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<span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Judaism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tannaim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tannaim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tannaim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tannaim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_sages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_sages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Later sages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_sages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>In modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Kabbalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Kabbalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>In Kabbalah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Kabbalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أمميون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمميون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87" title="জেনতিলে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেনতিলে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jentil_(relijion)" title="Jentil (relijion) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jentil (relijion)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentil" title="Gentil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gentil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenhedlig" title="Cenhedlig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cenhedlig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84" title="جنتیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنتیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentils_(religion)" title="Gentils (religion) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gentils (religion)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentili" title="Gentili – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gentili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentilitas" title="Gentilitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gentilitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jentilisa" title="Jentilisa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jentilisa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentilita%C3%A9" title="Gentilitaé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gentilitaé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentio" title="Gentio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gentio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Иноверцы в иудаизме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иноверцы в иудаизме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gentile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentil" title="Hentil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hentil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centil" title="Centil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Centil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="غیر یہودی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غیر یہودی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_ngo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Dân ngoại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân ngoại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%82%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="外邦人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="外邦人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a 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cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gentile</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a word that today usually means someone who is not Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">groups that claim Israelite heritage</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>, have historically used the term <i>gentile</i> to describe outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-LDSWebsite_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDSWebsite-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collins_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More rarely, the term is used as a synonym for <i>heathen</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a term used to describe non-members of a religious/ethnic group, <i>gentile</i> is sometimes compared to other words used to describe the "outgroup" in other cultures<sup id="cite_ref-Magid_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magid-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_ethnic_out-groups" title="List of terms for ethnic out-groups">List of terms for ethnic out-groups</a>). </p><p>In some translations of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <i>gentile</i> is used to translate an Arabic word that refers to non-Jews and/or people not versed in or not able to read scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English word <i>gentile</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> word <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gentilis#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:gentilis">gentilis</a></i>, meaning "of or belonging to the same people or nation" (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gens#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:gens">gēns</a></i></i> 'clan, tribe, people, family'). Archaic and specialist uses of the word <i>gentile</i> in English (particularly in linguistics) still carry this meaning of "relating to a people or nation."<sup id="cite_ref-collins_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the word to principally mean "non-Jew" in English is entwined with the history of <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translations</a> from Hebrew and Greek into Latin and English. Its meaning has also been shaped by <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinical Jewish</a> thought and <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ophir_&_Rosen_Zvi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ophir_&_Rosen_Zvi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goy" title="Goy">Goy</a></div> <p>"Gentile" derives from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gentilis" class="extiw" title="wikt:gentilis">gentilis</a></i>, which itself derives from the Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a></i>, meaning clan or tribe. <i>Gens</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%C3%A9nh%E2%82%81tis" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵénh₁tis"><i>*ǵénh₁tis</i></a>, meaning birth or production.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original meaning of "clan" or "family" was extended in post-Augustan Latin to acquire the wider meaning of belonging to a distinct nation or ethnicity. Later still, the word came to refer to other nations, 'not a Roman citizen'.