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Catholic Church in Vietnam - Wikipedia

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<li id="toc-Early_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missionaries_and_the_Nguyễn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missionaries_and_the_Nguyễn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Missionaries and the Nguyễn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missionaries_and_the_Nguyễn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Nguyễn_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Nguyễn_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later Nguyễn dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Nguyễn_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism_in_South_Vietnam_(1954–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism_in_South_Vietnam_(1954–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Catholicism in South Vietnam (1954–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism_in_South_Vietnam_(1954–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Present time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dioceses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dioceses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dioceses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dioceses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specialized_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Specialized sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Monographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Book chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplementary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Supplementary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الرومانية الكاثوليكية في فيتنام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرومانية الكاثوليكية في فيتنام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahan_Katoliko_sa_Bietnam" title="Simbahan Katoliko sa Bietnam – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Simbahan Katoliko sa Bietnam" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-katholische_Kirche_in_Vietnam" title="Römisch-katholische Kirche in Vietnam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römisch-katholische Kirche in Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_cat%C3%B3lica_en_Vietnam" title="Iglesia católica en Vietnam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia católica en Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique_au_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="Église catholique au Viêt Nam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église catholique au Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_di_Vietnam" title="Gereja Katolik di Vietnam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Katolik di Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_cattolica_in_Vietnam" title="Chiesa cattolica in Vietnam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa cattolica in Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katholieke_Kerk_in_Vietnam" title="Katholieke Kerk in Vietnam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Katholieke Kerk in Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ベトナムのカトリック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベトナムのカトリック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Cat%C3%B3lica_no_Vietn%C3%A3" title="Igreja Católica no Vietnã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Católica no Vietnã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Католицизм во Вьетнаме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Католицизм во Вьетнаме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%92%27%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Католицька церква у В&#039;єтнамі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Католицька церква у В&#039;єтнамі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1o_t%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" title="Công giáo tại Việt Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công giáo tại Việt Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Giáo hội Công giáo Việt Nam</i></span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phat_Diem_Cathedral_(font).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Phat_Diem_Cathedral_%28font%29.jpg/132px-Phat_Diem_Cathedral_%28font%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Phat_Diem_Cathedral_%28font%29.jpg/198px-Phat_Diem_Cathedral_%28font%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Phat_Diem_Cathedral_%28font%29.jpg/264px-Phat_Diem_Cathedral_%28font%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1451" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_Bui_Chu,_Nam_Dinh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cathedrale_Bui_Chu%2C_Nam_Dinh.jpg/132px-Cathedrale_Bui_Chu%2C_Nam_Dinh.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cathedrale_Bui_Chu%2C_Nam_Dinh.jpg/198px-Cathedrale_Bui_Chu%2C_Nam_Dinh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cathedrale_Bui_Chu%2C_Nam_Dinh.jpg/264px-Cathedrale_Bui_Chu%2C_Nam_Dinh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/132px-St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/198px-St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/264px-St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora,_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh,_Vietnam,_2013-08-14,_DD_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_07.JPG/132px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_07.JPG/198px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_07.JPG/264px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora%2C_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="3909" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A1t_Di%E1%BB%87m_Cathedral" title="Phát Diệm Cathedral">Phát Diệm</a>, <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_th%E1%BB%9D_ch%C3%ADnh_t%C3%B2a_B%C3%B9i_Chu" class="extiw" title="vi:Nhà thờ chính tòa Bùi Chu">Bùi Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Hanoi" title="St. Joseph&#39;s Cathedral, Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saigon" title="Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon">Saigon</a> represent various architectural styles of Vietnamese, Baroque, Gothic, and Romanesque.</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_Vietnam" title="Catholic Bishops&#39; Conference of Vietnam">Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_Vietnam" title="Catholic Bishops&#39; Conference of Vietnam">CBCV President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_N%C4%83ng" title="Joseph Nguyễn Năng">Joseph Nguyễn Năng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Singapore" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Singapore">Apostolic Delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marek_Zalewski_(archbishop)" title="Marek Zalewski (archbishop)">Marek Zalewski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Associations</th><td class="infobox-data"><small>Committee for Solidarity of Vietnamese Catholics (in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Vietnamese Fatherland Front</a>), state-controlled</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">72/12 Trần Quốc Toản Street, Võ Thị Sáu Ward, <a href="/wiki/District_3,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="District 3, Ho Chi Minh City">District 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1533 or 1615</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">7 million <small>(2020)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hdgmvietnam.com">Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Catholic Church in Vietnam</b> is part of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, under the spiritual leadership of <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> who are in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a>. Vietnam has the fifth largest Catholic population in Asia, after the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People&#39;s Republic of China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. There are about 7 million Catholics in Vietnam, representing 7.4% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There are 27 dioceses (including three archdioceses) with 2,228 parishes and 2,668 priests.<sup id="cite_ref-cath_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cath-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The main liturgical rites employed in Vietnam are those of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_periods">Early periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Early periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KinhThienChua.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/KinhThienChua.png/180px-KinhThienChua.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="512" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/KinhThienChua.png/270px-KinhThienChua.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/KinhThienChua.png/360px-KinhThienChua.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>A variant of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord&#39;s Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Vietnamese (Kinh Thiên Chúa 經天主) written in <i>chữ Nôm</i> in the book, 聖教經願 Thánh giáo kinh nguyện.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ave_Maria_en_Vietnamien_et_Chinois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ave_Maria_en_Vietnamien_et_Chinois.jpg/180px-Ave_Maria_en_Vietnamien_et_Chinois.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ave_Maria_en_Vietnamien_et_Chinois.jpg/270px-Ave_Maria_en_Vietnamien_et_Chinois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ave_Maria_en_Vietnamien_et_Chinois.jpg/360px-Ave_Maria_en_Vietnamien_et_Chinois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a> in <i>chữ Nôm</i> and <i>chữ Quốc ngữ</i>, late 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Catholic <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> visited Vietnam from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in the 16th century. The early Catholic missions in Vietnam achieved modest success among local populations. Only after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> in the first decades of the 17th century did <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began to gain converts within the local populations in both domains of <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Ngo%C3%A0i" title="Đàng Ngoài">Đàng Ngoài</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETran2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETran2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These missionaries were mainly Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese. Two priests, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Buzomi" title="Francesco Buzomi">Francesco Buzomi</a> and Diogo Carvalho, established the first Catholic community in <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_An" title="Hội An">Hội An</a> in 1615. Between 1627 and 1630, Avignonese <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes" title="Alexandre de Rhodes">Alexandre de Rhodes</a> and Portuguese Pero Marques converted more than 6,000 people in Tonkin.<sup id="cite_ref-caen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, Jesuit missionaries including <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Pina" title="Francisco de Pina">Francisco de Pina</a>, Gaspar do Amaral, Antonio Barbosa, and de Rhodes developed an alphabet for the Vietnamese language, using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> with added <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> marks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This writing system continues to be used today, and is called <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet"><i>chữ Quốc ngữ</i></a> (literally "national language script"). Meanwhile, the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Maiorica" title="Girolamo Maiorica">Girolamo Maiorica</a> was an expert, was the main script conveying Catholic faith to Vietnamese until the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201023,_38_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201023,_38-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 17th century, French missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Foreign Missions Society</a> and Spanish missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> were gradually became active in evangelization in Vietnam. Other missionaries active in pre-modern Vietnam were <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> (in Cochinchina), Italian Dominicans &amp; <a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> (in Eastern Tonkin), and those sent by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples"><i>Propaganda Fide</i></a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missionaries_and_the_Nguyễn"><span id="Missionaries_and_the_Nguy.E1.BB.85n"></span>Missionaries and the Nguyễn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Missionaries and the Nguyễn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pigneau_de_Behaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigneau de Behaine">Pigneau de Behaine</a></div> <p>The French missionary priest and Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Adraa" class="mw-redirect" title="Adraa">Adraa</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigneau_de_Behaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigneau de Behaine">Pigneau de Behaine</a> had a significant influence in Vietnamese history towards the end of the 18th century. He had come to southern Vietnam to evangelize. In 1777, the <a href="/wiki/Tay_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="Tay Son">Tây Sơn</a> brothers killed the ruling <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Ánh">Nguyễn Ánh</a> was the most senior member of the family to have survived, and he fled into the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> region in the far south, where he met Pigneau.<sup id="cite_ref-m7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pigneau became Nguyễn Ánh's advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-h423_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h423-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pigneau reportedly hoped that by playing a role in assisting Ánh attain victory, he would be in position to gain important concessions for the Catholic Church in Vietnam and helping its expansion throughout Southeast Asia. From then on he became a political and military advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-m9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one stage during the civil war, the Nguyễn were in trouble, so Pigneau was dispatched to seek French aid. He was able to recruit a band of French volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pigneau and other missionaries acted as procurement agents for Nguyễn Ánh, purchasing munitions and other military supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-m10_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m10-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pigneau also served as a military advisor and de facto foreign minister until his death in 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-c284_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c284-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-h431_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h431-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From 1794, Pigneau took part in all campaigns. He organized the defense of <a href="/wiki/Dien_Khanh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dien Khanh">Diên Khánh</a> when it was besieged by a numerically vastly superior Tây Sơn army in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Upon Pigneau's death,<sup id="cite_ref-k77_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k77-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gia Long's funeral oration described the Frenchman as "the most illustrious foreigner ever to appear at the court of Cochinchina".<sup id="cite_ref-b267_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b267-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-k78_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k78-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1802, when Nguyễn Ánh conquered all of Vietnam and declared himself Emperor Gia Long, the Catholic Church in Vietnam had three dioceses as follows: </p> <ul><li>Diocese of Eastern Tonkin: 140,000 members, 41 Vietnamese priests, 4 missionary priests and 1 bishop.</li> <li>Diocese of Western Tonkin: 120,000 members, 65 Vietnamese priests, 46 missionary priests and 1 bishop.</li> <li>Diocese of Central and Southern Cochinchina: 60,000 members, 15 Vietnamese priests, 5 missionary priests and 1 bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-lavang.co.uk_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavang.co.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Gia Long tolerated the Catholic faith of his French allies and permitted unimpeded missionary activities out of respect to his benefactors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The missionary activities were dominated by the Spanish in Tonkin and the French in the central and southern regions.<sup id="cite_ref-c408_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c408-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the time of his death, there were six European bishops in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-c408_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c408-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The population of Christians was estimated at 300,000 in Tonkin and 60,000 in Cochinchina.<sup id="cite_ref-c409_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c409-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Nguyễn_dynasty"><span id="Later_Nguy.E1.BB.85n_dynasty"></span>Later Nguyễn dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Later Nguyễn dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Tu%E1%BA%A5n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Đặng Đức Tuấn (page does not exist)">Đặng Đức Tuấn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_T%E1%BB%99" title="Nguyễn Trường Tộ">Nguyễn Trường Tộ</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrest_of_three_martyrs,_Ninh_B%C3%ACnh,_trial.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arrest_of_three_martyrs%2C_Ninh_B%C3%ACnh%2C_trial.png/240px-Arrest_of_three_martyrs%2C_Ninh_B%C3%ACnh%2C_trial.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arrest_of_three_martyrs%2C_Ninh_B%C3%ACnh%2C_trial.png/360px-Arrest_of_three_martyrs%2C_Ninh_B%C3%ACnh%2C_trial.