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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraphilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraphilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Paraphilia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraphilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_puberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_puberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.6 Early puberty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_puberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-lasting_erections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-lasting_erections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.7 Long-lasting erections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-lasting_erections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_girls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_girls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Women and girls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_girls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skin_and_hair_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin_and_hair_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Skin and hair conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin_and_hair_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_androgen_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_androgen_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 High androgen levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_androgen_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Gender-affirming hormone therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Available_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Available_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Available forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Available_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Side effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Mechanism of action </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanism of action subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Androgen_receptor_antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Androgen_receptor_antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Androgen receptor antagonists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Androgen_receptor_antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-N-Terminal_domain_antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#N-Terminal_domain_antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 N-Terminal domain antagonists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-N-Terminal_domain_antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Androgen_receptor_degraders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Androgen_receptor_degraders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Androgen receptor degraders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Androgen_receptor_degraders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Androgen_synthesis_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Androgen_synthesis_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Androgen synthesis inhibitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Androgen_synthesis_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-5α-Reductase_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5α-Reductase_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 5α-Reductase inhibitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5α-Reductase_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antigonadotropins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigonadotropins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Antigonadotropins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigonadotropins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sex_hormone-binding_globulin_modulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_hormone-binding_globulin_modulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Sex hormone-binding globulin modulators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_hormone-binding_globulin_modulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corticosteroid-binding_globulin_modulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corticosteroid-binding_globulin_modulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Corticosteroid-binding globulin modulators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corticosteroid-binding_globulin_modulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anticorticotropins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anticorticotropins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Anticorticotropins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anticorticotropins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insulin_sensitizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insulin_sensitizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Insulin sensitizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insulin_sensitizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immunogens_and_vaccines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunogens_and_vaccines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 Immunogens and vaccines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunogens_and_vaccines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topical_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Topical administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_contraception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_contraception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Male contraception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_contraception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breast_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Breast cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مضادات الأندروجين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضادات الأندروجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiandrogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogeny" title="Antiandrogeny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antiandrogeny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogene" title="Antiandrogene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antiandrogene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandr%C3%B3geno" title="Antiandrógeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antiandrógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="ضدآندروژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضدآندروژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-androg%C3%A8ne" title="Anti-androgène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anti-androgène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antiandrogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogeno" title="Antiandrogeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antiandrogeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E5%89%A4" title="抗アンドロゲン剤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="抗アンドロゲン剤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antiandrogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antyandrogeny" title="Antyandrogeny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antyandrogeny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandr%C3%B3geno" title="Antiandrógeno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antiandrógeno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Антиандрогены – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиандрогены" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%98%DB%95%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دژەئەندرۆجین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دژەئەندرۆجین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-androheno" title="Anti-androheno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Anti-androheno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrojen" title="Antiandrojen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antiandrojen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antiandrogen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E9%9B%84%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="抗雄激素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抗雄激素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q574820#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of pharmaceutical drugs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Antiandrogen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicalutamide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bicalutamide.svg/250px-Bicalutamide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bicalutamide.svg/375px-Bicalutamide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bicalutamide.svg/500px-Bicalutamide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="184" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">nonsteroidal antiandrogen</a> and the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Androgen antagonists; Androgen blockers; Testosterone blockers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data">• Men and boys: <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate cancer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scalp_hair_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalp hair loss">Scalp hair loss</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilias</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sex_offender" title="Sex offender">Sex offenders</a>; <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">Precocious puberty</a>; <a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">Priapism</a> • Women and girls: <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">Acne</a>; <a href="/wiki/Seborrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrhea">Seborrhea</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa" title="Hidradenitis suppurativa">Hidradenitis suppurativa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">Hirsutism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scalp_hair_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalp hair loss">Scalp hair loss</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hyperandrogenism" title="Hyperandrogenism">Hyperandrogenism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender hormone therapy">Transgender hormone therapy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L02BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code L02BB">L02BB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biological target</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen receptor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">Progesterone receptor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">Estrogen receptor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor"><abbr title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> receptor</a>; <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase" title="5α-Reductase">5α-Reductase</a>; <a href="/wiki/CYP17A1" title="CYP17A1">CYP17A1</a> (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase); <a href="/wiki/P450scc" class="mw-redirect" title="P450scc">P450scc</a>; Others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical classification">Chemical class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroidal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal" title="Nonsteroidal">Nonsteroidal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">Peptide</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">External links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000726">D000726</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574820" class="extiw" title="d:Q574820">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Antiandrogens, also known as androgen antagonists or testosterone blockers, are a class of <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> that prevent <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> like <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT) from mediating their <a href="/wiki/Biological_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological effect">biological effects</a> in the body. They act by <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">blocking</a> the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> (AR) and/or <a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis_inhibitor" title="Steroidogenesis inhibitor">inhibiting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">suppressing</a> androgen <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mowszowicz-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brueggemeier2006-2">[2]</a> They can be thought of as the functional opposites of AR <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a>, for instance androgens and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> (AAS) like testosterone, DHT, and <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">selective androgen receptor modulators</a> (SARMs) like <a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">enobosarm</a>. Antiandrogens are one of three types of <a href="/wiki/Sex-hormonal_agent" title="Sex-hormonal agent">sex hormone antagonists</a>, the others being <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiprogestogen" title="Antiprogestogen">antiprogestogens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nath2006-3">[3]</a> Antiandrogens are used to treat an assortment of <a href="/wiki/Androgen-dependent_condition" title="Androgen-dependent condition">androgen-dependent conditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31712062-4">[4]</a> In men, antiandrogens are used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">enlarged prostate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_hair_loss" title="Pattern hair loss">scalp hair loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">overly high sex drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">unusual and problematic sexual urges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">early puberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31712062-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16845534-5">[5]</a> In women, antiandrogens are used to treat <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seborrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrhea">seborrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">excessive hair growth</a>, scalp hair loss, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperandrogenism" title="Hyperandrogenism">high androgen levels</a>, such as those that occur in <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome" title="Polycystic ovary syndrome">polycystic ovary syndrome</a> (PCOS).<a href="#cite_note-pmid31712062-4">[4]</a> Antiandrogens are also used as a component of <a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing hormone therapy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">puberty blockers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">transgender girls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31712062-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">Side effects</a> of antiandrogens depend on the type of antiandrogen and the specific antiandrogen in question. In any case, common side effects of antiandrogens in men include <a href="/wiki/Breast_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast tenderness">breast tenderness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">breast enlargement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">feminization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>. In women, antiandrogens are much better <a href="/wiki/Tolerability" title="Tolerability">tolerated</a>, and antiandrogens that work only by directly blocking androgens are associated with minimal side effects. However, because <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a> are made from androgens in the body, antiandrogens that suppress androgen production can cause <a href="/wiki/Hypoestrogenism" title="Hypoestrogenism">low estrogen levels</a> and associated symptoms like hot flashes, <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_irregularities" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual irregularities">menstrual irregularities</a>, and osteoporosis in <a href="/wiki/Premenopause" class="mw-redirect" title="Premenopause">premenopausal</a> women. There are a few different major types of antiandrogens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11502457-6">[6]</a> These include AR <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androgen_synthesis_inhibitor" title="Androgen synthesis inhibitor">androgen synthesis inhibitors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">antigonadotropins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11502457-6">[6]</a> AR antagonists work by directly blocking the effects of androgens, while androgen synthesis inhibitors and antigonadotropins work by lowering androgen levels.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11502457-6">[6]</a> AR antagonists can be further divided into <a href="/wiki/Steroidal_antiandrogen" title="Steroidal antiandrogen">steroidal antiandrogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">nonsteroidal antiandrogens</a>; androgen synthesis inhibitors can be further divided mostly into <a href="/wiki/CYP17A1_inhibitor" title="CYP17A1 inhibitor">CYP17A1 inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-reductase inhibitor">5α-reductase inhibitors</a>; and antigonadotropins can be further divided into <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_modulator" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulator">gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulators</a> (GnRH modulators), <a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">progestogens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11502457-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchröderRadlmaier2009-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-KolvenbagFurr2009-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> Antiandrogens are used in the treatment of an assortment of <a href="/wiki/Androgen-dependent_condition" title="Androgen-dependent condition">androgen-dependent conditions</a> in both males and females.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31712062-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2147859-9">[9]</a> They are used to treat men with <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_hair_loss" title="Pattern hair loss">pattern hair loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">priapism</a>, as well as boys with <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">precocious puberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2147859-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20092449-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-SteinbergForget2009-11">[11]</a> In women and girls, antiandrogens are used to treat <a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">acne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seborrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrhea">seborrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidradenitis_suppurativa" title="Hidradenitis suppurativa">hidradenitis suppurativa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperandrogenism" title="Hyperandrogenism">hyperandrogenism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2147859-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16828411-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-RabeGrunwald2009-13">[13]</a> Antiandrogens are also used in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a> as a component of <a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing hormone therapy</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">puberty blockers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">transgender girls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21714669-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25404716-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men_and_boys">Men and boys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Men and boys">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prostate_cancer">Prostate cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prostate cancer">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_prostate_cancer#Hormonal_therapy" title="Management of prostate cancer">Management of prostate cancer § Hormonal therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Androgen_deprivation_therapy" title="Androgen deprivation therapy">Androgen deprivation therapy</a></div> Androgens like testosterone and particularly DHT are importantly involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27019626-16">[16]</a> They act as <a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">growth factors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>, stimulating <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_growth" title="Tissue growth">tissue growth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27019626-16">[16]</a> In accordance, therapeutic modalities that reduce androgen signaling in the prostate gland, referred to collectively as <a href="/wiki/Androgen_deprivation_therapy" title="Androgen deprivation therapy">androgen deprivation therapy</a>, are able to significantly slow the course of prostate cancer and extend life in men with the disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27019626-16">[16]</a> Although antiandrogens are effective in slowing the progression of prostate cancer, they are not generally curative, and with time, the disease adapts and androgen deprivation therapy eventually becomes ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21680543-17">[17]</a> When this occurs, other treatment approaches, such as <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, may be considered.