<sup id="cite_ref-lyell_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a>'s Latin version of the Bible, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></i>, <i>gentilis</i> was used along with <i>gentes</i>, to translate Greek and Hebrew words with similar meanings when the text referred to the non-Israelite peoples. The most important of such Hebrew words was <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goy</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גוי</span>‎, plural, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goyim</i></span>), a term with the broad meaning of "people" or "nation" which was sometimes used to refer to Israelites, but with the plural form <i>goyim</i> tending to be used in the Bible to refer to non-Israelite nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ophir_&_Rosen_Zvi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ophir_&_Rosen_Zvi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other words translated in some contexts to mean "gentile/s" in the modern sense were the Biblical Hebrew word <i>nokhri</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:נכרי">נכרי</a></span>‎ – often otherwise translated as 'stranger') and for the New Testament Greek word <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">éthenē</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔθνη</span></span>). The first English translators followed this approach, using the word "gentile" to refer to the non-Israelite nations (and principally using the word "nation(s)" to translate <i>goy/goyim</i> in other contexts). See <a href="#Christianity">the "Christianity" section</a>. </p><p>These developments in Bible translation practice were related to developments in Jewish Rabbinical and Christian thinking<sup id="cite_ref-Ophir_&_Rosen_Zvi_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ophir_&_Rosen_Zvi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which – in the centuries after the Old and New Testament were written – created an increasingly clear binary opposition between "Jew" and "non-Jew".<sup id="cite_ref-Zvi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zvi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hebrew word "goy" went through a change in meaning which parallels the journey of "gentilis/gentile" – both words moving from meaning "nation" to "non-Jew" today. The word "Goy" is now also used in English, principally by Jewish people – see <a href="/wiki/Goy" title="Goy">goy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hebrew_Bible">The Hebrew Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, the academic David Novak wrote, with limited exceptions, "The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> can be seen as one long discussion of what differentiates Israel from all the other peoples of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Novak_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> does not have a word which directly corresponds to the modern concept of a <i>gentile</i> (see <i>etymology</i> above). Instead, the Bible views different groups of gentiles in different ways. Novak states that, "The biblical categories of Gentiles, beginning with those farthest removed from a relationship with Israel and moving up to those closest to a relationship with Israel, seem to be: (1) the Amalekites; (2) the seven Canaanite nations; (3) the nations of the world; (4) the Samaritans; (5) slaves; (6) resident aliens; (7) proselytes."<sup id="cite_ref-Novak_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hebrew Bible does not show much concern for non-Israelites except insofar as they interact with the people of Israel. Nonetheless, because the God of Israel is a universal God, there must be some relationship between gentiles and God. Accordingly, Novak observes, gentiles as well as <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> are enjoined in the book of Psalms to "ascribe to the Lord glory and strength" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2696.htm#7">Psalms 96:7</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Novak_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christine E. Hayes states that gentiles in the Hebrew Bible were generally <i><a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">gerim</a></i> (resident aliens). They were not necessarily converts, whether in the modern or rabbinic sense, but were still given many rights and privileges. They were also allowed to keep their distinct ethnic identities. But after <a href="/wiki/Ezra-Nehemiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra-Nehemiah">Ezra-Nehemiah</a>, many Israelites believed there was an impermeable ritual and genealogical boundary between themselves and gentiles.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars argue that the boundary is rooted in religious factors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saul Oylan argues that gentiles automatically became Israelite when they lived in one of their tribal territories, which was believed to reflect 'early practices' (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2047:21–23&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 47:21–23</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Troy W. Martin believes Jewishness is defined by adherence to covenantal circumcision, regardless of ancestry (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2017:9–14&version=nrsv">Genesis 17:9–14</a>). Thus, even an uncircumcised Jew could be a gentile despite his biological descent from Abraham. He believes this view was extended to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, where membership in God's chosen people was based on religious adherence rather than ancestry (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%203:28&version=nrsv">Galatians 3:28</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-:14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tannaim">Tannaim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tannaim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a> were the rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, from approximately 10–220 CE. </p><p> It was this <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> of the first centuries CE that developed the concept of the gentile as we understand it today - as "any individual who is not a Jew, erasing all ethnic and social differences among different others".<sup id="cite_ref-Zvi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zvi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Mishnah-Tosefta makes no clear distinction among the various types of non-Israelites. Romans, Greeks, Syrians, Egyptians, and the like are classified merely as gentiles, <i>goyim</i> or <i>nokrim</i>" "The rabbis... had one term for all non-Israelites, whether idolaters or farmers, liars or trustworthy, Greek or Roman." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gary G. Porton, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-Porton_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porton-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, the attitudes of the Rabbis to gentiles were not simple or uniform. Porton argues that the Mishnah-Tosefta discusses gentiles for two quite different reasons: firstly, practically, to guide the relations between Israelites and gentiles who were living alongside each other in Palestine. Secondly, at a theoretical level, gentiles are discussed because, in order to define the people of Israel and its symbols and institutions, it was necessary to define who lay outside that group.<sup id="cite_ref-Porton_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porton-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Tannaim show a positive attitude towards the gentiles. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Hananiah" title="Joshua ben Hananiah">Joshua ben Hananiah</a> believed that there are righteous men amongst the gentiles who will enter the world to come. He believed that except for the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amaleks</a>, the rest of the gentiles will adopt <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> and the righteous among them will escape <a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other rabbinical writings show more hostility towards gentiles which needs to be understood in the context of frequent persecution of the Jews in this period. The most famous and extreme of the anti-gentile teachers is <a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon bar Yochai">Simeon bar Yochai</a>. He is often quoted by <a href="/wiki/Antisemites" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemites">antisemites</a><sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his sayings: "The best among the Gentiles deserves to be killed", "The most pious woman is addicted to sorcery" and "The best of snakes ought to have its head crushed".<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such extreme views can be explained by the sage's life experience: he witnessed his teacher being tortured to death,<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a fugitive after speaking out against Roman oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen1987_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen1987-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later commentators have limited this teaching to idolators and only at times of war. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Hurcanus" title="Eliezer ben Hurcanus">Eliezer ben Hurcanus</a> writes that the mind of every gentile is always intent upon <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that gentiles only perform <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a> to make a name for themselves. He further believed that gentiles have no share in the <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Eleazar of Modi'im</a> wrote that Jews, when guilty of the same sin as gentiles, will not enter <a href="/wiki/Hell#Judaism" title="Hell">hell</a> whereas the gentiles will.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Azariah" title="Eleazar ben Azariah">Eleazar ben Azariah</a> believed that the rulings performed by a gentile court are not valid for Jews. <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> believed that Israel's monotheism is far superior to the ever-changing beliefs of the gentiles. <a href="/wiki/Jose_the_Galilean" title="Jose the Galilean">Jose the Galilean</a> criticizes Israel for inconsistency compared to the faithfulness of the gentiles to their ancestral beliefs. He believed the good deeds of the gentiles will be rewarded as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_sages">Later sages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later sages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rav_Ashi" title="Rav Ashi">Rav Ashi</a> believed that a Jew who sells a gentile property adjacent to a Jewish property should be <a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">excommunicated</a>. The violation of Jewish women by gentile men was so frequent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the rabbis declared that a woman raped by a gentile should not be divorced from her husband, as Torah says: "The Torah outlawed the issue of a gentile as that of a beast."<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gentile midwife was not to be employed for fear of the poisoning of the baby. The gentiles should be dealt with caution in cases of using them as witness in a criminal or civil suit. The gentile does not honor his promises like that of a Jew. The laws of the Torah were not to be revealed to the gentiles, for the knowledge of these laws might give gentiles an advantage in dealing with Jews. <a href="/wiki/Shimon_ben_Lakish" title="Shimon ben Lakish">Shimon ben Lakish</a> wrote that "A gentile who observes Sabbath deserves death".<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_modern_times">In modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">rabbinic law</a>, a modern-day gentile is only required to observe the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>, but Jews are required to observe <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic law">Mosaic law</a>. During periods of decreased animosity between Jews and gentiles, some of the rabbinic laws against fellowship and fraternization were relaxed; for example, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> was the personal physician of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. Even though most contemporary rabbinic schools are not as hostile to Gentiles as Medieval rabbinic schools were<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, some <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> rabbinic schools hold extremely xenophobic views. For example, scholars from the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercaz_HaRav" title="Mercaz HaRav">HaRav Kook</a> <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> are schooled in the doctrine that Jews and gentiles have different kinds of souls. One of the yeshiva's scholars, <a href="/wiki/David_Bar-Hayim" title="David Bar-Hayim">David Bar-Hayim</a>, published a paper in 1989 in which he explained the doctrine, entitled "Yisrael Nikraim Adam" (Israel Gentiles Man). In his conclusion, Bar-Hayim writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no escaping the facts: the Torah of Israel makes a clear distinction between a Jew, who is defined as "Man," and a Gentile. This distinction is expressed in a long list of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halachic</a> laws, be they monetary laws, the laws of the Temple, capital laws or others. Even one who is not an erudite Torah scholar is obligated to recognize this simple fact; it cannot be erased or obscured ... One who carefully studies the sources cited previously will realize the abysmal difference between the concepts "Jew" and "Gentile" -- and consequently, he will understand why Halacha differentiates between them.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bar-Chayim further quotes <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a> (1865–1935), founder of the yeshiva and the first <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> chief rabbi of British <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The difference between the Jewish soul, in all its independence, inner desires, longings, character and standing, and the soul of all the Gentiles, on all of their levels, is greater and deeper than the difference between the soul of a man and the soul of an animal, for the difference in the latter case is one of quantity, while the difference in the first case is one of essential quality.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Similar anti-gentile remarks have been expressed by the late chief Sephardi Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a>, in which he stated in a sermon in 2010 that "The sole purpose of Gentiles is to serve Jews". He said that gentiles served a divine purpose: "Why are Gentiles needed? They will work, they will plow, they will reap. We will sit like an effendi and eat. That is why Gentiles were created.