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<main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</h1> <div class="tagline"> siècle </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Langue </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=XIXe+si%C3%A8cle&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Suivre </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Modifier </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> Cet article concerne la période historique. Pour le journal, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le XIXe siècle">Le XIXe siècle</a>. </div> </div> <table class="toc" align="right" style="margin:4px;"> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td>Millénaires : <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">Ier</abbr> millénaire • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IIe millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">IIe</abbr> millénaire</a> • <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ millénaire">IIIe</abbr> millénaire <hr>Siècles : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle">XVIIIe</abbr> siècle</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle">XXe</abbr> siècle</a> <hr></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Décennies : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1800?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1800">1800</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1810?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1810">1810</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1820?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1820">1820</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1830?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1830">1830</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1840?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1840">1840</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1850">1850</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1860?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1860">1860</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1870?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1870">1870</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1880?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1880">1880</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1890?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1890">1890</a> <hr></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Années : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1801?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1801">1801</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1802?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1802">1802</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1803?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1803">1803</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1804?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1804">1804</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1805?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1805">1805</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1806?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1806">1806</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1807?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1807">1807</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1808?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1808">1808</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1809?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1809">1809</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1810?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1810">1810</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1811?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1811">1811</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1812?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1812">1812</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1813?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1813">1813</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1814?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1814">1814</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1816?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1816">1816</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1817?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1817">1817</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1818?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1818">1818</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1819?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1819">1819</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1820?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1820">1820</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1821?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1821">1821</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1822?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1822">1822</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1823?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1823">1823</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1824?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1824">1824</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1825?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1825">1825</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1826?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1826">1826</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1827?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1827">1827</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1828?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1828">1828</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1829?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1829">1829</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1830?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1830">1830</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1831?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1831">1831</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1832?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1832">1832</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1833?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1833">1833</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1834?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1834">1834</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1835?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1835">1835</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1836?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1836">1836</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1837?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1837">1837</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1838?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1838">1838</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1839?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1839">1839</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1840?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1840">1840</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1841?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1841">1841</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1842?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1842">1842</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1843?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1843">1843</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1844?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1844">1844</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1845?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1845">1845</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1846?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1846">1846</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1847?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1847">1847</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1848?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1848">1848</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1849?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1849">1849</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1850">1850</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1851?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1851">1851</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1852?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1852">1852</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1853?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1853">1853</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1854?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1854">1854</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1855?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1855">1855</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1856?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1856">1856</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857">1857</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1858?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1858">1858</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1859?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1859">1859</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1860?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1860">1860</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1861?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1861">1861</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1862?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1862">1862</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1863?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1863">1863</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1864?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1864">1864</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1865?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1865">1865</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1866?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1866">1866</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1867?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1867">1867</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1868?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1868">1868</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1869?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1869">1869</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1870?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1870">1870</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1871?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1871">1871</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1872?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1872">1872</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1873?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1873">1873</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1874?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1874">1874</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1875?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1875">1875</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1876?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1876">1876</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1877">1877</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1878?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1878">1878</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1879?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1879">1879</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1880?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1880">1880</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1881?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1881">1881</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1882?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1882">1882</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1883?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1883">1883</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1884?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1884">1884</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1885?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1885">1885</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1886?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1886">1886</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1887?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1887">1887</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1888?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1888">1888</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1889?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1889">1889</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1890?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1890">1890</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1891?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1891">1891</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1892?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1892">1892</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1893?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1893">1893</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1894?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1894">1894</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1895?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1895">1895</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1896?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1896">1896</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1897?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1897">1897</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1898?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1898">1898</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1899?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1899">1899</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1900?