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21680543-17">[17]</a> The most common methods of androgen deprivation therapy currently employed to treat prostate cancer are <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> (with a GnRH modulator or <a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">orchiectomy</a>), nonsteroidal antiandrogens, and the androgen synthesis inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">abiraterone acetate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27019626-16">[16]</a> Castration may be used alone or in combination with one of the other two treatments.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27019626-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17604502-18">[18]</a> When castration is combined with a nonsteroidal antiandrogen like <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>, this strategy is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Combined_androgen_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined androgen blockade">combined androgen blockade</a> (also known as complete or maximal androgen blockade).<a href="#cite_note-pmid27019626-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21091846-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">apalutamide</a>, and abiraterone acetate are specifically approved for use in combination with castration to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27019626-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24390422-20">[20]</a> Monotherapy with the nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide is also used in the treatment of prostate cancer as an alternative to castration with comparable effectiveness but with a different and potentially advantageous side effect profile.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27019626-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11121992-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11502439-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/High-dose_estrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dose estrogen">High-dose estrogen</a> was the first functional antiandrogen used to treat prostate cancer. It was widely used, but has largely been abandoned for this indication in favor of newer agents with improved safety profiles and fewer feminizing side effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12667881-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a> was developed subsequently to high-dose estrogen and is the only steroidal antiandrogen that has been widely used in the treatment of prostate cancer,<a href="#cite_note-SmithWilliams2005-24">[24]</a> but it has largely been replaced by nonsteroidal antiandrogens, which are newer and have greater effectiveness, tolerability, and safety.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo2010-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-KaliksDel_Giglio2008-26">[26]</a> Bicalutamide, as well as enzalutamide, have largely replaced the earlier nonsteroidal antiandrogens <a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">flutamide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">nilutamide</a>, which are now little used.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21091846-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-HHS2010-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gulley2011-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moser2008-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demnos2011-30">[30]</a> The earlier androgen synthesis inhibitors <a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">aminoglutethimide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">ketoconazole</a> have only limitedly been used in the treatment of prostate cancer due to <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> concerns and have been replaced by abiraterone acetate.<a href="#cite_note-FiggChau2010-31">[31]</a> In addition to active treatment of prostate cancer, antiandrogens are effective as <a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylaxis">prophylaxis</a> (preventatives) in reducing the risk of ever developing prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21604953-32">[32]</a> Antiandrogens have only limitedly been assessed for this purpose, but the 5α-reductase inhibitors <a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">finasteride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">dutasteride</a> and the steroidal AR antagonist <a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">spironolactone</a> have been associated with significantly reduced risk of prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21604953-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27735065-33">[33]</a> In addition, it is notable that prostate cancer is extremely rare in transgender women who have been on feminizing hormone therapy for an extended period of time.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19509099-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24329588-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24032068-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enlarged_prostate">Enlarged prostate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Enlarged prostate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia#5α-Reductase_inhibitors" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia § 5α-Reductase inhibitors</a></div> The 5α-reductase inhibitors <a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">finasteride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">dutasteride</a> are used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, a condition in which the prostate becomes enlarged and this results in urinary obstruction and discomfort.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19030020-37">[37]</a> They are effective because androgens act as growth factors in the prostate gland.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19030020-37">[37]</a> The antiandrogens <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">oxendolone</a> and the functional antiandrogens <a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">allylestrenol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a> are also approved in some countries for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12534901-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-RaspéBrosig2013-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scalp_hair_loss">Scalp hair loss</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scalp hair loss">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_hair_loss#Antiandrogens" title="Management of hair loss">Management of hair loss § Antiandrogens</a></div> 5α-Reductase inhibitors like finasteride, dutasteride, and <a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">alfatradiol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topical</a> nonsteroidal AR antagonist <a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">topilutamide</a> (fluridil) are approved for the treatment of pattern hair loss, also known as scalp hair loss or baldness.<a href="#cite_note-TrüebLee2014-40">[40]</a> This condition is generally caused by androgens, so antiandrogens can slow or halt its progression.<a href="#cite_note-BologniaJorizzo-41">[41]</a> Systemic antiandrogens besides 5α-reductase inhibitors are not generally used to treat scalp hair loss in males due to risks like feminization (e.g., gynecomastia) and sexual dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson1989-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unger1995-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rasmusson1986-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cormanevan_der_Meeren1981-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19297634-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-LamHempstead2012-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neumann1996-48">[48]</a> However, they have been assessed and reported to be effective for this indication.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson1989-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unger1995-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coskey1984-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acne">Acne</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Acne">edit</a>]</div> Systemic antiandrogens are generally not used to treat acne in males due to their high risk of feminization (e.g., gynecomastia) and sexual dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-PlewigKligman2012-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlldredgeCorelli2012-51">[51]</a> However, they have been studied for acne in males and found to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-WardBrogden1984-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rasmusson1986-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cormanevan_der_Meeren1981-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2945742-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clascoterone" title="Clascoterone">Clascoterone</a>, a topical antiandrogen, is effective for acne in males and has been approved by the FDA in August 2020.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31487336-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27416311-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paraphilia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia#Antiandrogens" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia § Antiandrogens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration#Treatment_for_sex_offenders" title="Chemical castration">Chemical castration § Treatment for sex offenders</a></div> Androgens increase <a href="/wiki/Sex_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex drive">sex drive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JonesLopez2013-58">[58]</a> and for this reason, antiandrogens are able to reduce sex drive in men.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11221487-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19243704-60">[60]</a> In accordance, antiandrogens are used in the treatment of conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a> (excessively high sex drive) and <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilias</a> (atypical and sometimes societally unacceptable sexual interests) like <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a> (sexual attraction to children).<a href="#cite_note-pmid11221487-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19243704-60">[60]</a> They have been used to decrease sex drive in <a href="/wiki/Sex_offender" title="Sex offender">sex offenders</a> so as to reduce the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a> (repeat offenses).<a href="#cite_note-MarshallLaws2013-61">[61]</a> Antiandrogens used for these indications include <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, and GnRH modulators.<a href="#cite_note-StunkardBaum1989-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-PhenixHoberman2015-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_puberty">Early puberty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early puberty">edit</a>]</div> Antiandrogens are used to treat <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">precocious puberty</a> in boys.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18345393-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6205409-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2462132-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3109366-67">[67]</a> They work by opposing the effects of androgens and delaying the development of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sexual_characteristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sexual characteristic">secondary sexual characteristics</a> and onset of changes in <a href="/wiki/Sex_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex drive">sex drive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_function" title="Sexual function">function</a> until a more appropriate age.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18345393-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6205409-65">[65]</a> Antiandrogens that have been used for this purpose include <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, GnRH modulators, <a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">spironolactone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">ketoconazole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18345393-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3109366-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10969925-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1838080-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1903104-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16361981-71">[71]</a> Spironolactone and bicalutamide require combination with an <a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">aromatase inhibitor</a> to prevent the effects of unopposed <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a>, while the others can be used alone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18345393-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1903104-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16361981-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long-lasting_erections">Long-lasting erections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Long-lasting erections">edit</a>]</div> Antiandrogens are effective in the treatment of recurrent <a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">priapism</a> (potentially painful <a href="/wiki/Penile_erection" class="mw-redirect" title="Penile erection">penile erections</a> that last more than four hours).<a href="#cite_note-LeveyKutlu2011-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-BroderickKadioglu2010-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChowPayne2008-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-DahmRao2002-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-YuanDeSouza2008-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_girls">Women and girls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women and girls">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skin_and_hair_conditions">Skin and hair conditions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Skin and hair conditions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris#Hormonal_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris § Hormonal agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis#Antiandrogens" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrhoeic dermatitis § Antiandrogens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism#Medications" title="Hirsutism">Hirsutism § Medications</a></div> Antiandrogens are used in the treatment of androgen-dependent <a href="/wiki/Skin_condition" title="Skin condition">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hair_disease" title="Hair disease">hair conditions</a> including acne, seborrhea, hidradenitis suppurativa, hirsutism, and pattern hair loss in women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16828411-12">[12]</a> All of these conditions are dependent on androgens, and for this reason, antiandrogens are effective in treating them.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16828411-12">[12]</a> The most commonly used antiandrogens for these indications are <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">spironolactone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BaranMaibach1998-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a> has also been studied extensively for such uses, but has fallen out of favor due to its association with <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">hepatotoxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MaibachGorouhi2011-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a>, which has a relatively minimal risk of hepatotoxicity, has been evaluated for the treatment of hirsutism and found effective similarly to flutamide and may be used instead of it.<a href="#cite_note-WilliamsBigby2009-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24455796-80">[80]</a> In addition to AR antagonists, <a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptive">oral contraceptives</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a> are effective in treating these conditions, and may be combined with AR antagonists.<a href="#cite_note-Becker2001-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-CamachoGharib2012-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_androgen_levels">High androgen levels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: High androgen levels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hyperandrogenism#Treatment" title="Hyperandrogenism">Hyperandrogenism § Treatment</a></div> Hyperandrogenism is a condition in women in which androgen levels are excessively and abnormally high.<a href="#cite_note-RabeGrunwald2009-13">[13]</a> It is commonly seen in women with PCOS, and also occurs in women with <a href="/wiki/Intersex_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersex condition">intersex conditions</a> like <a href="/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia" title="Congenital adrenal hyperplasia">congenital adrenal hyperplasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RabeGrunwald2009-13">[13]</a> Hyperandrogenism is associated with <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">virilization</a> – that is, the development of masculine <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sexual_characteristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sexual characteristic">secondary sexual characteristics</a> like male-pattern facial and body hair growth (or hirsutism), <a href="/wiki/Voice_change" title="Voice change">voice deepening</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">strength</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broadening_of_the_shoulders" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadening of the shoulders">broadening of the shoulders</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-RabeGrunwald2009-13">[13]</a> Androgen-dependent skin and hair conditions like acne and pattern hair loss may also occur in hyperandrogenism, and <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_irregularity" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual irregularity">menstrual disturbances</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a>, are commonly seen.<a href="#cite_note-RabeGrunwald2009-13">[13]</a> Although antiandrogens do not treat the underlying cause of hyperandrogenism (e.g., PCOS), they are able to prevent and reverse its manifestation and effects.<a href="#cite_note-RabeGrunwald2009-13">[13]</a> As with androgen-dependent skin and hair conditions, the most commonly used antiandrogens in the treatment of hyperandrogenism in women are cyproterone acetate and spironolactone.<a href="#cite_note-RabeGrunwald2009-13">[13]</a> Other antiandrogens, like bicalutamide, may be used alternatively.<a href="#cite_note-RabeGrunwald2009-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy">Gender-affirming hormone therapy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gender-affirming hormone therapy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy#Antiandrogens" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">Feminizing hormone therapy § Antiandrogens</a></div> Antiandrogens are used to prevent or reverse <a href="/wiki/Masculinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculinization">masculinization</a> and to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">feminization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a> and some nonbinary individuals who are undergoing <a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">hormone therapy</a> and who have not undergone <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">orchiectomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21714669-14">[14]</a> Besides estrogens, the main antiandrogens that have been used for this purpose are cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, and GnRH modulators.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21714669-14">[14]</a> Nonsteroidal antiandrogens like bicalutamide are also used for this indication.