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These remarks by Yosef were sharply criticized by many Jewish organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) and <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who hold these views do not necessarily support any sort of harm to non-Jews. Rav Ovadia Yosef, himself, condemned those who vandalized Arab property, as did the vast majority of Orthodox leaders. </p><p>Many Orthodox schools have expressed more humanistic views. Rav Aharon Lichtenstein, Rosh Yeshivah of Gush, for example, strongly opposed what he saw as racist attitudes among certain segments of Religious Zionism.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish philosopher and professor <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Kellner" title="Menachem Kellner">Menachem Kellner</a> criticizes the assumption of some Orthodox Jews that there is an "ontological divide between Jews and Gentiles", which he believes is contrary to what the Torah teaches.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Kabbalah">In Kabbalah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Kabbalah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> writings suggest a distinction between the souls of the gentiles and the souls of the Jews. These writings describe three levels, elements, or qualities of soul:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Nefesh</i> (נפש): the lower part, or "animal part", of the soul. It is linked to instincts and bodily cravings. This part of the soul is provided at birth.</li> <li><i>Ruach</i> (רוח): the middle soul, the "spirit". It contains the moral virtues and the ability to distinguish between good and evil.</li> <li><i>Neshamah</i> (נשמה): the higher soul, or "super-soul". This separates man from all other life-forms. It is related to the intellect and allows man to enjoy and benefit from the afterlife. It allows one to have some awareness of the existence and presence of God.</li></ul> <p>Other descriptions of the soul add two more levels Chaya and Yechida. </p><p> There has been debate among the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">kabbalists</a> on whether gentiles access the mystical knowledge (<a href="/wiki/Daat" class="mw-redirect" title="Daat">Daat</a>). <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>, prominent kabbalist, wrote:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Israel possesses the three levels of soul, nefesh, ruah, neshamah,—from holiness... the gentiles possess only the level of nefesh from the feminine side of the shells... for the souls of the nations (gentiles), come from the <a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">Qlippoth</a>, are called evil and not good' since they are created without knowledge (Daat). The animal soul of man is the good and evil inclination. The soul of the gentiles comes from the three shells: wind, cloud and fire, all of them evil.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Moses_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Moses de León">Moses de León</a>, presumed author of the main kabbalistic work <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Ha-Zohar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Ha-Zohar">Sefer Ha-Zohar</a></i>, agrees with this assumption:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You know that all of the gentiles (goyim) and all of their matters are in the category of the impure... you must know and discern that the gentiles come from the side of impurity, for the souls of the gentiles derive from the side of impurity <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The following passage in the <i><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></i> reaffirms this idea:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Said Rabbi Hiyya: If this is true (that neshamah is acquired through following the Torah) is it so that gentiles have no neshamah, only the living nefesh? Rabbi Yohannan said: That is correct.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The view that gentiles only possess bestial souls was more popularized by the main kabbalistic text of <a href="/wiki/Hasidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic">hasidic</a> movement, the <a href="/wiki/Tanya_(Judaism)" title="Tanya (Judaism)">Tanya</a> (or Likkutei Amarim). Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic">hasidic</a> dynasty, claims that Jews like gentiles possess a vital animal soul, but the animal soul of the Jew comes from the fourth husk (Qlippoth nogah), while the animal soul of the gentiles comes from the three lower impure husks (Qlippoth Tumaot). Thus nothing gentiles do can elevate them to the level of holiness, their soul remains trapped in the unholy world of the impure Qlippoth. <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, other Kabbalists like <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Abraham Abulafia</a> believed that higher levels of soul are to some extent accessible to gentiles.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and Paganism">Christianity and Paganism</a></div> <p>The Greek <i>ethnos</i> where translated as "gentile" in the context of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> implies non-Israelite. In the years after the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a>, there were questions over the inclusion of non-Jews and the applicability of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">circumcision</a>. Over a few centuries, this led to a split between <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>, who followed Jesus but also Mosaic Law, and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a> (also known as Gentile Christianity) which abandoned Mosaic Law and eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Jewish Christian beliefs died out around the fifth century, after being rejected by both orthodox Judaism and orthodox Christianity. </p><p>With the ministry of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> began to be spread among the non-Jewish subjects of the Roman empire. A question existed among the disciples whether receiving the Holy Spirit through <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">proselytization</a> would be restricted to Israelites or whether it would include the gentiles as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2010:34–47&version=nrsv">Acts 10:34–47</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And they of the circumcision which believed were astonished, as many as came with Peter, because that on the Gentiles also was poured out the gift of the Holy Ghost. For they heard them speak with tongues, and magnify God. Then answered Peter, Can any man forbid water, that these should not be baptized, which have received the Holy Ghost as well as we?</p></blockquote> <p>Within a few centuries, some Christians used the word "gentiles" to mean non-Christians. The alternative <i>pagani</i> was felt to be less elegant.