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1900">1900</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle (ou <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">19e</abbr> siècle) commence le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1801-01-01" data-sort-value="1801-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1er</abbr> janvier 1801</time> et finit le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1900-12-31" data-sort-value="1900-12-31">31 décembre 1900</time>. Il s'étend entre les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jour_julien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jour julien">jours juliens</a> 2 378 861,5 et 2 415 385,5<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a>,<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralit%C3%A9s_dat%C3%A9es_du_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle">1 Généralités datées du XIXe siècle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89v%C3%A9nements">2 Événements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Europe">3 Europe</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#France">3.1 France</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9_d%C3%A9mographique">3.1.1 La réalité démographique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s_%C3%A9conomiques_et_sociales">3.1.2 Les réalités économiques et sociales</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s_diplomatiques">3.1.3 Les réalités diplomatiques</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s_culturelles">3.1.4 Les réalités culturelles</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Afrique">4 Afrique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Asie">5 Asie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Am%C3%A9rique">6 Amérique</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89tats-Unis">6.1 États-Unis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord_britannique">6.2 Amérique du Nord britannique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Am%C3%A9rique_latine">6.3 Amérique latine</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mexique">6.3.1 Mexique</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Oc%C3%A9anie">7 Océanie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personnages_significatifs">8 Personnages significatifs</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personnalit%C3%A9s_politiques">8.1 Personnalités politiques</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Militaires">8.2 Militaires</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89crivains">8.3 Écrivains</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Architectes">8.4 Architectes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Peintres">8.5 Peintres</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sculpteurs">8.6 Sculpteurs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Compositeurs">8.7 Compositeurs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Scientifiques">8.8 Scientifiques</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Explorateurs,_journalistes,_humanitaires">8.9 Explorateurs, journalistes, humanitaires</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89conomistes">8.10 Économistes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Philosophes">8.11 Philosophes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#M%C3%A9decins,_psychologues">8.12 Médecins, psychologues</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religieux">8.13 Religieux</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Art_et_culture">9 Art et culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Litt%C3%A9rature">9.1 Littérature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Architecture">9.2 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Musique">9.3 Musique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Peinture">9.4 Peinture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Photographie">9.5 Photographie</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inventions,_d%C3%A9couvertes,_introductions">10 Inventions, découvertes, introductions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Physique">10.1 Physique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Techniques_(hors_information)">10.2 Techniques (hors information)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Technologies_de_diffusion_d'information">10.3 Technologies de diffusion d'information</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transports">10.4 Transports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Biologie">10.5 Biologie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#M%C3%A9decine">10.6 Médecine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#G%C3%A9ologie">10.7 Géologie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Musique_2">10.8 Musique</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Explorations">10.9 Explorations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89conomie_et_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9">11 Économie et société</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Spiritualit%C3%A9_et_religions">12 Spiritualité et religions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autre">13 Autre</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences">14 Notes et références</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi">15 Voir aussi</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie">15.1 Bibliographie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes">15.2 Liens externes</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Généralités_datées_du_XIXe_siècle">Généralités datées du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Généralités datées du XIXe siècle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:XIXe siècle">Catégorie « XIXe siècle »</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Événements">Événements</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png/440px-World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="624"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png/440px-World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png" data-width="440" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png/660px-World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png/880px-World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Le monde en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1898?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1898">1898</a> : les empires coloniaux. </figcaption> </figure> Pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a>, les historiens font généralement commencer le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a> (fin de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier Empire">Empire napoléonien</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Vienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congrès de Vienne">congrès de Vienne</a>) et le font terminer en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1914">1914</a> (début de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Première Guerre mondiale">Première Guerre mondiale</a>). L'historien britannique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawn</a> a créé la notion de « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Long_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Long XIXe siècle">Long <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a> » allant de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1789?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1789">1789</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1914">1914</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a>. Trois grandes tendances ont marqué ce siècle : <ul> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrialisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> ;</li> <li>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Démocratie">démocratisation</a> ;</li> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationalisme">nationalisme</a>.</li> </ul> Ce siècle a connu une explosion démographique ; on parle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_d%C3%A9mographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution démographique">révolution démographique</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> On peut dire que le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle est le siècle de l'Europe. À partir des guerres des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoléon Ier">époques napoléoniennes</a> (1799-1815), l'Europe connut de nombreuses autres guerres qui dessinèrent sa nouvelle carte géopolitique. Parmi les phénomènes les plus importants de ce siècle figurent : <ul> <li>l'effondrement des vieux Empires <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_espagnol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire espagnol">espagnol</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_portugais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire portugais">portugais</a> (principalement en Amérique ; l'empire portugais reste intact dans le reste du monde), la formation du second <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_colonial_fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire colonial français">Empire colonial français</a> et du premier <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire allemand">Empire allemand</a> et surtout l'expansion de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire britannique">Empire britannique</a> ;</li> <li>la construction de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_italienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unité italienne">unité italienne</a> et la libération des provinces <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balkans">balkaniques</a> ;</li> <li>l'émergence de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationalisme">consciences nationales</a> et de sentiments patriotiques très puissants.</li> </ul> C'est aussi pour l'Europe, le siècle des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_industrielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution industrielle">révolutions industrielles</a>, qui vont bouleverser le paysage européen et apporter d'immenses richesses, mais aussi casser les anciennes structures sociales. Enfin, pour l'Europe, c'est le siècle où ses élites intellectuelles vont la transformer, en un immense chaudron, dans lequel vont bouillonner toutes les idées et tous les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Art">arts</a>. Ses savants, ses artistes, ses intellectuels, vont porter la recherche technologique, la recherche scientifique, la recherche artistique, la recherche des idées, à un niveau jamais atteint auparavant. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="France">France</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="La_réalité_démographique">La réalité démographique</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : La réalité démographique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> La population française connaît une stagnation. Autrefois la nation la plus peuplée durant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution française">Révolution</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier Empire">Premier Empire</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> connaît une "grève des ventres" dans la seconde moitié du siècle. Entre 1890 et 1914, elle ne gagne que 1 300 000 habitants, contre 16 millions pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a> et 5 millions pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italie">l'Italie</a>. De manière préoccupante, il y a des années où les décès surpassent les naissances (1898, 1900), entraînant un vieillissement de la population. En 1887, le docteur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_Bertillon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques Bertillon">Jacques Bertillon</a> tire la sonnette d'alarme avec son enquête "Le Problème de la dépopulation". Ce vieillissement justifie la loi du service militaire de trois ans en 1913. Avec une main-d'œuvre de plus en plus rare, la France fait appel à des travailleurs étrangers (belges et italiens) pour répondre à ses besoins industriels. Cette dynamique démographique reflète apparemment un déficit collectif de confiance en l'avenir<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Les_réalités_économiques_et_sociales">Les réalités économiques et sociales</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les réalités économiques et sociales" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Sur le plan économique, la France, ayant pris du retard sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a>, se voit dépassée par la puissance industrielle de l'Allemagne dans les années 1880. Elle perd ainsi sa place de deuxième puissance économique européenne. Depuis 1870, elle subit une grande dépression marquée par de nombreux indicateurs alarmants : ralentissement de la croissance, crise agricole affectant sévèrement le monde rural qui reste prédominant (56 % de la population, avec plus de 40 % des actifs dans l'agriculture), krachs boursiers et financiers assortis de scandales, baisse des prix et chômage. Au début du XXe siècle, la France entame une nouvelle phase de reprise à partir de 1896. Entre 1906 et 1913, l'activité économique expérimente un taux de croissance sans précédent (4 à 5 %). Le retard industriel se réduit considérablement par rapport à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a> et se stabilise ou diminue légèrement face à l'Allemagne, selon Asselain. Le développement industriel français privilégie toujours la grande entreprise par rapport à l'atelier. Le capitalisme français se renforce, avec la capacité de diriger l'épargne soit vers l'investissement industriel, soit vers des placements à l'étranger. Bien que le pouvoir d'achat ait en général augmenté et que l'alimentation des familles ouvrières se soit améliorée, la répartition des richesses par la Semeuse républicaine est restée inégale. La société française demeure profondément inégalitaire et hiérarchisée, un contexte qui alimente les crises sociales et politiques. Les républicains, qu'ils soient modérés ou radicaux, ont instauré d'importantes libertés publiques sans pour autant édifier la république sociale vivement revendiquée par les mouvements politiques et syndicaux.<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Les_réalités_diplomatiques">Les réalités diplomatiques</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les réalités diplomatiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Sur la scène diplomatique la France a payé cruellement le coût de la politique internationale de prestige du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Empire">Second Empire</a>. Pendant vingt, elle a subi la dure loi du système diplomatique bismarckien, qui visait justement à l'isoler. Or en 1914, elle a réussit à constituer autour d'elle pour sa sécurité l'un des deux grands systèmes diplomatiques existants en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a>: illustration du passage d'une France humiliée à une France sécurisée. En 1890, la disparition du chancelier de la scène politique européenne rend le jeu diplomatique plus souple. Le pays sort progressivement de l'isolement en faisant des choix souvent difficiles parmi les différentes cartes jouables. La France a d'abord éludé la tentation d'une entente bien hypothétique avec l'Allemagne, qui lui a été proposée par les représentants du "nouveau cours" ; une entente continentale à trois tête Allemagne - Russie - France avec comme objectif: freiner la puissance navale britannique. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guillaume_II_(empereur_allemand)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guillaume II (empereur allemand)">Guillaume II</a> explore cette possibilité auprès du gouvernement français notamment lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_des_Boers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre des Boers">guerre des Boers</a> (1898) et au moment de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fachoda,_la_mission_Marchand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fachoda, la mission Marchand">Fachoda</a> (1898). Les gouvernements français ont su écarter également le danger d'un axe anglo-allemand, qui était exploré à l'initiative de l'Angleterre (1901) Le premier grand succès diplomatique a été le rapprochement avec la Russie, d'abord sur le plan militaire, puis sous la forme d'un traité, résultat de plusieurs années d'efforts patients. En 1890, des contacts entre états-majors des deux pays eurent lieu ; en 1891, c'est la visite de l'escadre française à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kronstadt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kronstadt">Cronstadt</a> ; c'est enfin le 18 août 1892 l'accord obtenu et signé, le texte disant clairement: "Si la France est attaquée par l'Allemagne, ou par l'Italie soutenue par l'Allemagne. Si la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a> est attaquée par l'Allemagne ou par l'Autriche-Hongrie soutenue par l'Allemagne, le France emploiera toutes ses forces disponibles pour attaquer l'Allemagne." L'entente franco-russe eut un grand retentissement dans l'opinion française qu'elle sécurisait, on parla dans la presse du rouleau compresseur russe, on célébra la Grande Alliance. En octobre 1893, la visite de la flotte russe à Toulon fut l'occasion de grandes festivités, la Russie devint à la mode. L'autre événement décisif dut le choix imposé avec une certaine lucidité par Delcassé, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_des_Affaires_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministère des Affaires étrangères">ministre des Affaires étrangères</a> de juin 1898 à juin 1905: le rapprochement historique avec l'Angleterre. En dépit de ceux qui souhaitaient trouver des acodemments avec l'Allemagne. En dépit aussi des heurts des intérêts français avec la puissance anglaise dans le monde et d'une tradition anglophobe séculaire. Il ordonna au capitaine Marchand, à Fachoda, de se retirer. Grâce à ce recul, le nouveau ministre des Affaires étrangères <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théophile Delcassé">Delcassé</a> put progressivement déblayer les contentieux qui existaient entre les deux pays et aboutir à l'entente cordiale de 1904.