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30256230-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21714669-14">[14]</a> In addition to use in transgender women, antiandrogens, mainly GnRH modulators, are used as <a href="/wiki/Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">puberty blockers</a> to prevent the onset of <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">transgender girls</a> until they are older and ready to begin hormone therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25404716-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Available_forms">Available forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Available forms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Steroidal_antiandrogen" title="Steroidal antiandrogen">Steroidal antiandrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">Nonsteroidal antiandrogen</a></div> There are several different types of antiandrogens, including the following:<a href="#cite_note-pmid11502457-6">[6]</a> <ul><li>Androgen receptor antagonists: Drugs that bind directly to and block the AR.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10637363-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShenTaplin2010-85">[85]</a> These drugs include the <a href="/wiki/Steroidal_antiandrogen" title="Steroidal antiandrogen">steroidal antiandrogens</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">spironolactone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">oxendolone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">osaterone acetate</a> (veterinary) and the <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">nonsteroidal antiandrogens</a> <a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">flutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">nilutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">topilutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">enzalutamide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">apalutamide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10637363-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShenTaplin2010-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchröderRadlmaier2009-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-KolvenbagFurr2009-8">[8]</a> Aside from cyproterone acetate and chlormadinone acetate, a few other <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestins</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptive">oral contraceptives</a> and/or in menopausal HRT including <a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">dienogest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">drospirenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">medrogestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">nomegestrol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">promegestone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">trimegestone</a> also have varying degrees of AR antagonistic activity.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12600226-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14644837-88">[88]</a></li> <li>Androgen synthesis inhibitors: Drugs that directly inhibit the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> of androgens like testosterone and/or DHT.<a href="#cite_note-IIIBarbieri2013-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FiggChau2010-31">[31]</a> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/CYP17A1_inhibitor" title="CYP17A1 inhibitor">CYP17A1 inhibitors</a> <a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">ketoconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">abiraterone acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">seviteronel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IIIBarbieri2013-89">[89]</a> the <a href="/wiki/CYP11A1" class="mw-redirect" title="CYP11A1">CYP11A1</a> (P450scc) inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">aminoglutethimide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IIIBarbieri2013-89">[89]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-reductase inhibitor">5α-reductase inhibitors</a> <a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">finasteride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">dutasteride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epristeride" title="Epristeride">epristeride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">alfatradiol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">saw palmetto extract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serenoa_repens" class="mw-redirect" title="Serenoa repens">Serenoa repens</a>).<a href="#cite_note-pmid19879888-90">[90]</a> A number of other antiandrogens, including cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, medrogestone, flutamide, nilutamide, and <a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">bifluranol</a>, are also known to weakly inhibit androgen synthesis.</li> <li>Antigonadotropins: Drugs that suppress the <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (GnRH)-induced release of <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a> and consequent activation of <a href="/wiki/Gonadal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonadal">gonadal</a> androgen production.<a href="#cite_note-Brueggemeier2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FarmerWalker2012-91">[91]</a> Examples include <a href="/wiki/GnRH_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH modulator">GnRH modulators</a> like <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a> (a <a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonist</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">cetrorelix</a> (a <a href="/wiki/GnRH_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH antagonist">GnRH antagonist</a>),<a href="#cite_note-LemkeWilliams2012-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">progestogens</a> like <a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">allylestrenol</a>, chlormadinone acetate, cyproterone acetate, <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, megestrol acetate, osaterone acetate (veterinary), and oxendolone,<a href="#cite_note-pmid10997774-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-LedgerSchlaff2014-94">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogens</a> like <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol ester">estradiol esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">conjugated estrogens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brueggemeier2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10997774-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Miscellaneous: Drugs that oppose the effects of androgens by means other than the above. Examples include estrogens, especially <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a>), which stimulate <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG) <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">production</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and thereby decrease free and hence <a href="/wiki/Biological_activity" title="Biological activity">bioactive</a> levels of testosterone and DHT; <a href="/wiki/Anticorticotropin" title="Anticorticotropin">anticorticotropins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a>, which suppress the <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> (ACTH)-induced production of <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_androgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal androgen">adrenal androgens</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Immunogen" title="Immunogen">immunogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> against <a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">androstenedione</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">ovandrotone albumin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Androstenedione_albumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Androstenedione albumin">androstenedione albumin</a>, which decrease levels of androgens via the generation of <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> against the androgen and androgen <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor (biochemistry)">precursor</a> androstenedione (used only in <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>).</li></ul> Certain antiandrogens combine multiple of the above mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11502457-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-HannaCrosby2015-95">[95]</a> An example is the steroidal antiandrogen cyproterone acetate, which is a potent AR antagonist, a potent progestogen and hence antigonadotropin, a weak glucocorticoid and hence anticorticotropin, and a weak androgen synthesis inhibitor.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11502457-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-HannaCrosby2015-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weber2015-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9592622-97">[97]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption class="nowrap">Antiandrogens marketed for clinical or veterinary use </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Generic name</th> <th>Class</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Brand name(s)</th> <th>Route(s)</th> <th>Launch</th> <th>Status</th> <th><abbr title="Google Search hits (February 2018)">Hits</abbr>a </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Androgen synthesis inhibitor</td> <td>Zytiga</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>2011</td> <td>Available</td> <td>523,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allylestrenol" title="Allylestrenol">Allylestrenol</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>Gestanin, Perselin</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>1961</td> <td>Availableb</td> <td>61,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">Aminoglutethimide</a></td> <td>Nonsteroidal</td> <td>Androgen synthesis inhibitor</td> <td>Cytadren, Orimeten</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>1960</td> <td>Availableb</td> <td>222,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></td> <td>Nonsteroidal</td> <td>AR antagonist</td> <td>Erleada</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>2018</td> <td>Available</td> <td>50,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></td> <td>Nonsteroidal</td> <td>AR antagonist</td> <td>Casodex</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>1995</td> <td>Available</td> <td>754,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Progestin; AR antagonist</td> <td>Belara, Prostal</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>1965</td> <td>Available</td> <td>220,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Progestin; AR antagonist</td> <td>Androcur, Diane</td> <td>Oral, <abbr title="Intramuscular injection">IM</abbr></td> <td>1973</td> <td>Available</td> <td>461,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Progestin; AR antagonist</td> <td>Tardak</td> <td>Veterinary</td> <td>1972</td> <td>Veterinary</td> <td>42,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></td> <td>Nonsteroidal</td> <td>AR antagonist</td> <td>Xtandi</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>2012</td> <td>Available</td> <td>328,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></td> <td>Nonsteroidal</td> <td>AR antagonist</td> <td>Eulexin</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>1983</td> <td>Available</td> <td>712,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">Gestonorone caproate</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>Depostat, Primostat</td> <td><abbr title="Intramuscular injection">IM</abbr></td> <td>1973</td> <td>Availableb</td> <td>119,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>Delalutin, Proluton</td> <td><abbr title="Intramuscular injection">IM</abbr></td> <td>1954</td> <td>Available</td> <td>108,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></td> <td>Nonsteroidal</td> <td>Androgen synthesis inhibitor</td> <td>Nizoral, others</td> <td>Oral, topical</td> <td>1981</td> <td>Available</td> <td>3,650,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>Provera, Depo-Provera</td> <td>Oral, <abbr title="Intramuscular injection">IM</abbr>, <abbr title="Subcutaneous injection">SC</abbr></td> <td>1958</td> <td>Available</td> <td>1,250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Progestin; AR antagonist</td> <td>Megace</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>1963</td> <td>Available</td> <td>253,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></td> <td>Nonsteroidal</td> <td>AR antagonist</td> <td>Anandron, Nilandron</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>1987</td> <td>Available</td> <td>132,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Progestin; AR antagonist</td> <td>Ypozane</td> <td>Veterinary</td> <td>2007</td> <td>Veterinary</td> <td>87,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>Progestin; AR antagonist</td> <td>Prostetin, Roxenone</td> <td><abbr title="Intramuscular injection">IM</abbr></td> <td>1981</td> <td>Availableb</td> <td>36,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></td> <td>Steroidal</td> <td>AR antagonist</td> <td>Aldactone</td> <td>Oral, topical</td> <td>1959</td> <td>Available</td> <td>3,010,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide</a></td> <td>Nonsteroidal</td> <td>AR antagonist</td> <td>Eucapil</td> <td>Topical</td> <td>2003</td> <td>Availableb</td> <td>36,300 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="8" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Footnotes: a = Hits = Google Search hits (as of February 2018). b = Availability limited / mostly discontinued. Class: Steroidal = <a href="/wiki/Steroidal_antiandrogen" title="Steroidal antiandrogen">Steroidal antiandrogen</a>. Nonsteroidal = <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">Nonsteroidal antiandrogen</a>. Sources: See individual articles. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> The side effects of antiandrogens vary depending on the type of antiandrogen – namely whether it is a selective AR antagonist or lowers androgen levels – as well as the presence of <a href="/wiki/Off-target_activity" title="Off-target activity">off-target activity</a> in the antiandrogen in question.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11121992-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas1997-98">[98]</a> For instance, whereas antigonadotropic antiandrogens like GnRH modulators and cyproterone acetate are associated with pronounced <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a> in men, selective AR antagonists like bicalutamide are not associated with osteoporosis and have been associated with only minimal sexual dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11121992-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12603397-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Priestman2012-100">[100]</a> These differences are thought related to the fact that antigonadotropins suppress androgen levels and by extension levels of <a href="/wiki/Biological_activity" title="Biological activity">bioactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> of androgens like <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">neurosteroids</a> whereas selective AR antagonists similarly neutralize the effects of androgens but leave levels of androgens and hence their metabolites intact (and in fact can even increase them as a result of their <a href="/wiki/Progonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Progonadotropic">progonadotropic</a> effects).<a href="#cite_note-pmid11121992-21">[21]</a> As another example, the steroidal antiandrogens cyproterone acetate and spironolactone possess off-target actions including <a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">progestogenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimineralocorticoid">antimineralocorticoid</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> activity in addition to their antiandrogen activity, and these off-target activities can result in additional side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas1997-98">[98]</a> In males, the major <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> of antiandrogens are <a href="/wiki/Demasculinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Demasculinization">demasculinization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">feminization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12667885-101">[101]</a> These side effects include <a href="/wiki/Mastodynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastodynia">breast pain/tenderness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">breast development</a>/<a href="/wiki/Breast_enlargement" title="Breast enlargement">enlargement</a>), reduced <a href="/wiki/Body_hair" title="Body hair">body hair</a> growth/density, decreased <a href="/wiki/Muscle_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle mass">muscle mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle strength">strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gynoid_fat_distribution" title="Gynoid fat distribution">feminine</a> changes in <a href="/wiki/Body_fat_percentage" title="Body fat percentage">fat mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat distribution">distribution</a>, and reduced <a href="/wiki/Human_penis_size" title="Human penis size">penile length</a> and <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicular</a> size.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12667885-101">[101]</a> The rates of gynecomastia in men with selective AR antagonist monotherapy have been found to range from 30 to 85%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16321765-102">[102]</a> In addition, antiandrogens can cause <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> (including loss of <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>), <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, and decreased <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation#Volume" title="Ejaculation">semen/ejaculate volume</a> in males.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-pmid12667885-101">[101]</a> Conversely, the side effects of selective AR antagonists in women are minimal.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24455796-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro2012-103">[103]</a> However, antigonadotropic antiandrogens like cyproterone acetate can produce <a href="/wiki/Hypoestrogenism" title="Hypoestrogenism">hypoestrogenism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a>, and osteoporosis in premenopausal women, among other side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Becker2001-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Futterweit2012-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20082945-105">[105]</a> In addition, androgen receptor antagonists can produce unfavorable effects on <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> levels, which long-term may increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28944709-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19843067-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33334002-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29211888-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPATH-SOC8-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3318361-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30586774-112">[112]</a> A number of antiandrogens have been associated with <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">hepatotoxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15604569-113">[113]</a> These include, to varying extents, cyproterone acetate, flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, aminoglutethimide, and ketoconazole.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15604569-113">[113]</a> In contrast, spironolactone, enzalutamide,<a href="#cite_note-pmid25711765-114">[114]</a> and other antiandrogens are not associated with significant rates of hepatotoxicity. However, although they do not pose a risk of hepatotoxicity, spironolactone has a risk of <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a> and enzalutamide has a risk of <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In women who are <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnant</a>, antiandrogens can interfere with the androgen-mediated <a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation" title="Sexual differentiation">sexual differentiation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitalia">genitalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> of male <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetuses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LeppertPeipert2004-115">[115]</a> This manifests primarily as <a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambiguous genitalia">ambiguous genitalia</a> – that is, undervirilized or feminized genitalia, which, anatomically, are a cross between a <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> – and theoretically also as <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LeppertPeipert2004-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-RathusNevid2005-116">[116]</a> As such, antiandrogens are <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogens</a>, and women who are pregnant should not be treated with an antiandrogen.