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arrest_of_three_martyrs%2C_Ninh_B%C3%ACnh%2C_trial.png/480px-Arrest_of_three_martyrs%2C_Ninh_B%C3%ACnh%2C_trial.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Three Catholics confess their faith and refuse to step over the cross.</figcaption></figure> <p>The peaceful coexistence of Catholicism alongside the classical <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> system of Vietnam was not to last. Gia Long himself was Confucian in outlook. As Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_C%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh">Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh</a> had already died, it was assumed that Cảnh's son would succeed Gia Long as emperor, but, in 1816, <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Nguyễn Phúc Đảm</a>, the son of Gia Long's second wife, was appointed instead.<sup id="cite_ref-b268_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b268-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gia Long chose him for his strong character and his deeply conservative aversion to Westerners, whereas Cảnh's lineage had converted to Catholicism and were reluctant to maintain their Confucian traditions such as ancestor worship.<sup id="cite_ref-b269_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b269-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a>, the Vietnamese general who helped Nguyễn Ánh—the future Emperor Gia Long—put down the Tây Sơn rebellion, unify Vietnam and establish the Nguyễn dynasty, and many of the high-ranking mandarins opposed Gia Long's succession plan.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Duyệt and many of his southern associates tended to be favourable to Christianity, and supported the installation of Nguyễn Cảnh's descendants on the throne. As a result, Duyệt was held in high regard by the Catholic community.<sup id="cite_ref-m24_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to the historian Mark McLeod, Duyệt was more concerned with military rather than social needs, and was thus more interested in maintaining strong relations with Europeans so that he could acquire weapons from them, rather than worrying about the social implications of westernization.<sup id="cite_ref-m24_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gia Long was aware that Catholic clergy were opposed to the installation of Minh Mạng because they favored a Catholic monarch (Cảnh's son) who would grant them favors.<sup id="cite_ref-m24_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minh Mạng began to place restrictions on Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-m26_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m26-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He enacted "edicts of interdiction of the Catholic religion" and condemned Christianity as a "heterodox doctrine". He saw the Catholics as a possible source of division,<sup id="cite_ref-m26_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m26-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> especially as the missionaries were arriving in Vietnam in ever-increasing numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-m27_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m27-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Duyệt protected Vietnamese Catholic converts and westerners from Minh Mạng's policies by disobeying the emperor's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-w6061_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w6061-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minh Mạng issued an imperial edict, that ordered missionaries to leave their areas and move to the imperial city, ostensibly because the palace needed translators, but in order to stop the Catholics from evangelizing.<sup id="cite_ref-m28_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m28-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Whereas the government officials in central and northern Vietnam complied, Duyệt disobeyed the order and Minh Mạng was forced to bide his time.<sup id="cite_ref-m28_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m28-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The emperor began to slowly wind back the military powers of Duyệt, and increased this after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Minh Mạng ordered the posthumous humiliation of Duyệt, which resulted in the desecration of his tomb, the execution of sixteen relatives, and the arrests of his colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-m29_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m29-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Duyệt's son, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Lê Văn Khôi">Lê Văn Khôi</a>, along with the southerners who had seen their and Duyệt's power curtailed, revolted against Minh Mạng. </p><p>Khôi declared himself in favour of the restoration of the line of <a href="/wiki/Prince_C%E1%BA%A3nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Cảnh">Prince Cảnh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m30_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m30-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This choice was designed to obtain the support of Catholic missionaries and Vietnamese Catholics, who had been supporting the Catholic line of Prince Cảnh. Lê Văn Khôi further promised to protect Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-m30_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m30-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1833, the rebels took over southern Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-m30_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m30-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-c192_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c192-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with Catholics playing a large role.<sup id="cite_ref-w95_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w95-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2,000 Vietnamese Catholic troops fought under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m_(catholic_priest)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Văn Tâm (catholic priest) (page does not exist)">Father Nguyễn Văn Tâm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m31_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m31-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebellion was suppressed after three years of fighting. The French missionary Father <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marchand" title="Joseph Marchand">Joseph Marchand</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> was captured in the siege, and had been supporting Khôi, and asked for the help of the Siamese army, through communications to his counterpart in Siam, Father <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Taberd" title="Jean-Louis Taberd">Jean-Louis Taberd</a>. This showed the strong Catholic involvement in the revolt and Father Marchand was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-c192_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c192-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failure of the revolt had a disastrous effect on the Christians of Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-w95_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w95-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> New restrictions against Christians followed, and demands were made to find and execute remaining missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-m31_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m31-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Anti-Catholic edicts to this effect were issued by Minh Mạng in 1836 and 1838. In 1836–37 six missionaries were executed: Ignacio Delgado, Dominico Henares, José Fernández, François Jaccard, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Cornay" title="Jean-Charles Cornay">Jean-Charles Cornay</a>, and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Borie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Borie">Pierre Borie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The villages of Christians were destroyed and their possessions confiscated. Families were broken apart. Christians were branded on the forehead with <i>tà đạo</i>, “heterodox religion.” It is believed that between 130,000 and 300,000 Christians died in the various persecutions. The 117 proclaimed saints represent the many unknown martyrs. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Song_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lang_Song_1938.jpg/238px-Lang_Song_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lang_Song_1938.jpg/357px-Lang_Song_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lang_Song_1938.jpg/476px-Lang_Song_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:196px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Song_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lang_Song_2020.jpg/238px-Lang_Song_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lang_Song_2020.jpg/357px-Lang_Song_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lang_Song_2020.jpg/476px-Lang_Song_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Làng Sông, once the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Qui_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Qui Nhơn">Apostolic Vicariate of Quinhon</a>, then and now.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholicism_in_South_Vietnam_(1954–1975)"><span id="Catholicism_in_South_Vietnam_.281954.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Catholicism in South Vietnam (1954–1975)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Catholicism in South Vietnam (1954–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam##" title="Talk:Catholic Church in Vietnam">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From 1954 to 1975, Vietnam was split into <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. During a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">300-day period</a> where the border between the two sides was temporarily open, many North Vietnamese Catholics fled southward out of fear that they would be persecuted by the Viet Minh. </p><p>In a country where Buddhists were the majority,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (November 2021)">excessive citations</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> President <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>'s policies generated claims of religious bias even though he sponsored and supported many Buddhist organizations, and Buddhism flourished under his regime.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a member of the Catholic minority, he pursued policies which antagonized the Buddhist majority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (August 2020)">neutrality</span></a>&#32;is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Talk:Catholic Church in Vietnam">disputed</a></i>&#93;</sup> The government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, and the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Diệm once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting the man was from a Buddhist background, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted."<sup id="cite_ref-g_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many officers in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a> converted to Catholicism to better their prospects.<sup id="cite_ref-g_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel Việt Cộng guerrillas saw weapons only given to Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-sv_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sv-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in some areas<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2020)">which?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> forced conversions, looting, shelling and demolition of pagodas occurred.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2020)">when?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (August 2020)">how?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (August 2020)">why?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2020)">better&#160;source&#160;needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Some villages converted en masse in order to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diệm's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and its holdings were exempt from reform and given extra property acquisition rights, while restrictions against Buddhism remained in force.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Catholics were also <i>de facto</i> exempt from the <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform; U.S. aid was disproportionately distributed to Catholic majority villages. In 1959, Diem dedicated his country to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The white and gold "<a href="/wiki/Vatican_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican flag">Vatican flag</a>" was regularly flown at all major public events in South Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-crusade_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crusade-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The newly constructed <a href="/wiki/Hue_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hue University">Huế</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalat_University" title="Dalat University">Đà Lạt</a> universities were placed under Catholic authority to foster a Catholic-influenced academic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-diembudd_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diembudd-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1963, in the central city of <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, where Diệm's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Thuc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngo Dinh Thuc">Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục</a> was archbishop, Buddhists were prohibited from displaying the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Buddhist flag</a> during the sacred Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a> celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A few days earlier, Catholics were encouraged to fly religious—that is, papal—flags at the celebration in honour of Thục's anniversary as bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis,_p._59_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis,_p._59-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Both actions technically violated a rarely enforced law which prohibited the flying of any flag other than the national one, but only the Buddhist flags were prohibited in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis,_p._59_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis,_p._59-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This prompted a protest against the government, which was violently suppressed by Diệm's forces, resulting in the killing of nine civilians. This in turn led to a mass campaign against Diệm's government during what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a>. Diệm was later <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">deposed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">assassinated on 2 November 1963</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Recent scholarships reveal significant understandings about Diệm's own independent agenda and political philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Personalist Revolution under his regime promoted religious freedom and diversity to oppose communism's atheism. However, this policy itself ultimately enabled religious activists to threaten the state that supported their religious liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_time">Present time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Present time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cua-Bac-church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cua-Bac-church.jpg/250px-Cua-Bac-church.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cua-Bac-church.jpg/375px-Cua-Bac-church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cua-Bac-church.jpg/500px-Cua-Bac-church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%ADa_B%E1%BA%AFc_Church" title="Cửa Bắc Church">Cửa Bắc Church</a>, Hanoi.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tong_quan_Cung_thanh_Nha_Tho_Cho_Quan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tong_quan_Cung_thanh_Nha_Tho_Cho_Quan.jpg/250px-Tong_quan_Cung_thanh_Nha_Tho_Cho_Quan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tong_quan_Cung_thanh_Nha_Tho_Cho_Quan.jpg/375px-Tong_quan_Cung_thanh_Nha_Tho_Cho_Quan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tong_quan_Cung_thanh_Nha_Tho_Cho_Quan.jpg/500px-Tong_quan_Cung_thanh_Nha_Tho_Cho_Quan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%A3_Qu%C3%A1n_Church&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chợ Quán Church (page does not exist)">Chợ Quán Church</a> in Saigon. <a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a> is today common in many churches for decoration.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Vietnamese bishop, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%C3%A1_T%C3%B2ng&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Nguyễn Bá Tòng (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Nguyễn Bá Tòng</a>, was consecrated in 1933 at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter&#39;s Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lavang.co.uk_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavang.co.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_Vietnam" title="Catholic Bishops&#39; Conference of Vietnam">Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam</a> was founded in 1980. In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> made Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Nh%C6%B0_Khu%C3%AA" title="Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê">Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê</a> the first Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a>. Joseph-Marie Cardinal Trịnh Văn Căn in 1979, and Paul-Joseph Cardinal Phạm Đình Tụng in 1994, were his successors. The well known Vietnamese Cardinal Francis Xavier <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Nguyễn Văn Thuận">Nguyễn Văn Thuận</a>, who was imprisoned by the Communist regime from 1975 to 1988 and spent nine years in solitary confinement, was nominated secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Justice_and_Peace" title="Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace">Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace</a>, and made its president in 1998. On 21 February 2001, he was elevated to the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lavang.co.uk_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavang.co.