<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Les_réalités_culturelles">Les réalités culturelles</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les réalités culturelles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Si l'instruction élémentaire a été démocratisée, il n'en reste pas moins qu'une très infime minorité peut prétendre accéder aux études secondaires et supérieures. Il en résulte qu'une élite seule dispose du savoir, s'impose et décide. Certes la diffusion du livre et de la grande presse rencontre un public qui s'élargit sans cesse, mais cela favorise les campagnes de presse et les manipulations de l'opinion. Certes les citoyens votent, mais s'ils ont écarté les anciens notables, ils s'en sont donné d'autres. Dans la balance du régime malgré les crises et des contestations violents pèse la stabilité retrouvée. <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique_au_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique au XIXe siècle">Afrique au XIXe siècle</a>. </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Afrique">Afrique</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Afrique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li>Vers 1810-1840 : le royaume <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_Luba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Luba">Louba</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katanga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katanga">Katanga</a>) atteint son apogée sous le règne de Kumwimba Ngombe<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a>. À sa mort, de sanglantes luttes de succession affaiblissent le pouvoir central. Ilunga Kabale (mort vers <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1870?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1870">1870</a>), qui a pris le pouvoir après avoir assassiné son frère Ndaye a Mujinga, passe la majeure partie de son règne à réprimer des révoltes et des complots.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:KingShaka.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KingShaka.jpg/180px-KingShaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 243px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KingShaka.jpg/180px-KingShaka.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KingShaka.jpg/270px-KingShaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/KingShaka.jpg/360px-KingShaka.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Le roi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chaka_Zulu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaka Zulu">Chaka</a> de l'empire <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoulous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoulous">zoulou</a>. Esquisse par James King, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1824?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1824">1824</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>1816-1828 : empire <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoulous?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoulous">zoulou</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chaka_Zulu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaka Zulu">Chaka</a>.</li> <li>Vers 1820-1850 : expansion du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_bamoun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume bamoun">royaume bamoun</a> dans l’ouest du Cameroun sous le règne du roi Mbuembue, qui a développé au début du siècle une politique guerrière et multiplié par sept le territoire national autour de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foumban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foumban">Foumban</a>, la capitale, entre les rivières <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mbam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mbam">Mbam</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noun">Noun</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a>. Vers 1850, un officier d’origine roturière, Nguwuo, s’empare du pouvoir. Le royaume, qui compte environ 20 000 habitants dont un tiers à Foumban, la capitale, vit du commerce régional, du trafic d’esclaves et de l’agriculture dans les vallées fertiles du Mbam et du Noun.</li> <li>1856-1900 : invasions <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zarmas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zarmas">Zerma</a> dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gourounsi_(peuple)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gourounsi (peuple)">Gurunsi</a> ; utilisés comme mercenaires par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dagombas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dagombas">Dagomba</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamprusi_(peuple)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamprusi (peuple)">Mamprusi</a> du nord du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> actuel pour razzier les pays <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gourounsi_(peuple)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gourounsi (peuple)">Gurunsi</a> (1856) les Zerma s'installent en territoire Gurunsi sous la conduite de leurs chefs Alfa Hano (1857-1862), Gazari (1863-1872) et Babatu (1872-1900)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>La colonisation du continent africain se déroule principalement à partir des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1880?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1880">années 1880</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a>.</li> <li>Réactions d'une véritable armée <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zarma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zarma">zarma</a> contre les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peul">Peul</a>, au milieu du siècle sous la conduite d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Issa_Korombe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa Korombe">Issa Korombe</a>. La victoire sur les Peuls mettra fin aux invasions de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sokoto_(ville)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sokoto (ville)">Sokoto</a> dans le Sud du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zarmatarey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zarmatarey">Zarmatarey</a> avec l'arrivée d'un nouvel empereur.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Asie">Asie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Asie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Comme pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique">Afrique</a>, le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle est le siècle de la colonisation européenne, mais à la différence près que les anciennes structures géopolitiques vont dans la grande majorité des cas résister et subsister. Les colonisateurs européens vont en général préférer les conserver et tenter, tout en les contrôlant, de s'en faire des alliés. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Amérique">Amérique</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Amérique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="États-Unis">États-Unis</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : États-Unis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Malgré une construction laborieuse, et à partir des 13 petits États de la côte Est, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> vont peu à peu apparaître sur la scène internationale. C'est à cette époque qu'a lieu la célèbre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_de_l%27Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conquête de l'Ouest">conquête de l'Ouest</a> qui se déroulera dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ouest_am%C3%A9ricain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ouest américain">Ouest américain</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle. Cette époque de l'histoire américaine est aussi appelée le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_de_l%27Ouest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conquête de l'Ouest">Far West</a>. Cette période va être marquée par : <ul> <li>L'acquisition des immenses territoires de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louisiane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louisiane">Louisiane</a>, vendus par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> (1/4 du territoire américain actuel).</li> <li>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_S%C3%A9cession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre de Sécession">guerre de Sécession</a> et ses centaines de milliers de morts.</li> <li>Les guerres de conquêtes des territoires amérindiens et mexicains au nord du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Grande_(fleuve)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Río Grande (fleuve)">Río Grande</a>.</li> <li>L'accueil d'une très importante population d'immigration en provenance de toute l'Europe et même de l'Asie, prête à s'investir, avec tout son dynamisme et toutes ses capacités dans ce nouveau pays, où tout semble possible.</li> <li>L'accroissement d'une importante population d'esclaves en provenance d'Afrique : c'est la poursuite de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traite_des_noirs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Traite des noirs">Traite des noirs</a> malgré son abolition officielle en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1807?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1807">1807</a>.</li> <li>La découverte sur le sol américain d'immenses ressources minières (la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ru%C3%A9e_vers_l%27or?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruée vers l'or">ruée vers l'or</a>), naturelles, et agricoles, et leur mise en exploitation.</li> </ul> Les États-Unis aborderont le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle">XXe</abbr> siècle</a> complètement transfigurés, par rapport à ce qu'ils étaient en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1800?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1800">1800</a>. Ils ne sont certes pas encore, et de loin, le plus puissant des pays, mais c'est celui qui a le potentiel de développement le plus élevé. À la suite de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_am%C3%A9ricano-mexicaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre américano-mexicaine">guerre américano-mexicaine</a> de 1848, les États-Unis acquièrent les futurs États de l'Utah, de l'Arizona, du Nevada, du Nouveau-Mexique, du Texas, de la Californie et du Colorado, territoires auparavant mexicains. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Amérique_du_Nord_britannique">Amérique du Nord britannique</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Amérique du Nord britannique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle est aussi un siècle de colonisation et d'expansion territoriale pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique du Nord britannique">Amérique du Nord britannique</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_anglo-am%C3%A9ricaine_de_1812?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre anglo-américaine de 1812">guerre anglo-américaine de 1812</a> permettra d'établir la frontière entre les États-Unis et ce qui deviendra le Canada au <abbr class="abbr" title="Quarante-neuvième">49e</abbr> parallèle<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a>. C’est aussi lors de ce siècle que la démographie canadienne sera complètement transformée par l'apport de l'immigration. Il y aura une hausse démographique importante qui va inverser la précédente majorité Canadienne Française. Les colonies du Haut et du Bas-Canada seront aussi secouées par des révoltes en 1837-1838. Les colons vont réclamer de Londres des modifications à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acte_constitutionnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acte constitutionnel">Acte constitutionnel</a> de 1791. Ces révoltes vont être plus importantes au Bas-Canada et vont être appelées la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9bellion_des_Patriotes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rébellion des Patriotes">Rébellion des Patriotes</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a>. Le Canada avant 1867 s'insère dans la politique étrangère britannique, de sorte qu'on le voie très peu sur la scène internationale hormis pour le commerce. Aura lieu aussi en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique du Nord britannique">Amérique du Nord britannique</a> le regroupement de plusieurs colonies au sein du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominion_du_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion du Canada">Dominion du Canada</a>, constitué en tant qu'État fédéral le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1867-07-01" data-sort-value="1867-07-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1er</abbr> juillet 1867</time>. Peu de temps après la confédération, les projets d'expansion canadien vont causer des désordres dans l'ouest avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9bellion_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_Rouge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rébellion de la rivière Rouge">rébellion de la rivière Rouge</a> au Manitoba. Le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle va être un siècle fondateur et structurant pour le Canada. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Amérique_latine">Amérique latine</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Amérique latine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Avec l'affaiblissement et le retrait de l'Espagne et du Portugal de la scène européenne en tant que nations majeures, les liens tri-centenaires qu'elles avaient avec leurs colonies américaines, aussi se cassent les uns après les autres, et de nombreux nouveaux pays vont faire leur apparition sur la scène internationale, tout au long de ce <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle. En outre, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haïti">Haïti</a> accède à l'indépendance en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1804?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1804">1804</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Mexique">Mexique</h4> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Mexique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="1821-09-28" data-sort-value="1821-09-28">28 septembre 1821</time>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juan_O%27Donoj%C3%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juan O'Donojú">Juan O'Donojú</a>, dernier <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice-roi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice-roi">Vice-roi</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle-Espagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle-Espagne">Nouvelle-Espagne</a>, signe l'acte d'indépendance du Mexique.</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="1822-07-21" data-sort-value="1822-07-21">21 juillet 1822</time>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a> est empereur constitutionnel du Mexique, il règnera jusqu'au <time class="nowrap" datetime="1823-03-19" data-sort-value="1823-03-19">19 mars 1823</time>.</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="1824-10-10" data-sort-value="1824-10-10">10 octobre 1824</time>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a> est le premier <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_%C3%89tats-Unis_mexicains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Président des États-Unis mexicains">président du Mexique</a>.</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="1838-11-27" data-sort-value="1838-11-27">27 novembre 1838</time>, début de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_des_P%C3%A2tisseries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre des Pâtisseries">guerre de la Pâtisserie</a> qui est la première intervention française dans ce pays.</li> <li>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1846?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1846">1846</a> débute la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_am%C3%A9ricano-mexicaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre américano-mexicaine">Guerre américano-mexicaine</a>, elle s'achèvera par la victoire des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> et le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1848-02-02" data-sort-value="1848-02-02">2 février 1848</time> par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Guadalupe_Hidalgo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Guadalupe Hidalgo">traité de Guadeloupe Hidalgo</a>.</li> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expédition du Mexique">expédition du Mexique (1861-1867)</a> est la seconde intervention française dans ce pays.