<a href="#cite_note-CamachoGharib2012-82">[82]</a> Moreover, women who can or may become pregnant are strongly recommended to take an antiandrogen only in combination with proper <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraception</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CamachoGharib2012-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> Antiandrogens are relatively safe in acute <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inducer" title="Enzyme inducer">inducers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> may <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">interact</a> with various antiandrogens.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Androgen_receptor_antagonists">Androgen receptor antagonists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Androgen receptor antagonists">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright"> <caption>Antiandrogens at steroid hormone receptors </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Antiandrogen</th> <th colspan="5">Relative binding affinities </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="Progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Progesterone receptor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glucocorticoid receptor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">MR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Mineralocorticoid receptor </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></td> <td>8–10</td> <td>60</td> <td><0.1</td> <td>5</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>175</td> <td><0.1</td> <td>38</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>152</td> <td><0.1</td> <td>50</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>0.4a</td> <td><0.1</td> <td>2a</td> <td>182 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trimethyltrienolone" title="Trimethyltrienolone">Trimethyltrienolone</a></td> <td>3.6</td> <td><1</td> <td><1</td> <td><1</td> <td><1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone" title="Inocoterone">Inocoterone</a></td> <td>0.8</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone_acetate" title="Inocoterone acetate">Inocoterone acetate</a></td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyflutamide" title="Hydroxyflutamide">Hydroxyflutamide</a></td> <td>0.5–0.8</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></td> <td>0.5–0.8</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></td> <td>1.8</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td><0.1 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Notes: (1): Reference <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a> (100%) were <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip androgen receptor, <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor"><abbr title="progesterone receptor">PR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip progesterone receptor, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip estrogen receptor, <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip glucocorticoid receptor, and <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="mineralocorticoid receptor">MR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip mineralocorticoid receptor. (2): Tissues were rat prostate (AR), rabbit uterus (PR), mouse uterus (ER), rat thymus (GR), and rat kidney (MR). (3): Incubation times (0 °C) were 24 hours (AR, a), 2 hours (PR, ER), 4 hours (GR), and 1 hour (MR). (4): Assay methods were different for bicalutamide for receptors besides the AR. Sources: <a href="#cite_note-pmid3059062-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1992602-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3009970-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8136296-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-RaynaudFortin1986-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-RaynaudOjasoo1981-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7421203-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid359134-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid171505-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14600402-126">[126]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relative_potencies_of_selected_antiandrogens" title="Template:Relative potencies of selected antiandrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relative_potencies_of_selected_antiandrogens" title="Template talk:Relative potencies of selected antiandrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relative_potencies_of_selected_antiandrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Relative potencies of selected antiandrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Relative potencies of selected antiandrogens </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Antiandrogen</th> <th>Relative <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potency</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyflutamide" title="Hydroxyflutamide">Hydroxyflutamide</a></td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Description: Relative potencies of <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally administered</a> antiandrogens in antagonizing 0.8 to 1.0 mg/kg <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection"><abbr title="subcutaneous injection">s.c.</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip subcutaneous injection <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">testosterone propionate</a>-induced <a href="/wiki/Ventral_prostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral prostate">ventral prostate</a> weight increase in <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">immature</a> male rats. Higher values mean greater potency. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> AR antagonists act by directly binding to and competitively displacing androgens like testosterone and DHT from the AR, thereby preventing them from activating the receptor and mediating their biological effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10637363-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShenTaplin2010-85">[85]</a> AR antagonists are classified into two types, based on <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structure</a>: steroidal and nonsteroidal.<a href="#cite_note-SchröderRadlmaier2009-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-KolvenbagFurr2009-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10637363-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShenTaplin2010-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-LemkeWilliams2012-92">[92]</a> Steroidal AR antagonists are structurally related to <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone" title="Steroid hormone">steroid hormones</a> like testosterone and <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>, whereas nonsteroidal AR antagonists are not steroids and are structurally distinct. Steroidal AR antagonists tend to have <a href="/wiki/Off-target_activity" title="Off-target activity">off-target hormonal actions</a> due to their structural similarity to other steroid hormones.<a href="#cite_note-LemkeWilliams2012-92">[92]</a> In contrast, nonsteroidal AR antagonists are selective for the AR and have no off-target hormonal activity.<a href="#cite_note-LemkeWilliams2012-92">[92]</a> For this reason, they are sometimes described as "pure" antiandrogens.<a href="#cite_note-LemkeWilliams2012-92">[92]</a> Although they are described as antiandrogens and indeed show only such effects generally, most or all steroidal AR antagonists are actually not <a href="/wiki/Silent_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent antagonist">silent antagonists</a> of the AR but rather are weak <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonists</a> and are able to activate the receptor in the absence of more potent AR agonists like testosterone and DHT.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10637363-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FiggChau2010-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoyetLabrie1985-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2462135-128">[128]</a> This may have clinical implications in the specific context of prostate cancer treatment.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10637363-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoyetLabrie1985-127">[127]</a> As an example, steroidal AR antagonists are able to increase prostate weight and accelerate prostate cancer cell growth in the absence of more potent AR agonists,<a href="#cite_note-pmid10637363-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoyetLabrie1985-127">[127]</a> and spironolactone has been found to accelerate progression of prostate cancer in case reports.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22665559-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27641657-130">[130]</a> In addition, whereas cyproterone acetate produces ambiguous genitalia via feminization in male fetuses when administered to pregnant animals,<a href="#cite_note-JamesPasqualini2013-131">[131]</a> it has been found to produce masculinization of the genitalia of female fetuses of pregnant animals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10637363-84">[84]</a> In contrast to steroidal AR antagonists, nonsteroidal AR antagonists are silent antagonists of the AR and do not activate the receptor.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9000189-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FiggChau2010-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghGauthier2000-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoyetLabrie1985-127">[127]</a> This may be why they have greater efficacy than steroidal AR antagonists in the treatment of prostate cancer and is an important reason as to why they have largely replaced them for this indication in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9000189-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FiggChau2010-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghGauthier2000-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-PoyetLabrie1985-127">[127]</a> Nonsteroidal antiandrogens have relatively low <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> for the AR compared to steroidal AR ligands.<a href="#cite_note-FiggChau2010-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghGauthier2000-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2788775v-134">[134]</a> For example, bicalutamide has around 2% of the affinity of DHT for the AR and around 20% of the affinity of CPA for the AR.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2788775v-134">[134]</a> Despite their low affinity for the AR however, the lack of weak partial agonist activity of NSAAs appears to improve their potency relative to steroidal antiandrogens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2788775v-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14751673-135">[135]</a> For example, although flutamide has about 10-fold lower affinity for the AR than CPA, it shows equal or slightly greater potency to CPA as an antiandrogen in <a href="/wiki/Bioassay" title="Bioassay">bioassays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2788775v-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14751673-135">[135]</a> In addition, circulating therapeutic concentrations of nonsteroidal antiandrogens are very high, on the order of thousands of times higher than those of testosterone and DHT, and this allows them to efficaciously compete and block AR signaling.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt1994-136">[136]</a> AR antagonists may not bind to or block <a href="/wiki/Membrane_androgen_receptor" title="Membrane androgen receptor">membrane androgen receptors</a> (mARs), which are distinct from the classical nuclear AR.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19931639-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25257522-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23746222-139">[139]</a> However, the mARs do not appear to be involved in <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">masculinization</a>. This is evidenced by the perfectly <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> of women with <a href="/wiki/Complete_androgen_insensitivity_syndrome" title="Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome">complete androgen insensitivity syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PescovitzEugster2004-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-BuonocoreBracci2012-141">[141]</a> These women have a 46,XY <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotype</a> (i.e., are genetically "male") and high levels of androgens but possess a defective AR and for this reason never masculinize.<a href="#cite_note-PescovitzEugster2004-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-BuonocoreBracci2012-141">[141]</a> They are described as highly feminine, both physically as well as mentally and behaviorally.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-Young2011-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-BlakemoreBerenbaum2013-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maggi2012-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="N-Terminal_domain_antagonists">N-Terminal domain antagonists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: N-Terminal domain antagonists">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Peptide_antiandrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptide antiandrogen">N-Terminal domain AR antagonists</a> are a new type of AR antagonist that, unlike all currently marketed AR antagonists, bind to the <a href="/wiki/N-terminal_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="N-terminal domain">N-terminal domain</a> (NTD) of the AR rather than the <a href="/wiki/Ligand-binding_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligand-binding domain">ligand-binding domain</a> (LBD).<a href="#cite_note-ImamuraSadar2016-145">[145]</a> Whereas conventional AR antagonists bind to the LBD of the AR and <a href="/wiki/Competitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive antagonist">competitively</a> displace androgens, thereby preventing them from <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)#Binding_and_activation" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">activating</a> the receptor, AR NTD antagonists bind <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalently</a> to the NTD of the AR and prevent <a href="/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein_interaction" title="Protein–protein interaction">protein–protein interactions</a> subsequent to activation that are required for <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcriptional activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ImamuraSadar2016-145">[145]</a> As such, they are <a href="/wiki/Non-competitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-competitive antagonist">non-competitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreversible_antagonist" title="Irreversible antagonist">irreversible antagonists</a> of the AR.<a href="#cite_note-De_MolFenwick2016-146">[146]</a> Examples of AR NTD antagonists include <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">bisphenol A diglycidyl ether</a> (BADGE) and its derivatives <a href="/wiki/EPI-001" title="EPI-001">EPI-001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralaniten" title="Ralaniten">ralaniten</a> (EPI-002), and <a href="/wiki/Ralaniten_acetate" title="Ralaniten acetate">ralaniten acetate</a> (EPI-506).<a href="#cite_note-ImamuraSadar2016-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26389532-147">[147]</a> AR NTD antagonists are under investigation for the potential treatment of prostate cancer, and it is thought that they may have greater <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a> as antiandrogens relative to conventional AR antagonists.<a href="#cite_note-ImamuraSadar2016-145">[145]</a> In accordance with this notion, AR NTD antagonists are active against <a href="/wiki/Splice_variant" class="mw-redirect" title="Splice variant">splice variants</a> of the AR, which conventional AR antagonists are not, and AR NTD antagonists are immune to <a href="/wiki/Gain-of-function_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gain-of-function mutation">gain-of-function mutations</a> in the AR LBD that convert AR antagonists into AR agonists and commonly occur in prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-ImamuraSadar2016-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Androgen_receptor_degraders">Androgen receptor degraders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Androgen receptor degraders">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_degrader" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective androgen receptor degrader">Selective androgen receptor degraders</a> (SARDs) are another new type of antiandrogen that has recently been developed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27885283-148">[148]</a> They work by enhancing the <a href="/wiki/Downregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Downregulation">degradation</a> of the AR, and are analogous to <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_degrader" title="Selective estrogen receptor degrader">selective estrogen receptor degraders</a> (SERDs) like <a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">fulvestrant</a> (a drug used to treat <a href="/wiki/Hormone_receptor_positive_breast_tumor" title="Hormone receptor positive breast tumor">estrogen receptor-positive</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-pmid27885283-148">[148]</a> Similarly to AR NTD antagonists, it is thought that SARDs may have greater efficacy than conventional AR antagonists, and for this reason, they are under investigation for the treatment of prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23219429-149">[149]</a> An example of a SARD is <a href="/wiki/Dimethylcurcumin" title="Dimethylcurcumin">dimethylcurcumin</a> (ASC-J9), which is under development as a <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical medication</a> for the potential treatment of acne.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-ASC-J9-150">[150]</a> SARDs like dimethylcurcumin differ from conventional AR antagonists and AR NTD antagonists in that they may not necessarily bind directly to the AR.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23219429-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Androgen_synthesis_inhibitors">Androgen synthesis inhibitors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Androgen synthesis inhibitors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Androgen_synthesis_inhibitor" title="Androgen synthesis inhibitor">Androgen synthesis inhibitor</a></div> Androgen synthesis inhibitors are <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">enzyme inhibitors</a> that prevent the <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> of androgens.<a href="#cite_note-FiggChau2010-31">[31]</a> This process occurs mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal glands</a>, but also occurs in other tissues like the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>. These drugs include aminoglutethimide, ketoconazole,<a href="#cite_note-pmid2652864-151">[151]</a> and abiraterone acetate.<a href="#cite_note-IIIBarbieri2013-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FiggChau2010-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Held-Warmkessel2006-152">[152]</a> Aminoglutethimide inhibits cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, also known as P450scc or CYP11A1, which is responsible for the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> into <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">pregnenolone</a> and by extension the production of all steroid hormones, including the androgens.<a href="#cite_note-IIIBarbieri2013-89">[89]</a> Ketoconazole and abiraterone acetate are inhibitors of the enzyme CYP17A1, also known as 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, which is responsible for the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Pregnane" title="Pregnane">pregnane</a> steroids into androgens, as well as the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">mineralocorticoids</a> into glucocorticoids.<a href="#cite_note-IIIBarbieri2013-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FiggChau2010-31">[31]</a> Because these drugs all prevent the formation of glucocorticoids in addition to androgens, they must be combined with a glucocorticoid like <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a> to avoid <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">adrenal insufficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Held-Warmkessel2006-152">[152]</a> A newer drug currently under development for treatment of prostate cancer, <a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">seviteronel</a>, is selective for inhibition of the 17,20-lyase functionality of CYP17A1, and for this reason, unlike earlier drugs, does not require concomitant treatment with a glucocorticoid.