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vietnamese Catholics who died for their faith from 1533 to the present day were canonized in 1988 by John Paul II as "<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a>". On 26 March 1997, the beatification process for the <a href="/wiki/Redemptorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemptorist">Redemptorist</a> brother <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%C3%A2n_V%C4%83n" title="Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn">Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn</a> was opened by Cardinal Nguyễn Văn Thuận in the diocese of Belley-Ars, France. </p><p>There have been meetings between leaders of Vietnam and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, including a visit by Vietnam's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%E1%BA%A5n_D%C5%A9ng" title="Nguyễn Tấn Dũng">Nguyễn Tấn Dũng</a> to the Vatican to meet <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> on 25 January 2007. Official Vatican delegations have been traveling to Vietnam almost every year since 1990 for meetings with its government authorities and to visit Catholic dioceses. In March 2007, a Vatican delegation visited Vietnam and met with local officials.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In October 2014, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> met with Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The sides continued discussions about the possibility of establishing normal diplomatic relations, but have not provided a specific schedule for the exchange of ambassadors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Pope would again meet Vietnamese leader <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Quang" title="Trần Đại Quang">Trần Đại Quang</a> and his associates in Vatican in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vietnam remains as the only Asian communist country to have an unofficial representative of the Vatican in the country and has held official to unofficial meetings with the Vatican's representatives both in Vietnam and the Holy See—which does not exist in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>—due to long and historical relations between Vietnam and the Catholic Church dating to before the period of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French colonization in Southeast Asia</a>. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:Catholic Church by country">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">Catholic Church by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_(no_legend).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Distribution of Catholics around the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg/250px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg/375px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg/500px-Percent_of_Catholics_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011_%28no_legend%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Africa" title="Catholic Church in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Algeria" title="Catholic Church in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Angola" title="Catholic Church in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Benin" title="Catholic Church in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Catholic Church in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Burundi" title="Catholic Church in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cameroon" title="Catholic Church in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cape_Verde" title="Catholic Church in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Catholic Church in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Chad" title="Catholic Church in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Comoros" title="Catholic Church in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Catholic Church in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Djibouti" title="Catholic Church in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Egypt" title="Catholic Church in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Catholic Church in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Eswatini" title="Catholic Church in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ethiopia" title="Catholic Church in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Gabon" title="Catholic Church in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Gambia" title="Catholic Church in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ghana" title="Catholic Church in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guinea" title="Catholic Church in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Catholic Church in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Catholic Church in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kenya" title="Catholic Church in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lesotho" title="Catholic Church in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Liberia" title="Catholic Church in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Libya" title="Catholic Church in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Madagascar" title="Catholic Church in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malawi" title="Catholic Church in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mali" title="Catholic Church in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mauritius" title="Catholic Church in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Morocco" title="Catholic Church in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mozambique" title="Catholic Church in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Namibia" title="Catholic Church in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Niger" title="Catholic Church in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nigeria" title="Catholic Church in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Rwanda" title="Catholic Church in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Catholic Church in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Senegal" title="Catholic Church in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Seychelles" title="Catholic Church in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Catholic Church in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Somalia" title="Catholic Church in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Somaliland" title="Catholic Church in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Africa" title="Catholic Church in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Sudan" title="Catholic Church in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sudan" title="Catholic Church in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tanzania" title="Catholic Church in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Togo" title="Catholic Church in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tunisia" title="Catholic Church in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Uganda" title="Catholic Church in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Zambia" title="Catholic Church in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Zimbabwe" title="Catholic Church in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Afghanistan" title="Catholic Church in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bangladesh" title="Catholic Church in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bhutan" title="Catholic Church in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brunei" title="Catholic Church in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cambodia" title="Catholic Church in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_East_Timor" title="Catholic Church in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hong_Kong" title="Catholic Church in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Indonesia" title="Catholic Church in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Japan" title="Catholic Church in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kazakhstan" title="Catholic Church in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Korea" title="Catholic Church in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_Korea" title="Catholic Church in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Korea" title="Catholic Church in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Catholic Church in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Laos" title="Catholic Church in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Macau" title="Catholic Church in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Catholic Church in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Maldives" title="Catholic Church in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mongolia" title="Catholic Church in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Myanmar" title="Catholic Church in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nepal" title="Catholic Church in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Pakistan" title="Catholic Church in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Singapore" title="Catholic Church in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Catholic Church in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Taiwan" title="Catholic Church in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tajikistan" title="Catholic Church in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Thailand" title="Catholic Church in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Turkmenistan" title="Catholic Church in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Uzbekistan" title="Catholic Church in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Catholic Church in the Middle East">Middle East</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Armenia" title="Catholic Church in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Azerbaijan" title="Catholic Church in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bahrain" title="Catholic Church in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cyprus" title="Catholic Church in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Abkhazia" title="Catholic Church in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iran" title="Catholic Church in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iraq" title="Catholic Church in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jordan" title="Catholic Church in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kuwait" title="Catholic Church in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lebanon" title="Catholic Church in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Palestine" title="Catholic Church in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Oman" title="Catholic Church in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Qatar" title="Catholic Church in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Catholic Church in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Syria" title="Catholic Church in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Turkey" title="Catholic Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Catholic Church in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Yemen" title="Catholic Church in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Europe" title="Catholic Church in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Albania" title="Catholic Church in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Andorra" title="Catholic Church in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Austria" title="Catholic Church in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belarus" title="Catholic Church in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belgium" title="Catholic Church in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bulgaria" title="Catholic Church in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Croatia" title="Catholic Church in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Catholic Church in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Denmark" title="Catholic Church in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Estonia" title="Catholic Church in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Finland" title="Catholic Church in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hungary" title="Catholic Church in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iceland" title="Catholic Church in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kosovo" title="Catholic Church in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Latvia" title="Catholic Church in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Liechtenstein" title="Catholic Church in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lithuania" title="Catholic Church in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Moldova" title="Catholic Church in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Monaco" title="Catholic Church in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Montenegro" title="Catholic Church in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Catholic Church in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_Macedonia" title="Catholic Church in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Norway" title="Catholic Church in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Portugal" title="Catholic Church in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania" title="Catholic Church in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Russia" title="Catholic Church in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_San_Marino" title="Catholic Church 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title="Catholic Church in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Haiti" title="Catholic Church in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Honduras" title="Catholic Church in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jamaica" title="Catholic Church in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nicaragua" title="Catholic Church in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Panama" title="Catholic Church in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Catholic Church in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Catholic Church in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Catholic Church in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Catholic Church in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Fiji" title="Catholic Church in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kiribati" title="Catholic Church in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a 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title="Catholic Church in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Colombia" title="Catholic Church in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ecuador" title="Catholic Church in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guyana" title="Catholic Church in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Paraguay" title="Catholic Church in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Peru" title="Catholic Church in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Suriname" title="Catholic Church in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Uruguay" title="Catholic Church in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Venezuela" title="Catholic Church in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism&#32;portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Template:Catholic Church by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Template talk:Catholic Church by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Restrictions on Catholic life in Vietnam and the government's desired involvement in the nomination of bishops challenges to dialogue. In March 2007, <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%C3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaddeus Nguyễn Văn Lý">Thaddeus Nguyễn Văn Lý</a> (b. 1946), a dissident Catholic priest, was sentenced by Vietnamese court in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> to eight years in prison on grounds of "anti-government activities". Nguyen, who had already spent 14 of the past 24 years in prison, was accused of being a founder of a pro-democracy movement <a href="/wiki/Bloc_8406" title="Bloc 8406">Bloc 8406</a> and a member of the Progression Party of Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 September 2007, the fifth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Nguyễn Văn Thuận">Cardinal Nguyễn Văn Thuận</a>'s death, the Catholic Church began the <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> process for him.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Benedict XVI expressed "profound joy" at the news of the official opening of the beatification cause.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vietnamese Catholics reacted positively to the news of the beatification. In December 2007, thousands of Vietnamese Catholics marched in procession to the former <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">apostolic nunciature</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> and prayed there twice aiming to return the property to the local church.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The building was located at a historic Buddhist site until it was confiscated by the French authorities and given to Catholics, before the communist North Vietnamese government confiscated it from the Catholic Church in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This was the first mass civil action by Vietnamese Catholics since the 1970s. Later the protests were supported by Catholics in <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh City">Hồ Chí Minh City</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Đông District">Hà Đông</a>, who made the same demands for their respective territories.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In February 2008, the governments promised to return the building to the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, in September 2008, the authorities changed their position and decided to demolish the building to create a public park.