</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="1864-05-28" data-sort-value="1864-05-28">28 mai 1864</time>, Maximilian Ferdinand Joseph von Habsburg devient l'empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maximilien_Ier_(empereur_du_Mexique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maximilien Ier (empereur du Mexique)">Maximilien <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr> du Mexique</a> et son épouse Charlotte de Belgique (1840-1927) devient l'impératrice du Mexique, ils règneront jusqu'au <time class="nowrap" datetime="1867-05-15" data-sort-value="1867-05-15">15 mai 1867</time>. À cette date <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> rétablit la république.</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="1876-11-21" data-sort-value="1876-11-21">21 novembre 1876</time>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> s'empare du pouvoir à la suite d'un coup d'État, il restera à son poste jusqu'au <time class="nowrap" datetime="1911-05-25" data-sort-value="1911-05-25">25 mai 1911</time>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_mexicaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution mexicaine">révolution mexicaine</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Océanie">Océanie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Océanie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1840?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1840">1840</a> : Des chefs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maori_(Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori (Nouvelle-Zélande)">maori</a> signent le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Waitangi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Waitangi">traité de Waitangi</a> avec des représentants de la couronne impériale <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">britannique</a>, autorisant l'intégration de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle-Zélande">Nouvelle-Zélande</a> à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_britannique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire britannique">Empire britannique</a>.</li> <li>Mai <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1842?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1842">1842</a> : annexion des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Marquises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Îles Marquises">îles Marquises</a> par la flotte française, qui marque le début de la colonisation française en Polynésie.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1880?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1880">1880</a> : création des « Établissements français de l’Océanie » (gouvernement colonial).</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Personnages_significatifs">Personnages significatifs</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Personnages significatifs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Personnalités_politiques">Personnalités politiques</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Personnalités politiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau : Monarchie de Habsbourg"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau : Monarchie de Habsbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau : Monarchie de Habsbourg" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_(empereur_d%27Autriche)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Ier (empereur d'Autriche)">François <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Prussia_(1892-1918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Prusse"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Prusse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Prusse" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Guillaume_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frédéric-Guillaume III">Frédéric-Guillaume III</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1795-1818).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Ier_(empereur_de_Russie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Ier (empereur de Russie)">Alexandre <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoléon Ier">Napoléon <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Hawaii.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau d'Hawaï"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau d'Hawaï" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau d'Hawaï" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kamehameha_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kamehameha Ier">Kamehameha <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume de France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume de France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume de France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/30px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_XVIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis XVIII">Louis <abbr class="abbr" title="18">XVIII</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Colombie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Colombie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Colombie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1822-1836).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Monroe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_(1844%E2%80%931905).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des Royaumes Unis de Suède et de Norvège"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des Royaumes Unis de Suède et de Norvège" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/20px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/20px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des Royaumes Unis de Suède et de Norvège" data-width="20" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/30px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/40px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_XIV_Jean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles XIV Jean">Charles XIV Jean</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau : Monarchie de Habsbourg"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau : Monarchie de Habsbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau : Monarchie de Habsbourg" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel_von_Metternich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Klemens Wenzel von Metternich">Klemens Wenzel von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume de France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume de France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/20px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume de France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/30px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles X">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolas_Ier_(empereur_de_Russie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolas Ier (empereur de Russie)">Nicolas <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1836%E2%80%931837).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Jackson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis-Philippe Ier">Louis-Philippe <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Brazil_(1822%E2%80%931870).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Brésil"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Brésil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="439"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Brésil" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_II_(empereur_du_Br%C3%A9sil)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre II (empereur du Brésil)">Pedro II</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Algeria_(1700).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Algérie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Algérie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Algeria_%281700%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Algeria_%281700%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Algeria_%281700%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Algeria_%281700%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Algérie" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Algeria_%281700%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria_%281700%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Algeria_%281700%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria_%281700%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abdelkader_ibn_Muhieddine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdelkader ibn Muhieddine">Abdelkader El Djezairi</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoria_(reine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victoria (reine)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Spain.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Espagne"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Espagne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Espagne" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isabelle_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isabelle II">Isabelle II</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Ier_(empereur_d%27Autriche)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Joseph Ier (empereur d'Autriche)">François-Joseph <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_(homme_politique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi (homme politique)">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Chine (Dynastie Qing)"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Chine (Dynastie Qing)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Chine (Dynastie Qing)" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xianfeng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xianfeng">Xianfeng</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoléon III">Napoléon III</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_de_Wittelsbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élisabeth de Wittelsbach">Sissi</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_II_(empereur_de_Russie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre II (empereur de Russie)">Alexandre II</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1865).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États confédérés d'Amérique"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États confédérés d'Amérique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États confédérés d'Amérique" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jefferson_Davis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1863-1865).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor-Emmanuel_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor-Emmanuel II">Victor-Emmanuel II</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camillo_Cavour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camillo Cavour">Camillo Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Mexico_(1864-1867).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Mexique"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Mexique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Mexique" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maximilien_Ier_(empereur_du_Mexique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maximilien Ier (empereur du Mexique)">Maximilien <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Japan.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Japon"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Japon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Japon" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Japan.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Japon"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Japon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Japon" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meiji_(empereur)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meiji (empereur)">Mutsuhito</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Canada_(1868%E2%80%931921).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Canada"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Canada" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_A._Macdonald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guillaume_Ier_(empereur_allemand)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guillaume Ier (empereur allemand)">Guillaume <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">Ier</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire ottoman"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire ottoman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire ottoman" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abdülhamid II">Abdülhamid II</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Mexico_(1893-1916).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Mexique"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Mexique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_Mexico_%281893-1916%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281893-1916%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_Mexico_%281893-1916%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281893-1916%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Mexique" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_Mexico_%281893-1916%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281893-1916%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_Mexico_%281893-1916%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281893-1916%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Ireland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Irlande"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Irlande" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Irlande" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules_Ferry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Korea_%281882%E2%80%931910%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Korea_%281882%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de Corée" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Korea_%281882%E2%80%931910%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Korea_%281882%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Korea_%281882%E2%80%931910%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Korea_%281882%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gojong_de_Cor%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojong de Corée">Gojong</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Militaires">Militaires</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Militaires" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Augereau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piotr_Ivanovitch_Bagration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piotr Ivanovitch Bagration">Piotr Ivanovitch Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1865).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États confédérés 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height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Ney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolas_Charles_Oudinot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolas Charles Oudinot">Nicolas Charles Oudinot</a></li> <li><a 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matthew_Perry_(militaire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matthew Perry (militaire)">Matthew C. Perry</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Poland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Pologne"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Pologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Pologne" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a 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data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Philippe_de_Schwarzenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Philippe de Schwarzenberg">Charles Philippe de Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1846%E2%80%931847).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winfield_Scott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1863-1865).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_Sheridan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1863-1865).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude-Victor Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley_de_Wellington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Wellesley de Wellington">Arthur Wellesley de Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Wittgenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Wittgenstein">Pierre Wittgenstein</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Écrivains">Écrivains</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Écrivains" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Denmark.