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27154414-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="5α-Reductase_inhibitors">5α-Reductase inhibitors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 5α-Reductase inhibitors">edit</a>]</div> 5α-Reductase inhibitors such as finasteride and dutasteride are inhibitors of <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-reductase">5α-reductase</a>, an enzyme that is responsible for the formation of DHT from testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-Flores-154">[154]</a> DHT is between 2.5- and 10-fold more potent than testosterone as an androgen<a href="#cite_note-MozayaniRaymon2011-155">[155]</a> and is produced in a <a href="/wiki/Tissue-selective" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue-selective">tissue-selective</a> manner based on <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of 5α-reductase.<a href="#cite_note-Bhagavan2002-156">[156]</a> Tissues in which DHT forms at a high rate include the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BologniaJorizzo-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhagavan2002-156">[156]</a> In accordance, DHT is involved in the <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">pathophysiology</a> of benign prostatic hyperplasia, pattern hair loss, and hirsutism, and 5α-reductase inhibitors are used to treat these conditions.<a href="#cite_note-BologniaJorizzo-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhagavan2002-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27672412-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antigonadotropins">Antigonadotropins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Antigonadotropins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estradiol_and_testosterone_levels_with_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_320_mg_polyestradiol_phosphate_in_men.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Estradiol_and_testosterone_levels_with_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_320_mg_polyestradiol_phosphate_in_men.png/300px-Estradiol_and_testosterone_levels_with_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_320_mg_polyestradiol_phosphate_in_men.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Estradiol_and_testosterone_levels_with_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_320_mg_polyestradiol_phosphate_in_men.png/450px-Estradiol_and_testosterone_levels_with_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_320_mg_polyestradiol_phosphate_in_men.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Estradiol_and_testosterone_levels_with_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_320_mg_polyestradiol_phosphate_in_men.png/600px-Estradiol_and_testosterone_levels_with_a_single_intramuscular_injection_of_320_mg_polyestradiol_phosphate_in_men.png 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Estradiol and testosterone levels following a single intramuscular injection of 320 mg <a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">polyestradiol phosphate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a> estradiol ester and prodrug, in men with prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8610057-158">[158]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_and_luteinizing_hormone_levels_with_100_mg_per_day_oral_cyproterone_acetate_in_men.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Testosterone_and_luteinizing_hormone_levels_with_100_mg_per_day_oral_cyproterone_acetate_in_men.png/300px-Testosterone_and_luteinizing_hormone_levels_with_100_mg_per_day_oral_cyproterone_acetate_in_men.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Testosterone_and_luteinizing_hormone_levels_with_100_mg_per_day_oral_cyproterone_acetate_in_men.png/450px-Testosterone_and_luteinizing_hormone_levels_with_100_mg_per_day_oral_cyproterone_acetate_in_men.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Testosterone_and_luteinizing_hormone_levels_with_100_mg_per_day_oral_cyproterone_acetate_in_men.png/600px-Testosterone_and_luteinizing_hormone_levels_with_100_mg_per_day_oral_cyproterone_acetate_in_men.png 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>Testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels with 100 mg/day oral <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a> in men.<a href="#cite_note-FourcadeMcLeod2015-159">[159]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">Antigonadotropins</a> are drugs that suppress the GnRH-mediated <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secretion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FarmerWalker2012-91">[91]</a> Gonadotropins include <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) and <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) and are <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">peptide hormones</a> that signal the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormones</a>. By suppressing gonadotropin secretion, antigonadotropins suppress gonadal sex hormone production and by extension circulating androgen levels.<a href="#cite_note-FarmerWalker2012-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/GnRH_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH modulator">GnRH modulators</a>, including both <a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/GnRH_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH antagonist">GnRH antagonists</a>, are powerful antigonadotropins that are able to suppress androgen levels by 95% in men.<a href="#cite_note-Urotext2001-160">[160]</a> In addition, estrogens and progestogens are antigonadotropins via exertion of <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a> (HPG axis).<a href="#cite_note-Brueggemeier2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10997774-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid368741-161">[161]</a> High-dose estrogens are able to suppress androgen levels to castrate levels in men similarly to GnRH modulators,<a href="#cite_note-pmid7000222-162">[162]</a> while high-dose progestogens are able to suppress androgen levels by up to approximately 70 to 80% in men.<a href="#cite_note-WeinKavoussi2011-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid519881-164">[164]</a> Examples of GnRH agonists include <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a> (leuprolide) and <a href="/wiki/Goserelin" title="Goserelin">goserelin</a>, while an example of a GnRH antagonist is <a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">cetrorelix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LemkeWilliams2012-92">[92]</a> Estrogens that are or that have been used as antigonadotropins include estradiol, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol ester">estradiol esters</a> like <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">estradiol valerate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_undecylate" title="Estradiol undecylate">estradiol undecylate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">polyestradiol phosphate</a>, conjugated estrogens, ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol (no longer widely used), and <a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">bifluranol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18268497-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6258683-166">[166]</a> Progestogens that are used as antigonadotropins include <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, cyproterone acetate, gestonorone caproate,<a href="#cite_note-pmid694436-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, medroxyprogesterone acetate, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>, and oxendolone.<a href="#cite_note-Brueggemeier2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-PrentkyBurgess2000-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid294107-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sex_hormone-binding_globulin_modulators">Sex hormone-binding globulin modulators</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sex hormone-binding globulin modulators">edit</a>]</div> In addition to their antigonadotropic effects, estrogens are also functional antiandrogens by decreasing free concentrations of androgens via increasing the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">hepatic</a> production of <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG) and by extension circulating SHBG levels.<a href="#cite_note-NieschlagBehre2012-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-HumansOrganization2007-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22294742-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined oral contraceptive">Combined oral contraceptives</a> containing ethinylestradiol have been found to increase circulating SHBG levels by 2- to 4-fold in women and to reduce free testosterone concentrations by 40 to 80%.<a href="#cite_note-HumansOrganization2007-171">[171]</a> However, combined oral contraceptives that contain the particularly androgenic progestin <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a> have been found to increase SHBG levels by only 50 to 100%,<a href="#cite_note-HumansOrganization2007-171">[171]</a> which is likely because activation of the AR in the liver has the opposite effect of estrogen and suppresses production of SHBG.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaR.2000-173">[173]</a> Levonorgestrel and certain other <a href="/wiki/19-nortestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="19-nortestosterone">19-nortestosterone</a> progestins used in combined oral contraceptives like <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a> also directly bind to and displace androgens from SHBG, which may additionally antagonize the functional antiandrogenic effects of ethinylestradiol.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaR.2000-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FilshieGuillebaud2013-174">[174]</a> In men, a study found that treatment with a relatively low dosage of 20 μg/day ethinylestradiol for 5 weeks increased circulating SHBG levels by 150% and, due to the accompanying decrease free testosterone levels, increased total circulating levels of testosterone by 50% (via reduced negative feedback by androgens on the HPG axis).<a href="#cite_note-NieschlagBehre2012-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corticosteroid-binding_globulin_modulators">Corticosteroid-binding globulin modulators</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Corticosteroid-binding globulin modulators">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a> at high doses can partially suppress adrenal androgen production.<a href="#cite_note-Oettel1999-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-MargiorisChrousos2001-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7586614-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2958420-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2734983-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7500443-180">[180]</a> A study found that treatment with a high-dose <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a> (100 μg/day) reduced levels of major circulating <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_androgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal androgen">adrenal androgens</a> by 27 to 48% in <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oettel1999-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-MargiorisChrousos2001-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7586614-177">[177]</a> Decreased adrenal androgens with estrogens is apparent with <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> estrogens like <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estramustine_phosphate" title="Estramustine phosphate">estramustine phosphate</a> but is minimal with <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral administration">parenteral</a> <a href="/wiki/Bioidentical" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioidentical">bioidentical</a> <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a> forms like <a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">polyestradiol phosphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2734983-179">[179]</a> It is thought to be mediated via a <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">hepatic</a> mechanism, probably increased <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid-binding_globulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroid-binding globulin">corticosteroid-binding globulin</a> (CBG) <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">production</a> and levels and compensatory changes in adrenal steroid production (e.g., shunting of adrenal androgen synthesis to <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> production).<a href="#cite_note-pmid2734983-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7500443-180">[180]</a> It is notable in this regard that oral and synthetic estrogens, due to the oral <a href="/wiki/First_pass_effect" title="First pass effect">first pass</a> and resistance to hepatic <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, have much stronger influences on <a href="/wiki/Liver_protein_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver protein synthesis">liver protein synthesis</a> than parenteral estradiol.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2664738-181">[181]</a> The decrease in adrenal androgen levels with high-dose estrogen therapy may be beneficial in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7586614-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7500443-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anticorticotropins">Anticorticotropins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Anticorticotropins">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anticorticotropin" title="Anticorticotropin">Anticorticotropins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">mineralocorticoids</a> work by exerting <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis</a> (HPA axis), thereby inhibiting the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (CRH) and hence <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> (ACTH; corticotropin) and consequently suppressing the production of <a href="/wiki/Androgen_prohormone" title="Androgen prohormone">androgen prohormones</a> like <a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">dehydroepiandrosterone</a> (DHEA), <a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate</a> (DHEA-S), and <a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">androstenedione</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal gland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MelmedPolonsky2011-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-KumarAbbas2009-183">[183]</a> They are rarely used clinically as functional antiandrogens, but are used as such in the case of <a href="/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia" title="Congenital adrenal hyperplasia">congenital adrenal hyperplasia</a> in girls and women, in which there are excessive production and levels of adrenal androgens due to glucocorticoid deficiency and hence HPA axis overactivity.<a href="#cite_note-MelmedPolonsky2011-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-KumarAbbas2009-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insulin_sensitizers">Insulin sensitizers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Insulin sensitizers">edit</a>]</div> In women with <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>, such as those with <a href="/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome" title="Polycystic ovary syndrome">polycystic ovary syndrome</a>, androgen levels are often elevated.<a href="#cite_note-NikolakisKyrgidis2019-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metformin" title="Metformin">Metformin</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Insulin-sensitizing_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin-sensitizing medication">insulin-sensitizing medication</a>, has indirect antiandrogenic effects in such women, decreasing <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels by as much as 50% secondary to its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-NikolakisKyrgidis2019-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28058854-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33014044-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immunogens_and_vaccines">Immunogens and vaccines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Immunogens and vaccines">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin</a> (Fecundin, Ovastim) and <a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax</a> (androstenedione albumin) are <a href="/wiki/Immunogen" title="Immunogen">immunogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> against <a href="/wiki/4-androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-androstenedione">androstenedione</a> that are used in <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a> to improve <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a> (reproductive rate) in ewes (adult female sheep).<a href="#cite_note-SreenanDiskin2012-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-JindalSharma2010-188">[188]</a> The generation of <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> against androstenedione by these agents is thought to decrease circulating levels of androstenedione and its metabolites (e.g., testosterone and estrogens), which in turn increases the activity of the HPG axis via reduced negative feedback and increases the rate of <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>, resulting in greater <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> and fecundity.<a href="#cite_note-SreenanDiskin2012-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-JindalSharma2010-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_antiandrogens" title="List of antiandrogens">List of antiandrogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_antiandrogens" title="List of steroidal antiandrogens">List of steroidal antiandrogens</a></div> Antiandrogens can be divided into several different types based on <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structure</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Steroidal_antiandrogen" title="Steroidal antiandrogen">steroidal antiandrogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">nonsteroidal antiandrogens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>. Steroidal antiandrogens include compounds like <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">spironolactone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">abiraterone acetate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">finasteride</a>; nonsteroidal antiandrogens include compounds like <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elagolix" title="Elagolix">elagolix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">aminoglutethimide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">ketoconazole</a>; and peptides include <a href="/wiki/GnRH_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH analogue">GnRH analogues</a> like <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">cetrorelix</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_antiandrogens" title="Discovery and development of antiandrogens">Discovery and development of antiandrogens</a></div> Antigonadotropins like estrogens and progestogens were both first introduced in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FritzSperoff2012-189">[189]</a> The beneficial effects of androgen deprivation via surgical castration or high-dose estrogen therapy on prostate cancer were discovered in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FiggChau2010-31">[31]</a>: 56 <a href="#cite_note-KavoussiCostabile2012-190">[190]</a> AR antagonists were first discovered in the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Weber2015-96">[96]</a> The steroidal antiandrogen cyproterone acetate was discovered in 1961. and introduced in 1973. and is often described as the first antiandrogen to have been marketed.<a href="#cite_note-AcademicPress1997-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-StunkardBaum1989-62">[62]</a> However, spironolactone was introduced in 1959.,<a href="#cite_note-Jugdutt2014-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wermuth2011-193">[193]</a> although its antiandrogen effects were not recognized or taken advantage of until later and were originally an unintended off-target action of the drug.<a href="#cite_note-Azziz2007-194">[194]</a> In addition to spironolactone, chlormadinone acetate and megestrol acetate are steroidal antiandrogens that are weaker than cyproterone acetate but were also introduced earlier, in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2012-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-OrfanosMontagna2012-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marks2010-197">[197]</a> Other early steroidal antiandrogens that were developed around this time but were never marketed include <a href="/wiki/Benorterone" title="Benorterone">benorterone</a> (SKF-7690; 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone), <a href="/wiki/BOMT" title="BOMT">BOMT</a> (Ro 7–2340), <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">cyproterone</a> (SH-80881), and <a href="/wiki/Trimethyltrienolone" title="Trimethyltrienolone">trimethyltrienolone</a> (R-2956).