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dioceses">Dioceses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Dioceses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Vietnam" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Vietnam">List of Catholic dioceses in Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiNau,_kieu2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DiNau%2C_kieu2016.png/220px-DiNau%2C_kieu2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DiNau%2C_kieu2016.png/330px-DiNau%2C_kieu2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DiNau%2C_kieu2016.png/440px-DiNau%2C_kieu2016.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonial procession of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> at Dị Nậu parish, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hưng Hóa">Roman Catholic Diocese of Hưng Hóa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are 27 <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>, including three archdioceses, in a total of three <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical provinces</a>. The archdioceses are:<sup id="cite_ref-GCatholic_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCatholic-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Hanoi" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hanoi">Archdiocese (Metropolitan) of Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Huế">Archdiocese (Metropolitan) of Huế</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ho Chi Minh City">Archdiocese (Metropolitan) of Ho Chi Minh City</a> (former Saigon)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Religion in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Christianity in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Vang" title="Our Lady of La Vang">Our Lady of La Vang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Dc_kinh" title="Đọc kinh">Đọc kinh</a> (Vietnamese cantillation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%E1%BA%AFm_M%C3%B9a_Chay" title="Ngắm Mùa Chay">Ngắm Mùa Chay</a> (Vietnamese Lenten meditation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See-Vietnam_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See-Vietnam relations">Holy See-Vietnam relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_t%E1%BB%A9_gi%C3%A1o" title="Hội đồng tứ giáo">Hội đồng tứ giáo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Eucharistic_Youth_Movement" title="Vietnamese Eucharistic Youth Movement">Vietnamese Eucharistic Youth Movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antôn Nguyễn Ngọc Sơn (2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vietcatholicnews.net/News/Html/254004.htm">Giáo trình lớp Hội nhập Văn hoá <i>Văn hoá Công Giáo Việt Nam</i></a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cath-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cath_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scvn1.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161218104929/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc1.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>Based on individual diocesan statistics variously reported in 2012, 2013 and 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETran2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETran2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTran2018">Tran (2018)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caen_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07765a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia, Indochina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234625/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07765a.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrầnPhạm2019" class="citation conference cs1">Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41197889"><i>Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17</i></a>. Conference 400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam. Hochiminh City: Committee on Culture, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%AB+N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc+M%E1%BA%B7n+%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn+Roma%3A+Nh%E1%BB%AFng+%C4%91%C3%B3ng+g%C3%B3p+c%E1%BB%A7a+c%C3%A1c+gi%C3%A1o+s%C4%A9+D%C3%B2ng+T%C3%AAn+trong+qu%C3%A1+tr%C3%ACnh+La+tinh+ho%C3%A1+ti%E1%BA%BFng+Vi%E1%BB%87t+%E1%BB%9F+th%E1%BA%BF+k%E1%BB%B7+17&amp;rft.place=Hochiminh+City&amp;rft.pub=Committee+on+Culture%2C+Catholic+Bishops%27+Conference+of+Vietnam&amp;rft.date=2019-10&amp;rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&amp;rft.aufirst=Qu%E1%BB%91c+Anh&amp;rft.au=Ph%E1%BA%A1m%2C+Th%E1%BB%8B+Ki%E1%BB%81u+Ly&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41197889&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201023,_38-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201023,_38_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrowski2010">Ostrowski (2010)</a>, pp.&#160;23, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m7_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h423-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h423_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttinger, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m9_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttinger, pp. 237–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m10-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m10_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c284-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c284_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cady, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h431-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h431_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mantienne, p.135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k77-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k77_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b267-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b267_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttinger, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k78-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k78_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lavang.co.uk-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lavang.co.uk_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavang.co.uk_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavang.co.uk_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614074451/http://www.lavang.co.uk/raditruyengiao/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Vietnam-%20470%20years%20of%20Evangelization.htm">"Catholic Church in Vietnam with 470 years of Evangelization"</a>. <i>Rev. John Trần Công Nghị, Religious Education Congress in Anaheim</i>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavang.co.uk/raditruyengiao/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Vietnam-%20470%20years%20of%20Evangelization.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev.+John+Tr%E1%BA%A7n+C%C3%B4ng+Ngh%E1%BB%8B%2C+Religious+Education+Congress+in+Anaheim&amp;rft.atitle=Catholic+Church+in+Vietnam+with+470+years+of+Evangelization&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavang.co.uk%2Fraditruyengiao%2FCatholic%2520Church%2520in%2520Vietnam-%2520470%2520years%2520of%2520Evangelization.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttinger, pp. 241, 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c408-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c408_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c408_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cady, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c409-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c409_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cady, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b268-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b268_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttinger, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b269-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b269_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttinger, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choi, pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m24-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m24_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m24_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m24_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m26-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m26_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m26_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m27-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m27_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w6061-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w6061_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choi, pp. 60–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m28-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m28_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m28_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m29-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m29_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m30-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m30_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m30_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m30_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c192-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c192_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c192_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapuis, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w95-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w95_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w95_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wook, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m31-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m31_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m31_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLeod, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvvzlLf9dFEC&amp;pg=PA517&amp;dq=Fran%C3%A7ois-Isidore+Gagelin&amp;sig=ACfU3U2vAoHiwJK3OamylPqlNTLA2chwsA"><i>The Cambridge History of Christianity</i>, p. 517</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231133123/https://books.google.com/books?id=LvvzlLf9dFEC&amp;pg=PA517&amp;dq=Fran%C3%A7ois-Isidore+Gagelin&amp;sig=ACfU3U2vAoHiwJK3OamylPqlNTLA2chwsA">Archived</a> 31 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/vietnam_war/3033916.html">The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304102006/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/vietnam_war/3033916.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> HistoryNet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gettleman, pp. 275–76, 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moyar, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041419/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,874816-2,00.html">"South Viet Nam: The Religious Crisis"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 14 June 1963. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,874816-2,00.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft.atitle=South+Viet+Nam%3A+The+Religious+Crisis&amp;rft.date=1963-06-14&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C874816-2%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, pp. 49, 291–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maclear, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon2/doc125.htm">SNIE 53-2-63, "The Situation in South Vietnam, 10 July 1963</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401093545/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon2/doc125.htm">Archived</a> 1 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLữ_Giang2009" class="citation book cs1">Lữ Giang (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.hpu.edu.vn/handle/123456789/9471"><i>Những bí ẩn đằng sau các cuộc thánh chiến tại Việt Nam</i></a>. pp.&#160;47–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nh%E1%BB%AFng+b%C3%AD+%E1%BA%A9n+%C4%91%E1%BA%B1ng+sau+c%C3%A1c+cu%E1%BB%99c+th%C3%A1nh+chi%E1%BA%BFn+t%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&amp;rft.pages=47-50&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=L%E1%BB%AF+Giang&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.hpu.edu.vn%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F9471&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gettleman, pp. 280–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sv-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sv_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">New Republic</a></i>. 29 June 1963. p.&#160;9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Republic&amp;rft.atitle=South+Vietnam%3A+Whose+funeral+pyre%3F&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.date=1963-06-29&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall" title="Bernard B. Fall">Fall, Bernard</a> (1963), <i>The Two Viet-Nams</i>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttinger, p. 993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttinger p. 933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobs p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crusade-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crusade_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Diệm's other crusade". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">New Republic</a></i>. 22 June 1963. pp.&#160;5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Republic&amp;rft.atitle=Di%E1%BB%87m%27s+other+crusade&amp;rft.pages=5-6&amp;rft.date=1963-06-22&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diembudd-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diembudd_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1963" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (17 June 1963). "Diệm and the Buddhists". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Di%E1%BB%87m+and+the+Buddhists&amp;rft.date=1963-06-17&amp;rft.aulast=Halberstam&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Topmiller, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarvis,_p._59-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis,_p._59_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis,_p._59_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarvis, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karnow, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moyar, pp. 212–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, K. W. (2020). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/reviews/6291358/taylor-nguyen-unimagined-community-imperialism-and-culture-south">Taylor on Nguyen, 'The Unimagined Community: Imperialism and Culture in South Vietnam'</a>". H-Net Reviews.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911818000505">"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 741–771. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911818000505">10.1017/S0021911818000505</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1993%2F34017">1993/34017</a></span>. <q>The spiritual dimension of the Republic's Personalist Revolution did not involve state interference in all religious activities. Instead, it promoted religious freedom and diversity, provided that the spiritual values they propagated opposed communism's atheism. ... The Republic pledged to defend freedom of religion—at least initially—and promoted religious diversity. Ironically, it was precisely because the state could guarantee neither religious equality nor absolute noninterference in religious affairs that religious groups started to challenge its authority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=A+Secular+State+for+a+Religious+Nation%3A+The+Republic+of+Vietnam+and+Religious+Nationalism%2C+1946%E2%80%931963&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=741-771&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1993%2F34017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911818000505&amp;rft.aulast=Nguyen&amp;rft.aufirst=Phi-V%C3%A2n&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021911818000505&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070313185215/http%3A//www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0701398.htm">"Vatican: Vietnam working on full diplomatic relations with Holy See"</a>. <i>Catholic News Service</i>. 12 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0701398.htm">the original</a> on 13 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Service&amp;rft.atitle=Vatican%3A+Vietnam+working+on+full+diplomatic+relations+with+Holy+See&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F0701398.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022144502/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/world/2014/10/19/vatican-and-vietnam-edge-closer-to-restoring-diplomatic-ties/">"Vatican and Vietnam edge closer to restoring diplomatic ties"</a>. AFP. 19 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/world/2014/10/19/vatican-and-vietnam-edge-closer-to-restoring-diplomatic-ties/">the original</a> on 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Vatican+and+Vietnam+edge+closer+to+restoring+diplomatic+ties&amp;rft.date=2014-10-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemalaysiatoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fworld%2F2014%2F10%2F19%2Fvatican-and-vietnam-edge-closer-to-restoring-diplomatic-ties%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/346844/pope-francis-welcomes-vietnamese-leaders-visit-to-vatican.html#WJxfVvVjal0g1Vwd.97">"Pope Francis welcomes Vietnamese leader's visit to Vatican"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Pope+Francis+welcomes+Vietnamese+leader%27s+visit+to+Vatican&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnews.vn%2Fpolitics-laws%2F346844%2Fpope-francis-welcomes-vietnamese-leaders-visit-to-vatican.html%23WJxfVvVjal0g1Vwd.97&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romereports.com/en/2018/12/20/holy-see-to-have-permanent-representative-in-vietnam/">"Holy See to have permanent representative in Vietnam &#124; ROME REPORTS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Holy+See+to+have+permanent+representative+in+Vietnam+%26%23124%3B+ROME+REPORTS&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romereports.com%2Fen%2F2018%2F12%2F20%2Fholy-see-to-have-permanent-representative-in-vietnam%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.la-croix.com/news/vatican-vietnam-move-closer-to-full-diplomatic-relations/9128">"Vatican, Vietnam move closer to full diplomatic relations"</a>. 