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Danemark"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Danemark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Danemark" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> (1805-1875)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jane_Austen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> (1775-1817)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> (1799-1850)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a> (1821-1867)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a> (1816-1855)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a> (1818-1848)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gordon Byron">Lord Byron</a> (1788-1824)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a> (1813-1837)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lewis_Carroll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> (1832-1898)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a> (1768-1848)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Dickens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> (1812-1870)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiodor_Dosto%C3%AFevski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiodor Dostoïevski">Fiodor Dostoïevski</a> (1821-1881)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> (1859-1930)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> (1802-1870)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> (1821-1880)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> (1811-1872)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a> (1813-1882)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> (1749-1832)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolas_Gogol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolas Gogol">Nicolas Gogol</a> (1809-1852)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Heine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> (1797-1856)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a> (1770-1843)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Hugo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> (1802-1885)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Norway.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Norvège"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Norvège" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Norvège" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> (1828-1906)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a> (1777–1811)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a> (1790-1869)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Uruguay"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/20px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/20px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Uruguay" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lautr%C3%A9amont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lautréamont">Lautréamont</a> (1846-1870)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a> (1798-1837)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a> (1842-1898)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a> (1785-1873)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a> (1850-1893)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herman_Melville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> (1819-1891)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosper Mérimée">Prosper Mérimée</a> (1803-1870)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Poland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Pologne"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Pologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Pologne" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a> (1798-1855)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred de Musset">Alfred de Musset</a> (1810-1857)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a> (1808-1855)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> (1844-1900)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> (1809-1849)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Pouchkine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Pouchkine">Alexandre Pouchkine</a> (1799-1837)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a> (1854-1891)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Sand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Sand">George Sand</a> (1804-1876)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stendhal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a> (1783-1842)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> (1850-1894)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bram_Stoker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a> (1847-1912)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anton_Tchekhov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anton Tchekhov">Anton Tchekhov</a> (1860-1904)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Tolsto%C3%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Léon Tolstoï">Léon Tolstoï</a> (1828-1910)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_Tourgueniev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan Tourgueniev">Ivan Tourgueniev</a> (1818-1883)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Twain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> (1835-1910)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Verlaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> (1844-1896)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules_Verne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> (1828-1905)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walt_Whitman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> (1819-1892)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oscar_Wilde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> (1854-1900)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> (1840-1902)</li> </ul> </div> Voir aussi : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89crivains_de_langue_fran%C3%A7aise,_par_ordre_chronologique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#N%C3%A9s_au_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" class="mw-redirect" title="Écrivains de langue française, par ordre chronologique">Écrivains français nés au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_italiens_par_ordre_chronologique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#N%C3%A9s_au_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d'écrivains italiens par ordre chronologique">Écrivains italiens nés au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Architectes">Architectes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Architectes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Baltard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor Baltard">Victor Baltard</a> (1805-1874)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chass%C3%A9riau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Frédéric Chassériau">Charles Frédéric Chassériau</a> (1802-1896)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustave Eiffel">Gustave Eiffel</a> (1832-1923)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(architecte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Garnier (architecte)">Charles Garnier</a> (1825-1898)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Spain.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Espagne"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Espagne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Espagne" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a> (1852-1926)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a> (1814-1879)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_Eug%C3%A8ne_Haussmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges Eugène Haussmann">Georges Eugène Haussmann</a> (1809-1891)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_Wagner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto Wagner">Otto Wagner</a> (1841-1918)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Peintres">Peintres</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Peintres" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-width:15em;column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9raud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Béraud">Jean Béraud</a> (1849-1935)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Bouguereau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Bouguereau">William Bouguereau</a> (1825-1905)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Gustave Caillebotte</a> (1848-1894)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> (1839-1906)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodore Chassériau">Théodore Chassériau</a> (1819-1856)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Constable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Constable">John Constable</a> (1776-1837)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camille_Corot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Camille Corot">Camille Corot</a> (1796-1875)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustave_Courbet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a> (1819-1877)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a> (1808-1879)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edgar_Degas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a> (1834-1917)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> (1798-1863)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a> (1774-1840)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Gauguin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a> (1848-1903)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault</a> (1791-1824)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a> (1824-1904)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des Pays-Bas"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des Pays-Bas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des Pays-Bas" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> (1853-1890)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> (1832-1883)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a> (1814-1875)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Monet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> (1840-1926)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berthe_Morisot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berthe Morisot">Berthe Morisot</a> (1841-1895)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Norway.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Norvège"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Norvège" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Norvège" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edvard_Munch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a> (1863-1944)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camille_Pissarro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a> (1830-1903)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_Renoir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste Renoir">Auguste Renoir</a> (1841-1919)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Spain.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Espagne"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Espagne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Espagne" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francisco de Goya">Francisco de Goya</a> (1746-1828)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_Seurat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges Seurat">Georges Seurat</a> (1859-1891)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a> (1864-1901)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> (1748-1825)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Suisse"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Suisse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/18px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/18px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Suisse" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/27px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/36px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Soutter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Soutter">Louis Soutter</a> (1871-1942)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner">Joseph Mallord William Turner</a> (1775-1851)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horace_Vernet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horace Vernet">Horace Vernet</a> (1789-1863)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">James Abbott McNeill Whistler</a> (1834-1903)</li> </ul> </div> Voir aussi : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_peintres_fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Liste de peintres français">Peintres français du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Peintre_italien_du_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Peintre italien du XIXe siècle">Peintres italiens du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sculpteurs">Sculpteurs</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sculpteurs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camille_Claudel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camille Claudel">Camille Claudel</a> (1864-1943)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules_Dalou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules Dalou">Jules Dalou</a> (1838-1902)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_Rodin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> (1840-1917)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Compositeurs">Compositeurs</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Compositeurs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Spain.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Espagne"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Espagne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Espagne" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isaac_Albeniz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Albeniz">Isaac Albeniz</a> (1860-1909)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> (1770-1827)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hector_Berlioz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> (1803-1869)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_Bizet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a> (1838-1875)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Borodine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Borodine">Alexandre Borodine</a> (1833-1887)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Brahms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> (1833-1897)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anton_Bruckner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a> (1824-1896)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Poland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Pologne"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Pologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Pologne" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a> (1810-1849)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Debussy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> (1862-1918)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Tchéquie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Tchéquie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Tchéquie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a> (1841-1904)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a> (1845-1924)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="César Franck">César Franck</a> (1822-1890)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Gounod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a> (1818-1893)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Norway.