<a href="#cite_note-HorskyPresl2012-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-AcademicPress1976-199">[199]</a> The nonsteroidal antiandrogen flutamide was first reported in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-SmithWilliams2005-24">[24]</a> It was introduced in 1983 and was the first nonsteroidal antiandrogen marketed.<a href="#cite_note-Neal2012-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-OttowWeinmann2008-201">[201]</a> Another early nonsteroidal antiandrogen,<a href="#cite_note-SinghalThomas1976-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/DIMP_(antiandrogen)" title="DIMP (antiandrogen)">DIMP</a> (Ro 7–8117), which is structurally related to <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">thalidomide</a><a href="#cite_note-LiuSu2010-203">[203]</a> and is a relatively weak antiandrogen,<a href="#cite_note-HeynsG.1976-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> was first described in 1973 and was never marketed.<a href="#cite_note-BorisScott1973-206">[206]</a> Flutamide was followed by nilutamide in 1989. and bicalutamide in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-BéguéBonnet-Delpon2008-207">[207]</a> In addition to these three drugs, which have been regarded as first-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogens, the second-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogens <a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">enzalutamide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">apalutamide</a> were introduced in 2012. and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23341368-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19359544-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA2018-210">[210]</a> They differ from the earlier nonsteroidal antiandrogens namely in that they are much more efficacious in comparison.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19359544-209">[209]</a> The androgen synthesis inhibitors aminoglutethimide and ketoconazole were first marketed in 1960. and 1977., respectively,<a href="#cite_note-Sneader2005-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golan2008-212">[212]</a> and the newer drug abiraterone acetate was introduced in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Demos2011-213">[213]</a> GnRH modulators were first introduced in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-BowsherCarter2008-214">[214]</a> The 5α-reductase inhibitors finasteride and dutasteride were introduced in 1992. and 2002. respectively.<a href="#cite_note-AllahbadiaAgrawal2007-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bentham2010-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elagolix" title="Elagolix">Elagolix</a>, the first orally active GnRH modulator to be marketed, was introduced in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Elagolix-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> The following is a timeline of events in the history of antiandrogens:<a href="#cite_note-pmid29730201-218">[218]</a> <ul><li>1941: Hudgins and Hodges show that androgen deprivation via high-dose estrogen therapy or surgical castration treats prostate cancer</li> <li>1957: The steroidal antiandrogen spironolactone is first synthesized<a href="#cite_note-pmid28634268-219">[219]</a></li> <li>1960: Spironolactone is first introduced for medical use, as an antimineralocorticoid<a href="#cite_note-pmid28634268-219">[219]</a></li> <li>1961: The steroidal antiandrogen cyproterone acetate is first synthesized<a href="#cite_note-pmid9476091-220">[220]</a></li> <li>1962: Spironolactone is first reported to produce gynecomastia in men<a href="#cite_note-pmid28634268-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith1962-221">[221]</a></li> <li>1966: Benorterone is the first known antiandrogen to be studied clinically, to treat acne and hirsutism in women<a href="#cite_note-pmid148431-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid4225258-223">[223]</a></li> <li>1963: The antiandrogenic activity of cyproterone acetate is discovered<a href="#cite_note-Neumann1996-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14071315-224">[224]</a></li> <li>1967: A known antiandrogen, benorterone, is first reported to induce gynecomastia in males<a href="#cite_note-pmid148431-222">[222]</a></li> <li>1967: The first-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogen flutamide is first synthesized</li> <li>1967: Cyproterone acetate was first studied clinically, to treat sexual deviance in men<a href="#cite_note-pmid20459370-225">[225]</a></li> <li>1969: Cyproterone acetate was first studied in the treatment of acne, hirsutism, seborrhea, and scalp hair loss in women<a href="#cite_note-pmid4304873-226">[226]</a></li> <li>1969: The antiandrogenic activity of spironolactone is discovered<a href="#cite_note-pmid5344274-227">[227]</a></li> <li>1972: The antiandrogenic activity of flutamide is first reported<a href="#cite_note-pmid4264731-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid4116667-229">[229]</a></li> <li>1973: Cyproterone acetate was first introduced for medical use, to treat sexual deviance<a href="#cite_note-pmid8005205-230">[230]</a></li> <li>1977: The first-generation antiandrogen nilutamide is first described<a href="#cite_note-pmid385986-231">[231]</a></li> <li>1978: Spironolactone is first studied in the treatment of hirsutism in women<a href="#cite_note-pmid6205409-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid717935-232">[232]</a></li> <li>1979: Combined androgen blockade is first studied<a href="#cite_note-pmid16631454-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6819101-234">[234]</a></li> <li>1980: Medical castration via a GnRH analogue is first achieved[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>1982: The first-generation antiandrogen bicalutamide is first described<a href="#cite_note-EngelKleemann2014-235">[235]</a></li> <li>1982: Combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer is developed</li> <li>1983: Flutamide is first introduced, in Chile, for medical use, to treat prostate cancer<a href="#cite_note-Publishing2013-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ireland2013-237">[237]</a></li> <li>1987: Nilutamide is first introduced, in France, for medical use, to treat prostate cancer<a href="#cite_note-BéguéBonnet-Delpon2008-207">[207]</a></li> <li>1989: Combined androgen blockade via flutamide and a GnRH analogue is found to be superior to a GnRH analogue alone for prostate cancer</li> <li>1989: Flutamide is first introduced for medical use in the United States, to treat prostate cancer<a href="#cite_note-Regitz-Zagrosek2012-238">[238]</a></li> <li>1989: Flutamide is first studied in the treatment of hirsutism in women<a href="#cite_note-pmid2147859-9">[9]</a></li> <li>1992: The androgen synthesis inhibitor abiraterone acetate is first described<a href="#cite_note-ICR2014-239">[239]</a></li> <li>1995: Bicalutamide is first introduced for medical use, to treat prostate cancer<a href="#cite_note-BéguéBonnet-Delpon2008-207">[207]</a></li> <li>1996: Nilutamide is first introduced for medical use in the United States, to treat prostate cancer<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Nilutamide-240">[240]</a></li> <li>2006: The second-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogen enzalutamide is first described<a href="#cite_note-US20070004753-241">[241]</a></li> <li>2007: The second-generation nonsteroidal antiandrogen apalutamide is first described<a href="#cite_note-WO2007126765-242">[242]</a></li> <li>2011: Abiraterone acetate is first introduced for medical use, to treat prostate cancer<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Abiraterone-Acetate-243">[243]</a></li> <li>2012: Enzalutamide is first introduced for medical use, to treat prostate cancer<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Enzalutamide-244">[244]</a></li> <li>2018: Apalutamide is first introduced for medical use, to treat prostate cancer<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Apalutamide-245">[245]</a></li> <li>2018: Elagolix is the first orally active GnRH antagonist to be introduced for medical use<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Elagolix-217">[217]</a></li> <li>2019: Relugolix is the second orally active GnRH antagonist to be introduced for medical use<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Relugolix-246">[246]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The term antiandrogen is generally used to refer specifically to AR antagonists, as described by Dorfman (1970):<a href="#cite_note-pmid66176-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorfman1970-248">[248]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Antiandrogens are substances which prevent androgens from expressing their activity at target sites. The inhibitory effect of these substances, therefore, should be differentiated from compounds which decrease the synthesis and/or release of hypothalamic (releasing) factors, from anterior pituitary hormones (gonadotropins, particularly luteinizing hormone) and from material which acts directly on the gonads to inhibit biosynthesis and/or secretion of androgens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid66176-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorfman1970-248">[248]</a></blockquote> However, in spite of the above, the term may also be used to describe functional antiandrogens like androgen synthesis inhibitors and antigonadotropins, including even estrogens and progestogens.<a href="#cite_note-Brueggemeier2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11502457-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-GräfBrotherton1974-249">[249]</a> For example, the progestogen and hence antigonadotropin medroxyprogesterone acetate is sometimes described as a steroidal antiandrogen, even though it is not an antagonist of the AR.<a href="#cite_note-Vogelzang2006-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-GräfBrotherton1974-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_investigational_sex-hormonal_agents#Androgenics" title="List of investigational sex-hormonal agents">List of investigational sex-hormonal agents § Androgenics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical_administration">Topical administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Topical administration">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information. The reason given is: Clascoterone has been approved for acne by the FDA in August 2020, and is considered to be highly effective (>= tretinoin 0.05%). Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There has been much interest and effort in the development of topical AR antagonists to treat androgen-dependent conditions like acne and pattern hair loss in males.<a href="#cite_note-HelmsQuan2006-251">[251]</a> Unfortunately, whereas systemic administration of antiandrogens is very effective in treating these conditions, topical administration has disappointingly been found generally to possess limited and only modest effectiveness, even when high-<a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> steroidal AR antagonists like cyproterone acetate and spironolactone have been employed.<a href="#cite_note-HelmsQuan2006-251">[251]</a> Moreover, in the specific case of acne treatment, topical AR antagonists have been found much less effective compared to established treatments like <a href="/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide" title="Benzoyl peroxide">benzoyl peroxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HelmsQuan2006-251">[251]</a> A variety of AR antagonists have been developed for topical use but have not completed development and hence have never been marketed. These include the steroidal AR antagonists <a href="/wiki/Clascoterone" title="Clascoterone">clascoterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">cyproterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosterolone" title="Rosterolone">rosterolone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Topterone" title="Topterone">topterone</a> and the nonsteroidal AR antagonists <a href="/wiki/Cioteronel" title="Cioteronel">cioteronel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inocoterone_acetate" title="Inocoterone acetate">inocoterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/RU-22930" title="RU-22930">RU-22930</a>, <a href="/wiki/RU-58642" title="RU-58642">RU-58642</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RU-58841" title="RU-58841">RU-58841</a>. However, one topical AR antagonist, <a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">topilutamide</a> (fluridil), has been introduced in a few European countries for the treatment of pattern hair loss in men.<a href="#cite_note-TrüebLee2014-40">[40]</a> In addition, a topical 5α-reductase inhibitor and weak estrogen, <a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">alfatradiol</a>, has also been introduced in some European countries for the same indication, although its effectiveness is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-TrüebLee2014-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a> has been marketed in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in the form of a topical cream under the brand name Spiroderm for the treatment of acne and hirsutism, but this formulation was discontinued and hence is no longer available.<a href="#cite_note-FARIDDiamanti-Kandarakis2009-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_contraception">Male contraception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Male contraception">edit</a>]</div> Antiandrogens, such as cyproterone acetate, have been studied for potential use as <a href="/wiki/Male_hormonal_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Male hormonal contraceptive">male hormonal contraceptives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid793446-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid797248-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid206192-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6354690-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6205409-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2687939-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3075164-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14667989-259">[259]</a> While effective in suppressing <a href="/wiki/Male_fertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Male fertility">male fertility</a>, their use as monotherapies is precluded by side effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypoandrogenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoandrogenism">androgen deficiency</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Demasculinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Demasculinization">demasculinization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">feminization</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-pmid6205409-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2687939-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3075164-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20933120-260">[260]</a> The combination of a primary antigonadotropin such as cyproterone acetate to prevent fertility and an androgen like testosterone to prevent systemic androgen deficiency, resulting in a selective antiandrogenic action locally in the testes, has been extensively studied and has shown promising results, but has not been approved for clinical use at this time.<a href="#cite_note-pmid3075164-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14667989-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16313066-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27016468-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20933120-260">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a> (developmental code name CDB-4521), an <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally active</a> dual AAS and progestogen, is under investigation as a potential male contraceptive and as the first male <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pill">birth control pill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16497801-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27907978-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breast_cancer">Breast cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Breast cancer">edit</a>]</div> Antiandrogens such as <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">enzalutamide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">abiraterone acetate</a> are under investigation for the potential treatment of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, including AR-expressing <a href="/wiki/Triple-negative_breast_cancer" title="Triple-negative breast cancer">triple-negative breast cancer</a> and other types of AR-expressing breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24740738-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27816190-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24888812-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28216075-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29940524-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_2">Miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> Antiandrogens may be effective in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31814547-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome" title="Androgen insensitivity syndrome">Androgen insensitivity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogens_in_the_environment" title="Antiandrogens in the environment">Antiandrogens in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy" title="Androgen replacement therapy">Androgen replacement therapy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mowszowicz-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Mowszowicz_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Clin Genitourin Cancer. 15 (1): e95–e97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clgc.2016.08.006">10.1016/j.clgc.2016.08.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27641657">27641657</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38441469">38441469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Genitourin+Cancer&rft.atitle=Case+Report%3A+Spironolactone+Withdrawal+Associated+With+a+Dramatic+Response+in+a+Patient+With+Metastatic+Castrate-Resistant+Prostate+Cancer&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e95-e97&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38441469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27641657&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clgc.2016.08.006&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Guancial%2C+EA&rft.au=Kilari%2C+M&rft.au=Kilari%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesPasqualini2013-131"><a href="#cite_ref-JamesPasqualini2013_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesPasqualini2013" class="citation book cs1">James VH, Pasqualini JR (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VMJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA391">Hormonal Steroids: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Hormonal Steroids</a>. 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Prostate. 14 (4): 389–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpros.2990140410">10.1002/pros.2990140410</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2664738">2664738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21510744">21510744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prostate&rft.atitle=Estrogen+therapy+and+liver+function--metabolic+effects+of+oral+and+parenteral+administration&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=389-95&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21510744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2664738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpros.2990140410&rft.aulast=von+Schoultz&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Carlstr%C3%B6m%2C+K&rft.au=Collste%2C+L&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+A&rft.au=Henriksson%2C+P&rft.au=Pousette%2C+A&rft.au=Stege%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MelmedPolonsky2011-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MelmedPolonsky2011_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MelmedPolonsky2011_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelmedPolonskyLarsenKronenberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM (12 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbg1QOAObicC&pg=PA753">Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 753–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-3600-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-3600-7"><bdi>978-1-4377-3600-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Williams+Textbook+of+Endocrinology+E-Book&rft.pages=753-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-3600-7&rft.aulast=Melmed&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Polonsky%2C+KS&rft.au=Larsen%2C+PR&rft.au=Kronenberg%2C+HM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnbg1QOAObicC%26pg%3DPA753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KumarAbbas2009-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KumarAbbas2009_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KumarAbbas2009_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarAbbasFaustoAster2009" class="citation book cs1">Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster JC (10 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1Zmvm4JVNcC&pg=PA1154">Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease E-Book</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1154–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-2015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-2015-0"><bdi>978-1-4377-2015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robbins+%26+Cotran+Pathologic+Basis+of+Disease+E-Book&rft.pages=1154-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-2015-0&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Abbas%2C+AK&rft.au=Fausto%2C+N&rft.au=Aster%2C+JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_1Zmvm4JVNcC%26pg%3DPA1154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NikolakisKyrgidis2019-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NikolakisKyrgidis2019_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NikolakisKyrgidis2019_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolakisKyrgidisZouboulis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nikolakis G, Kyrgidis A, Zouboulis CC (August 2019). 