21 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vatican%2C+Vietnam+move+closer+to+full+diplomatic+relations&amp;rft.date=2018-12-21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.la-croix.com%2Fnews%2Fvatican-vietnam-move-closer-to-full-diplomatic-relations%2F9128&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=8872&amp;size=A">Asia News, March 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827005916/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=8872&amp;size=A">Archived</a> 27 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL17299320070917">"Late Vietnamese cardinal put on road to sainthood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=Late+Vietnamese+cardinal+put+on+road+to+sainthood&amp;rft.date=2007-09-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUSL17299320070917&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=25397">UCANews at Catholic.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064013/http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=25397">Archived</a> 6 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucanews.com/">UCA News</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226022634/http://www.ucanews.com/">Archived</a> 26 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPham2008" class="citation news cs1">Pham, Nga (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7262411.stm">"Holy row over land in Vietnam"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Holy+row+over+land+in+Vietnam&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Pham&amp;rft.aufirst=Nga&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7262411.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=11257&amp;size=A">"Vietnamese Catholics broaden their protest demanding justice"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124203022/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=11257&amp;size=A">Archived</a> 24 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Asianews, 15 January 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=11418&amp;size=A">"Archbishop of Hanoi confirms restitution of nunciature, thanks pope"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000308/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=11418&amp;size=A">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=13270&amp;size=">"In Hanoi, stance of repression against Catholics seems to have won"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205020352/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&amp;art=13270&amp;size=">Archived</a> 5 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Asianews], September 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCatholic-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GCatholic_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/data/countryVN.htm">"Catholic Dioceses in Vietnam"</a>. <i>GCatholic.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GCatholic.org&amp;rft.atitle=Catholic+Dioceses+in+Vietnam&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fdioceses%2Fdata%2FcountryVN.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtinger1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Buttinger" title="Joseph Buttinger">Buttinger, Joseph</a> (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVMPAAAAMAAJ"><i>Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled</i></a>, Praeger Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+Dragon+Embattled&amp;rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.aulast=Buttinger&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVMPAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCady1964" class="citation cs2">Cady, John F. (1964), <i>Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development</i>, <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill">McGraw Hill</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+Its+Historical+Development&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&amp;rft.date=1964&amp;rft.aulast=Cady&amp;rft.aufirst=John+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapuis1995" class="citation cs2">Chapuis, Oscar (1995), <i>A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29622-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29622-2"><bdi>978-0-313-29622-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Vietnam%3A+From+Hong+Bang+to+Tu+Duc&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-29622-2&amp;rft.aulast=Chapuis&amp;rft.aufirst=Oscar&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_Byung2004" class="citation cs2">Choi Byung, Wook (2004), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southernvietnamu0000choi"><i>Southern Vietnam under the reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): central policies and local response</i></a></span>, SEAP Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87727-138-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87727-138-0"><bdi>0-87727-138-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Southern+Vietnam+under+the+reign+of+Minh+M%E1%BA%A1ng+%281820%E2%80%931841%29%3A+central+policies+and+local+response&amp;rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-87727-138-0&amp;rft.aulast=Choi+Byung&amp;rft.aufirst=Wook&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthernvietnamu0000choi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGettleman1966" class="citation cs2">Gettleman, Marvin E. (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HUzAAAAMAAJ"><i>Vietnam: History, documents and opinions on a major world crisis</i></a>, New York: Penguin Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+History%2C+documents+and+opinions+on+a+major+world+crisis&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.aulast=Gettleman&amp;rft.aufirst=Marvin+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6HUzAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer1987" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hammer" title="Ellen Hammer">Hammer, Ellen J.</a> (1987), <i>A Death in November</i>, Boston: E. P. Dutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-24210-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-24210-4"><bdi>0-525-24210-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Death+in+November&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=0-525-24210-4&amp;rft.aulast=Hammer&amp;rft.aufirst=Ellen+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1981" class="citation cs2">Hall, D.G. E. (1981), <i>A History of South-east Asia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-24163-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-24163-0"><bdi>0-333-24163-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+South-east+Asia&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=0-333-24163-0&amp;rft.aulast=Hall&amp;rft.aufirst=D.G.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2006" class="citation cs2">Jacobs, Seth (2006), <i>Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963</i>, Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4447-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4447-8"><bdi>0-7425-4447-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cold+War+Mandarin%3A+Ngo+Dinh+Diem+and+the+Origins+of+America%27s+War+in+Vietnam%2C+1950%E2%80%931963&amp;rft.place=Lanham&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=0-7425-4447-8&amp;rft.aulast=Jacobs&amp;rft.aufirst=Seth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2">Jones, Howard (2003), <i>Death of a Generation</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505286-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505286-2"><bdi>0-19-505286-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Death+of+a+Generation&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-505286-2&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Howard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Karnow, Stanley</a> (1997), <i>Vietnam: A history</i>, New York: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4"><bdi>0-670-84218-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+history&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-670-84218-4&amp;rft.aulast=Karnow&amp;rft.aufirst=Stanley&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1991" class="citation cs2">McLeod, Mark W. (1991), <i>The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874</i>, Praeger, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-93562-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-93562-0"><bdi>0-275-93562-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Vietnamese+Response+to+French+Intervention%2C+1862%E2%80%931874&amp;rft.pub=Praeger&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=0-275-93562-0&amp;rft.aulast=McLeod&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1992" class="citation journal cs1">McLeod, Mark W. (1992). "Nationalism and Religion in Vietnam: Phan Boi Chau and the Catholic Question". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 661–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1992.9640628">10.1080/07075332.1992.9640628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+Religion+in+Vietnam%3A+Phan+Boi+Chau+and+the+Catholic+Question&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=661-680&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1992.9640628&amp;rft.aulast=McLeod&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2015" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Geoffrey (2015). <i>The Lost Mandate of Heaven: The American Betrayal of Ngo Dinh Diem, President of Vietnam</i>. Ignatius Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Lost+Mandate+of+Heaven%3A+The+American+Betrayal+of+Ngo+Dinh+Diem%2C+President+of+Vietnam&amp;rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.aulast=Shaw&amp;rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2000" class="citation cs2">Tucker, Spencer C. (2000), <i>Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War</i>, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-040-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-040-9"><bdi>1-57607-040-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Vietnam+War&amp;rft.place=Santa+Barbara&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=1-57607-040-9&amp;rft.aulast=Tucker&amp;rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1963" class="citation cs2">Warner, Denis (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGo1AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Last Confucian</i></a>, New York: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Last+Confucian&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft.aulast=Warner&amp;rft.aufirst=Denis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGo1AAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCao1969" class="citation thesis cs1">Cao, Huy Thuan (1969). <i>Christianisme et colonialisme au Vietnam (1857–1914)</i> (PhD). Faculté de droit et des sciences économiques de Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Christianisme+et+colonialisme+au+Vietnam+%281857%E2%80%931914%29&amp;rft.inst=Facult%C3%A9+de+droit+et+des+sciences+%C3%A9conomiques+de+Paris&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.aulast=Cao&amp;rft.aufirst=Huy+Thuan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLê1975" class="citation book cs1">Lê, Nicole-Dominique (1975). <i>Les Missions-Étrangères et la pénétration française au Viêt-Nam</i>. Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2719306118" title="Special:BookSources/2719306118"><bdi>2719306118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Missions-%C3%89trang%C3%A8res+et+la+p%C3%A9n%C3%A9tration+fran%C3%A7aise+au+Vi%C3%AAt-Nam&amp;rft.pub=Mouton&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.isbn=2719306118&amp;rft.aulast=L%C3%AA&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicole-Dominique&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuck1987" class="citation book cs1">Tuck, Patrick J. N. (1987). <i>French Catholic Missionaries and the Politics of Imperialism in Vietnam, 1857–1914: A Documentary Survey</i>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853231362" title="Special:BookSources/0853231362"><bdi>0853231362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=French+Catholic+Missionaries+and+the+Politics+of+Imperialism+in+Vietnam%2C+1857%E2%80%931914%3A+A+Documentary+Survey&amp;rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=0853231362&amp;rft.aulast=Tuck&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.+N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Edward (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674072985"><i>Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674072985" title="Special:BookSources/9780674072985"><bdi>9780674072985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Misalliance%3A+Ngo+Dinh+Diem%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Fate+of+South+Vietnam&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9780674072985&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674072985&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoscha2016" class="citation book cs1">Goscha, Christopher (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/christopher-goscha/vietnam/9780465094363/"><i>Vietnam: A New History</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465094363" title="Special:BookSources/9780465094363"><bdi>9780465094363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+New+History&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=9780465094363&amp;rft.aulast=Goscha&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.basicbooks.com%2Ftitles%2Fchristopher-goscha%2Fvietnam%2F9780465094363%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2022" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Nu-Anh (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/disunion-anticommunist-nationalism-and-the-making-of-the-republic-of-vietnam/"><i>Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam</i></a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824887865" title="Special:BookSources/9780824887865"><bdi>9780824887865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Disunion%3A+Anticommunist+Nationalism+and+the+Making+of+the+Republic+of+Vietnam&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.isbn=9780824887865&amp;rft.aulast=Tran&amp;rft.aufirst=Nu-Anh&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuhpress.hawaii.edu%2Ftitle%2Fdisunion-anticommunist-nationalism-and-the-making-of-the-republic-of-vietnam%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen-Marshall2023" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen-Marshall, Van (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501770579/between-war-and-the-state/"><i>Between War and the State: Civil Society in South Vietnam, 1954–1975</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501770579" title="Special:BookSources/9781501770579"><bdi>9781501770579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Between+War+and+the+State%3A+Civil+Society+in+South+Vietnam%2C+1954%E2%80%931975&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=9781501770579&amp;rft.aulast=Nguyen-Marshall&amp;rft.aufirst=Van&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F9781501770579%2Fbetween-war-and-the-state%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_sources">Specialized sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Specialized sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monographs">Monographs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Monographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay2008" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay, Jacob (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=10631"><i>Mandarins and Martyrs: The Church and the Nguyen Dynasty in Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnam</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11126%2Fstanford%2F9780804756518.001.0001">10.11126/stanford/9780804756518.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804756518" title="Special:BookSources/9780804756518"><bdi>9780804756518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mandarins+and+Martyrs%3A+The+Church+and+the+Nguyen+Dynasty+in+Early+Nineteenth-Century+Vietnam&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11126%2Fstanford%2F9780804756518.001.0001&amp;rft.isbn=9780804756518&amp;rft.aulast=Ramsay&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D10631&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2012" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Charles (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520272477"><i>Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520272477.001.0001">10.1525/california/9780520272477.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520272477" title="Special:BookSources/9780520272477"><bdi>9780520272477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Catholic+Vietnam%3A+A+Church+from+Empire+to+Nation&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520272477.001.0001&amp;rft.isbn=9780520272477&amp;rft.aulast=Keith&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520272477&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantienne2012" class="citation book cs1">Mantienne, Frédéric (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesindessavantes.com/ouvrage/pierre-pigneaux/"><i>Pierre Pigneaux: Évêque d'Adran et mandarin de Cochinchine (1741–1799)</i></a>. Les Indes savantes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782846542883" title="Special:BookSources/9782846542883"><bdi>9782846542883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pierre+Pigneaux%3A+%C3%89v%C3%AAque+d%27Adran+et+mandarin+de+Cochinchine+%281741%E2%80%931799%29&amp;rft.pub=Les+Indes+savantes&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9782846542883&amp;rft.aulast=Mantienne&amp;rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesindessavantes.com%2Fouvrage%2Fpierre-pigneaux%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2016" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, George E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520293434"><i>A Vietnamese Moses: Philiphê Bỉnh and the Geographies of Early Modern Catholicism</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fluminos.22">10.1525/luminos.22</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520293434" title="Special:BookSources/9780520293434"><bdi>9780520293434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Vietnamese+Moses%3A+Philiph%C3%AA+B%E1%BB%89nh+and+the+Geographies+of+Early+Modern+Catholicism&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fluminos.22&amp;rft.isbn=9780520293434&amp;rft.aulast=Dutton&amp;rft.aufirst=George+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520293434&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2017" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Anh Q. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/gods-heroes-and-ancestors-9780190677602"><i>Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190677602.