gender difference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_difference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Genetic variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 DNA damage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcoholism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcoholism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Alcoholism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcoholism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DSM_and_ICD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DSM_and_ICD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 DSM and ICD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DSM_and_ICD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_barriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_barriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Social barriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_barriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Screening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urine_and_blood_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urine_and_blood_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Urine and blood tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urine_and_blood_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cessation_of_alcohol_intake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cessation_of_alcohol_intake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cessation of alcohol intake </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cessation_of_alcohol_intake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Psychological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderate_drinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderate_drinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Moderate drinking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderate_drinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Medications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dual_addictions_and_dependencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_addictions_and_dependencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Dual addictions and dependencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_addictions_and_dependencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Society and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alcoholism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" > 109 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholism" title="Alkoholism – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Alkoholism" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كحولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كحولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismu" title="Alcoholismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alcoholismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoqolizm" title="Alkoqolizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alkoqolizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="الکولیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکولیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মদ্যাসক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মদ্যাসক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%BA-cheng_ti%C3%B2ng-to%CC%8Dk" title="Chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiú-cheng tiòng-to̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкагалізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алкагалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алькагалізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алькагалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Алкохолизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алкохолизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizam" title="Alkoholizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alkoholizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholisme" title="Alcoholisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alcoholisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholismus" title="Alkoholismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alkoholismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholiaeth" title="Alcoholiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alcoholiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholkrankheit" title="Alkoholkrankheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alkoholkrankheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholism" title="Alkoholism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alkoholism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αλκοολισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλκοολισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismo" title="Alcoholismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alcoholismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholismo" title="Alkoholismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alkoholismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholismo" title="Alkoholismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alkoholismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="الکلیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکلیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alcoholism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoolisme" title="Alcoolisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alcoolisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%B3lachas" title="Alcólachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alcólachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismo" title="Alcoholismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alcoholismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="મદ્યપાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મદ્યપાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%BD%94%EC%98%AC_%EC%9D%98%EC%A1%B4%EC%A6%9D" title="알코올 의존증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알코올 의존증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaye-shaye" title="Shaye-shaye – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shaye-shaye" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հարբեցողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարբեցողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="शराबीपन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शराबीपन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizam" title="Alkoholizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alkoholizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8A%C3%B1%E1%BB%A5biga_mmanya_oke" title="Ịñụbiga mmanya oke – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịñụbiga mmanya oke" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alk%C3%B3h%C3%B3lismi" title="Alkóhólismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alkóhólismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcolismo" title="Alcolismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alcolismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אלכוהוליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכוהוליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮದ್ಯದ ಗೀಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮದ್ಯದ ಗೀಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoolismu" title="Alkoolismu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alkoolismu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ალკოჰოლიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალკოჰოლიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Маскүнемдік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маскүнемдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiyayura_umutwe" title="Ibiyayura umutwe – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ibiyayura umutwe" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulevi" title="Ulevi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulevi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkolis" title="Alkolis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alkolis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkolism" title="Alkolism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Alkolism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аракечтик – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аракечтик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismus" title="Alcoholismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alcoholismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisms" title="Alkoholisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alkoholisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizmas" title="Alkoholizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alkoholizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molangwa_ya_seko_na_seko" title="Molangwa ya seko na seko – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Molangwa ya seko na seko" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizmus" title="Alkoholizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alkoholizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Алкохолизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алкохолизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="അതിമദ്യാസക്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അതിമദ്യാസക്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alko%C4%A7oli%C5%BCmu" title="Alkoħoliżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alkoħoliżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="मद्यपाश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मद्यपाश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ალკოჰოლიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალკოჰოლიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Архидалт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Архидалт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholisme" title="Alcoholisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alcoholisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE" title="अल्कोहोलिजम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अल्कोहोलिजम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E4%BE%9D%E5%AD%98%E7%97%87" title="アルコール依存症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルコール依存症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisme" title="Alkoholisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alkoholisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcolisme" title="Alcolisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alcolisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%9F" title="ମଦ୍ୟାତ୍ୟୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଦ୍ୟାତ୍ୟୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkogolizm" title="Alkogolizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alkogolizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਸ਼ਰਾਬਬਾਜ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਰਾਬਬਾਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="الکوليزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الکوليزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizm" title="Alkoholizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alkoholizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoolismo" title="Alcoolismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alcoolismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoolism" title="Alcoolism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alcoolism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27iyu_unquy" title="T'iyu unquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'iyu unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcolismu" title="Alcolismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alcolismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alcoholism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoolizmi" title="Alkoolizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alkoolizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcolismu" title="Alcolismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alcolismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alcoholism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizmus" title="Alkoholizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alkoholizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizem" title="Alkoholizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alkoholizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Алкохолизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алкохолизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholizam" title="Alkoholizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alkoholizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholismi" title="Alkoholismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkoholismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholism" title="Alkoholism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alkoholism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholismo" title="Alkoholismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alkoholismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குடிப்பழக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடிப்பழக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="మద్యపాన వ్యసనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మద్యపాన వ్యసనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="โรคพิษสุรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคพิษสุรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алкоголизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkolizm" title="Alkolizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alkolizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алкоголізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алкоголізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%92_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مے پرستی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مے پرستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic">Alcoholic</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Problematic excessive alcohol consumption</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about chronic alcohol abuse that results in significant health problems. For alcohol abuse in general, see <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Alcoholic" redirects here. For alcoholic beverages, see <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Alcoholic drink</a>. For alcohol consumption by people in general, see <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol (drug)</a>. For the chemical compound in general, see <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohol (chemistry)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Alcoholism</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Alcohol addiction, alcohol dependence syndrome, alcohol use disorder (AUD)<a href="#cite_note-MESH2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:A_wife_asking_her_drunkard_husband_to_hand_over_a_bottle_Wellcome_L0067935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/A_wife_asking_her_drunkard_husband_to_hand_over_a_bottle_Wellcome_L0067935.jpg/250px-A_wife_asking_her_drunkard_husband_to_hand_over_a_bottle_Wellcome_L0067935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/A_wife_asking_her_drunkard_husband_to_hand_over_a_bottle_Wellcome_L0067935.jpg/330px-A_wife_asking_her_drunkard_husband_to_hand_over_a_bottle_Wellcome_L0067935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/A_wife_asking_her_drunkard_husband_to_hand_over_a_bottle_Wellcome_L0067935.jpg/500px-A_wife_asking_her_drunkard_husband_to_hand_over_a_bottle_Wellcome_L0067935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3867" data-file-height="5800" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A French temperance organisation poster depicting the <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_family_systems" title="Alcoholism in family systems">effects of alcoholism in a family</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1915: "Ah! When will we be rid of alcohol?"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">addiction medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period, difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol taking up a lot of time, usage resulting in problems, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">withdrawal</a> occurring when stopping<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">Mental illness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">delirium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">irregular heartbeat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis of the liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a><a href="#cite_note-FAS2015-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIHHx-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Long term<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Environmental and genetic factors<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stress_(biological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (biological)">Stress</a>, anxiety, easy access<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moon2012-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Questionnaires, <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_cessation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol cessation">Alcohol cessation</a> typically with <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, counselling, <a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">acamprosate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">disulfiram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">naltrexone</a><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-Lopez-2006-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blondell-2005-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Test2014-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> (AA) and other <a href="/wiki/Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">Twelve Step Programs</a>, AA/Twelve Step Facilitation (AA/TSF)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">380 million / 5.1% adults (2016)<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-un2020-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">3.3 million / 5.9%<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Stats-14">[14]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Alcoholism is the continued drinking of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use disorders worldwide as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholism&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-un2020-13">[13]</a> The term alcoholism was first coined in 1852,<a href="#cite_note-huss1852-16">[16]</a> but alcoholism and alcoholic are considered <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigmatizing</a> and likely to discourage seeking treatment, so diagnostic terms such as "alcohol use disorder" and "<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">alcohol dependence</a>" are often used instead in a clinical context.<a href="#cite_note-morrismoss2022-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-ashfordbrown2018-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Alcohol is <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addictive</a>, and heavy long-term alcohol use results in many negative health and social consequences. It can damage all the <a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">organ systems</a>, but especially affects the brain, heart, liver, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIHHx-5">[5]</a> Heavy alcohol usage can result in <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep" title="Alcohol use and sleep">trouble sleeping</a>, and severe cognitive issues like <a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_dementia" title="Alcohol-related dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_brain_damage" title="Alcohol-related brain damage">brain damage</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a>. Physical effects include <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">irregular heartbeat</a>, an impaired immune response, liver <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">increased cancer risk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">severe withdrawal symptoms</a> if stopped suddenly.