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Norvège"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Norvège" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Norvège" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edvard_Grieg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a> (1843-1907)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Liszt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> (1811-1886)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustav_Mahler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> (1860-1911)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> (1809-1847)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modeste_Moussorgski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modeste Moussorgski">Modeste Moussorgski</a> (1839-1881)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a> (1819-1880)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Poland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Pologne"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Pologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Pologne" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Lituanie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Lituanie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Lituanie" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kleofas_Ogi%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michał Kleofas Ogiński">Michał Kleofas Ogiński</a> (1765-1833)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a> (1782-1840)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini_(1858-1924)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)">Giacomo Puccini</a> (1858-1924)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a> (1792-1868)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> (1835-1921)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_Schubert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand Schubert">Ferdinand Schubert</a> (1794-1859)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Schubert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a> (1797-1828)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Schumann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> (1810-1856)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piotr_Tcha%C3%AFkovski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Piotr Tchaïkovski">Piotr Tchaïkovski</a> (1840-1893)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> (1813-1901)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Wagner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> (1813-1883)</li> </ul> </div> Voir aussi : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_compositeurs_fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#N%C3%A9s_au_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Liste de compositeurs français">Compositeurs français du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Scientifiques">Scientifiques</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Scientifiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Becquerel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (1852-1908)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Bernard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1813-1878)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Boole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Boole">George Boole</a> (1815-1864)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie_Curie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1867-1934)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Curie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (1859-1906)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_Cuvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (1769-1832)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Dalton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (1766-1844)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Darwin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1809-1882)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Dedekind?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Dedekind">Richard Dedekind</a> (1831-1916)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Doppler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Doppler">Christian Doppler</a> (1803-1853)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> (1858-1917)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Edison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> (1847-1931)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Faraday?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (1791-1867)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1819-1868)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_Fresnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin Fresnel">Augustin Fresnel</a> (1788-1827)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89variste_Galois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évariste Galois">Évariste Galois</a> (1811-1832)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (1777-1855)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (1857-1894)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1818-1889)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (1831-1879)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregor_Mendel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> (1822-1884)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a> (1765-1833)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Sweden.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Suède"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Suède" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Suède" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_Nobel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> (1833-1896)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Pasteur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1822-1895)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> (1854-1912)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernhard Riemann">Bernhard Riemann</a> (1826-1866)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikola_Tesla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (1856-1943)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Russie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Russie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Russie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dimitri_Mendele%C3%AFev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitri Mendeleïev">Dimitri Mendeleïev</a> (1834-1907)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Explorateurs,_journalistes,_humanitaires">Explorateurs, journalistes, humanitaires</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Explorateurs, journalistes, humanitaires" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_de_Humboldt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre de Humboldt">Alexandre de Humboldt</a> (1769-1859)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Livingstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> (1813-1873)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Suisse"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Suisse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/18px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/18px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Suisse" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/27px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/36px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Dunant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Dunant">Henri Dunant</a> (1828-1910)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> (1841-1904)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary_Kingsley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary Kingsley">Mary Kingsley</a> (1862-1900)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Norway.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la Norvège"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la Norvège" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la Norvège" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roald_Amundsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> (1872-1928)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Économistes">Économistes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Économistes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_List?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a> (1789-1846)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Menger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a> (1840-1921)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Ricardo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> (1772-1823)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Philosophes">Philosophes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Philosophes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire russe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire russe" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Aleksandrovitch_Bakounine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhaïl Aleksandrovitch Bakounine">Mikhaïl Aleksandrovitch Bakounine</a> (1814-1876)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_Comte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> (1798-1857)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benjamin_Constant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a> (1767-1830)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> (1820-1895)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> (1770-1831)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Denmark.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Danemark"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Danemark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Danemark" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> (1813-1855)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allan_Kardec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a> (1804-1869)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> (1818-1883)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (1806-1873)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> (1844-1900)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Empire allemand" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> (1788-1860)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> (1805-1859)</li> </ul> </div> Voir : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophes,_par_ordre_chronologique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophes, par ordre chronologique">Philosophes du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Médecins,_psychologues">Médecins, psychologues</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Médecins, psychologues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Martin Charcot">Jean-Martin Charcot</a> (1825-1893)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de l'Autriche-Hongrie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sigmund_Freud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> (1856-1939)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume-Uni" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Nightingale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> (1820-1910)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religieux">Religieux</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Religieux" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <div style="column-count:3;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9on_XIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Léon XIII">Léon XIII</a> (1810-1903)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_de_Lisieux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thérèse de Lisieux">Thérèse de Lisieux</a> (1873-1897)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau de la France"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau de la France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau de la France" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ozanam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frédéric Ozanam">Frédéric Ozanam</a> (1813-1853)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_Papal_States_(1808-1870).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États pontificaux"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États pontificaux" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États pontificaux" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281808-1870%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pie_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pie VII">Pie VII</a> (1742-1823)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau du Royaume d'Italie" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pie_IX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pie IX">Pie IX</a> (1792-1878)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau des États-Unis"> <noscript> <img alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-width="20" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Smith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> (1805-1844)</li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Art_et_culture">Art et culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Art et culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Littérature">Littérature</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Littérature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_fran%C3%A7aise_du_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Littérature française du XIXe siècle">Littérature française du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li>Fin du siècle, développement de l'architecture métallique (ponts, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tour_Eiffel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tour Eiffel">tour Eiffel</a>, gares, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Palais_(Paris)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Palais (Paris)">Grand Palais</a>)</li> <li>Inauguration de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Garnier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opéra Garnier">opéra Garnier</a> à Paris en 1875.</li> <li>Construction des Châteaux Bardou-Job (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Valmy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Château de Valmy">Château de Valmy</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Aubiry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Château d'Aubiry">Château d'Aubiry</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Parc_Ducup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Château du Parc Ducup">Château du Parc Ducup de Saint Paul</a>)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Musique">Musique</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Musique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_romantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique romantique">Période romantique</a>.</li> <li>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_instrumentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique instrumentale">musique instrumentale</a> prend plus de place et d'amplitude par rapport à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_vocale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique vocale">musique vocale</a>, elle est plus libre et sort des conventions : marche des Davidsbûndler contre les Philistins (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Schumann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>).</li> <li>Un instrument prend une place très importante dans les œuvres musicales, et est utilisé par les compositeurs comme un instrument soliste avec ou sans orchestre : le piano (Chopin, Busoni, Liszt, etc.).</li> <li>Les ensembles de grandes dimensions se développent : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orchestres_symphoniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestres symphoniques">orchestres symphoniques</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlioz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlioz">Berlioz</a>).</li> <li>Apogée de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opéra">opéra</a>.</li> <li>Les concerts ou récitals se développent, ils s'adressent le plus souvent à un public bourgeois allant dans des salles de concert. Les instrumentistes cherchent à développer la virtuosité (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Liszt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paganini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganini">Paganini</a>).</li> <li>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_de_chambre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique de chambre">musique de chambre</a> se développe.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-comique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opéra-comique">Opéra-comique</a> dans la seconde moitié du siècle.