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190677602" title="Special:BookSources/9780190677602"><bdi>9780190677602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Heroes%2C+and+Ancestors%3A+An+Interreligious+Encounter+in+Eighteenth-Century+Vietnam&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190677602.001.0001&amp;rft.isbn=9780190677602&amp;rft.aulast=Tran&amp;rft.aufirst=Anh+Q.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fgods-heroes-and-ancestors-9780190677602&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2018" class="citation journal cs1">Tran, Anh Q. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2468-7723_jho_COM_210470">"The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615–1773 and 1957–2007"</a>. <i>Jesuit Historiography Online</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2468-7723_jho_COM_210470">10.1163/2468-7723_jho_COM_210470</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Jesuit+Historiography+Online&amp;rft.atitle=The+Historiography+of+the+Jesuits+in+Vietnam%3A+1615%E2%80%931773+and+1957%E2%80%932007&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2468-7723_jho_COM_210470&amp;rft.aulast=Tran&amp;rft.aufirst=Anh+Q.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F2468-7723_jho_COM_210470&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><i>Doctoral theses:</i> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrân1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Trân, Thi Liên (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theses.fr/1997IEPP0011"><i>Les catholiques vietnamiens pendant la Guerre d'indépendance, 1945–1954: entre la reconquête coloniale et la résistance communiste</i></a> (PhD). Institut d'études politiques de Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Les+catholiques+vietnamiens+pendant+la+Guerre+d%27ind%C3%A9pendance%2C+1945%E2%80%931954%3A+entre+la+reconqu%C3%AAte+coloniale+et+la+r%C3%A9sistance+communiste&amp;rft.inst=Institut+d%27%C3%A9tudes+politiques+de+Paris&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=Tr%C3%A2n&amp;rft.aufirst=Thi+Li%C3%AAn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theses.fr%2F1997IEPP0011&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForest1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Forest, Alain (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theses.fr/1997PA070098"><i>Les missionnaires français au Tonkin et au Siam (XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles): analyse comparée d'un relatif succès et d'un total échec</i></a> (PhD). Université Paris VII-Diderot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Les+missionnaires+fran%C3%A7ais+au+Tonkin+et+au+Siam+%28XVIIe%E2%80%93XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cles%29%3A+analyse+compar%C3%A9e+d%27un+relatif+succ%C3%A8s+et+d%27un+total+%C3%A9chec&amp;rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+Paris+VII-Diderot&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=Forest&amp;rft.aufirst=Alain&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theses.fr%2F1997PA070098&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassot-Marin1998" class="citation thesis cs1">Massot-Marin, Catherine (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theses.fr/1998PA040232"><i>Le rôle de missionnaires français en Cochinchine aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles: fidélité à Rome et volonté d'indépendance</i></a> (PhD). Université Paris IV-Sorbonne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Le+r%C3%B4le+de+missionnaires+fran%C3%A7ais+en+Cochinchine+aux+XVIIe+et+XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cles%3A+fid%C3%A9lit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+Rome+et+volont%C3%A9+d%27ind%C3%A9pendance&amp;rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+Paris+IV-Sorbonne&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.aulast=Massot-Marin&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theses.fr%2F1998PA040232&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowski2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jesuitonlinebibliography.bc.edu/catalog/14194"><i>The Nôm Works of Geronimo Maiorica, S.J. (1589–1656) and Their Christology</i></a> (PhD). Cornell University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=The+N%C3%B4m+Works+of+Geronimo+Maiorica%2C+S.J.+%281589%E2%80%931656%29+and+Their+Christology&amp;rft.inst=Cornell+University&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Ostrowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian+Eugene&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjesuitonlinebibliography.bc.edu%2Fcatalog%2F14194&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgo2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Ngo, Lan A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1040724"><i>Nguyễn–Catholic History (1770s–1890s) and the Gestation of Vietnamese Catholic National Identity</i></a> (PhD). Georgetown University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&amp;rft.title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n%E2%80%93Catholic+History+%281770s%E2%80%931890s%29+and+the+Gestation+of+Vietnamese+Catholic+National+Identity&amp;rft.inst=Georgetown+University&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.aulast=Ngo&amp;rft.aufirst=Lan+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.georgetown.edu%2Fhandle%2F10822%2F1040724&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_chapters">Book chapters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Book chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts2013" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Tara (2013). "Priests of a Foreign God: Catholic Religious Leadership and Sacral Authority in Seventeenth-Century Tonkin and Cochinchina". In Alberts, Tara; Irving, D. R. M. (eds.). <i>Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia: History and Society in the Early Modern World</i>. I.B. Tauris. pp.&#160;84–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857722836" title="Special:BookSources/9780857722836"><bdi>9780857722836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Priests+of+a+Foreign+God%3A+Catholic+Religious+Leadership+and+Sacral+Authority+in+Seventeenth-Century+Tonkin+and+Cochinchina&amp;rft.btitle=Intercultural+Exchange+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+History+and+Society+in+the+Early+Modern+World&amp;rft.pages=84-117&amp;rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9780857722836&amp;rft.aulast=Alberts&amp;rft.aufirst=Tara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts2018" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Tara (2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789004355286/BP000015.xml">"Missions in Vietnam"</a></span>. In Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Early Modern Catholic Global Missions</i>. Brill. pp.&#160;269–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004355286" title="Special:BookSources/9789004355286"><bdi>9789004355286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Missions+in+Vietnam&amp;rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Early+Modern+Catholic+Global+Missions&amp;rft.pages=269-302&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=9789004355286&amp;rft.aulast=Alberts&amp;rft.aufirst=Tara&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789004355286%2FBP000015.xml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2013" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Nola (2013). "Early Christian Conversion in Seventeenth-Century Cochinchina". In Young, Richard Fox; Seitz, Jonathan A. (eds.). <i>Asia in the Making of Christianity: Conversion, Agency, and Indigeneity, 1600s to the Present</i>. Brill. pp.&#160;29–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004251298" title="Special:BookSources/9789004251298"><bdi>9789004251298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Early+Christian+Conversion+in+Seventeenth-Century+Cochinchina&amp;rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Christianity%3A+Conversion%2C+Agency%2C+and+Indigeneity%2C+1600s+to+the+Present&amp;rft.pages=29-52&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9789004251298&amp;rft.aulast=Cooke&amp;rft.aufirst=Nola&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaughton2006" class="citation book cs1">Daughton, James P. (2006). "Recasting Pigneau de Béhaine: Missionaries and the Politics of French Colonial History, 1894–1914". In Tran, Nhung Tuyet; Reid, Anthony (eds.). <i>Viêt Nam: Borderless Histories</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. pp.&#160;290–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299217747" title="Special:BookSources/9780299217747"><bdi>9780299217747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Recasting+Pigneau+de+B%C3%A9haine%3A+Missionaries+and+the+Politics+of+French+Colonial+History%2C+1894%E2%80%931914&amp;rft.btitle=Vi%C3%AAt+Nam%3A+Borderless+Histories&amp;rft.pages=290-322&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=9780299217747&amp;rft.aulast=Daughton&amp;rft.aufirst=James+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2006" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, George (2006). "Christians and Christianity in the Tây Sơn Era". <i>The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam</i>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp.&#160;175–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824829841" title="Special:BookSources/9780824829841"><bdi>9780824829841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Christians+and+Christianity+in+the+T%C3%A2y+S%C6%A1n+Era&amp;rft.btitle=The+Tay+Son+Uprising%3A+Society+and+Rebellion+in+Eighteenth-Century+Vietnam&amp;rft.pages=175-196&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=9780824829841&amp;rft.aulast=Dutton&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoscha2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goscha, Christopher E. (2011). "Catholics in Vietnam and the War; Lê Hữu Từ; Vatican". <i>Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954): An International and Interdisciplinary Approach</i>. NIAS Press. pp.&#160;90–91, 262–263, 481–482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788776940638" title="Special:BookSources/9788776940638"><bdi>9788776940638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Catholics+in+Vietnam+and+the+War%3B+L%C3%AA+H%E1%BB%AFu+T%E1%BB%AB%3B+Vatican&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Indochina+War+%281945%E2%80%931954%29%3A+An+International+and+Interdisciplinary+Approach&amp;rft.pages=90-91%2C+262-263%2C+481-482&amp;rft.pub=NIAS+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=9788776940638&amp;rft.aulast=Goscha&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indochine.uqam.ca/en/historical-dictionary/227-catholics-in-vietnam-and-the-war.html">Online resource</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuria2017a" class="citation book cs1">Luria, Keith P. (2017a). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/manchester-scholarship-online/book/16817/chapter-abstract/174014116">"Narrating Women's Catholic Conversions in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam"</a></span>. In Ditchfield, Simon; Smith, Helen (eds.). <i>Conversions: Gender and Religious Change in Early Modern Europe</i>. Manchester University Press. pp.&#160;195–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719099151" title="Special:BookSources/9780719099151"><bdi>9780719099151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Narrating+Women%E2%80%99s+Catholic+Conversions+in+Seventeenth-Century+Vietnam&amp;rft.btitle=Conversions%3A+Gender+and+Religious+Change+in+Early+Modern+Europe&amp;rft.pages=195-215&amp;rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=9780719099151&amp;rft.aulast=Luria&amp;rft.aufirst=Keith+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmanchester-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F16817%2Fchapter-abstract%2F174014116&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakino2009" class="citation book cs1">Makino, Motonori (2009). "The Vietnamese Written Languages and European Missionaries: From the Society of Jesus to the Société des Missions Étrangères de Paris". In Shinzo, Kawamura; Veliath, Cyril (eds.). <i>Beyond Borders: A Global Perspective of Jesuit Mission History</i>. Sophia University Press. pp.&#160;342–349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784324086100" title="Special:BookSources/9784324086100"><bdi>9784324086100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Vietnamese+Written+Languages+and+European+Missionaries%3A+From+the+Society+of+Jesus+to+the+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Missions+%C3%89trang%C3%A8res+de+Paris&amp;rft.btitle=Beyond+Borders%3A+A+Global+Perspective+of+Jesuit+Mission+History&amp;rft.pages=342-349&amp;rft.pub=Sophia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9784324086100&amp;rft.aulast=Makino&amp;rft.aufirst=Motonori&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakino2020" class="citation book cs1">Makino, Motonori (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.nii.ac.jp/1629/00007385/">"Native Priests in Christian Societies in the Northern Regions of Pre-Colonial Vietnam: The Appearance of a Glocal Elite?"</a>. In Hirosue, Masashi (ed.). <i>A History of the Social Integration of Visitors, Migrants, and Colonizers in Southeast Asia: Role of Local Collaborators</i>. Toyo Bunko. pp.&#160;35–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784809703034" title="Special:BookSources/9784809703034"><bdi>9784809703034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Native+Priests+in+Christian+Societies+in+the+Northern+Regions+of+Pre-Colonial+Vietnam%3A+The+Appearance+of+a+Glocal+Elite%3F&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Social+Integration+of+Visitors%2C+Migrants%2C+and+Colonizers+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Role+of+Local+Collaborators&amp;rft.pages=35-73&amp;rft.pub=Toyo+Bunko&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=9784809703034&amp;rft.aulast=Makino&amp;rft.aufirst=Motonori&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.nii.ac.jp%2F1629%2F00007385%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr2013" class="citation book cs1">Marr, David G. (2013). "Catholics: Allies or Enemies?". <i>Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946)</i>. University of California Press. pp.&#160;428–441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520274150" title="Special:BookSources/9780520274150"><bdi>9780520274150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Catholics%3A+Allies+or+Enemies%3F&amp;rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+State%2C+War%2C+and+Revolution+%281945%E2%80%931946%29&amp;rft.pages=428-441&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9780520274150&amp;rft.aulast=Marr&amp;rft.aufirst=David+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2023" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2023). "A Decolonization Gone Too Far? The Vietnamese Catholics' Search for Independence, 1941–1963". In Foster, Elizabeth A.; Greenberg, Udi (eds.). <i>Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781512824964" title="Special:BookSources/9781512824964"><bdi>9781512824964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=A+Decolonization+Gone+Too+Far%3F+The+Vietnamese+Catholics%E2%80%99+Search+for+Independence%2C+1941%E2%80%931963&amp;rft.btitle=Decolonization+and+the+Remaking+of+Christianity&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=9781512824964&amp;rft.aulast=Nguyen&amp;rft.aufirst=Phi-V%C3%A2n&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowski2010" class="citation book cs1">Ostrowski, Brian (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.). <i>Vietnam and the West: New Approaches</i>. Cornell University Press. pp.&#160;19–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877277828" title="Special:BookSources/9780877277828"><bdi>9780877277828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Christian+N%C3%B4m+Literature+in+Seventeenth-Century+Vietnam%3A+Fusing+European+Content+and+Local+Expression&amp;rft.btitle=Vietnam+and+the+West%3A+New+Approaches&amp;rft.pages=19-39&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780877277828&amp;rft.aulast=Ostrowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay2007" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay, Jacob (2007). "Miracles and Myths: Vietnam Seen through Its Catholic History". In Taylor, Philip (ed.). <i>Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam</i>. ISEAS Publishing. pp.&#160;371–398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812304568" title="Special:BookSources/9789812304568"><bdi>9789812304568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Miracles+and+Myths%3A+Vietnam+Seen+through+Its+Catholic+History&amp;rft.btitle=Modernity+and+Re-Enchantment%3A+Religion+in+Post-Revolutionary+Vietnam&amp;rft.pages=371-398&amp;rft.pub=ISEAS+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=9789812304568&amp;rft.aulast=Ramsay&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacob&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStur2020" class="citation book cs1">Stur, Heather Marie (2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/saigon-at-war/catholic-opposition-and-political-repression/1D2897FA4ED8BBB828D6A66BAE41C6C8">"The Catholic Opposition and Political Repression"</a></span>. <i>Saigon at War: South Vietnam and the Global Sixties</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;195–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316676752" title="Special:BookSources/9781316676752"><bdi>9781316676752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Opposition+and+Political+Repression&amp;rft.btitle=Saigon+at+War%3A+South+Vietnam+and+the+Global+Sixties&amp;rft.pages=195-222&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=9781316676752&amp;rft.aulast=Stur&amp;rft.aufirst=Heather+Marie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fsaigon-at-war%2Fcatholic-opposition-and-political-repression%2F1D2897FA4ED8BBB828D6A66BAE41C6C8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrân2004" class="citation book cs1">Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2004). "Les catholiques et la République démocratique du Viêt Nam (1945–1954): une approche biographique". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). <i>Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945</i>. Les Indes savantes. pp.