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIHHx-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> These health effects can reduce <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> by 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-Schu2014-21">[21]</a> Drinking during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> may <a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders">harm the child's health</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FAS2015-3">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">drunk driving</a> increases the risk of traffic accidents. Alcoholism is also associated with increases in violent and non-violent crime.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> While alcoholism directly resulted in 139,000 deaths worldwide in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-23">[23]</a> in 2012 3.3 million deaths may be attributable globally to alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Stats-14">[14]</a> The development of alcoholism is attributed to both environment and genetics equally.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a> The use of alcohol to self-medicate stress or anxiety can turn into alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-Moonat-Pandey-2012-24">[24]</a> Someone with a parent or sibling with an alcohol use disorder is three to four times more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder themselves, but only a minority of them do.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a> Environmental factors include social, cultural and behavioral influences.<a href="#cite_note-Agarwal-Kozlowski-2000-25">[25]</a> High <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (biological)">stress levels</a> and anxiety, as well as alcohol's inexpensive cost and easy accessibility, increase the risk.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moon2012-7">[7]</a> People may continue to drink partly to prevent or improve symptoms of withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a> After a person stops drinking alcohol, they may experience a low level of withdrawal lasting for months.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a> Medically, alcoholism is considered both a physical and mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Questionnaires are usually used to detect possible alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Further information is then collected to confirm the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a> Treatment of alcoholism may take several forms.<a href="#cite_note-Blondell-2005-9">[9]</a> Due to medical problems that can occur during withdrawal, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">alcohol cessation</a> should be controlled carefully.<a href="#cite_note-Blondell-2005-9">[9]</a> One common method involves the use of <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> medications, such as <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blondell-2005-9">[9]</a> These can be taken while admitted to a health care institution or individually.<a href="#cite_note-Blondell-2005-9">[9]</a> The medications <a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">acamprosate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">disulfiram</a> may also be used to help prevent further drinking.<a href="#cite_note-Test2014-10">[10]</a> Mental illness or other <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addictions</a> may complicate treatment.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Various individual or group therapy or <a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">support groups</a> are used to attempt to keep a person from returning to alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-Lopez-2006-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Among them is the abstinence based <a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">mutual aid</a> fellowship <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> (AA). A 2020 scientific review found that clinical interventions encouraging increased participation in AA (AA/twelve step facilitation (AA/TSF))—resulted in higher abstinence rates over other clinical interventions, and most studies in the review found that AA/TSF led to lower health costs.<a href="#cite_note-32">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane2020-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane2020distilled-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Many terms, some <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">slurs</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">informal</a>, have been used to refer to people affected by alcoholism such as tippler, drunkard, <a href="/wiki/Dipsomaniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipsomaniac">dipsomaniac</a> and souse.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> The risk of alcohol dependence begins at low levels of drinking and increases directly with both the volume of alcohol consumed and a pattern of <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">drinking larger amounts on an occasion</a>, to the point of intoxication, which is sometimes called binge drinking. Binge drinking is the most common pattern of alcoholism. It has different definitions and one of this defines it as a pattern of drinking when a male has five or more drinks on an occasion or a female has at least four drinks on an occasion.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_misuse">Long-term misuse</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg/500px-Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg/960px-Possible_long-term_effects_of_ethanol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>Some of the possible <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_ethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of ethanol">long-term effects of ethanol</a> an individual may develop. Additionally, in pregnant women, alcohol can cause <a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol syndrome">fetal alcohol syndrome</a>.</figcaption></figure> Alcoholism is characterized by an increased <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">tolerance</a> to alcohol – which means that an individual can consume more alcohol – and <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a> on alcohol, which makes it hard for an individual to control their consumption. The physical dependency caused by alcohol can lead to an affected individual having a very strong urge to drink alcohol. These characteristics play a role in decreasing the ability to stop drinking of an individual with an alcohol use disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-1996-38">[37]</a> Alcoholism can have adverse effects on mental health, contributing to psychiatric disorders and increasing the risk of suicide. A <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressed mood</a> is a common symptom of heavy alcohol drinkers.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-drug_abuse_prevention_a03-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warning_signs">Warning signs</h3></div> Warning signs of alcoholism include the consumption of increasing amounts of alcohol and frequent intoxication, preoccupation with drinking to the exclusion of other activities, promises to quit drinking and failure to keep those promises, the inability to remember what was said or done while drinking (colloquially known as "blackouts"), personality changes associated with drinking, denial or the making of excuses for drinking, the refusal to admit excessive drinking, dysfunction or other problems at work or school, the loss of interest in personal appearance or hygiene, marital and economic problems, and the complaint of poor health, with loss of appetite, respiratory infections, or increased anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical">Physical</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Short-term_effects">Short-term effects</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></div> Drinking enough to cause a <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood alcohol concentration">blood alcohol concentration</a> (BAC) of 0.03–0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> (intense feelings of well-being and happiness), increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">flushed, red appearance in the face</a> and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes <a href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC of 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g. slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>, unconsciousness, <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</a>, vomiting (death may occur due to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration">inhalation of vomit</a> while unconscious) and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a> (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol poisoning">alcohol poisoning</a>. With all alcoholic beverages, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_and_driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking and driving">drinking while driving</a>, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties for drunk driving. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Long-term_effects">Long-term effects</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of alcohol consumption">Long-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></div> Having more than one drink a day for women or two drinks for men increases the risk of heart disease, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-42">[41]</a> Risk is greater with <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a>, which may also result in violence or accidents. About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Stats-14">[14]</a> Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years<a href="#cite_note-Schu2014-21">[21]</a> and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Kee2014-42">[41]</a> Long-term alcohol misuse can cause a number of physical symptoms, including <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> of the liver, <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyneuropathy" title="Polyneuropathy">polyneuropathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wernicke-Korsakoff_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome">alcoholic dementia</a>, heart disease, nutritional deficiencies, <a href="/wiki/Duodenal_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Duodenal ulcer">peptic ulcers</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>, and can eventually be fatal. Other physical effects include an increased risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">malabsorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">alcoholic liver disease</a>, and several cancers such as <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">head and neck cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Damage to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> can occur from sustained alcohol consumption.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> A wide range of immunologic defects can result and there may be a generalized skeletal fragility, in addition to a recognized tendency to accidental injury, resulting in a propensity for bone fractures.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Women develop long-term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than do men; women also have a higher mortality rate from alcoholism than men.<a href="#cite_note-Blum-1998-48">[47]</a> Examples of long-term complications include brain, heart, and liver damage<a href="#cite_note-Walter-2003-49">[48]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_breast_cancer" title="Alcohol and breast cancer">increased risk of breast cancer</a>. Additionally, heavy drinking over time has been found to have a negative effect on reproductive functioning in women. This results in reproductive dysfunction such as <a href="/wiki/Anovulation" title="Anovulation">anovulation</a>, decreased ovarian mass, problems or irregularity of the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a>, and early <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blum-1998-48">[47]</a> Alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Ketoacidosis" title="Ketoacidosis">ketoacidosis</a> can occur in individuals who chronically misuse alcohol and have a recent history of <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mihai--50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sibaï-2005-51">[50]</a> The amount of alcohol that can be biologically processed and its effects differ between sexes. Equal dosages of alcohol consumed by men and women generally result in women having higher <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood alcohol concentration">blood alcohol concentrations</a> (BACs), since women generally have a lower weight and higher percentage of body fat and therefore a lower volume of distribution for alcohol than men.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23101976-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychiatric">Psychiatric</h4></div> Long-term misuse of alcohol can cause a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> problems. Severe <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> problems are common; approximately 10% of all dementia cases are related to alcohol consumption, making it the second leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aamaibnc-53">[52]</a> Excessive alcohol use causes <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">damage to brain function</a>, and psychological health can be increasingly affected over time.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a> are significantly impaired in people with alcoholism due to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain, especially the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> area of the brain. The social skills that are impaired by alcohol use disorder include impairments in perceiving facial emotions, <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>, perception problems, and <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a> deficits; the ability to understand humor is also impaired in people who misuse alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18412750-55">[54]</a> Psychiatric disorders are common in people with alcohol use disorders, with as many as 25% also having severe psychiatric disturbances. The most prevalent psychiatric symptoms are <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a> disorders. Psychiatric symptoms usually initially worsen during alcohol withdrawal, but typically improve or disappear with continued abstinence.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">organic brain syndrome</a> may be caused by alcohol misuse, which can lead to a misdiagnosis such as <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a> can develop or worsen as a direct result of long-term alcohol misuse.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The co-occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> and alcoholism is well documented.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Among those with <a href="/wiki/Comorbid" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorbid">comorbid</a> occurrences, a distinction is commonly made between depressive episodes that remit with alcohol abstinence ("substance-induced"), and depressive episodes that are primary and do not remit with abstinence ("independent" episodes).<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Additional use of other drugs may increase the risk of depression.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Psychiatric disorders differ depending on gender. Women who have alcohol-use disorders often have a co-occurring psychiatric diagnosis such as <a href="/wiki/Major_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Major depression">major depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimia">bulimia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD), or <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>. Men with alcohol-use disorders more often have a co-occurring diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial personality disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impulse_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse disorder">impulse disorders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit/hyperactivity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD).<a href="#cite_note-Karrol_2002-67">[66]</a> Women with alcohol use disorder are more likely to experience physical or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, abuse, and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> than women in the general population,<a href="#cite_note-Karrol_2002-67">[66]</a> which can lead to higher instances of psychiatric disorders and greater dependence on alcohol. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_effects">Social effects</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></div> Serious social problems arise from alcohol use disorder; these dilemmas are caused by the pathological changes in the brain and the intoxicating effects of alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-aamaibnc-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers-68">[67]</a> Alcohol misuse is associated with an increased risk of committing criminal offences, including <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-drug_use_a_reference_handbook-69">[68]</a> Alcoholism is associated with <a href="/wiki/Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment">loss of employment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> which can lead to financial problems. Drinking at inappropriate times and behavior caused by reduced judgment can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for <a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">drunk driving</a><a href="#cite_note-abd2009-71">[70]</a> or public disorder, or civil penalties for <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tortious</a> behavior. An alcoholic's behavior and mental impairment while drunk can profoundly affect those surrounding him and lead to isolation from family and friends. This isolation can lead to <a href="/wiki/Relational_disorder" title="Relational disorder">marital conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, or contribute to <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>. Alcoholism can also lead to <a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">child neglect</a>, with subsequent lasting damage to the emotional development of children of people with alcohol use disorders.<a href="#cite_note-tcemh2006-72">[71]</a> For this reason, children of people with alcohol use disorders can develop a number of emotional problems. For example, they can become afraid of their parents, because of their unstable mood behaviors. They may develop shame over their inadequacy to liberate their parents from alcoholism and, as a result of this, may develop self-image problems, which can lead to depression.