</li> <li>En musique dite légère, c'est la naissance du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-concert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Café-concert">café-concert</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Peinture">Peinture</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Peinture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/260px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/260px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/390px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/520px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Liberté guidant le peuple">La Liberté guidant le peuple</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1830?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1830">1830</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div style="column-count:2;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9o-classicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néo-classicisme">Néo-classicisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romantisme">Romantisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Style_troubadour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Style troubadour">Style troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_acad%C3%A9mique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peinture académique">Peinture académique</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89clectisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éclectisme">Éclectisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Barbizon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="École de Barbizon">École de Barbizon</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luminisme_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luminisme aux États-Unis">Luminisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9alisme_(peinture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réalisme (peinture)">Réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orientalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orientalisme">Orientalisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturalisme_(peinture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturalisme (peinture)">Naturalisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impressionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impressionnisme">Impressionnisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbolisme_(art)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbolisme (art)">Symbolisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Metz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="École de Metz">École de Metz</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postimpressionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postimpressionnisme">Postimpressionnisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Pont-Aven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="École de Pont-Aven">École de Pont-Aven</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pointillisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pointillisme">Pointillisme</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Photographie">Photographie</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Photographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Invention de la photographie par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Daguerre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a>. Première image photographique réalisée par Niépce en 1827. Diffusion du procédé photographique en France par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Arago">François Arago</a>, associé à Daguerre, en 1833. En Angleterre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Henry_Fox_Talbot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Henry Fox Talbot">William Henry Fox Talbot</a> invente le négatif, permettant la reproduction des images. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Inventions,_découvertes,_introductions">Inventions, découvertes, introductions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Inventions, découvertes, introductions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Voir : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_des_techniques_(chronologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoire des techniques (chronologie)">Inventions au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_inventions_am%C3%A9ricaines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste des inventions américaines">Inventions américaines au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inventions_fran%C3%A7aises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ann%C3%A9es_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions françaises">Inventions françaises au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Physique">Physique</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Physique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1842_en_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1842 en science">1842</a> : Invention de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9sistance_des_mat%C3%A9riaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Résistance des matériaux">résistance des matériaux</a> par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a>.</li> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Optique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Optique">optique</a> moderne par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_Fresnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin Fresnel">Augustin Fresnel</a>.</li> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectromagn%C3%A9tisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électromagnétisme">électromagnétisme</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Force_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Force électromagnétique">force électromagnétique</a> (1820/1864).</li> <li>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermodynamique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermodynamique">thermodynamique</a>.</li> <li>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rayon_X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rayon X">rayons X</a> par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Becquerel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Techniques_(hors_information)">Techniques (hors information)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Techniques (hors information)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Les applications de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électricité">électricité</a> se traduisirent par de nombreux développements techniques : <ul> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ampoule_%C3%A9lectrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampoule électrique">ampoule électrique</a> à incandescence, par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Swan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Edison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>.</li> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ascenseur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ascenseur">ascenseur</a>.</li> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gratte-ciel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gratte-ciel">gratte-ciel</a> à structure d'acier.</li> </ul> Également : <ul> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pneumatique_(v%C3%A9hicule)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pneumatique (véhicule)">pneumatique</a> qui permet le réel développement du transport routier.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1801?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1801">1801</a> : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9tier_%C3%A0_tisser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Métier à tisser">métier à tisser</a> automatique (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9tier_Jacquard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Métier Jacquard">métier Jacquard</a>), par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Joseph Marie Jacquard</a> ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1865?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1865">1865</a> : procédé de conservation par le froid, grâce à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ammoniac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ammoniac">ammoniac</a> liquéfié, par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Tellier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Tellier">Charles Tellier</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Technologies_de_diffusion_d'information">Technologies de diffusion d'information</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Technologies de diffusion d'information" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Voir : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Histoire des télécommunications">Télécommunications au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a> <ul> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet_Morse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabet Morse">alphabet Morse</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Morse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a>).</li> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphe_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Télégraphe">télégraphe</a> électrique : <ul> <li>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1832?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1832">1832</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Morse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> s'inspira des travaux de ses prédécesseurs pour inventer un système simple et robuste.</li> <li>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1838?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1838">1838</a>, le premier <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Télégraphe">télégraphe</a> électrique fut construit par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Wheatstone">Wheatstone</a>, et fonctionna entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londres">Londres</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birmingham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>.</li> <li>Câble télégraphique entre l'Angleterre et la France (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1851?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1851">1851</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2ble_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphique_transatlantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Câble télégraphique transatlantique">Câble transatlantique</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1858?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1858">1858</a>).</li> <li>Ce furent parmi les premiers systèmes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Télécommunications">télécommunications</a>.</li> </ul></li> <li>L'invention du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Téléphone">téléphone</a> est attribuée à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1876?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1876">1876</a>), disputée par l'Italien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Meucci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a>.</li> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phonographe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phonographe">phonographe</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Edison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1877">1877</a>).</li> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microphone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microphone">microphone</a> : <ul> <li>Premier microphone inventé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Berliner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Émile Berliner">Émile Berliner</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1877">1877</a>).</li> <li>Invention du premier microphone réellement utilisable par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>.</li> </ul></li> <li>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radiot%C3%A9l%C3%A9phonie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radiotéléphonie">transmission</a> par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radiodiffusion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radiodiffusion">radio</a>, appelée au départ « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphie_sans_fil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Télégraphie sans fil">télégraphie sans fil</a> » (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a>) en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1895?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1895">1895</a>.</li> <li>La presse à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotative">rotative</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imprimerie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imprimerie">imprimerie</a> (à vérifier).</li> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cin%C3%A9matographe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinématographe">cinématographe</a>, par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_Lumi%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frères Lumière">frères Lumière</a>. <ul> <li>Le projecteur cinématographique.</li> </ul></li> <li>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte_perfor%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte perforée">carte perforée</a> (allemand <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herman_Hollerith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a>), utilisée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1890?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1890">1890</a> pour le premier <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recensement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Recensement">recensement</a> américain. C'est le début de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9canographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mécanographie">mécanographie</a>, ancêtre de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Informatique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Informatique">informatique</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transports">Transports</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Transports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemin_de_fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemin de fer">chemin de fer</a></li> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Automobile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Automobile">automobile</a></li> <li>Les premiers <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C3%A9roplane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aéroplane">aéroplanes</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avion">avions</a> (terminologie à discuter) : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a>, précurseur de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aviation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aviation">aviation</a>, réalisa 3 appareils : l'Éole (l'Avion), le Zéphyr (Avion II) et l'Aquilon (Avion III) entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1890?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1890">1890</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1897?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1897">1897</a>.</li> <li>Son premier vol sur 50 mètres à 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="centimètre">cm</abbr> du sol aurait eu lieu le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1890-10-09" data-sort-value="1890-10-09">9 octobre 1890</time> dans le parc du château de Gretz-Armainvilliers à l'est de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris">Paris</a>, aux commandes de l'Éole.</li> </ul></li> <li>le ballon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dirigeable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigeable">dirigeable</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeppelin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> : principes de construction en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1895?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1895">1895</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santos-Dumont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Santos-Dumont">Santos-Dumont</a>.