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Bibles">Christian Bibles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christian Bibles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>, "gentile" is only one of several words used to translate <i>goy</i> or <i>goyim</i>. It is translated as "nation" 374 times, "heathen" 143 times, "gentiles" 30 times, and "people" 11 times. Some of these verses, such as <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 12:2 ("I will make of thee a great nation") and Genesis 25:23 ("Two nations are in thy womb") refer to Israelites or descendants of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. Other verses, such as <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 2:4 and <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 11:23 are generic references to any nation. Typically, the KJV restricts the translation to "gentile" when the text is specifically referring to non-Jewish people. For example, the only use of the word in Genesis is in chapter 10, verse 5, referring to the peopling of the world by <a href="/wiki/Japhetites" title="Japhetites">descendants of</a> <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a>, "By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the Greek word <i>ethnos</i> is used for peoples or nations in general, and is typically translated by the word "people", as in John 11:50. ("Nor consider that it is expedient for us, that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not.") The translation "gentiles" is used in some instances, as in Matthew 10:5–6 to indicate non-Israelite peoples: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying, Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans enter ye not: But go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Altogether, the word is used 123 times in the King James Version of the Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 168 times in the New Revised Standard Version.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Judaism">Mormonism and Judaism</a></div> <p>In the terminology of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), the word "gentile" can be used to refer to people who are not members of the LDS Church, since members regard themselves as regathered Israelites. The LDS Church's website states this about the meaning of gentile in Scripture (including the Book of Mormon), "As used in the scriptures, gentiles has several meanings. Sometimes it designates people of non-Israelite lineage, sometimes people of non-Jewish lineage, and sometimes nations that are without the gospel, even though there may be some Israelite blood among the people. This latter usage is especially characteristic of the word as used in the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants."<sup id="cite_ref-LDSWebsite_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDSWebsite-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, in such usage, Jewish people may be gentiles because they are not members of the LDS Church.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Beyond this Scriptural usage, <i>gentile</i> was widely used by Mormons in day-to-day life in the nineteenth century, with such usage declining through the twentieth century. As with the binary Jew/gentile distinction, the Mormon/gentile distinction arose as Mormons were socially excluded and ostracised: according to John L. Needham of <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_University" title="Utah State University">Utah State University</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Nineteenth century Mormons in the American West applied 'gentile', as an adjective as much as a slur, to nearly everyone and everything that did not adhere to their faith or desert kingdom. Their xenophobia stood to reason: they were victims of religious discrimination, from ridicule in the press to acts of mob violence. They had been driven from a half dozen eastern states and were denied asylum in all others. Gentile thus served as a call to circle the wagons socially and politically around the fold - a means of naming the other"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>letter, <i>PMLA Journal</i> (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-jon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> Needham goes on to say that today Mormons have "outgrown the term."<sup id="cite_ref-jon_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some translations of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, such as the famous <a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Pickthall" title="Marmaduke Pickthall">Pickthall</a> translation, employed the word "gentile" in some instances of the translation of the Arabic word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8F%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:أُميين">الْأُمِّيِّينَ</a> (<i>al-ʼummiyyīn</i>), the definite non-nominative masculine plural of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:أمي">أُمِّيّ</a> (<i>ʼummiyy</i>), as in, for example, the following verse: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Scripture</a> there is he who, if thou trust him with a weight of treasure, will return it to thee. And among them there is he who, if thou trust him with a piece of gold, will not return it to thee unless thou keep standing over him. That is because they say: We have no duty to the Gentiles. They speak a lie concerning <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> knowingly. - Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=75">3:75</a></p></blockquote><p> The word <i>ummi</i> occurs six times in the Quran. <a href="/wiki/Pickthall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickthall">Pickthall</a> only uses the word gentile once in the above passage and translates other occurrences as illiterate. However many other western scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> came to similar conclusion that the word <i>ummi</i> is equal to the Hebrew word <a href="/wiki/Goyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Goyim">Goyim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer" title="Edward Henry Palmer">Edward Henry Palmer</a> used the word gentile in his translation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> several times including in the following verse:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He is who sent unto the Gentiles a prophet amongst themselves to recite to them his signs and to purify them the book and wisdom although they were before in obvious error. -Quran 62:2<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer" title="Edward Henry Palmer">Palmer</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pickthall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickthall">Pickthall</a> did not translate all instances of the word <i>ummi</i> as Gentiles, but his comment on chapter 3 verse 19 shows his opinion :<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mohammad seems to have borrowed the expression from the Jews, <i>ummiyyun</i> having the same significance as Hebrew Goyim.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Lane" title="Edward William Lane">Edward William Lane</a> similarly believed that the word <i>ummi</i> is identical to the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Goyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Goyim">Goyim</a> as demonstrated in the following quote :<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ummi probably means gentile- in a secondary sense a <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">heathen</a>; one not having revealed a scripture; or belonging to the nation of the Arabs, who did not write nor read, and therefore metaphorically applied to anyone not knowing the art of writing nor that of reading. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad">Mohammad</a> was termed <i>ummi</i>, meaning a gentile, as distinguished from an Israelite.