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol_withdrawal">Alcohol withdrawal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">Alcohol withdrawal syndrome</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kindling_(sedative-hypnotic_withdrawal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindling (sedative-hypnotic withdrawal)">Kindling (sedative-hypnotic withdrawal)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_maniacal_man_is_visited_in_prison_by_his_children,_all_rui_Wellcome_V0019408.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/A_maniacal_man_is_visited_in_prison_by_his_children%2C_all_rui_Wellcome_V0019408.jpg/220px-A_maniacal_man_is_visited_in_prison_by_his_children%2C_all_rui_Wellcome_V0019408.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/A_maniacal_man_is_visited_in_prison_by_his_children%2C_all_rui_Wellcome_V0019408.jpg/330px-A_maniacal_man_is_visited_in_prison_by_his_children%2C_all_rui_Wellcome_V0019408.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/A_maniacal_man_is_visited_in_prison_by_his_children%2C_all_rui_Wellcome_V0019408.jpg/440px-A_maniacal_man_is_visited_in_prison_by_his_children%2C_all_rui_Wellcome_V0019408.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3142" data-file-height="2235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Bottle_(etchings)" title="The Bottle (etchings)">"The bottle has done its work"</a>. Reproduction of an etching by G. Cruikshank, 1847.</figcaption></figure> As with similar substances with a <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>-hypnotic mechanism, such as <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">barbiturates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a>, withdrawal from alcohol dependence can be fatal if it is not properly managed.<a href="#cite_note-Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Alcohol's primary effect is the increase in stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor</a>, promoting <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> depression. With repeated heavy consumption of alcohol, these receptors are desensitized and reduced in number, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a>. When alcohol consumption is stopped too abruptly, the person's nervous system experiences uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a> firing. This can result in symptoms that include <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(mood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety (mood)">anxiety</a>, life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">delirium tremens</a>, hallucinations, shakes and possible <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Medical_toxicology-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> systems are also involved, especially <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/NMDA" class="mw-redirect" title="NMDA">NMDA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-1996-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Severe acute withdrawal symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">delirium tremens</a> and seizures rarely occur after 1-week post cessation of alcohol. The acute withdrawal phase can be defined as lasting between one and three weeks. In the period of 3–6 weeks following cessation, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance are common.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20148778-78">[77]</a> Similar post-acute withdrawal symptoms have also been observed in animal models of alcohol dependence and withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Kindling_(sedative-hypnotic_withdrawal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindling (sedative-hypnotic withdrawal)">kindling effect</a> also occurs in people with alcohol use disorders whereby each subsequent withdrawal syndrome is more severe than the previous withdrawal episode; this is due to neuroadaptations which occur as a result of periods of abstinence followed by re-exposure to alcohol. Individuals who have had multiple withdrawal episodes are more likely to develop seizures and experience more severe anxiety during withdrawal from alcohol than alcohol-dependent individuals without a history of past alcohol withdrawal episodes. The kindling effect leads to persistent functional changes in brain neural circuits as well as to <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Breese-2011-80">[79]</a> Kindling also results in the intensification of psychological symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20148778-78">[77]</a> There are decision tools and questionnaires that help guide physicians in evaluating alcohol withdrawal. For example, the CIWA-Ar objectifies alcohol withdrawal symptoms in order to guide therapy decisions which allows for an efficient interview while at the same time retaining clinical usefulness, validity, and reliability, ensuring proper care for withdrawal patients, who can be in danger of death.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mental_health_as_a_risk_factor_for_alcohol_dependency_or_abuse,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mental_health_as_a_risk_factor_for_alcohol_dependency_or_abuse%2C_OWID.svg/500px-Mental_health_as_a_risk_factor_for_alcohol_dependency_or_abuse%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mental_health_as_a_risk_factor_for_alcohol_dependency_or_abuse%2C_OWID.svg/660px-Mental_health_as_a_risk_factor_for_alcohol_dependency_or_abuse%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mental_health_as_a_risk_factor_for_alcohol_dependency_or_abuse%2C_OWID.svg/880px-Mental_health_as_a_risk_factor_for_alcohol_dependency_or_abuse%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mental health as a risk factor for alcohol dependence or abuse</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg/250px-William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg/330px-William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg/500px-William_Hogarth_-_Gin_Lane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth's</a> <a href="/wiki/Gin_Lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Gin Lane">Gin Lane</a>, 1751</figcaption></figure> A complex combination of genetic and environmental factors influences the risk of the development of alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-Enoch-2006-82">[81]</a> Genes that influence the metabolism of alcohol also influence the risk of alcoholism, as can a family history of alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-Edenberg_2281–2297-83">[82]</a> There is compelling evidence that alcohol use at an early age may influence the <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression of genes</a> which increase the risk of alcohol dependence. These <a href="/wiki/Molecular_and_epigenetic_mechanisms_of_alcoholism" title="Molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of alcoholism">genetic and epigenetic results</a> are regarded as consistent with large longitudinal population studies finding that the younger the age of drinking onset, the greater the prevalence of lifetime alcohol dependence.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27677720-85">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Severe childhood trauma</a> is also associated with a general increase in the risk of drug dependency.<a href="#cite_note-Enoch-2006-82">[81]</a> Lack of peer and family support is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism developing.<a href="#cite_note-Enoch-2006-82">[81]</a> Genetics and adolescence are associated with an increased sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of chronic alcohol misuse. <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">Cortical</a> degeneration due to the neurotoxic effects increases impulsive behaviour, which may contribute to the development, persistence and severity of alcohol use disorders. There is evidence that with abstinence, there is a reversal of at least some of the alcohol induced central nervous system damage.<a href="#cite_note-Crews-2009-86">[85]</a> The use of cannabis was associated with later problems with alcohol use.<a href="#cite_note-PMID26875671-87">[86]</a> Alcohol use was associated with an increased probability of later use of tobacco and illegal drugs such as cannabis.<a href="#cite_note-PMID22712674-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability">Availability</h3></div> Alcohol is the most available, widely consumed, and widely misused <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drug</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a> alone is the world's most widely consumed<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</a>; it is the third-most popular drink overall, after <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2005-90">[89]</a> It is thought by some to be the oldest <a href="/wiki/Fermented_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented beverage">fermented beverage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_difference">Gender difference</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:404px;max-width:404px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Comparison of prevalence of alcohol use disorders by gender and country (top image: female, bottom image: male)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_females_only.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of alcohol use disorders by females only" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_females_only.svg/500px-Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_females_only.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_females_only.svg/600px-Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_females_only.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_females_only.svg/800px-Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_females_only.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_males_only.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of alcohol use disorders by males only" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_males_only.svg/400px-Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_males_only.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_males_only.svg/600px-Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_males_only.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_males_only.svg/800px-Map_of_alcohol_use_disorders_by_males_only.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div>World map colored by alcohol use disorders (15+), 12 month prevalence (%), data: WHO (2016)</div> <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   0.0–3.6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />   3.7–7.3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />   7.4–11.0</div> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />  11.1–14.7 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />  14.8–18.1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />  19.9–21.2</div> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />  22.2–23.5 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />  28.8–28.8 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" />  33.9–36.9</div></div></div></div></div> Based on combined data in the US from <a href="/wiki/Substance_Abuse_and_Mental_Health_Services_Administration" title="Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration">SAMHSA</a>'s 2004–2005 National Surveys on Drug Use & Health, the rate of past-year alcohol dependence or misuse among persons aged 12 or older varied by level of alcohol use: 44.7% of past month heavy drinkers, 18.5% binge drinkers, 3.8% past month non-binge drinkers, and 1.3% of those who did not drink alcohol in the past month met the criteria for alcohol dependence or misuse in the past year. Males had higher rates than females for all measures of drinking in the past month: any alcohol use (57.5% vs. 45%), binge drinking (30.8% vs. 15.1%), and heavy alcohol use (10.5% vs. 3.3%), and males were twice as likely as females to have met the criteria for alcohol dependence or misuse in the past year (10.5% vs. 5.1%).<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> However, because females generally weigh less than males, have more fat and less water in their bodies, and metabolize less alcohol in their esophagus and stomach, they are likely to develop higher blood alcohol levels per drink. Women may also be more vulnerable to liver disease.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_variation">Genetic variation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Addiction#Genetic_factors" title="Addiction">Addiction § Genetic factors</a></div> There are genetic variations that affect the risk for alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-Edenberg_2281–2297-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Enoch-2006-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walters-2018-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kranzler-2019-98">[97]</a> Some of these variations are more common in individuals with ancestry from certain areas; for example, Africa, East Asia, the Middle East and Europe. The variants with strongest effect are in genes that encode the main enzymes of alcohol metabolism, ADH1B and ALDH2.<a href="#cite_note-Edenberg_2281–2297-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walters-2018-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kranzler-2019-98">[97]</a> These genetic factors influence the rate at which alcohol and its initial metabolic product, acetaldehyde, are metabolized.<a href="#cite_note-Edenberg_2281–2297-83">[82]</a> They are found at different frequencies in people from different parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Eng-2007-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edenberg_2281–2297-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehlers-2007-100">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dehydrogenase" title="Alcohol dehydrogenase">alcohol dehydrogenase</a> allele ADH1B*2 causes a more rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde, and reduces risk for alcoholism;<a href="#cite_note-Edenberg_2281–2297-83">[82]</a> it is most common in individuals from East Asia and the Middle East. The <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dehydrogenase" title="Alcohol dehydrogenase">alcohol dehydrogenase</a> allele ADH1B*3 also causes a more rapid metabolism of alcohol. The allele ADH1B*3 is only found in some individuals of African descent and certain Native American tribes. African Americans and Native Americans with this allele have a reduced risk of developing alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-Edenberg_2281–2297-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehlers-2007-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott-2007-101">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, however, have a significantly higher rate of alcoholism than average; risk factors such as cultural environmental effects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">trauma</a>) have been proposed to explain the higher rates.<a href="#cite_note-Szlemko-2006-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spillane-2007-103">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase">aldehyde dehydrogenase</a> allele ALDH2*2 greatly reduces the rate at which acetaldehyde, the initial product of alcohol metabolism, is removed by conversion to acetate; it greatly reduces the risk for alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-Edenberg_2281–2297-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eng-2007-99">[98]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study" title="Genome-wide association study">genome-wide association study</a> (GWAS) of more than 100,000 human individuals identified variants of the gene KLB, which encodes the <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_protein" title="Transmembrane protein">transmembrane protein</a> β-<a href="/wiki/Klotho_(biology)" title="Klotho (biology)">Klotho</a>, as highly associated with alcohol consumption. The protein β-Klotho is an essential element in <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">cell surface receptors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> involved in modulation of appetites for <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">simple sugars</a> and alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Several large GWAS have found differences in the genetics of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence, although the two are to some degree related.<a href="#cite_note-Walters-2018-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kranzler-2019-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_damage">DNA damage</h3></div> Alcohol-induced <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a>, when not properly repaired, may have a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a> induced by alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-Kruman2012-106">[105]</a> Metabolic conversion of ethanol to <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> can occur in the brain and the neurotoxic effects of ethanol appear to be associated with acetaldehyde induced DNA damages including DNA adducts and crosslinks.<a href="#cite_note-Kruman2012-106">[105]</a> In addition to acetaldehyde, alcohol metabolism produces potentially genotoxic <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a>, which have been demonstrated to cause oxidative DNA damage.<a href="#cite_note-Kruman2012-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emil_Mayer_024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Emil_Mayer_024.jpg/220px-Emil_Mayer_024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Emil_Mayer_024.jpg/330px-Emil_Mayer_024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Emil_Mayer_024.jpg/440px-Emil_Mayer_024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>A man drinking from a bottle of liquor while sitting on a boardwalk, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1905–1914. Picture by Austrian photographer <a href="/wiki/Emil_Mayer" title="Emil Mayer">Emil Mayer</a>.</figcaption></figure> Because there is disagreement on the definition of the word alcoholism, it is not a recognized diagnosis, and the use of the term alcoholism is discouraged due to its heavily <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigmatized</a> connotations.<a href="#cite_note-morrismoss2022-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-ashfordbrown2018-18">[18]</a> It is classified as alcohol use disorder<a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">alcohol dependence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> In 1979, the World Health Organization discouraged the use of alcoholism due to its inexact meaning, preferring alcohol dependence syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-ladtpwho-108">[107]</a> Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use of alcohol refer to improper use of alcohol, which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to the drinker.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) in 2005, defines "moderate use" as no more than two alcoholic beverages a day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage a day for women.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism" title="National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism">National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism</a> (NIAAA) defines <a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</a> as the amount of alcohol leading to a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08, which, for most adults, would be reached by consuming five drinks for men or four for women over a two-hour period. According to the NIAAA, men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 <a href="/wiki/Standard_drink" title="Standard drink">standard drinks</a> per week or 4 drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than 7 standard drinks per week or 3 drinks per day. It defines a standard drink as one 12-ounce bottle of beer, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Despite this risk, a 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either "heavy drinkers" or "binge drinkers" defined according to the above criteria also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met the criteria. An inference drawn from this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases.<a href="#cite_note-Esser2014-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</h4></div> The term alcoholism is commonly used amongst laypeople, but the word is poorly defined. Despite the imprecision inherent in the term, there have been attempts to define how the word alcoholism should be interpreted when encountered. In 1992, it was defined by the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_on_Alcoholism_and_Drug_Dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence">National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence</a> (NCADD) and <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Addiction_Medicine" title="American Society of Addiction Medicine">ASAM</a> as "a primary, chronic disease characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking."<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/MeSH" class="mw-redirect" title="MeSH">MeSH</a> has had an entry for alcoholism since 1999, and references the 1992 definition.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The WHO calls alcoholism "a term of long-standing use and variable meaning", and use of the term was disfavored by a 1979 WHO expert committee. In professional and research contexts, the term alcoholism is not currently favored, but rather alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, or alcohol use disorder are used.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2013-2">[2]</a> Talbot (1989) observes that alcoholism in the classical disease model follows a progressive course: if people continue to drink, their condition will worsen. This will lead to harmful consequences in their lives, physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially.<a href="#cite_note-Thomb1999-115">[114]</a> Johnson (1980) proposed that the emotional progression of the addicted people's response to alcohol has four phases. The first two are considered "normal" drinking and the last two are viewed as "typical" alcoholic drinking.<a href="#cite_note-Thomb1999-115">[114]</a> Johnson's four phases consist of: <ol><li>Learning the mood swing. People are introduced to alcohol (in some cultures this can happen at a relatively young age), and they enjoy the happy feeling it produces. At this stage, there is no emotional cost.</li> <li>Seeking the mood swing. People will drink to regain that happy feeling in phase 1; the drinking will increase as more alcohol is required to achieve the same effect. Again at this stage, there are no significant consequences.</li> <li>At the third stage there are physical and social consequences such as hangovers, family problems, and work problems. People will continue to drink excessively, disregarding the problems.</li> <li>The fourth stage can be detrimental with a risk for premature death. People in this phase now drink to feel normal and block out the feelings of overwhelming guilt, remorse, anxiety, and shame they experience when sober.<a href="#cite_note-Thomb1999-115">[114]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DSM_and_ICD">DSM and ICD</h4></div> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM) is the most common diagnostic guide for substance use disorders, whereas most countries use the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a> (ICD) for diagnostic (and other) purposes. The two manuals use similar but not identical nomenclature to classify alcohol problems. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Manual </th> <th>Nomenclature </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">DSM-IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">Alcohol dependence</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Alcohol abuse – repeated use despite recurrent adverse consequences.<a href="#cite_note-VandenBos-2006-116">[115]</a></li> <li>Alcohol dependence – alcohol abuse combined with <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">withdrawal</a>, and an uncontrollable drive to drink.<a href="#cite_note-VandenBos-2006-116">[115]</a> The term "alcoholism" was split into "alcohol abuse" and "alcohol dependence" in 1980's DSM-III, and in 1987's DSM-III-R behavioral symptoms were moved from "abuse" to "dependence".<a href="#cite_note-Diagnostic_Criteria-1995-117">[116]</a> Some scholars suggested that <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> merges alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single new entry,<a href="#cite_note-pmid18729609-118">[117]</a> named "alcohol-use disorder".<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> </td> <td>Alcohol use disorder </td> <td>"A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by [two or more symptoms out of a total of 12], occurring within a 12-month period ...."<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a> </td> <td>Alcohol harmful use, or Alcohol dependence syndrome </td> <td>Definitions are similar to that of the DSM-IV. The World Health Organization uses the term "alcohol dependence syndrome" rather than alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-ladtpwho-108">[107]</a> The concept of "harmful use" (as opposed to "abuse") was introduced in 1992's ICD-10 to minimize underreporting of damage in the absence of dependence.<a href="#cite_note-Diagnostic_Criteria-1995-117">[116]</a> The term "alcoholism" was removed from ICD between ICD-8/ICDA-8 and <a href="/wiki/ICD-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD-9">ICD-9</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> </td> <td>Episode of harmful use of alcohol, Harmful pattern of use of alcohol, or Alcohol dependence </td> <td> <ul><li>Episode of harmful use of alcohol – "A single episode of use of alcohol that has caused damage to a person's physical or mental health or has resulted in behaviour leading to harm to the health of others ..."<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></li> <li>Harmful pattern of use of alcohol – "A pattern of alcohol use that has caused damage to a person's physical or mental health or has resulted in behaviour leading to harm to the health of others ..."<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></li> <li>Alcohol dependence – "Alcohol dependence is a disorder of regulation of alcohol use arising from repeated or continuous use of alcohol. The characteristic feature is a strong internal drive to use alcohol. ... The features of dependence are usually evident over a period of at least 12 months but the diagnosis may be made if alcohol use is continuous (daily or almost daily) for at least 1 month."<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_barriers">Social barriers</h3></div> Attitudes and social stereotypes can create barriers to the detection and treatment of alcohol use disorder. This is more of a barrier for women than men.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] Fear of stigmatization may lead women to deny that they have a medical condition, to hide their drinking, and to drink alone. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be less likely to suspect that a woman they know has alcohol use disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Blum-1998-48">[47]</a> In contrast, reduced fear of stigma may lead men to admit that they are having a medical condition, to display their drinking publicly, and to drink in groups. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be more likely to suspect that a man they know is someone with an alcohol use disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Karrol_2002-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screening">Screening</h3></div> Screening is recommended among those over the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Several tools may be used to detect a loss of control of alcohol use. These tools are mostly <a href="/wiki/Self_report_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Self report study">self-reports</a> in questionnaire form. Another common theme is a score or tally that sums up the general severity of alcohol use.<a href="#cite_note-Kahan-1996-126">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CAGE_questionnaire" title="CAGE questionnaire">CAGE questionnaire</a>, named for its four questions, is one such example that may be used to screen patients quickly in a doctor's office. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Two "yes" responses indicate that the respondent should be investigated further. The questionnaire asks the following questions: <ol><li>Have you ever felt you needed to cut down on your drinking?</li> <li>Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?</li> <li>Have you ever felt guilty about drinking?</li> <li>Have you ever felt you needed a drink first thing in the morning (eye-opener) to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></li></ol></blockquote> <dl><dd>The CAGE questionnaire has demonstrated a high effectiveness in detecting alcohol-related problems; however, it has limitations in people with less severe alcohol-related problems, white women and college students.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></dd></dl> Other tests are sometimes used for the detection of alcohol dependence, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_Dependence_Data_Questionnaire" title="Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire">Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire</a>, which is a more sensitive diagnostic test than the <a href="/wiki/CAGE_questionnaire" title="CAGE questionnaire">CAGE questionnaire</a>. It helps distinguish a diagnosis of alcohol dependence from one of heavy alcohol use.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Alcohol_Screening_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Alcohol Screening Test">Michigan Alcohol Screening Test</a> (MAST) is a screening tool for alcoholism widely used by courts to determine the appropriate sentencing for people convicted of alcohol-related offenses,<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">driving under the influence</a> being the most common. The <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_Use_Disorders_Identification_Test" title="Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test">Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test</a> (AUDIT), a screening questionnaire developed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, is unique in that it has been validated in six countries and is used internationally. Like the CAGE questionnaire, it uses a simple set of questions – a high score earning a deeper investigation.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Alcohol_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington Alcohol Test">Paddington Alcohol Test</a> (PAT) was designed to screen for alcohol-related problems amongst those attending <a href="/wiki/Accident_and_Emergency_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Accident and Emergency department">Accident and Emergency departments</a>. It concords well with the AUDIT questionnaire but is administered in a fifth of the time.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urine_and_blood_tests">Urine and blood tests</h3></div> There are biological markers for the use of alcohol, one common test being that of <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">blood alcohol content</a> (BAC).<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Monitoring levels of <a href="/wiki/Gamma-glutamyl_transpeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase">gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase</a> (GGT) is sometimes used to assess continued alcohol intake. But levels of GGT are elevated in only half of men with alcohol use disorder, and it is less commonly elevated in women and younger people.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> GGT levels remain persistently elevated for many weeks with continued drinking, with a half life of 2–3 weeks, making the GGT level a useful assessment of continued and chronic alcohol use.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> However, elevated levels of GGT may also be seen in non-alcohol related liver diseases, diabetes, obesity or overweight, heart failure, hyperthyroidism and some medications.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanol" title="Phosphatidylethanol">Phosphatidylethanol</a> is a biomarker that is present in the red blood cells for several weeks after drinking, with its levels grossly corresponding to amount of alcohol consumed, and a detection limit as long as 5 weeks, making it a useful test to assess continued alcohol use.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_glucuronide" title="Ethyl glucuronide">Ethyl glucuronide</a> may be measured to assess recent alcohol intake, with levels being detected in urine up to 48 hours after alcohol intake. However, it is a poor measure of the amount of alcohol consumed.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> Measurement of ethanol levels in the blood, urine and breath are also used to assess recent alcohol intake, often in the emergency setting.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> Other laboratory markers of chronic alcohol misuse include:<a href="#cite_note-Gough_2015-136">[135]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrocytosis" title="Macrocytosis">Macrocytosis</a> (enlarged <a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_volume" title="Mean corpuscular volume">MCV</a>)</li> <li>Moderate elevation of <a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">AST</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alanine_transaminase" title="Alanine transaminase">ALT</a> and an AST: ALT ratio of 2:1</li> <li>High <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_deficient_transferrin" title="Carbohydrate deficient transferrin">carbohydrate deficient transferrin</a> (CDT)</li></ul> With regard to alcoholism, BAC is useful to judge <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">alcohol tolerance</a>, which in turn is a sign of alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a> Electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities including <a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">hypokalemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypomagnesemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypomagnesemia">hypomagnesemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">hyponatremia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperuricemia" title="Hyperuricemia">hyperuricemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_alkalosis" title="Respiratory alkalosis">respiratory alkalosis</a> are common in people with alcohol use disorders.<a href="#cite_note-NIHHx-5">[5]</a> However, none of these blood tests for biological markers are as sensitive as screening questionnaires. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_education" title="Alcohol education">Alcohol education</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and other regional bodies, national governments and parliaments have formed alcohol policies in order to reduce the harm of alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-alchwho2010-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-apitwhoer-138">[137]</a> Increasing the age at which alcohol can be purchased, and banning or restricting alcohol beverage advertising are common methods to reduce alcohol use among adolescents and young adults in particular, see <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_adolescence" title="Alcoholism in adolescence">Alcoholism in adolescence</a>. Another common method of alcoholism prevention is taxation of alcohol products – increasing price of alcohol by 10% is linked with reduction of consumption of up to 10%.<a href="#cite_note-Elder2009-139">[138]</a> Credible, <a href="/wiki/Evidence_based" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidence based">evidence-based</a> educational campaigns in the mass media about the consequences of alcohol misuse have been recommended. Guidelines for parents to prevent alcohol misuse amongst adolescents, and for helping young people with mental health problems have also been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-acdacpovfa-140">[139]</a> Because alcohol is often used for <a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">self-medication</a> of conditions like anxiety temporarily, prevention of alcoholism may be attempted by reducing the severity or prevalence of stress and anxiety in individuals.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moon2012-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> Treatments are varied because there are multiple perspectives of alcoholism. Those who approach alcoholism as a medical condition or disease recommend differing treatments from, for instance, those who approach the condition as one of social choice. Most treatments focus on helping people discontinue their alcohol intake, followed up with life training and/or social support to help them resist a return to alcohol use. Since alcoholism involves multiple factors which encourage a person to continue drinking, they must all be addressed to successfully prevent a relapse. An example of this kind of treatment is detoxification followed by a combination of supportive therapy, attendance at self-help groups, and ongoing development of coping mechanisms. Much of the treatment community for alcoholism supports an abstinence-based <a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">zero tolerance</a> approach popularized by the 12 step program of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a>; however, some prefer a <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm-reduction</a> approach.<a href="#cite_note-Gabbard-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cessation_of_alcohol_intake">Cessation of alcohol intake</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></div> Medical treatment for alcohol detoxification usually involves administration of a <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepine</a>, in order to ameliorate <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">alcohol withdrawal syndrome</a>'s adverse impact.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> The addition of <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a> improves outcomes if benzodiazepine administration lacks the usual efficacy, and phenobarbital alone might be an effective treatment.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a> also might enhance treatment for individuals showing limited therapeutic response to a benzodiazepine.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Individuals who are only at risk of mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms can be treated as outpatients. Individuals at risk of a severe withdrawal syndrome as well as those who have significant or acute comorbid conditions can be treated as inpatients. Direct treatment can be followed by a treatment program for alcohol dependence or alcohol use disorder to attempt to reduce the risk of relapse.<a href="#cite_note-Blondell-2005-9">[9]</a> Experiences following alcohol withdrawal, such as depressed mood and anxiety, can take weeks or months to abate while other symptoms persist longer due to persisting neuroadaptations.