&#160;253–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782846540643" title="Special:BookSources/9782846540643"><bdi>9782846540643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Les+catholiques+et+la+R%C3%A9publique+d%C3%A9mocratique+du+Vi%C3%AAt+Nam+%281945%E2%80%931954%29%3A+une+approche+biographique&amp;rft.btitle=Naissance+d%27un+%C3%89tat-Parti%3A+Le+Vi%C3%AAt+Nam+depuis+1945&amp;rft.pages=253-276&amp;rft.pub=Les+Indes+savantes&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=9782846540643&amp;rft.aulast=Tr%C3%A2n&amp;rft.aufirst=Claire+Thi+Li%C3%AAn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrân2009" class="citation book cs1">Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/pup/6661">"Les catholiques vietnamiens et le mouvement moderniste: quelques éléments de réflexion sur la question de modernité fin xix<sup>e</sup> – début xx<sup>e</sup> siècle"</a>. In Gantès, Gilles de; Nguyen, Phuong Ngoc (eds.). <i>Vietnam: Le moment moderniste</i>. Presses universitaires de Provence. pp.&#160;177–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782821885653" title="Special:BookSources/9782821885653"><bdi>9782821885653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Les+catholiques+vietnamiens+et+le+mouvement+moderniste%3A+quelques+%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments+de+r%C3%A9flexion+sur+la+question+de+modernit%C3%A9+fin+xix%3Csup%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E+%E2%80%93+d%C3%A9but+xx%3Csup%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E+si%C3%A8cle&amp;rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+Le+moment+moderniste&amp;rft.pages=177-196&amp;rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Provence&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9782821885653&amp;rft.aulast=Tr%C3%A2n&amp;rft.aufirst=Claire+Thi+Li%C3%AAn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fpup%2F6661&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2005" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2005). "Les Amantes de la Croix: An Early Modern Vietnamese Sisterhood". In Bousquet, Gisèle; Taylor, Nora (eds.). <i>Le Viêt Nam au féminin</i>. Les Indes savantes. pp.&#160;51–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782846540759" title="Special:BookSources/9782846540759"><bdi>9782846540759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Les+Amantes+de+la+Croix%3A+An+Early+Modern+Vietnamese+Sisterhood&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Vi%C3%AAt+Nam+au+f%C3%A9minin&amp;rft.pages=51-66&amp;rft.pub=Les+Indes+savantes&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=9782846540759&amp;rft.aulast=Tran&amp;rft.aufirst=Nhung+Tuyet&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, Wynn (2010). "Đặng Đức Tuấn and the Complexities of Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Christian Identity". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.). <i>Vietnam and the West: New Approaches</i>. Cornell University Press. pp.&#160;71–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877277828" title="Special:BookSources/9780877277828"><bdi>9780877277828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c+Tu%E1%BA%A5n+and+the+Complexities+of+Nineteenth-Century+Vietnamese+Christian+Identity&amp;rft.btitle=Vietnam+and+the+West%3A+New+Approaches&amp;rft.pages=71-87&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780877277828&amp;rft.aulast=Wilcox&amp;rft.aufirst=Wynn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts2012" class="citation journal cs1">Alberts, Tara (2012). "Catholic Written and Oral Cultures in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam". <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i>. <b>16</b> (4–5): 383–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700658-12342325">10.1163/15700658-12342325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&amp;rft.atitle=Catholic+Written+and+Oral+Cultures+in+Seventeenth-Century+Vietnam&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&amp;rft.pages=383-402&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700658-12342325&amp;rft.aulast=Alberts&amp;rft.aufirst=Tara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chu, Lan T. (2008). "Catholicism vs. Communism, Continued: The Catholic Church in Vietnam". <i>Journal of Vietnamese Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 151–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fvs.2008.3.1.151">10.1525/vs.2008.3.1.151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vietnamese+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Catholicism+vs.+Communism%2C+Continued%3A+The+Catholic+Church+in+Vietnam&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=151-192&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fvs.2008.3.1.151&amp;rft.aulast=Chu&amp;rft.aufirst=Lan+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Nola (2004). "Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Catholics and Others in the Pages of the <i>Annales de la Propagation de la Foi</i>". <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 261–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463404000141">10.1017/S0022463404000141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153524504">153524504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Early+Nineteenth-Century+Vietnamese+Catholics+and+Others+in+the+Pages+of+the+Annales+de+la+Propagation+de+la+Foi&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=261-285&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463404000141&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153524504%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Cooke&amp;rft.aufirst=Nola&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Nola (2008). "Strange Brew: Global, Regional and Local Factors behind the 1690 Prohibition of Christian Practice in Nguyễn Cochinchina". <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 383–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463408000313">10.1017/S0022463408000313</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F27684">1885/27684</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153563604">153563604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Strange+Brew%3A+Global%2C+Regional+and+Local+Factors+behind+the+1690+Prohibition+of+Christian+Practice+in+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Cochinchina&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=383-409&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F27684&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153563604%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463408000313&amp;rft.aulast=Cooke&amp;rft.aufirst=Nola&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Du, Yuqing (2022). 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"Bắc Di Cư: Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam, and Their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954–1959". <i>Journal of Vietnamese Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 173–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fvs.2009.4.3.173">10.1525/vs.2009.4.3.173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vietnamese+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=B%E1%BA%AFc+Di+C%C6%B0%3A+Catholic+Refugees+from+the+North+of+Vietnam%2C+and+Their+Role+in+the+Southern+Republic%2C+1954%E2%80%931959&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=173-211&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fvs.2009.4.3.173&amp;rft.aulast=Hansen&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hoang, Tuan (2019). 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"The Role of Education Mobilities and Transnational Networks in the Building of a Modern Vietnamese Catholic Elite (1920s–1950s)". <i>Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 243–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2Fsj35-2c">10.1355/sj35-2c</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225458221">225458221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sojourn%3A+Journal+of+Social+Issues+in+Southeast+Asia&amp;rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Education+Mobilities+and+Transnational+Networks+in+the+Building+of+a+Modern+Vietnamese+Catholic+Elite+%281920s%E2%80%931950s%29&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=243-270&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2Fsj35-2c&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225458221%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Tr%C3%A2n&amp;rft.aufirst=Claire+Thi+Li%C3%AAn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần2022" class="citation journal cs1">Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2022). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Evangelization%2C+Politics%2C+and+Technology+Transfer+in+the+17th-Century+Cochinchina%3A+The+Case+of+Jo%C3%A3o+da+Cruz&amp;rft.btitle=Europe+and+China%3A+Science+and+the+Arts+in+the+17th+and+18th+Centuries&amp;rft.series=History+of+Mathematical+Sciences%3A+Portugal+and+East+Asia&amp;rft.pages=31-67&amp;rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789814390446_0002&amp;rft.isbn=9789814401579&amp;rft.aulast=Volkov&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexei&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientific.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1142%2F9789814390446_0002&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần_Văn_Toàn2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_To%E1%BA%A3n" title="Joseph Trần Văn Toản">Trần Văn Toàn</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vjol.info.vn/index.php/rsr/article/view/1805">"Tam giáo chư vọng (1752) – Một cuốn sách viết tay bàn về tôn giáo Việt Nam"</a>. <i>Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo</i> (1 #19): 47–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nghi%C3%AAn+c%E1%BB%A9u+T%C3%B4n+gi%C3%A1o&amp;rft.atitle=Tam+gi%C3%A1o+ch%C6%B0+v%E1%BB%8Dng+%281752%29+%E2%80%93+M%E1%BB%99t+cu%E1%BB%91n+s%C3%A1ch+vi%E1%BA%BFt+tay+b%C3%A0n+v%E1%BB%81+t%C3%B4n+gi%C3%A1o+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&amp;rft.issue=1+%2319&amp;rft.pages=47-54&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.au=Tr%E1%BA%A7n+V%C4%83n+To%C3%A0n&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvjol.info.vn%2Findex.php%2Frsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1805&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span> Viện Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần_Văn_Toàn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Trần Văn Toàn (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vjol.info.vn/index.php/RSREV/article/view/1337">"Western Missionaries' Overview on Religion in Tonkin (North of Vietnam) in the 18th Century"</a>. <i>Religious Studies Review</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 14–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Religious+Studies+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Western+Missionaries%27+Overview+on+Religion+in+Tonkin+%28North+of+Vietnam%29+in+the+18th+Century&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=14-28&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.au=Tr%E1%BA%A7n+V%C4%83n+To%C3%A0n&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvjol.info.vn%2Findex.php%2FRSREV%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1337&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span> Institute for Religious Studies, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần_Văn_Toàn2005" class="citation journal cs1">Trần Văn Toàn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vjol.info.vn/index.php/rsr/article/view/20">"Tôn giáo Việt Nam trong thế kỉ XVIII theo cái nhìn tổng hợp của giáo sĩ phương Tây đương thời ở Đàng Ngoài"</a>. <i>Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo</i> (1 #31): 60–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nghi%C3%AAn+c%E1%BB%A9u+T%C3%B4n+gi%C3%A1o&amp;rft.atitle=T%C3%B4n+gi%C3%A1o+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+trong+th%E1%BA%BF+k%E1%BB%89+XVIII+theo+c%C3%A1i+nh%C3%ACn+t%E1%BB%95ng+h%E1%BB%A3p+c%E1%BB%A7a+gi%C3%A1o+s%C4%A9+ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+T%C3%A2y+%C4%91%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+th%E1%BB%9Di+%E1%BB%9F+%C4%90%C3%A0ng+Ngo%C3%A0i&amp;rft.issue=1+%2331&amp;rft.pages=60-68&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.au=Tr%E1%BA%A7n+V%C4%83n+To%C3%A0n&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvjol.info.vn%2Findex.php%2Frsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F20&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần_Văn_Toàn2005" class="citation journal cs1">Trần Văn Toàn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vjol.info.vn/index.php/rsr/article/view/25">"Tôn giáo Việt Nam trong thế kỉ XVIII theo cái nhìn tổng hợp của giáo sĩ phương Tây đương thời ở Đàng Ngoài (tiếp theo)"</a>. <i>Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo</i> (2 #32): 15–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nghi%C3%AAn+c%E1%BB%A9u+T%C3%B4n+gi%C3%A1o&amp;rft.atitle=T%C3%B4n+gi%C3%A1o+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+trong+th%E1%BA%BF+k%E1%BB%89+XVIII+theo+c%C3%A1i+nh%C3%ACn+t%E1%BB%95ng+h%E1%BB%A3p+c%E1%BB%A7a+gi%C3%A1o+s%C4%A9+ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+T%C3%A2y+%C4%91%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+th%E1%BB%9Di+%E1%BB%9F+%C4%90%C3%A0ng+Ngo%C3%A0i+%28ti%E1%BA%BFp+theo%29&amp;rft.issue=2+%2332&amp;rft.pages=15-20&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.au=Tr%E1%BA%A7n+V%C4%83n+To%C3%A0n&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvjol.info.vn%2Findex.php%2Frsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F25&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần2013a" class="citation journal cs1">Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2013a). "Communist State and Religious Policy in Vietnam: A Historical Perspective". <i>Hague Journal on the Rule of Law</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 229–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1876404512001133">10.1017/S1876404512001133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154978637">154978637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Hague+Journal+on+the+Rule+of+Law&amp;rft.atitle=Communist+State+and+Religious+Policy+in+Vietnam%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=229-252&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1876404512001133&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154978637%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&amp;rft.aufirst=Claire+Th%E1%BB%8B+Li%C3%AAn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrần2014" class="citation web cs1">Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/discussions/42686/article-review-485-phát-diệm-nationalism-religion-and-identity">"H-Diplo Article Reviews No. 485 – 'Phát Diệm Nationalism, Religion and Identity in the Franco-Việt Minh War'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. H-Net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=H-Diplo+Article+Reviews+No.+485+%E2%80%93+%27Ph%C3%A1t+Di%E1%BB%87m+Nationalism%2C+Religion+and+Identity+in+the+Franco-Vi%E1%BB%87t+Minh+War%27&amp;rft.pub=H-Net&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.aulast=Tr%E1%BA%A7n&amp;rft.aufirst=Claire+Th%E1%BB%8B+Li%C3%AAn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworks.h-net.org%2Fnode%2F28443%2Fdiscussions%2F42686%2Farticle-review-485-ph%C3%A1t-di%E1%BB%87m-nationalism-religion-and-identity&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tran, Thi Phuong Phuong (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamjournal.ru/2618-9453/article/view/87092">"The first encounters of Vietnam with the Western literature in the 17th century (a case study of Jeronimo Maiorica's Nôm hagiographic writings)"</a>. <i>Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 71–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24411%2F2618-9453-2020-10035">10.24411/2618-9453-2020-10035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal+of+Vietnamese+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=The+first+encounters+of+Vietnam+with+the+Western+literature+in+the+17th+century+%28a+case+study+of+Jeronimo+Maiorica%27s+N%C3%B4m+hagiographic+writings%29&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=71-80&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24411%2F2618-9453-2020-10035&amp;rft.aulast=Tran&amp;rft.aufirst=Thi+Phuong+Phuong&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamjournal.ru%2F2618-9453%2Farticle%2Fview%2F87092&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDror2002" class="citation book cs1">Dror, Olga, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780877277323/opusculum-de-sectis-apud-sinenses-et-tunkinenses/"><i>Opusculum de Sectis apud Sinenses et Tunkinenses: A Small Treatise on the Sects among the Chinese and Tonkinese</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877277323" title="Special:BookSources/9780877277323"><bdi>9780877277323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Opusculum+de+Sectis+apud+Sinenses+et+Tunkinenses%3A+A+Small+Treatise+on+the+Sects+among+the+Chinese+and+Tonkinese&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=9780877277323&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F9780877277323%2Fopusculum-de-sectis-apud-sinenses-et-tunkinenses%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrorTaylor2006" class="citation book cs1">Dror, Olga; Taylor, K. W., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780877277712/views-of-seventeenth-century-vietnam/"><i>Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877277712" title="Special:BookSources/9780877277712"><bdi>9780877277712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Views+of+Seventeenth-Century+Vietnam%3A+Christoforo+Borri+on+Cochinchina+and+Samuel+Baron+on+Tonkin&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=9780877277712&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F9780877277712%2Fviews-of-seventeenth-century-vietnam%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+in+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Vietnam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Christianity in Vietnam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catholic Church</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholic Church in Vietnam</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthodox Church</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Vietnam" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Vietnam">Eastern Orthodoxy in Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protestantism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Vietnam" title="Protestantism in Vietnam">Protestantism in Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Church_of_Vietnam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical Church of Vietnam (page does not exist)">Evangelical Church of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Convention_of_Vietnam" title="Baptist Convention of Vietnam">Baptist Convention of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Mennonite_Church" title="Vietnam Mennonite Church">Vietnam Mennonite Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_Vietnam" title="Assemblies