</p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/John_Medows_Rodwell" title="John Medows Rodwell">John Medows Rodwell</a> in his translation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> comments similarly in a note on chapter 52 verse 157 that the word <i>ummi</i> is equivalent to the Greek <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethnos" class="extiw" title="wikt:ethnos">ethnos</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Goyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Goyim">goyim</a></i>, and was applied by Jews to those who did not know scripture. <a href="/wiki/Elwood_Morris_Wherry" title="Elwood Morris Wherry">Elwood Morris Wherry</a> wrote that almost certainly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>this appellation came originally from the Jews who used it in expressing their contempt for the Gentile prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Some Muslim scholars also agreed with this idea: a French translation of the Quran by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah" title="Muhammad Hamidullah">Muhammad Hamidullah</a> uses the expression 'gentile prophet' in Sura 7 verse 157–158. <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahrur" title="Muhammad Shahrur">Muhammad Shahrur</a> also believed that <i>ummi</i> prophet means gentile prophet in his book Al-Kitab wa-L-Quran (The Book and the Quran). <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a> similarly translated the following instance as gentile. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He it is who has sent to the gentiles a Messenger from among themselves, one who rehearses to them his verses, purifies their lives, and imparts to them the book and the wisdom although before that they were in utter error. -Quran 62:2</p></blockquote><p> Maududi clarifies in notes on this verse that the reason this verse has been sent is because Jews looked down on Arabs as gentiles and did not believe that a prophet can rise from their kind.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However vast majority of Islamic scholars and translations made by Muslims are of the idea that <i>ummi</i> means illiterate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Am_ha%27aretz" title="Am ha'aretz">Am ha'aretz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaijin" title="Gaijin">Gaijin</a> – a Japanese word similar in concept</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">Ger toshav</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_adjacent" title="Jewish adjacent">Jewish adjacent</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawali">Mawali</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shabbos_goy" title="Shabbos goy">Shabbos goy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gentile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentile">"gentile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=gentile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgentile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2002" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Christine E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/12793/chapter/162974770?login=true"><i>Gentile Impurities and Jewish Identities: Intermarriage and Conversion from the Bible to the Talmud</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199834273" title="Special:BookSources/9780199834273"><bdi>9780199834273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentile+Impurities+and+Jewish+Identities%3A+Intermarriage+and+Conversion+from+the+Bible+to+the+Talmud&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780199834273&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Christine+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F12793%2Fchapter%2F162974770%3Flogin%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDSWebsite-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LDSWebsite_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDSWebsite_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/gentiles?lang=eng">"Gentiles"</a>. <i>ChurchofJesusChrist.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChurchofJesusChrist.org&rft.atitle=Gentiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fgs%2Fgentiles%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jon_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1999" class="citation journal cs1">Needham, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F463472">"The Mormon-Gentile Dichotomy in PMLA (letter to editor)"</a>. <i>Publications of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a> of America</i>. <b>114</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1109–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F463472">10.2307/463472</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/463472">463472</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164189324">164189324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Mormon-Gentile+Dichotomy+in+PMLA+%28letter+to+editor%29&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1109-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164189324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F463472%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F463472&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F463472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collins_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gentile">"gentile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=gentile&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgentile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magid-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magid_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See for example a discussion of the similarity to the Japanese term <i><a href="/wiki/Gaijin" title="Gaijin">gaijin</a></i> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid2018" class="citation journal cs1">Magid, Shaul (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41218495">"Theorizing 'Jew" 'Judaism' and 'Jewishness': Final Reflections"</a>. <i>Journal of Jewish Identities</i>. <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjji.2018.0014">10.1353/jji.2018.0014</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Identities&rft.atitle=Theorizing+%27Jew%22+%27Judaism%27+and+%27Jewishness%27%3A+Final+Reflections&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjji.2018.0014&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41218495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Surah Al Imran</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=75&translations=19">3:75</a> <sup>-<a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_the_Glorious_Koran" title="The Meaning of the Glorious Koran">Pickthall</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ophir_&_Rosen_Zvi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ophir_&_Rosen_Zvi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ophir_&_Rosen_Zvi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ophir_&_Rosen_Zvi_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen_ZviOphir" class="citation web cs1">Rosen Zvi; Ophir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanities1.tau.ac.il/segel/adiophir/files/2015/08/Rozen-Zvi-and-Ophir-Paul-and-the-invention-of-the-Gentiles.pdf">"Paul and the Invention of the Gentiles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tau.ac.il</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tau.ac.il&rft.atitle=Paul+and+the+Invention+of+the+Gentiles&rft.au=Rosen+Zvi&rft.au=Ophir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanities1.tau.ac.il%2Fsegel%2Fadiophir%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F08%2FRozen-Zvi-and-Ophir-Paul-and-the-invention-of-the-Gentiles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kind"; in: M. Philippa e.a., Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lyell-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lyell_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyall" class="citation book cs1">Lyall, Ian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5yMsKyqCUgC&dq=vulgate+gentilis&pg=PA48"><i>Paul of Tarsus Apostle to the Gentiles</i></a>. Pedia Press. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+of+Tarsus+Apostle+to+the+Gentiles&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Pedia+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5yMsKyqCUgC%26dq%3Dvulgate%2Bgentilis%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zvi-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zvi_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zvi_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Online abstract published for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOphirRosen-Zvi2018" class="citation book cs1">Ophir, Adi; Rosen-Zvi, Ishay (2018-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198744900.001.0001/oso-9780198744900"><i>Goy: Israel's Multiple Others and the Birth of the Gentile</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198744900.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780198744900.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874490-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874490-0"><bdi>978-0-19-874490-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goy%3A+Israel%27s+Multiple+Others+and+the+Birth+of+the+Gentile&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198744900.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874490-0&rft.aulast=Ophir&rft.aufirst=Adi&rft.au=Rosen-Zvi%2C+Ishay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198744900.001.0001%2Foso-9780198744900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novak-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novak_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novak_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novak_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2006" class="citation book cs1">Novak, David (2006-06-22). "Gentiles in rabbinic thought". In Katz, S. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">647–</span>662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521772488.027">10.1017/chol9780521772488.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139055130" title="Special:BookSources/9781139055130"><bdi>9781139055130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gentiles+in+rabbinic+thought&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E647-%3C%2Fspan%3E662&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521772488.027&rft.isbn=9781139055130&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenter2018" class="citation journal cs1">Venter, Pieter M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0259-94222018000400001">"The dissolving of marriages in Ezra 9-10 and Nehemiah 13 revisited"</a>. <i>HTS Theological Studies</i>. <b>74</b> (4) – via Scielo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HTS+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+dissolving+of+marriages+in+Ezra+9-10+and+Nehemiah+13+revisited&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Venter&rft.aufirst=Pieter+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.za%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0259-94222018000400001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlyan2000" class="citation book cs1">Olyan, Saul (2000). <i>Rites and Rank: Hierarchy in Biblical Representations of Cult</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02948-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02948-1"><bdi>978-0-691-02948-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rites+and+Rank%3A+Hierarchy+in+Biblical+Representations+of+Cult&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02948-1&rft.aulast=Olyan&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:14_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Troy W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268093">"The Covenant of Circumcision (Genesis 17:9-14) and the Situational Antitheses in Galatians 3:28"</a>. <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>122</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3268093">10.2307/3268093</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268093">3268093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Covenant+of+Circumcision+%28Genesis+17%3A9-14%29+and+the+Situational+Antitheses+in+Galatians+3%3A28&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3268093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3268093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Troy+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3268093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porton-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porton_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porton_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorton2020" class="citation book cs1">Porton, Gary G. (2020). "The Gentiles as Non-Israelites". <i>Goyim: Gentiles and Israelites in Mishnah-Tosefta</i>. Brown Judaic Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">285–</span>308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvzpv4vp.17">10.2307/j.ctvzpv4vp.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241062166">241062166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gentiles+as+Non-Israelites&rft.btitle=Goyim%3A+Gentiles+and+Israelites+in+Mishnah-Tosefta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.pub=Brown+Judaic+Studies&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvzpv4vp.17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241062166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Porton&rft.aufirst=Gary+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6585-gentile">"GENTILE - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=GENTILE+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F6585-gentile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarz2008-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz2008_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidney_Schwarz2008" class="citation book cs1">Sidney Schwarz (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dnUTcPa3YwQC&pg=PA73"><i>Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World</i></a>. Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58023-353-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58023-353-8"><bdi>978-1-58023-353-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Justice%3A+The+Jewish+Passion+to+Repair+the+World&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Jewish+Lights+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58023-353-8&rft.au=Sidney+Schwarz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdnUTcPa3YwQC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen1987-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen1987_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Simcha_Cohen1987" class="citation book cs1">J. Simcha Cohen (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pq3tOK5rdYYC&pg=PA77"><i>Intermarriage and Conversion: A Halakhic Solution</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-125-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-125-8"><bdi>978-0-88125-125-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intermarriage+and+Conversion%3A+A+Halakhic+Solution&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-125-8&rft.au=J.