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20148778-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological">Psychological</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/250px-Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/500px-Alcoholics_Anonymous_Regional_Service_Center_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A regional service center for <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a></figcaption></figure> Various forms of <a href="/wiki/Group_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Group therapy">group therapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> are sometimes used to encourage and support abstinence from alcohol, or to reduce alcohol consumption to levels that are not associated with adverse outcomes. Mutual-aid group-counseling is an approach used to facilitate relapse prevention.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-Lopez-2006-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> was one of the earliest organizations formed to provide mutual <a href="/wiki/Peer_support" title="Peer support">peer support</a> and non-professional counseling, however <a href="/wiki/Effectiveness_of_Alcoholics_Anonymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous">the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous</a> is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane2006-147">[146]</a> A 2020 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Library#The_Cochrane_Database_of_Systematic_Reviews" title="Cochrane Library">Cochrane review</a> concluded that Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF) probably achieves outcomes such as fewer drinks per drinking day, however evidence for such a conclusion comes from low to moderate certainty evidence "so should be regarded with caution".<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane2020_p35-148">[147]</a> Others include <a href="/wiki/LifeRing_Secular_Recovery" title="LifeRing Secular Recovery">LifeRing Secular Recovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMART_Recovery" title="SMART Recovery">SMART Recovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women_for_Sobriety" title="Women for Sobriety">Women for Sobriety</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secular_Organizations_for_Sobriety" title="Secular Organizations for Sobriety">Secular Organizations for Sobriety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Manualized<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Twelve Step Facilitation (TSF) interventions (i.e. therapy which encourages active, long-term Alcoholics Anonymous participation) for Alcohol Use Disorder lead to higher abstinence rates, compared to other clinical interventions and to wait-list control groups.<a href="#cite_note-coch2020-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderate_drinking">Moderate drinking</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></div> Moderate drinking amongst people with alcohol dependence—often termed 'controlled drinking'—has been subject to significant controversy.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Indeed, much of the skepticism toward the viability of moderate drinking goals stems from historical ideas about 'alcoholism', now replaced with 'alcohol use disorder' or <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">alcohol dependence</a> in most scientific contexts. A 2021 meta-analysis and systematic review of controlled drinking covering 22 studies concluded controlled drinking was a 'non-inferior' outcome to abstinence for many drinkers.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Rationing and moderation programs such as <a href="/wiki/Moderation_Management" title="Moderation Management">Moderation Management</a> and DrinkWise do not mandate complete abstinence. While most people with alcohol use disorders are unable to limit their drinking in this way, some return to moderate drinking. A 2002 US study by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Alcohol_Abuse_and_Alcoholism" title="National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism">National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism</a> (NIAAA) showed that 17.7% of individuals diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low-risk drinking. This group, however, showed fewer initial symptoms of dependency.<a href="#cite_note-DAWSON2005-154">[153]</a> A follow-up study, using the same subjects that were judged to be in remission in 2001–2002, examined the rates of return to problem drinking in 2004–2005. The study found abstinence from alcohol was the most stable form of remission for recovering alcoholics.<a href="#cite_note-DAWSON2007-155">[154]</a> There was also a 1973 study showing chronic alcoholics drinking moderately again,<a href="#cite_note-Sobell1973-156">[155]</a> but a 1982 follow-up showed that 95% of subjects were not able to maintain drinking in moderation over the long term.<a href="#cite_note-Pendery1982-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pendery1982NYT-158">[157]</a> Another study was a long-term (60 year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men which concluded that "return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence."<a href="#cite_note-VAILLANT2003-159">[158]</a> Internet based measures appear to be useful at least in the short term.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3></div> In the United States there are four approved medications for alcoholism: acamprosate, two methods of using naltrexone and disulfiram.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a> may stabilise the brain chemistry that is altered due to alcohol dependence via antagonising the actions of <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> which is hyperactive in the <a href="/wiki/Post-withdrawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-withdrawal">post-withdrawal</a> phase.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> By reducing excessive NMDA activity which occurs at the onset of alcohol withdrawal, acamprosate can reduce or prevent alcohol withdrawal related neurotoxicity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20201812-163">[162]</a> Acamprosate reduces the risk of relapse amongst alcohol-dependent persons.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-JAMA2014-165">[164]</a> Acamprosate is not recommended in those with advanced, decompensated liver cirrhosis due to the risk of <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">liver toxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Competitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive antagonist">competitive antagonist</a> for opioid receptors, effectively blocking the effects of <a href="/wiki/Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorphin">endorphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>. Naltrexone may be given as a daily oral tablet or as a monthly <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> Naltrexone is used to decrease cravings for alcohol and encourage abstinence. Alcohol causes the body to release endorphins, which in turn release dopamine and activate the reward pathways; hence in the body Naltrexone reduces the pleasurable effects from consuming alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Evidence supports a reduced risk of relapse among alcohol-dependent persons and a decrease in excessive drinking.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA2014-165">[164]</a> Naltrexone should not be used in those with advanced liver disease due to the risk of liver toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a> also appears effective and works in a similar manner.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA2014-165">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a> prevents the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> by inhibiting the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase">acetaldehyde dehydrogenase</a>. Acetaldehyde is a chemical the body produces when breaking down ethanol. Acetaldehyde itself is the cause of many <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangover</a> symptoms from alcohol use. The overall effect is acute discomfort when alcohol is ingested characterized by flushing, nausea, a rapid heart rate and <a href="/wiki/Low_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Low blood pressure">low blood pressure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> Disulfiram should not be used in those with advanced liver disease due to the risk of life-threatening liver toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a></li></ul> Several other drugs are also used and many are under investigation. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">Benzodiazepines</a> are a first line medication in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal, however their use outside of the acute withdrawal period is not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> Benzodiazepines with a shorter half life, such as <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">oxazepam</a> are preferred in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal as their shorter half lives and less active metabolites have a lower risk of confusion in those with liver disease.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_2025-135">[134]</a> If used long-term, they can cause a worse outcome in alcoholism. Alcoholics on chronic benzodiazepines have a lower rate of achieving abstinence from alcohol than those not taking benzodiazepines. Initiating prescriptions of benzodiazepines or sedative-hypnotics in individuals in recovery has a high rate of relapse with one author reporting more than a quarter of people relapsed after being prescribed sedative-hypnotics. Those who are long-term users of benzodiazepines should not be withdrawn rapidly, as severe anxiety and panic may develop, which are known risk factors for alcohol use disorder relapse. Taper regimes of 6–12 months have been found to be the most successful, with reduced intensity of withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">Calcium carbimide</a> works in the same way as disulfiram; it has an advantage in that the occasional adverse effects of disulfiram, <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">hepatotoxicity</a> and drowsiness, do not occur with calcium carbimide.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">Ondansetron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">topiramate</a> are supported by tentative evidence in people with certain genetic patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Soy2017-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cs2017-171">[170]</a> Evidence for ondansetron is stronger in people who have recently started to abuse alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-Soy2017-170">[169]</a> Topiramate is a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D-fructose. Review articles characterize topiramate as showing "encouraging",<a href="#cite_note-Soy2017-170">[169]</a> "promising",<a href="#cite_note-Soy2017-170">[169]</a> "efficacious",<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> and "insufficient"<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> results in the treatment of alcohol use disorders.</li></ul> Evidence does not support the use of <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs), <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants">tricyclic antidepressants</a> (TCAs), <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA2014-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a>, a derivative of the naturally occurring sugar monosaccharide D-fructose, has been found effective in helping alcoholics quit or cut back on the amount they drink. Evidence suggests that topiramate antagonizes excitatory glutamate receptors, inhibits dopamine release, and enhances inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid function. A 2008 review of the effectiveness of topiramate concluded that the results of published trials are promising, however as of 2008, data was insufficient to support using topiramate in conjunction with brief weekly compliance counseling as a first-line agent for alcohol dependence.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> A 2010 review found that topiramate may be superior to existing alcohol pharmacotherapeutic options. Topiramate effectively reduces craving and alcohol withdrawal severity as well as improving quality-of-life-ratings.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABAB receptor</a> agonist, is under study for the treatment of alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> According to a 2017 Cochrane Systematic Review, there is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness or safety for the use of baclofen for withdrawal symptoms in alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a>-assisted psychotherapy is under study for the treatment of patients with alcohol use disorder.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_addictions_and_dependencies">Dual addictions and dependencies</h3></div> Alcoholics may also require treatment for other psychotropic <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">drug addictions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">drug dependencies</a>. The most common dual dependence syndrome with alcohol dependence is <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">benzodiazepine dependence</a>, with studies showing 10–20% of alcohol-dependent individuals had problems of dependence and/or misuse problems of benzodiazepine drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">clonazepam</a>. These drugs are, like alcohol, <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressants</a>. Benzodiazepines may be used legally, if they are prescribed by doctors for anxiety problems or other mood disorders, or they may be purchased as <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drugs">illegal drugs</a>. Benzodiazepine use increases cravings for alcohol and the volume of alcohol consumed by problem drinkers.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Benzodiazepine dependency requires careful reduction in dosage to avoid <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome</a> and other health consequences. Dependence on other sedative-hypnotics such as <a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">zolpidem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">zopiclone</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a> and illegal drugs is common in alcoholics. Alcohol itself is a sedative-hypnotic and is cross-tolerant with other sedative-hypnotics such as <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>, benzodiazepines and <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">nonbenzodiazepines</a>. Dependence upon and withdrawal from sedative-hypnotics can be medically severe and, as with alcohol withdrawal, there is a risk of <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> if not properly managed.<a href="#cite_note-dolpdaa-181">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/330px-Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/500px-Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/660px-Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-DALYs_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for alcohol use disorders per million inhabitants in 2012 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  234–806</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  814–1,501</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  1,551–2,585</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  2,838</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  2,898–3,935</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  3,953–5,069</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  5,168</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  5,173–5,802</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  5,861–8,838</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  9,122–25,165</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcohol_consumption_per_person,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alcohol_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Alcohol_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alcohol_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg/500px-Alcohol_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alcohol_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg/660px-Alcohol_consumption_per_person%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Alcohol consumption per person 2016<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimates that as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholism&action=edit">[update]</a> there are about 380 million people with alcoholism worldwide (5.1% of the population over 15 years of age),<a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-un2020-13">[13]</a> with it being most common among males and young adults.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a> Geographically, it is least common in Africa (1.1% of the population) and has the highest rates in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> (11%).<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-4">[4]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholism&action=edit">[update]</a> in the United States, about 17 million (7%) of adults and 0.7 million (2.8%) of those age 12 to 17 years of age are affected.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Stats-14">[14]</a> About 12% of American adults have had an alcohol dependence problem at some time in their life.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> In the United States and Western Europe, 10–20% of men and 5–10% of women at some point in their lives will meet criteria for alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> In England, the number of "dependent drinkers" was calculated as over 600,000 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-cosu-185">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> had the highest death rate from alcohol in Europe in 2015 at 8.8 per 100,000 population.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> In the United States, 30% of people admitted to hospital have a problem related to alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Within the medical and scientific communities, there is a broad consensus regarding alcoholism as a disease state. For example, the American Medical Association considers alcohol a drug and states that "drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite often devastating consequences. It results from a complex interplay of biological vulnerability, environmental exposure, and developmental factors (e.g., stage of brain maturity)."<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Alcoholism has a higher prevalence among men, though, in recent decades, the proportion of female alcoholics has increased.<a href="#cite_note-Walter-2003-49">[48]</a> Current evidence indicates that in both men and women, alcoholism is 50–60% genetically determined, leaving 40–50% for environmental influences.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Most alcoholics develop alcoholism during adolescence or young adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Enoch-2006-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/330px-Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/500px-Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Alcohol use disorders deaths per million persons in 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  0</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  1–3</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  4–6</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  7–13</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  14–20</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  21–37</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  38–52</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  53–255</div> </div> </figcaption></figure> Alcoholism often reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years.<a href="#cite_note-Schu2014-21">[21]</a> The most common cause of death in alcoholics is from cardiovascular complications.