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Current Medical Research and Opinion. 33 (9): 1545–1557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03007995.2017.1279597">10.1080/03007995.2017.1279597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28058854">28058854</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4391302">4391302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Medical+Research+and+Opinion&rft.atitle=Effect+of+metformin+on+clinical%2C+metabolic+and+endocrine+outcomes+in+women+with+polycystic+ovary+syndrome%3A+a+meta-analysis+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1545-1557&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4391302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28058854&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03007995.2017.1279597&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Shah%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid33014044-186"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid33014044_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuanWangBuZhao2020" class="citation journal cs1">Guan Y, Wang D, Bu H, Zhao T, Wang H (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7519180">"The Effect of Metformin on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Overweight Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"</a>. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2020: 5150684. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2020%2F5150684">10.1155/2020/5150684</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7519180">7519180</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33014044">33014044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Metformin+on+Polycystic+Ovary+Syndrome+in+Overweight+Women%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis+of+Randomized+Controlled+Trials&rft.volume=2020&rft.pages=5150684&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7519180%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33014044&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2020%2F5150684&rft.aulast=Guan&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Wang%2C+D&rft.au=Bu%2C+H&rft.au=Zhao%2C+T&rft.au=Wang%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7519180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SreenanDiskin2012-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SreenanDiskin2012_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SreenanDiskin2012_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreenanDiskin2012" class="citation book cs1">Sreenan JM, Diskin MG (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKFyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172">Embryonic Mortality in Farm Animals</a>. 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New India Publishing. pp. 77–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80235-35-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80235-35-6"><bdi>978-93-80235-35-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biotechnology+in+Animal+Health+and+Production&rft.pages=77-&rft.pub=New+India+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-80235-35-6&rft.aulast=Jindal&rft.aufirst=SK&rft.au=Sharma%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9yFom2LWTcC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FritzSperoff2012-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FritzSperoff2012_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzSperoff2012" class="citation book cs1">Fritz MA, Speroff L (28 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZLubBxJEwEC&pg=PA750">Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility</a>. 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Academic Press. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-056877-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-056877-5"><bdi>978-0-08-056877-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Murl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQmt1_DQkCpEC%26pg%3DPA34&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011-05-02&rft.isbn=978-0-08-056877-5&rft.aulast=Wermuth&rft.aufirst=CG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azziz2007-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Azziz2007_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzziz2007" class="citation book cs1">Azziz R (8 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch-BsGAOtucC&pg=PA382">Androgen Excess Disorders in Women</a>. 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 136–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73790-9"><bdi>978-3-642-73790-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Contraception%3A+Update+and+Trends&rft.pages=136-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-73790-9&rft.aulast=Runnebaum&rft.aufirst=BC&rft.au=Rabe%2C+T&rft.au=Kiesel%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtT6CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OrfanosMontagna2012-196"><a href="#cite_ref-OrfanosMontagna2012_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrfanosMontagnaStüttgen2012" class="citation book cs1">Orfanos CE, Montagna W, Stüttgen G (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4gBJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT587">Hair Research: Status and Future Aspects; Proceedings of the First International Congress on Hair Research, Hamburg, March 13th–16, 1979</a>. 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Yale University Press. pp. 76–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16791-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16791-7"><bdi>978-0-300-16791-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Chemistry%3A+A+History+of+the+Contraceptive+Pill&rft.pages=76-78&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16791-7&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_i-s4biQs7MC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorskyPresl2012-198"><a href="#cite_ref-HorskyPresl2012_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorskyPresl2012" class="citation book cs1">Horsky J, Presl J (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy</a>. 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 233–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-2086-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-2086-5"><bdi>978-1-4471-2086-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tumours+in+Urology&rft.pages=233-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-2086-5&rft.aulast=Neal&rft.aufirst=DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk28yBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OttowWeinmann2008-201"><a href="#cite_ref-OttowWeinmann2008_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttowWeinmann2008" class="citation book cs1">Ottow E, Weinmann H (8 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iATfLbPgRugC&pg=PA255">Nuclear Receptors as Drug Targets</a>. 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Springer Nature Switzerland AG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103110524/https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800032695">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2019-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AdisInsight&rft.atitle=Apalutamide+-+Janssen+Research+and+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadisinsight.springer.com%2Fdrugs%2F800032695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdisInsight-Relugolix-246"><a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight-Relugolix_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800028257">"Relugolix - Myovant/Takeda"</a>. AdisInsight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819053135/https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800028257">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-19. Retrieved 2021-08-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AdisInsight&rft.atitle=Relugolix+-+Myovant%2FTakeda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadisinsight.springer.com%2Fdrugs%2F800028257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid66176-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid66176_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid66176_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann1977" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann F (January 1977). "Pharmacology and potential use of cyproterone acetate". 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Rev. 68: 102–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2018.06.005">10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.06.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11567%2F914067">11567/914067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29940524">29940524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Treat.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Androgen+receptor+in+triple+negative+breast+cancer%3A+A+potential+target+for+the+targetless+subtype&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=102-110&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11567%2F914067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29940524&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2018.06.005&rft.aulast=Gerratana&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Basile%2C+D&rft.au=Buono%2C+G&rft.au=De+Placido%2C+S&rft.au=Giuliano%2C+M&rft.au=Minichillo%2C+S&rft.au=Coinu%2C+A&rft.au=Martorana%2C+F&rft.au=De+Santo%2C+I&rft.au=Del+Mastro%2C+L&rft.au=De+Laurentiis%2C+M&rft.au=Puglisi%2C+F&rft.au=Arpino%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ctrv.2018.06.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31814547-270"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31814547_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomaniMohammadpourMoallemYazdanAbad2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nomani H, Mohammadpour AH, Moallem SM, YazdanAbad MJ, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A (December 2019). "Anti-androgen drugs in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review". Curr Med Chem. 27 (40): 6825–6836. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F0929867326666191209142209">10.2174/0929867326666191209142209</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31814547">31814547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208956450">208956450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Med+Chem&rft.atitle=Anti-androgen+drugs+in+the+treatment+of+obsessive-compulsive+disorder%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=6825-6836&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208956450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31814547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F0929867326666191209142209&rft.aulast=Nomani&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Mohammadpour%2C+AH&rft.au=Moallem%2C+SM&rft.au=YazdanAbad%2C+MJ&rft.au=Barreto%2C+GE&rft.au=Sahebkar%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumannSteinbeck1974" class="citation book cs1">Neumann F, Steinbeck H (1974). "Antiandrogens". Androgens II and Antiandrogens / Androgene II und Antiandrogene. Springer. pp. 235–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-80859-3_6">10.1007/978-3-642-80859-3_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-80861-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-80861-6"><bdi>978-3-642-80861-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiandrogens&rft.btitle=Androgens+II+and+Antiandrogens+%2F+Androgene+II+und+Antiandrogene&rft.pages=235-484&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-80859-3_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-80861-6&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Steinbeck%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGräfBrothertonNeumann1974" class="citation book cs1">Gräf KJ, Brotherton J, Neumann F (1974). "Clinical Uses of Antiandrogens". Androgens II and Antiandrogens / Androgene II und Antiandrogene. Springer. pp. 485–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-80859-3_7">10.1007/978-3-642-80859-3_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-80861-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-80861-6"><bdi>978-3-642-80861-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clinical+Uses+of+Antiandrogens&rft.btitle=Androgens+II+and+Antiandrogens+%2F+Androgene+II+und+Antiandrogene&rft.pages=485-542&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-80859-3_7&rft.isbn=978-3-642-80861-6&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%A4f&rft.aufirst=KJ&rft.au=Brotherton%2C+J&rft.au=Neumann%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntiandrogen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Androgens_and_antiandrogens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template talk:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Androgens_and_antiandrogens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">antiandrogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Anabolic%E2%80%93androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic–androgenic steroid"><abbr title="anabolic–androgenic steroid">AAS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip anabolic–androgenic steroid)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">Prasterone enanthate (DHEA enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">Prasterone sulfate (DHEA sulfate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">testosterone cypionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">testosterone enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">testosterone propionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">testosterone undecanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_ester_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone ester mixture">testosterone ester mixtures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposterona" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposterona">Deposterona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnadren" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnadren">Omnadren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate/testosterone_phenylpropionate/testosterone_isocaproate/testosterone_decanoate" title="Testosterone propionate/testosterone phenylpropionate/testosterone isocaproate/testosterone decanoate">Sustanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testoviron_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Testoviron depot">Testoviron Depot</a>))</li></ul> <ul><li>Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">Androstanolone (stanolone, dihydrotestosterone, DHT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Androstanolone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate (dromostanolone propionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate (methenolone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate (methenolone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">nandrolone decanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_phenylpropionate" title="Nandrolone phenylpropionate">nandrolone phenylpropionate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandienone, methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone (thiomesterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol (propethandrol)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">Progestins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">norgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone (norethindrone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">lynestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">norgestrienone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progonadotropin" title="Progonadotropin">Progonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">Antiestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">clomifene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH (gonadorelin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">Gonadotropins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone"><abbr title="luteinizing hormone">LH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip luteinizing hormone, <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin"><abbr title="human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip human chorionic gonadotropin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antiandrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Niraparib/abiraterone_acetate" title="Niraparib/abiraterone acetate">+niraparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis_inhibitor" title="Steroidogenesis inhibitor">Steroidogenesis inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5α-Reductase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">Alfatradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">Dutasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epristeride" title="Epristeride">Epristeride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">Finasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto extract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Niraparib/abiraterone_acetate" title="Niraparib/abiraterone acetate">+niraparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">Aminoglutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">Antigonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D2 receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">antagonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prolactin_releaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin releaser">prolactin releasers</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">sulpiride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">bifluranol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">estradiol esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">paroxypropione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH antagonist">GnRH antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">cetrorelix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (incl., <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Androstenedione immunogens: <a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators">Androgen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens">Progestogens and antiprogestogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens/anabolic_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of androgens/anabolic steroids">List of androgens/anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Androgen_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Androgen_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="4-Dehydroepiandrosterone">4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxytestosterone" title="4-Hydroxytestosterone">4-Hydroxytestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,17%CE%B1-Dimethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenedione" title="5-Androstenedione">5-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_3%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 3β-acetate">Androstenediol 3β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_17%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 17β-acetate">Androstenediol 17β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_diacetate" title="Androstenediol diacetate">Androstenediol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamestane" title="Atamestane">Atamestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone" title="Boldenone">Boldenone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldione" title="Boldione">Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone" title="Cloxotestosterone">Cloxotestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plomestane" title="Plomestane">Plomestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandrone" title="Silandrone">Silandrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a># (<a