of God in Vietnam">Assemblies of God in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Evangelical_Fellowship" title="Vietnam Evangelical Fellowship">Vietnam Evangelical Fellowship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Buzomi" title="Francesco Buzomi">Francesco Buzomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Pina" title="Francisco de Pina">Francisco de Pina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoforo_Borri" title="Christoforo Borri">Christoforo Borri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes" title="Alexandre de Rhodes">Alexandre de Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Maiorica" title="Girolamo Maiorica">Girolamo Maiorica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Filippo_de_Marini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Filippo de Marini (page does not exist)">Giovanni Filippo de Marini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Loureiro" title="João de Loureiro">João de Loureiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Foreign Missions Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lambert_de_la_Motte" title="Pierre Lambert de la Motte">Pierre Lambert de la Motte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pallu" title="François Pallu">François Pallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pigneau_de_Behaine" title="Pierre Pigneau de Behaine">Pierre Pigneau de Behaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Benjamin_Longer" title="Jacques-Benjamin Longer">Jacques-Benjamin Longer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophane_V%C3%A9nard" title="Théophane Vénard">Théophane Vénard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Michel_Cadi%C3%A8re" title="Léopold Michel Cadière">Léopold Michel Cadière</a></li></ul></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_de_Santa_Cruz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan de Santa Cruz (page does not exist)">Juan de Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raimondo_Lezzoli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raimondo Lezzoli (page does not exist)">Raimondo Lezzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_Clemente_Delgado_Cebri%C3%A1n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacio Clemente Delgado Cebrián (page does not exist)">Ignacio Clemente Delgado Cebrián</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jer%C3%B3nimo_Hermosilla&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerónimo Hermosilla (page does not exist)">Jerónimo Hermosilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valent%C3%ADn_Faustino_Berrio_Ochoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentín Faustino Berrio Ochoa (page does not exist)">Valentín Faustino Berrio Ochoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Garc%C3%ADa_(missionary)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="José García (missionary) (page does not exist)">José García</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinian Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilario_di_Jesu_Costa" title="Hilario di Jesu Costa">Hilario di Jesu Costa</a></li></ul></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cadman" title="William Cadman">William Cadman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Catholics</i>: <ul><li>Bishops <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%C3%A1_T%C3%B2ng&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Nguyễn Bá Tòng (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Nguyễn Bá Tòng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_H%E1%BB%93_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_C%E1%BA%A9n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Hồ Ngọc Cẩn (page does not exist)">Dominic Hồ Ngọc Cẩn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_L%C3%AA_H%E1%BB%AFu_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thaddeus Lê Hữu Từ">Thaddeus Lê Hữu Từ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_Nh%C6%B0_Khu%C3%AA" title="Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê">Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_B%C3%ACnh" title="Paul Nguyễn Văn Bình">Paul Nguyễn Văn Bình</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kim_%C4%90i%E1%BB%81n" title="Philippe Nguyễn Kim Điền">Philippe Nguyễn Kim Điền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Nguyễn Văn Thuận">Francis Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận</a></li></ul></li> <li><br />Priests <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinh_S%C6%A1n_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Hi%E1%BA%BFu_Li%C3%AAm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinh Sơn Phạm Hiếu Liêm (page does not exist)">Vinh Sơn Phạm Hiếu Liêm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anr%C3%AA_D%C5%A9ng_L%E1%BA%A1c&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anrê Dũng Lạc (page does not exist)">Anrê Dũng Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phil%C3%ADpph%C3%AA_Phan_V%C4%83n_Minh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Philípphê Phan Văn Minh (page does not exist)">Philípphê Phan Văn Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioakim_%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Tu%E1%BA%A5n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioakim Đặng Đức Tuấn (page does not exist)">Gioakim Đặng Đức Tuấn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%AAr%C3%B4_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_L%E1%BB%A5c&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Phêrô Trần Lục (page does not exist)">Phêrô Trần Lục</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_V%C4%83n_Lu%E1%BA%ADn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Văn Luận (page does not exist)">Cao Văn Luận</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanh_L%C3%A3ng&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanh Lãng (page does not exist)">Thanh Lãng</a></li></ul></li> <li><br />Laity <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=An%C3%AA_L%C3%AA_Th%E1%BB%8B_Th%C3%A0nh&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anê Lê Thị Thành (page does not exist)">Anê Lê Thị Thành</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_T%E1%BB%99" title="Nguyễn Trường Tộ">Nguyễn Trường Tộ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9trus_K%C3%BD" title="Pétrus Ký">Trương Vĩnh Ký</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_T%E1%BB%8Bnh_C%E1%BB%A7a" title="Huỳnh Tịnh Của">Huỳnh Tịnh Của</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_B%C3%A0i" title="Nguyễn Hữu Bài">Nguyễn Hữu Bài</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mai_L%C3%A3o_B%E1%BA%A1ng&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mai Lão Bạng (page does not exist)">Mai Lão Bạng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Ch%C3%A1nh_Chi%E1%BA%BFu" title="Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiếu">Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiếu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nam Phương">Empress Nam Phương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%C3%B4_T%E1%BB%AD_H%E1%BA%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngô Tử Hạ (page does not exist)">Ngô Tử Hạ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C5%A9_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_T%E1%BB%A5ng&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vũ Đình Tụng (page does not exist)">Vũ Đình Tụng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_M%E1%BA%A1nh_H%C3%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Mạnh Hà (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Mạnh Hà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BA%A7u" title="Nguyễn Đình Đầu">Nguyễn Đình Đầu</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Evangelicals</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%A0ng_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Th%E1%BB%ABa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoàng Trọng Thừa (page does not exist)">Hoàng Trọng Thừa</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Vietnamese" title="Bible translations into Vietnamese">Bible translations into Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_dioceses_in_Vietnam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_dioceses_in_Vietnam" title="Template:Catholic dioceses in Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_dioceses_in_Vietnam" title="Template talk:Catholic dioceses in Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_dioceses_in_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic dioceses in Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_dioceses_in_Vietnam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Vietnam" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Vietnam">Catholic dioceses in Vietnam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Hanoi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Hanoi" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hanoi">Archdiocese of Hà Nội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bắc Ninh">Diocese of Bắc Ninh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_B%C3%B9i_Chu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bùi Chu">Diocese of Bùi Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_H%C3%A0_T%C4%A9nh" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hà Tĩnh">Diocese of Hà Tĩnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hải Phòng">Diocese of Hải Phòng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hưng Hóa">Diocese of Hưng Hóa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_and_Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Lạng Sơn and Cao Bằng">Diocese of Lạng Sơn and Cao Bằng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ph%C3%A1t_Di%E1%BB%87m" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Phát Diệm">Diocese of Phát Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Thái Bình">Diocese of Thái Bình</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Thanh Hóa">Diocese of Thanh Hóa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vinh" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Vinh">Diocese of Vinh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Hue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Huế">Archdiocese of Huế</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ban_M%C3%AA_Thu%E1%BB%99t" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ban Mê Thuột">Diocese of Ban Mê Thuột</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C4%90%C3%A0_N%E1%BA%B5ng" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Đà Nẵng">Diocese of Đà Nẵng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kon_Tum" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Kon Tum">Diocese of Kon Tum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nha_Trang" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nha Trang">Diocese of Nha Trang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Qui_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Qui Nhơn">Diocese of Qui Nhơn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Saigon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ho Chi Minh City">Archdiocese of Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_B%C3%A0_R%E1%BB%8Ba" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bà Rịa">Diocese of Bà Rịa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cần Thơ">Diocese of Cần Thơ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C4%90%C3%A0_L%E1%BA%A1t" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Đà Lạt">Diocese of Đà Lạt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Long_Xuy%C3%AAn" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Long Xuyên">Diocese of Long Xuyên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_M%E1%BB%B9_Tho" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mỹ Tho">Diocese of Mỹ Tho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Phan_Thi%E1%BA%BFt" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Phan Thiết">Diocese of Phan Thiết</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ph%C3%BA_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Phú Cường">Diocese of Phú Cường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_V%C4%A9nh_Long" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Vĩnh Long">Diocese of Vĩnh Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Xu%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuân Lộc">Diocese of Xuân Lộc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism&#32;portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Asia">Catholic Church in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Afghanistan" title="Catholic Church in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Armenia" title="Catholic Church in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Azerbaijan" title="Catholic Church in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bahrain" title="Catholic Church in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bangladesh" title="Catholic Church in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bhutan" title="Catholic Church in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brunei" title="Catholic Church in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cambodia" title="Catholic Church in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cyprus" title="Catholic Church in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_East_Timor" title="Catholic Church in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Egypt" title="Catholic Church in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Indonesia" title="Catholic Church in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iran" title="Catholic Church in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iraq" title="Catholic Church in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Japan" title="Catholic Church in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jordan" title="Catholic Church in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kazakhstan" title="Catholic Church in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_Korea" title="Catholic Church in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Korea" title="Catholic Church in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kuwait" title="Catholic Church in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Catholic Church in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Laos" title="Catholic Church in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Lebanon" title="Catholic Church in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Catholic Church in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Maldives" title="Catholic Church in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mongolia" title="Catholic Church in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Myanmar" title="Catholic Church in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nepal" title="Catholic Church in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Oman" title="Catholic Church in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Pakistan" title="Catholic Church in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Qatar" title="Catholic Church in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Russia" title="Catholic Church in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Catholic Church in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Singapore" title="Catholic Church in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Catholic Church in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Syria" title="Catholic Church in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tajikistan" title="Catholic Church in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Thailand" title="Catholic Church in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Turkey" title="Catholic Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Turkmenistan" title="Catholic Church in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Catholic Church in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Uzbekistan" title="Catholic Church in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Yemen" title="Catholic Church in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Abkhazia" title="Catholic Church in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_South_Ossetia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Taiwan" title="Catholic Church in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Christmas_Island&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hong_Kong" title="Catholic Church in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Macau" title="Catholic Church in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a 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[\"CITEREFNgo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen-Marshall2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen-Marshall2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNguyen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgô2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrowski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrowski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPham2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsay2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStur2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrân1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrân2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrân2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrân2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrân2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrân2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrần2013a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrần2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrần2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrầnPhạm2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrần_Văn_Toàn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrần_Văn_Toàn2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTrần_Văn_Toàn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuck1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkov2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilcox2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic Church by country\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic dioceses in Vietnam\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity in Vietnam\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Catholic Church in Vietnam\"] = 1,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"How\"] = 1,\n [\"Incumbent pope\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Christian denomination\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n 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