<a href="#cite_note-Zuskin-2006-190">[189]</a> There is a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> in chronic alcoholics, which increases the longer a person drinks. Approximately 3–15% of alcoholics die by suicide,<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> and research has found that over 50% of all suicides are associated with alcohol or <a href="/wiki/Drug_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dependence">drug dependence</a>. This is believed to be due to alcohol causing physiological distortion of brain chemistry, as well as social isolation. Suicide is also common in adolescent alcohol abusers. Research in 2000 found that 25% of suicides in adolescents were related to alcohol abuse.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Among those with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">alcohol dependence</a> after one year, some met the criteria for low-risk drinking, even though only 26% of the group received any treatment, with the breakdown as follows: 25% were found to be still dependent, 27% were in partial remission (some symptoms persist), 12% asymptomatic drinkers (consumption increases chances of relapse) and 36% were fully recovered – made up of 18% low-risk drinkers plus 18% abstainers.<a href="#cite_note-NIAAA2002-193">[192]</a> In contrast, however, the results of a long-term (60-year) follow-up of two groups of alcoholic men indicated that "return to controlled drinking rarely persisted for much more than a decade without relapse or evolution into abstinence....return-to-controlled drinking, as reported in short-term studies, is often a mirage."<a href="#cite_note-VAILLANT2003-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriaen_Brouwer_-_Inn_with_drunken_peasants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Adriaen_Brouwer_-_Inn_with_drunken_peasants.jpg/250px-Adriaen_Brouwer_-_Inn_with_drunken_peasants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Adriaen_Brouwer_-_Inn_with_drunken_peasants.jpg/330px-Adriaen_Brouwer_-_Inn_with_drunken_peasants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Adriaen_Brouwer_-_Inn_with_drunken_peasants.jpg/500px-Adriaen_Brouwer_-_Inn_with_drunken_peasants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6286" data-file-height="4632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Brouwer" title="Adriaen Brouwer">Adriaen Brouwer</a>, Inn with Drunken Peasants, 1620s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_Being_Disease4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_Being_Disease4.jpg/250px-1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_Being_Disease4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_Being_Disease4.jpg/330px-1904_Claim_of_Alcoholism_Being_Disease4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption>1904 advertisement describing alcoholism as a disease</figcaption></figure> Historically the name <a href="/wiki/Dipsomania" title="Dipsomania">dipsomania</a> was coined by German physician <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Wilhelm_Hufeland" title="Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland">C. W. Hufeland</a> in 1819 before it was superseded by alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> That term now has a more specific meaning.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> The term alcoholism was first used by Swedish physician <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Huss" title="Magnus Huss">Magnus Huss</a> in an 1852 publication to describe the systemic adverse effects of alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-huss1852-16">[16]</a> Alcohol has a long history of use and misuse throughout recorded history. Biblical, Egyptian and Babylonian sources record the history of abuse and dependence on alcohol. In some ancient cultures alcohol was worshiped and in others, its misuse was condemned. Excessive alcohol misuse and drunkenness were recognized as causing social problems even thousands of years ago. However, the defining of habitual drunkenness as it was then known as and its adverse consequences were not well established medically until the 18th century. In 1647 a Greek monk named Agapios was the first to document that chronic alcohol misuse was associated with toxicity to the nervous system and body which resulted in a range of medical disorders such as seizures, paralysis, and internal bleeding. In the 1910s and 1920s, the effects of alcohol misuse and chronic drunkenness boosted membership of the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> and led to the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition of alcohol</a> in many countries in North America and the Nordic countries, nationwide bans on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages that generally remained in place until the late 1920s or early 1930s; these policies resulted in the decline of death rates from cirrhosis and alcoholism.<a href="#cite_note-Blocker2006-197">[196]</a> In 2005, alcohol dependence and misuse was estimated to cost the US economy approximately 220 billion dollars per year, more than cancer and obesity.<a href="#cite_note-soa2008-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol" title="List of deaths through alcohol">List of deaths through alcohol</a></div> The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society; for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs due to injuries due to drunkenness and organ damage from long-term use, and secondary treatment costs, such as the costs of rehabilitation facilities and detoxification centers. Alcohol use is a major contributing factor for <a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">head injuries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whiplash_(medicine)" title="Whiplash (medicine)">motor vehicle injuries</a> (27%), <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal violence">interpersonal violence</a> (18%), <a href="/wiki/Suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicides">suicides</a> (18%), and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> (13%).<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Beyond the financial costs that alcohol consumption imposes, there are also significant social costs to both the alcoholic and their family and friends.<a href="#cite_note-Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers-68">[67]</a> For instance, alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can lead to an incurable and damaging condition known as <a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol syndrome">fetal alcohol syndrome</a>, which often results in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive deficit">cognitive deficits</a>, mental health problems, an inability to live independently and an increased risk of criminal behaviour, all of which can cause emotional stress for parents and caregivers.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Estimates of the economic costs of alcohol misuse, collected by the World Health Organization, vary from 1–6% of a country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> One Australian estimate pegged alcohol's social costs at 24% of all drug misuse costs; a similar Canadian study concluded alcohol's share was 41%.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> One study quantified the cost to the UK of all forms of alcohol misuse in 2001 as £18.5–20 billion.<a href="#cite_note-cosu-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> All economic costs in the United States in 2006 have been estimated at $223.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> The idea of hitting rock bottom refers to an experience of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a> that can be attributed to alcohol misuse.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> There is no single definition for this idea, and people may identify their own lowest points in terms of lost jobs, lost relationships, health problems, legal problems, or other consequences of alcohol misuse.<a href="#cite_note-Kirouac-2017-207">[206]</a> The concept is promoted by 12-step recovery groups and researchers using the <a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">transtheoretical model</a> of motivation for behavior change.<a href="#cite_note-Kirouac-2017-207">[206]</a> The first use of this slang phrase in the formal <a href="/wiki/Medical_literature" title="Medical literature">medical literature</a> appeared in a 1965 <a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">review</a> in the British Medical Journal,<a href="#cite_note-Kirouac-2017-207">[206]</a> which said that some men refused treatment until they "hit rock bottom", but that treatment was generally more successful for "the alcohol addict who has friends and family to support him" than for impoverished and homeless addicts.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotypes</a> of alcoholics are often found in <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>. The "<a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">town drunk</a>" is a <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock character</a> in Western popular culture. Stereotypes of drunkenness may be based on <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, as in the fictional depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> as heavy drinkers.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Studies by social psychologists Stivers and Greeley attempt to document the perceived prevalence of high alcohol consumption amongst the Irish in America.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Alcohol consumption is relatively similar between many European cultures, the United States, and Australia. In Asian countries that have a high gross domestic product, there is heightened drinking compared to other Asian countries, but it is nowhere near as high as it is in other countries like the United States. It is also inversely seen, with countries that have very low gross domestic product showing high alcohol consumption.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> In a study done on Korean immigrants in Canada, they reported alcohol was typically an integral part of their meal but is the only time solo drinking should occur. They also generally believe alcohol is necessary at any social event, as it helps conversations start.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a>, a psychoactive agent, has even shown promise in treating alcoholism. Alcohol had actually replaced peyote as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>' psychoactive agent of choice in rituals when peyote was outlawed.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addictive_personality" title="Addictive personality">Addictive personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_traffic_crashes_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States">Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_family_systems" title="Alcoholism in family systems">Alcoholism in family systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Study_on_the_Genetics_of_Alcoholism" title="Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism">Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRAFFT_Screening_Test" title="CRAFFT Screening Test">CRAFFT Screening Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram-like_drug" title="Disulfiram-like drug">Disulfiram-like drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_alcoholic" title="High-functioning alcoholic">High-functioning alcoholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_heart_syndrome" title="Holiday heart syndrome">Holiday heart syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption">List of countries by alcohol consumption</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> "Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF) interventions include extended counseling, adopting some of the techniques and principles of AA, as well as brief interventions designed to link individuals to community AA groups."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MESH2020-1"><a href="#cite_ref-MESH2020_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Alcohol and Alcoholism. 55 (6): 641–651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagaa050">10.1093/alcalc/agaa050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8060988">8060988</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32628263">32628263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+and+Alcoholism&rft.atitle=Alcoholics+Anonymous+and+12-Step+Facilitation+Treatments+for+Alcohol+Use+Disorder%3A+A+Distillation+of+a+2020+Cochrane+Review+for+Clinicians+and+Policy+Makers&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E641-%3C%2Fspan%3E651&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8060988%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32628263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagaa050&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Abry%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Ferri%2C+Marica&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8060988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2020/03/alcoholics-anonymous-most-effective-path-to-alcohol-abstinence.html">"Alcoholics Anonymous most effective path to alcohol abstinence"</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220224453/https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2020/03/alcoholics-anonymous-most-effective-path-to-alcohol-abstinence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. 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London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84310-265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84310-265-6"><bdi>978-1-84310-265-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091121091734/http://www.jkp.com/catalogue/book/9781843102656/contents">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goodbye+Mr.+Wonderful.+Alcohol%2C+Addition+and+Early+Recovery&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84310-265-6&rft.aulast=McCully&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jkp.com%2Fcatalogue%2Fbook%2F9781843102656%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-drug_use_a_reference_handbook-69"><a href="#cite_ref-drug_use_a_reference_handbook_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsralowitz2004" class="citation book cs1">Isralowitz R (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0mxxfbIbp4C">Drug use: a reference handbook</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 122–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-708-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-708-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-708-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114105315/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0mxxfbIbp4C">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. 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Springer. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-77665-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-77665-1"><bdi>978-0-387-77665-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114105316/https://books.google.com/books?id=GCYWQn79JYwC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. 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Greenwood Press. pp. 89–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35908-8"><bdi>978-0-313-35908-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcoholism+%28Biographies+of+Disease%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35908-8&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2OJV12astRUC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcemh2006-72"><a href="#cite_ref-tcemh2006_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchadé2006" class="citation book cs1">Schadé JP (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8DuEHxSCU4C&pg=PA132">The Complete Encyclopedia of Medicine and Health</a>. Foreign Media Books. pp. 132–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-001-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60136-001-4"><bdi>978-1-60136-001-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Encyclopedia+of+Medicine+and+Health&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Foreign+Media+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-60136-001-4&rft.aulast=Schad%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Petrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj8DuEHxSCU4C%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGold" class="citation web cs1">Gold M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychcentral.com/lib/2006/children-of-alcoholics/">"Children of Alcoholics"</a>. Psych Central. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116010950/http://psychcentral.com/lib/2006/children-of-alcoholics/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2011. 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American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-276-4"><bdi>978-1-58562-276-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205013806/https://books.google.com/books?id=6wdJgejlQzYC&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2023. 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Retrieved 26 January 2022. <q>manualized therapy – interventions that are performed according to specific guidelines for administration, maximizing the probability of therapy being conducted consistently across settings, therapists, and clients. 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Urban Fischer bei Elsev. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-437-15061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-437-15061-6"><bdi>978-3-437-15061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+Psychiatrie%2C+Psychotherapie%2C+Medizinische+Psychologie&rft.pub=Urban+Fischer+bei+Elsev&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-437-15061-6&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Uwe+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqY6_DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValverde1998" class="citation book cs1">Valverde M (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl5ugmvDgH0C&pg=PA4848">Diseases of the Will</a>. 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 31–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8119-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8119-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcoholism+in+America%3A+from+reconstruction+to+prohibition&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8119-0&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Sarah+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkYyd4qmme0C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blocker2006-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Blocker2006_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlocker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Blocker JS (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470475">"Did prohibition really work? Alcohol prohibition as a public health innovation"</a>. American Journal of Public Health. 96 (2): 233–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2005.065409">10.2105/AJPH.2005.065409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470475">1470475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16380559">16380559</a>. <q>Nevertheless, once Prohibition became the law of the land, many citizens decided to obey it. Referendum results in the immediate post-Volstead period showed widespread support, and the Supreme Court quickly fended off challenges to the new law. 