href="/wiki/Testosterone/dutasteride" title="Testosterone/dutasteride">+dutasteride</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytestosterone_phloretin_phosphate" title="Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate">Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/1-Androstenediol" title="1-Androstenediol">1-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androstenedione" title="1-Androstenedione">1-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androsterone" title="1-Androsterone">1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Testosterone" title="1-Testosterone">1-Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androst-2-en-17-one" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androst-2-en-17-one">5α-Androst-2-en-17-one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine" title="Bolazine">Bolazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">Dihydroethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofluoxymesterone" title="Dihydrofluoxymesterone">Dihydrofluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydromethylandrostenediol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydromethylandrostenediol (page does not exist)">Dihydromethylandrostenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">androstanolone, stanolone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Dihydrotestosterone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone" title="Drostanolone">Drostanolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesabolone" title="Mesabolone">Mesabolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone_cipionate" title="Mesterolone cipionate">Mesterolone cipionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldiazinol" title="Methyldiazinol">Methyldiazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime" title="Nisterime">Nisterime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime_acetate" title="Nisterime acetate">Nisterime acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanozol" title="Prostanozol">Prostanozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone" title="Stenbolone">Stenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testifenon" title="Testifenon">Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione" title="7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione">7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone_dodecylcarbonate" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenediol" title="19-Nor-5-androstenediol">19-Nor-5-androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenedione" title="19-Nor-5-androstenedione">19-Nor-5-androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone" title="19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone">19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandione" title="Bolandione">Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolmantalate" title="Bolmantalate">Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienedione" title="Dienedione">Dienedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienolone" title="Dienolone">Dienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone" title="Dimethandrolone">Dimethandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_buciclate" title="Dimethandrolone buciclate">Dimethandrolone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_dodecylcarbonate" title="Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate">Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-1727" title="LS-1727">LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxydienone" title="Methoxydienone">Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone" title="Oxabolone">Oxabolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">Trenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_enanthate" title="Trenbolone enanthate">Trenbolone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_undecanoate" title="Trenbolone undecanoate">Trenbolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendione" title="Trendione">Trendione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">Trestolone (MENT)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_acetate" title="Trestolone acetate">Trestolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_enanthate" title="Trestolone enanthate">Trestolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronandrolone">5α-Dihydronandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Dihydrotrestolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Dihydrotrestolone (page does not exist)">5α-Dihydrotrestolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norandrosterone" title="19-Norandrosterone">19-Norandrosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol" title="Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol">Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloromethylandrostenediol" title="Chloromethylandrostenediol">Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enestebol" title="Enestebol">Enestebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyltestosterone" title="Ethyltestosterone">Ethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxystenozole" title="Hydroxystenozole">Hydroxystenozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_diacetate" title="Methandriol diacetate">Methandriol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylclostebol" title="Methylclostebol">Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens/methyltestosterone" title="Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone">+esterified estrogens</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxymethyltestosterone" title="Desoxymethyltestosterone">Desoxymethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone" title="Metenolone">Metenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methasterone" title="Methasterone">Methasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl-1-testosterone" title="Methyl-1-testosterone">Methyl-1-testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylstenbolone" title="Methylstenbolone">Methylstenbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolenol" title="Bolenol">Bolenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyldienolone" title="Dimethyldienolone">Dimethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltrienolone" title="Dimethyltrienolone">Dimethyltrienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldienolone" title="Ethyldienolone">Ethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldienolone" title="Methyldienolone">Methyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhydroxynandrolone" title="Methylhydroxynandrolone">Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norboletone" title="Norboletone">Norboletone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronorethandrolone">5α-Dihydronorethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronormethandrone" title="5α-Dihydronormethandrone">5α-Dihydronormethandrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Vinyltestosterone" title="Vinyltestosterone">Vinyltestosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroethisterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroethisterone">Dihydroethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Tibolone" title="Δ4-Tibolone">Δ4-Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel ester">Levonorgestrel esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethisterone ester">Norethisterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol" title="Quingestanol">Quingestanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel" title="5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethisterone" title="5α-Dihydronorethisterone">5α-Dihydronorethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="6α-Methylprogesterone">6α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/3-Keto-5%CE%B1-abiraterone" title="3-Keto-5α-abiraterone">3-Keto-5α-abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androstane" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androstane">5α-Androstane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">Alternariol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl-4AS-1" title="Cl-4AS-1">Cl-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupanol" title="Drupanol">Drupanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-182345" title="ZM-182345">ZM-182345</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator"><abbr title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">SARMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=198RL26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="198RL26 (page does not exist)">198RL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP-105" title="ACP-105">ACP-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-262,536" title="AC-262,536">AC-262,536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetothiolutamide" title="Acetothiolutamide">Acetothiolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetoxolutamide" title="Acetoxolutamide">Acetoxolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-564,929" title="BMS-564,929">BMS-564,929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DTIB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTIB (page does not exist)">DTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTBU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTBU-1 (page does not exist)">FTBU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLPG-0492" title="GLPG-0492">GLPG-0492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK2881078" title="GSK2881078">GSK2881078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK-4336A" title="GSK-4336A">GSK-4336A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-8698&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-8698 (page does not exist)">GSK-8698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG121071" title="LG121071">LG121071 (LGD-121071)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2941" title="LGD-2941">LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-3303" title="LGD-3303">LGD-3303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-4033" class="mw-redirect" title="LGD-4033">LGD-4033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY305" title="LY305">LY305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-26146900" title="JNJ-26146900">JNJ-26146900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-28330835" title="JNJ-28330835">JNJ-28330835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-37654032" title="JNJ-37654032">JNJ-37654032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPK-88004" title="OPK-88004">OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORM-11984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORM-11984 (page does not exist)">ORM-11984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-06260414" title="PF-06260414">PF-06260414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-59063" title="RU-59063">RU-59063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">S-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-23_(drug)" title="S-23 (drug)">S-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-40503" title="S-40503">S-40503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-101479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-101479 (page does not exist)">S-101479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosilasarm" title="Vosilasarm">Vosilasarm</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-9017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-9017 (page does not exist)">EM-9017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-0773" title="MK-0773">MK-0773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFM-4AS-1" title="TFM-4AS-1">TFM-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YK-11" title="YK-11">YK-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thioprogesterone" title="7α-Thioprogesterone">7α-Thioprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiospironolactone" title="7α-Thiospironolactone">7α-Thiospironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiomethylspironolactone" title="7α-Thiomethylspironolactone">7α-Thiomethylspironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyltestosterone" title="Allyltestosterone">Allyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorterone" title="Benorterone">Benorterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOMT" title="BOMT">BOMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascoterone" title="Clascoterone">Clascoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clometerone" title="Clometerone">Clometerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delanterone" title="Delanterone">Delanterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicirenone" title="Dicirenone">Dicirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogestrone" title="Edogestrone">Edogestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-4350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-4350 (page does not exist)">EM-4350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM-5854" title="EM-5854">EM-5854</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-5855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-5855 (page does not exist)">EM-5855</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-6537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-6537 (page does not exist)">EM-6537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeterone" title="Galeterone">Galeterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludaterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludaterone (page does not exist)">Ludaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metogest" title="Metogest">Metogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenone" title="Mexrenone">Mexrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordinone" title="Nordinone">Nordinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone" title="Osaterone">Osaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosterolone" title="Rosterolone">Rosterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-15328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-15328 (page does not exist)">RU-15328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxasone" title="Spiroxasone">Spiroxasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topterone" title="Topterone">Topterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyltrienolone" title="Trimethyltrienolone">Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/5N-Bicalutamide" title="5N-Bicalutamide">5N-Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA560" title="AA560">AA560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarlide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarlide (page does not exist)">Antarlides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabilin (page does not exist)">Arabilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atraric_acid" title="Atraric acid">Atraric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3514&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3514 (page does not exist)">AZD-3514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakuchiol" title="Bakuchiol">Bakuchiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavdegalutamide" title="Bavdegalutamide">Bavdegalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY-1024767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY-1024767 (page does not exist)">BAY-1024767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">Bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">BADGE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisphenol_F_diglycidyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (page does not exist)">BFDGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">bisphenol F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">bisphenol S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-501949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-501949 (page does not exist)">BMS-501949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-570511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-570511 (page does not exist)">BMS-570511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-641988" title="BMS-641988">BMS-641988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH5137291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH5137291 (page does not exist)">CH5137291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioteronel" title="Cioteronel">Cioteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanonilutamide" title="Cyanonilutamide">Cyanonilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> (via metabolite <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">p,p’-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIMP_(antiandrogen)" title="DIMP (antiandrogen)">DIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">Endosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPI-001" title="EPI-001">EPI-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">Fenarimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyflutamide" title="Hydroxyflutamide">Hydroxyflutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone" title="Inocoterone">Inocoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone_acetate" title="Inocoterone acetate">Inocoterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketodarolutamide" title="Ketodarolutamide">Ketodarolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-105 (page does not exist)">LG-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG-120907" title="LG-120907">LG-120907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGD-1331&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGD-1331 (page does not exist)">LGD-1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linuron" title="Linuron">Linuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masofaniten" title="Masofaniten">Masofaniten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (page does not exist)">N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylapalutamide" title="N-Desmethylapalutamide">N-Desmethylapalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylenzalutamide" title="N-Desmethylenzalutamide">N-Desmethylenzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONC1-13B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONC1-13B (page does not exist)">ONC1-13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentomone" title="Pentomone">Pentomone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-998425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-998425 (page does not exist)">PF-998425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymidone" title="Procymidone">Procymidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxalutamide" title="Proxalutamide">Proxalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilutamide" title="Pyrilutamide">Pyrilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten" title="Ralaniten">Ralaniten (EPI-002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten_acetate" title="Ralaniten acetate">Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-162" title="RD-162">RD-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezvilutamide" title="Rezvilutamide">Rezvilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_2-7239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 2-7239 (page does not exist)">Ro 2-7239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_5-2537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 5-2537 (page does not exist)">Ro 5-2537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-22930" title="RU-22930">RU-22930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-56187" title="RU-56187">RU-56187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-57073" title="RU-57073">RU-57073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58642" title="RU-58642">RU-58642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58841" title="RU-58841">RU-58841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinclozolin" title="Vinclozolin">Vinclozolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-580&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-580 (page does not exist)">YM-580</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-92088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-92088 (page does not exist)">YM-92088</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-175735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-175735 (page does not exist)">YM-175735</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cations</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">L-α-Amino acids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">L-arginine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">L-ornithine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens_and_anabolic_steroids" title="List of androgens and anabolic steroids">List of androgens and anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574820#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137601-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005628">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX538790">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295592305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&oldid=1258426308">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antiandrogen&oldid=1258426308</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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