+Simcha+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpq3tOK5rdYYC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Learned Ignorance: Intellectual Humility Among Jews, Christians and Muslims By James L. Heft, Reuven Firestone, Omid Safi, Oxford University Press, USA, 2011, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yisrael Nikraim Adam", Tzfiyah, v. 3, 1989, pp. 45-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daatemet.org.il/daathalacha/en_gentiles1.html">"Daat Emet: Gentiles in Halacha"</a>. <i>www.daatemet.org.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.daatemet.org.il&rft.atitle=Daat+Emet%3A+Gentiles+in+Halacha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daatemet.org.il%2Fdaathalacha%2Fen_gentiles1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span> citing <i>Orot Yisrael</i> chapter 5, article 10 (p. 156)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/5-of-ovadia-yosefs-most-controversial-quotations/">"5 of Ovadia Yosef's most controversial quotations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=5+of+Ovadia+Yosef%27s+most+controversial+quotations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2F5-of-ovadia-yosefs-most-controversial-quotations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMozgovayaService2010" class="citation news cs1">Mozgovaya, Natasha; Service, Haaretz (20 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/adl-slams-shas-spiritual-leader-for-saying-non-jews-were-born-to-serve-jews-1.320235">"ADL Slams Shas Spiritual Leader for Saying non-Jews 'Were Born to Serve Jews'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=ADL+Slams+Shas+Spiritual+Leader+for+Saying+non-Jews+%27Were+Born+to+Serve+Jews%27&rft.date=2010-10-20&rft.aulast=Mozgovaya&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft.au=Service%2C+Haaretz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2Fadl-slams-shas-spiritual-leader-for-saying-non-jews-were-born-to-serve-jews-1.320235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/blogs/on-the-front-lines-with-rav-shmuly/the-dilemma-of-modern-orthodoxy-and-religious-zionism-a-tribute-to-rabbi-aharon-lichtenstein-ztl-398934">"The dilemma of modern Orthodoxy & Religious Zionism: A tribute to Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein zt<i>l"</i></a><i>. </i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com<i>. 2015-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-29</span></span>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=The+dilemma+of+modern+Orthodoxy+%26+Religious+Zionism%3A+A+tribute+to+Rabbi+Aharon+Lichtenstein+ztl&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fon-the-front-lines-with-rav-shmuly%2Fthe-dilemma-of-modern-orthodoxy-and-religious-zionism-a-tribute-to-rabbi-aharon-lichtenstein-ztl-398934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2016" class="citation web cs1">Kellner, Menachem (Spring 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishideas.org/article/orthodoxy-and-gentile-problem">"Orthodoxy and "The Gentile Problem"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Jewish_Ideas_and_Ideals" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals">Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Marc_D._Angel" title="Marc D. Angel">Marc D. Angel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Jewish+Ideas+and+Ideals&rft.atitle=Orthodoxy+and+%22The+Gentile+Problem%22&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Menachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishideas.org%2Farticle%2Forthodoxy-and-gentile-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Qabbalistic Magic: Talismans, Psalms, Amulets, and the Practice of High Ritual</i>. Salomo Baal-Shem, Inner Traditions / Bear & Co, 2013, Chapter 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judaism and other religions: Model of Understanding, Alan Brill, Springer Books, 2010, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Does Judaism condone violence?Holiness and ethics in the Jewish tradition, Alan L. Mittleman, Princeton University Press, 2018, P. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Mystic Quest: An introduction to Jewish mysticism</i>, David S. Ariel, Jason Aaronson Inc, 1977, p. 132 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Does Judaism condone violence?Holiness and ethics in the Jewish tradition</i>, Alan L. Mittleman, Princeton University Press, 2018, p. 72 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Serpent Kills or the Serpent Gives Life: The Kabbalist Abraham Abulafia's Response to Christianity</i>, Robert J. Sagerman, Brill, 2011, p. 70 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHgvpINWV_QC&pg=PA16">Alan Cameron, <i>The Last Pagans of Rome</i></a> (Oxford University Press 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19978091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19978091-4">978-0-19978091-4</a>), p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+10:5;&version=9;">"Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 10:5 - King James Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Genesis+10%3A5+-+King+James+Version&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DGenesis%2B10%3A5%3B%26version%3D9%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=47&chapter=10&version=9">"Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 10 - King James Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Matthew+10+-+King+James+Version&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fbook_id%3D47%26chapter%3D10%26version%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Did a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=gentile&qs_version=9">search for "Gentile" in KJV</a>. Used <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/">BibleGateway.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070726031413/http://www.biblegateway.com/">Archived</a> 2007-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. It returned 123 results of the word "gentile". Retrieved 11 Feb 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohlenberger, John. <i>The NRSV Concordance Unabridged.</i> Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Utah.html">"Utah Jewish History"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Utah+Jewish+History&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FUtah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGentile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moslem World. (1921). United Kingdom: Nile Mission Press. pp.348-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moslem World. (1921). United Kingdom: Nile Mission Press. P.349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moslem World. (1921). United Kingdom: Nile Mission Press. pp.349-350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moucarry, C. G. (2001). <i>Faith to Faith: Christianity & Islam in Dialogue</i>. United Kingdom: Inter-Varsity.P. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moucarry, C. G. (2001). Faith to Faith: Christianity & Islam in Dialogue. United Kingdom: Inter-Varsity. p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mawdudi, S. A. A. (2016). <i>Towards Understanding the Qur'an: English Only Edition</i>. 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