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Alcoholism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alcoholism" class="extiw" title="wikt:alcoholism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15326" class="extiw" title="d:Q15326">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1580466198">6C40.2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F10.2">F10.2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=303">303</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/103780">103780</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000437">D000437</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000944.htm">000944</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/285913-overview">article/285913</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reinforcement_disorders:_addiction_and_dependence324" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Addiction" title="Template:Addiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Addiction" title="Template talk:Addiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Addiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Addiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reinforcement_disorders:_addiction_and_dependence324" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">Reinforcement</a> disorders: <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine#Addiction" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine addiction">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine#Addiction" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate#Addiction_and_dependence" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine addiction">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Financial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Shopping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_addiction" title="Food addiction">Palatable food</a></li> <li>Sex-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_addiction" title="Pornography addiction">Pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Internet-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media addictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Cellular mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcriptional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOSB#ΔFosB" title="FOSB">ΔFosB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cdk5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cdk5">Cdk5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB" title="CREB">CREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GluR2" class="mw-redirect" title="GluR2">GluR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histone-modifying_enzymes" title="Histone-modifying enzymes">Epigenetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G9a" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a">G9a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G9a-like_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a-like protein">G9a-like protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC1" title="HDAC1">HDAC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC2" class="mw-redirect" title="HDAC2">HDAC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC3" title="HDAC3">HDAC3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC4" title="HDAC4">HDAC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC5" class="mw-redirect" title="HDAC5">HDAC5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC9" title="HDAC9">HDAC9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC10" title="HDAC10">HDAC10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT1" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT1">SIRT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT2" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT2">SIRT2</a></li> <li>...</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Drugs <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-drug stimuli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_dependence" title="Tanning dependence">Tanning dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_addiction" title="Treatment and management of addiction">Treatment and management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Detoxification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_detoxification" title="Drug detoxification">Drug detoxification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Behavioral therapies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">Relapse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">Community reinforcement approach and family training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_enhancement_therapy" title="Motivational enhancement therapy">Motivational enhancement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_interviewing" title="Motivational interviewing">Motivational interviewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_therapy" title="Motivational therapy">Motivational therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Addiction" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Physical exercise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treatment programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug rehab">Drug rehab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin-assisted_treatment" title="Heroin-assisted treatment">Heroin-assisted treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_outpatient_program" title="Intensive outpatient program">Intensive outpatient program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Methadone maintenance">Methadone maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_cessation_clinics_in_India" title="Tobacco cessation clinics in India">Tobacco cessation clinics in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">Twelve-step program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Support groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_recovery_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Addiction recovery groups">Addiction recovery groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">List of twelve-step groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harm_reduction" title="Category:Harm reduction">Category:Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-threshold_treatment_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-threshold treatment programs">Low-threshold treatment programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_Management" title="Moderation Management">Moderation Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_exchange_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange program">Needle exchange program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_maintenance" title="Stimulant maintenance">Stimulant maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reduction" title="Tobacco harm reduction">Tobacco harm reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Carr" title="Allen Carr">Allen Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Addiction" title="Category:Addiction">Category:Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaccines_against_drugs" title="Category:Vaccines against drugs">Category:Vaccines against drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Discrimination against drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome" title="Dopamine dysregulation syndrome">Dopamine dysregulation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive control">Cognitive control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_control" title="Inhibitory control">Inhibitory control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience" title="Motivational salience">Motivational salience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience#Incentive_salience" title="Motivational salience">Incentive salience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Addiction" title="Category:Addiction">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcohol175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template talk:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcohol_and_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcohol175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a> use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime" title="Alcohol-related crime">Alcohol-related crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">Drunk driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_traffic_crashes_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States">Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Drunk driving in the United States">Drunk driving in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prison alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1jaro_verde" title="Pájaro verde">Pájaro verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_intoxication" title="Public intoxication">Public intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly-grog_shop" title="Sly-grog shop">Sly-grog shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">Alcohol and Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_adolescence" title="Alcoholism in adolescence">Alcoholism in adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_family_systems" title="Alcoholism in family systems">Alcoholism in family systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_rural_Australia" title="Alcoholism in rural Australia">Alcoholism in rural Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Study_on_the_Genetics_of_Alcoholism" title="Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism">Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_theory_of_alcoholism" title="Disease theory of alcoholism">Disease theory of alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_alcoholic" title="High-functioning alcoholic">High-functioning alcoholic</a> (HFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_pink_elephants" title="Seeing pink elephants">Seeing pink elephants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Beverage-specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_chemistry" title="Beer chemistry">Beer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_psychoactive_alcohols_in_alcoholic_drinks" title="Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks">Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congener_(beverages)" title="Congener (beverages)">Congener</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_congener_analysis" title="Alcohol congener analysis">Alcohol congener analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">Blood alcohol content</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusel_alcohol" title="Fusel alcohol">Fusel alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol" title="Long-term effects of alcohol">Long-term effects of alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology_of_ethanol" title="Pharmacology of ethanol">Pharmacology of ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_response_to_alcohol" title="Subjective response to alcohol">Subjective response to alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangxiety" title="Hangxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_alcohol_on_aging" title="Impact of alcohol on aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_impact_of_alcohol_on_the_brain" title="Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">Cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_breast_cancer" title="Alcohol and breast cancer">breast cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cortisol" title="Alcohol and cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory" title="Effects of alcohol on memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep" title="Alcohol use and sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">Tolerance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intolerance" title="Alcohol intolerance">intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_weight" title="Alcohol and weight">Weight</a></li> <li>Beverage-specific <ul><li>Beer: <a href="/wiki/Potomania" title="Potomania">Potomania</a></li> <li>Wine: <a href="/wiki/Red_wine_headache" title="Red wine headache">Red wine headache</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">Social issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adulterated alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine#Adulterated_moonshine" title="Moonshine">Adulterated moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">Denatured alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_methanol_poisoning_incidents" title="List of methanol poisoning incidents">List of methanol poisoning incidents</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_alcohol" title="Surrogate alcohol">Surrogate alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">Alcohol advertising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising_on_college_campuses" title="Alcohol advertising on college campuses">on college campuses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_sex" title="Alcohol and sex">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_goggles" title="Beer goggles">Beer goggles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_myopia" title="Alcohol myopia">Alcohol myopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_association_football" title="Alcohol in association football">Alcohol in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_among_college_students" title="Alcohol use among college students">Alcohol use among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_syndrome" title="Austrian syndrome">Austrian syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_binge_drinking" title="Epidemiology of binge drinking">Epidemiology of binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_heart_syndrome" title="Holiday heart syndrome">Holiday heart syndrome</a></li> <li>Problematic alcoholic products <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_powder" title="Alcohol powder">Alcohol powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcopop" title="Alcopop">Alcopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg_(drink)" title="Borg (drink)">Borg</a></li> <li>Low-cost alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_fortified_wine" title="Flavored fortified wine">Flavored fortified wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)#Stimulants" title="Alcohol (drug)">Polysubstance alcoholic drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_alcoholic_drink" title="Caffeinated alcoholic drink">Caffeinated alcoholic drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_wine" title="Coca wine">Coca wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotini" title="Nicotini">Nicotini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapoy" title="Zapoy">Zapoy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_(drug-related_amnesia)" title="Blackout (drug-related amnesia)">Blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drinking_games" title="List of drinking games">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregaming" title="Pregaming">Pregaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_in_public" title="Drinking in public">Drinking in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_walking" title="Drunk walking">Drunk walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunkorexia" title="Drunkorexia">Drunkorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_drunk" title="Dry drunk">Dry drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_courage" title="Dutch courage">Dutch courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_drink" title="Flaming drink">Flaming drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_of_the_dog" title="Hair of the dog">Hair of the dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurtful_communication#Alcohol" title="Hurtful communication">Hurtful communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_dialing" title="Drunk dialing">Drunk dialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vino_veritas" title="In vino veritas">In vino veritas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(drink)" title="Nightcap (drink)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsdrunk" title="Pantsdrunk">Pantsdrunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_drinking" title="Passive drinking">Passive drinking</a></li> <li>Binge drinking devices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bong" title="Beer bong">Beer bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_of_ale" title="Yard of ale">Yard of ale</a></li></ul></li> <li>Routes of administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_enema" title="Alcohol enema">Alcohol enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_inhalation" title="Alcohol inhalation">Alcohol inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_eyeballing" title="Vodka eyeballing">Vodka eyeballing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconcing" title="Sconcing">Sconcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate" title="Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate">Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsomania" title="Dipsomania">Dipsomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Paul_Jordan" title="Gilbert Paul Jordan">Gilbert Paul Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Craze" title="Gin Craze">Gin Craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol" title="List of deaths through alcohol">List of deaths through alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_ration" title="Rum ration">Rum ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebeen" title="Shebeen">Shebeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li> <li>Illegal drinking establishments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nip_joint" title="Nip joint">Nip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_mile" title="Beer mile">Beer mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Beer_Day" title="International Beer Day">International Beer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Collaboration_Brew_Day" title="International Women's Collaboration Brew Day">International Women's Collaboration Brew Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_brewing" title="Women in brewing">Women in brewing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangover_remedies" title="Hangover remedies">Hangover remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">Health effects of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_night" title="Ladies' night">Ladies' night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_substances_used_in_rituals#Alcohol" title="List of substances used in rituals">Ritual use of alcohol</a></li> <li>Whiskey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_whisk(e)y_day" title="International whisk(e)y day">International whisk(e)y day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_License_Suspension" title="Administrative License Suspension">Administrative License Suspension</a> (ALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(Minimum_Pricing)_(Scotland)_Act_2012" title="Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012">Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_exclusion_laws" title="Alcohol exclusion laws">Alcohol exclusion laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">Alcohol monopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="Alcoholic beverage control state">Alcoholic beverage control state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_packaging_warning_messages" title="Alcohol packaging warning messages">Alcohol packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_caffeinated_alcoholic_drinks_in_the_United_States" title="Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States">Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_law_by_country" title="Drunk driving law by country">Drunk driving law by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DWI_court" title="DWI court">DWI court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sobriety_testing" title="Field sobriety testing">Field sobriety testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask_defence" title="Hip flask defence">Hip flask defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_interlock_device" title="Ignition interlock device">Ignition interlock device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_call" title="Last call">Last call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age_in_the_United_States" title="Legal drinking age in the United States">Legal drinking age in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_tap_(alcohol)" title="Shoulder tap (alcohol)">Shoulder tap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" title="List of alcohol laws of the United States">List of alcohol laws of US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Alcohol prohibition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">List of countries with alcohol prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prohibitionism" title="Neo-prohibitionism">Neo-prohibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sobriety" title="Sobriety">Sobriety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone" title="Alcohol-free zone">Alcohol-free zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_campus" title="Dry campus">Dry campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-container_law" title="Open-container law">Open-container law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention" title="Brief intervention">Brief intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_driver" title="Designated driver">Designated driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Alcohol rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_tank" title="Drunk tank">Drunk tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_drink" title="Non-alcoholic drink">Non-alcoholic drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-alcoholic cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_mixed_drinks" title="List of non-alcoholic mixed drinks">List of mixed drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritzer#Non-alcoholic_spritzer" title="Spritzer">Spritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Non-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Malt drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_bar" title="Temperance bar">Temperance bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_and_Good_Citizenship_Day" title="Temperance and Good Citizenship Day">Temperance and Good Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">Twelve-step groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anon/Alateen" title="Al-Anon/Alateen">Al-Anon/Alateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> (AA):</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Children_of_Alcoholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Children of Alcoholics">Adult Children of Alcoholics</a> (ACA)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_curious" title="Sober curious">Sober curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_living_house" title="Sober living house">Sober living house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobering_center" title="Sobering center">Sobering center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobrietol" title="Sobrietol">Sobrietol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_lit_(alcohol_cessation)" title="Quit lit (alcohol cessation)">Quit lit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol limitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/0-0-1-3" title="0-0-1-3">0-0-1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_recommendations" title="Alcohol consumption recommendations">Alcohol consumption recommendations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_education" title="Alcohol education">Alcohol education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_server_training" title="Alcohol server training">Alcohol server training</a></li> <li>Monitoring <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tagging#Sweat_alcohol_content_monitor" title="Electronic tagging">Sweat alcohol content monitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention#FRAMES" title="Brief intervention">FRAMES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Advancing_Alcohol_Responsibility" title="Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility">Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility</a></li> <li>Campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_January" title="Dry January">Dry January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_July" title="Dry July">Dry July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Your_Sexy_Back" title="Get Your Sexy Back">Get Your Sexy Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocsober" title="Ocsober">Ocsober</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li> <li>Low-alcohol drinks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Low-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Low-alcoholic malt drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits_measure" title="Alcoholic spirits measure">Alcoholic spirits measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_drink" title="Standard drink">Standard drink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram-like_drug" title="Disulfiram-like drug">Disulfiram-like drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">Calcium carbimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General anaesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)" title="Nitrous oxide (medication)">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">Sulfonic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">Religion and alcohol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">Islam and alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Street_and_Gin_Lane" title="Beer Street and Gin Lane">Beer Street and Gin Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratt_System" title="Bratt System">Bratt System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Act_1751" title="Gin Act 1751">Gin Act 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933" title="Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933">Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_alcohol-related_articles" title="Index of alcohol-related articles">Index of alcohol-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight" title="Alcohol and spaceflight">Alcohol and spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_effect" title="Gateway drug effect">Gateway drug effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spins" title="Spins">Spins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">Town drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alcohol_and_health" title="Category:Alcohol and health">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychoactive_substance-related_disorders301" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Template:Psychoactive substance use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Template talk:Psychoactive substance use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychoactive substance use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychoactive_substance-related_disorders301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder" title="Substance-related disorder">substance-related disorders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder#Substance-induced_disorders" title="Substance-related disorder">SID</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Substance intoxication</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance-induced_psychosis" title="Substance-induced psychosis">Substance-induced psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-acute-withdrawal_syndrome" title="Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome">Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome</a> (PAWS)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">SUD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder" title="Substance-related disorder">Substance-related disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined substance use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polysubstance_dependence" title="Polysubstance dependence">Polysubstance dependence</a></li></ul></li> <li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_drug_intoxication" title="Combined drug intoxication">Combined drug intoxication</a> (CDI)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SID</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Alcohol and cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_cardiomyopathy" title="Alcoholic cardiomyopathy">Alcoholic cardiomyopathy</a> (ACM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">Alcohol flush reaction</a> (AFR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a> (ALD): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zieve%27s_syndrome" title="Zieve's syndrome">Zieve's syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-brewery_syndrome" title="Auto-brewery syndrome">Auto-brewery syndrome</a> (ABS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">Endocrine diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_ketoacidosis" title="Alcoholic ketoacidosis">Alcoholic ketoacidosis</a> (AKA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous system diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_dementia" title="Alcohol-related dementia">Alcohol-related dementia</a> (ARD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">Hangover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">Neurological disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hallucinosis" title="Alcoholic hallucinosis">Alcoholic hallucinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_polyneuropathy" title="Alcoholic polyneuropathy">Alcoholic polyneuropathy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_brain_damage" title="Alcohol-related brain damage">Alcohol-related brain damage</a> (ARDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">Alcohol withdrawal syndrome</a> (AWS): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hallucinosis" title="Alcoholic hallucinosis">Alcoholic hallucinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">Delirium tremens</a> (DTs)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a> (FASD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Korsakoff syndrome">Korsakoff syndrome</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchiafava%E2%80%93Bignami_disease" title="Marchiafava–Bignami disease">Marchiafava–Bignami disease</a> (MBD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_alcohol_nystagmus" title="Positional alcohol nystagmus">Positional alcohol nystagmus</a> (PAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a> (WKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke_encephalopathy" title="Wernicke encephalopathy">Wernicke encephalopathy</a> (WE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Respiratory tract diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-induced_respiratory_reactions" title="Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions">Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_lung_disease" title="Alcoholic lung disease">Alcoholic lung disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SUD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholism</a> (alcohol use disorder (AUD))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine-induced_anxiety_disorder" title="Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder">Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine-induced_psychosis" title="Caffeine-induced psychosis">Caffeine-induced psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine-induced_sleep_disorder" title="Caffeine-induced sleep disorder">Caffeine-induced sleep disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinism" title="Caffeinism">Caffeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_withdrawal" title="Caffeine withdrawal">Caffeine withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_arteritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cannabis arteritis (page does not exist)">Cannabis arteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome" title="Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome">Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome</a> (CHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_marijuana_syndrome" title="Intravenous marijuana syndrome">Intravenous marijuana syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">Amotivational syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_disorder" title="Cannabis use disorder">Cannabis use disorder</a> (CUD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_cannabinoid_use_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder (page does not exist)">Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_intoxication" title="Cocaine intoxication">Cocaine intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" title="Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a> (PCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine-induced_midline_destructive_lesions" title="Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions">Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_trip" title="Bad trip">Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen_persisting_perception_disorder" title="Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder">Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder</a> (HPPD)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Tobacco_Sickness" title="Green Tobacco Sickness">Green Tobacco Sickness</a> (GTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">Nicotine withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioid overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">Opioid withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_hyperalgesia" title="Opioid-induced hyperalgesia">Opioid-induced hyperalgesia</a> (OIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_endocrinopathy" title="Opioid-induced endocrinopathy">Opioid-induced endocrinopathy</a> (OIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_constipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid-induced constipation">Opioid-induced constipation</a> (OIC)</li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid use disorder</a> (OUD)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindling_(sedative%E2%80%93hypnotic_withdrawal)" title="Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)">Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a>: SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepine overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">Benzodiazepine withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_use_disorder" title="Benzodiazepine use disorder">Benzodiazepine use disorder</a> (BUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine dependence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturate</a>: SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">Barbiturate overdose</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>: SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">Volatile solvent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudden_sniffing_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden sniffing death syndrome">Sudden sniffing death syndrome</a> (SSDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene_toxicity" title="Toluene toxicity">Toluene toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_inhalant_withdrawal" title="Volatile inhalant withdrawal">Inhalant withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_solvent-induced_encephalopathy" title="Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy">Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalant abuse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroid">Anabolic-androgenic steroids</a>: SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroids_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse">Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocoholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocoholic">Chocolate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholics_Anonymous286" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Template:Alcoholics Anonymous"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Template talk:Alcoholics Anonymous"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholics Anonymous"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholics_Anonymous286" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="History of Alcoholics Anonymous">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectiveness_of_Alcoholics_Anonymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous">Effectiveness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-Step_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-Step Program">Twelve Steps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Traditions" title="Twelve Traditions">Twelve Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Power" title="Higher Power">Higher Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenity_Prayer" title="Serenity Prayer">Serenity Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Book_(Alcoholics_Anonymous)" title="The Big Book (Alcoholics Anonymous)">The Big Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Steps_and_Twelve_Traditions" title="Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions">Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Red_Book_(Alcoholics_Anonymous)" title="The Little Red Book (Alcoholics Anonymous)">The Little Red Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_by_Day_(book)" title="Day by Day (book)">Day by Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(doctor)" title="Bob Smith (doctor)">Dr. Bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Burwell" title="Jim Burwell">Jim Burwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ignatia" title="Sister Ignatia">Sister Ignatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Mann" title="Marty Mann">Marty Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_W." title="Lois W.">Lois W.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duncan_Silkworth" title="William Duncan Silkworth">William Duncan Silkworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hazard_III" title="Rowland Hazard III">Rowland Hazard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebby_Thacher" title="Ebby Thacher">Ebby Thacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anon/Alateen" title="Al-Anon/Alateen">Al-Anon/Alateen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_House" title="Bill Wilson House">Bill Wilson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_theory_of_alcoholism" title="Disease theory of alcoholism">Disease theory of alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelden_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelden Foundation">Hazelden Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group" title="Oxford Group">The Oxford Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_Stones_(house)" title="Stepping Stones (house)">Stepping Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Towns" title="Charles B. Towns">Charles B. Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My_Name_Is_Bill_W." title="My Name Is Bill W.">My Name Is Bill W.</a> (1989 TV film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W._and_Dr._Bob" title="Bill W. and Dr. Bob">Bill W. and Dr. Bob</a> (2007 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Love_Is_Not_Enough:_The_Lois_Wilson_Story" title="When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story">When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story</a> (2010 TV film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W._(film)" title="Bill W. (film)">Bill W.</a> (2012 documentary film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Category:Alcoholics Anonymous">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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