</li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Biologie">Biologie</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Biologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg/180px-Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg/180px-Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg/270px-Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg/360px-Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Darwin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaccin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vaccin">vaccin</a> : premier vaccin contre la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rage_(maladie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rage (maladie)">rage</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Pasteur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>).</li> <li>La première théorie d'un mécanisme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89volution_(biologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évolution (biologie)">biologique de l'évolution</a>.</li> <li>La découverte des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antibiotique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antibiotique">antibiotiques</a>.</li> <li>La technique de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clonage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clonage">clonage non reproductif</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Médecine">Médecine</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Médecine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li>Invention du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C3%A9thoscope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stéthoscope">stéthoscope</a> en France, par le docteur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Laennec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="René Laennec">René Laennec</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1816?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1816">1816</a>).</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Géologie">Géologie</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Géologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li>Au cours du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle, les différentes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strate_(g%C3%A9ologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strate (géologie)">couches de roches</a> sédimentaires ont été identifiées et classées dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_g%C3%A9ologique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Période géologique">périodes géologiques</a> que nous connaissons aujourd'hui.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Musique_2">Musique</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Musique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piano">piano</a> moderne.</li> <li>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxophone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a>.</li> <li>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accord%C3%A9on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Accordéon">accordéon</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Explorations">Explorations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Explorations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chronologie_des_explorations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Chronologie des explorations">Explorations au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Économie_et_société">Économie et société</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Économie et société" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li>Généralisation à la plus grande partie de l'Europe continentale et aux États-Unis de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_industrielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution industrielle">révolution industrielle</a>.</li> <li>Développement des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemins_de_fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemins de fer">chemins de fer</a>.</li> <li>Levée par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique_romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Église catholique romaine">Église catholique romaine</a> de l'interdiction du prêt à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt_(finance)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intérêt (finance)">intérêt</a>.</li> <li>Développement du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crédit">crédit</a> dans la deuxième moitié du siècle.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Spiritualité_et_religions">Spiritualité et religions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Spiritualité et religions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul> <li>Naissance et essor du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiritisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiritisme">spiritisme</a>.</li> <li>Déclin de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L'anglicanisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="L'anglicanisme (page inexistante)">l'anglicanisme</a> en Angleterre et du catholicisme en France (sauf sous l'empire napoléonien et sous la Restauration où la religion est remise en avant dans le champ politique).</li> <li>Aux États-Unis, forte montée de groupes évangélistes (fondation de l'Eglise des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_J%C3%A9sus-Christ_des_saints_des_derniers_jours?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église de Jésus-Christ des saints des derniers jours">Mormons</a> dans les années 1830).</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Autre">Autre</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Autre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul> <li>Depuis la mort de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nabi_Tajima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nabi Tajima">Nabi Tajima</a> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-04-21" data-sort-value="2018-04-21">21 avril 2018</time>, il ne reste plus personne née au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="Notes_et_références">Notes et références</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> Jours juliens à 0h du premier jour et à 24h du dernier jour.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.patricklecoq.fr/convert/cnv_calendar.html">Le convertisseur de calendrier</a></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> Hobsbawm, Eric John, 1917- ..., Pineau, Jean-Claude, 19..-... angliciste. et Impr. Jouve) (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr> de l'anglais), <cite class="italique">L'ère des révolutions</cite>, Paris, Pluriel, dl 2011, 432 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8185-0187-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8185-0187-0">978-2-8185-0187-0</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2818501873?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2818501873">2818501873</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/fr/title/762753906">762753906</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/762753906">lire en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A8re+des+r%C3%A9volutions&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Pluriel&rft.aulast=...&rft.aufirst=Hobsbawm%2C+Eric+John%2C+1917-&rft.au=angliciste.%2C+Pineau%2C+Jean-Claude%2C+19..-...&rft.au=Jouve%29%2C+Impr.&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=432&rft.isbn=978-2-8185-0187-0&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F762753906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle">.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> CARON ( Jean – Claude ) et VERNUS ( Michel ), <cite class="italique">L’Europe au 19e siècle. Des nations aux nationalismes (1815 – 1914)</cite>, Paris, A. Colin, <time>2011</time>, 493 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2_-200-24901-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2 -200-24901-4">978-2 -200-24901-4</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 316, 317, 318<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%E2%80%99Europe+au+19e+si%C3%A8cle.+Des+nations+aux+nationalismes+%281815+%E2%80%93+1914%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Colin&rft.aulast=Jean+%E2%80%93+Claude+%29+et+VERNUS+%28+Michel+%29&rft.aufirst=CARON+%28&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=316%2C+317%2C+318&rft.tpages=493&rft.isbn=978-2+-200-24901-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : ???">(langue non reconnue : france)</abbr> CARON ( Jean – Claude ) et VERNUS ( Michel ), <cite class="italique">L’Europe au 19e siècle. Des nations aux nationalismes (1815 – 1914)</cite>, Paris, A. Colin, <time>2011</time>, 493 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> (ISBN 978-2 -200-24901-4)[à vérifier : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_avec_ISBN_invalide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Page avec ISBN invalide">ISBN invalide</a>]), <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 316, 317, 318<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%E2%80%99Europe+au+19e+si%C3%A8cle.+Des+nations+aux+nationalismes+%281815+%E2%80%93+1914%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Colin&rft.aulast=Jean+%E2%80%93+Claude+%29+et+VERNUS+%28+Michel+%29&rft.aufirst=CARON+%28&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=316%2C+317%2C+318&rft.tpages=493&rft.isbn=%28ISBN+978-2+-200-24901-4%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> CARON ( Jean – Claude ) et VERNUS ( Michel ), <cite class="italique">L’Europe au 19e siècle. Des nations aux nationalismes (1815 – 1914)</cite>, Paris, A. Colin, <time>2011</time>, 493 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2_-200-24901-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2 -200-24901-4">978-2 -200-24901-4</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 316, 317, 318<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%E2%80%99Europe+au+19e+si%C3%A8cle.+Des+nations+aux+nationalismes+%281815+%E2%80%93+1914%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Colin&rft.aulast=Jean+%E2%80%93+Claude+%29+et+VERNUS+%28+Michel+%29&rft.aufirst=CARON+%28&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=316%2C+317%2C+318&rft.tpages=493&rft.isbn=978-2+-200-24901-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> Kevin Shillington, <cite class="italique">Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set</cite>, Routledge, <time>2013</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781135456702?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781135456702">9781135456702</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DumyHqvAErOAC%26pg%3DPA855">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History+3-Volume+Set&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135456702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> Dominique Malaquais, <cite class="italique">Architecture, pouvoir et dissidence au Cameroun</cite>, Karthala, <time>2002</time> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782811121648?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782811121648">9782811121648</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPM-oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT142">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture%2C+pouvoir+et+dissidence+au+Cameroun&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.aulast=Malaquais&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9782811121648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> Jean Rouch, <cite class="italique">Les cavaliers aux vautours. Les conquêtes zerma dans le Gurunsi (1856-1900)</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 60, Journal des africanistes, <time>1990</time> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jafr_0399-0346_1990_num_60_2_2449">présentation en ligne</a>), <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 8<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+cavaliers+aux+vautours.+Les+conqu%C3%AAtes+zerma+dans+le+Gurunsi+%281856-1900%29&rft.pub=Journal+des+africanistes&rft.aulast=Rouch&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Voir par exemple les deux cartes, datées de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1880?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1880">1880</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1914">1914</a>, de l'ouvrage collectif Histoire du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle, sous la direction de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serge_Berstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serge Berstein">Serge Berstein</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Milza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Milza">Pierre Milza</a>, édition Hatier, 1995, page 499</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> Cole Harris, <cite class="italique">Le pays revêche</cite>, Québec, Presses de l'Univerté Laval, <time>2012</time>, 459 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+pays+rev%C3%AAche&rft.place=Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Univert%C3%A9+Laval&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Cole&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> Michel Ducharme, <cite class="italique">Le concept de liberté au Canada à l'époque des Révolutions atlantiques</cite>, Montréal et Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press, <time>2010</time>, 350 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+concept+de+libert%C3%A9+au+Canada+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+des+R%C3%A9volutions+atlantiques&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al+et+Kingston&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.aulast=Ducharme&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:19th_century?uselang%3Dfr">Le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a>, sur Wikimedia Commons</li> <li class="wikisource"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Cat%25C3%25A9gorie:XIXe_si%25C3%25A8cle" class="extiw" title="s:Catégorie:XIXe siècle">Textes du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</a>, sur Wikisource</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=52&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serge_Berstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serge Berstein">Serge Berstein</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Milza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Milza">Pierre Milza</a> (dir.), Histoire du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle, Paris, Hatier, coll. « Initial », 1995.</li> <li>Francis Démier, La France du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle, 1814-1914, Paris, Points, coll. « Histoire », 2000.</li> <li>Jean Garrigues, Philippe Lacombrade, La France au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle : 1814-1914, Paris, Armand Colin, coll. « U », 2015, 374 p.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominique_Kalifa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominique Kalifa">Dominique Kalifa</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), Philippe Régnier (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), Marie-Ève Therenty (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>) et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alain_Vaillant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alain Vaillant">Alain Vaillant</a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique">La Civilisation du journal : histoire culturelle et littéraire de la presse française au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_Monde_%C3%89ditions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau Monde Éditions">Nouveau Monde Éditions</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Opus Magnum », <time>2011</time>, 1762 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84736-543-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84736-543-6">978-2-84736-543-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://journals.openedition.org/rh19/4522">présentation en ligne</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Civilisation+du+journal&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Nouveau+Monde+%C3%89ditions&rft.stitle=histoire+culturelle+et+litt%C3%A9raire+de+la+presse+fran%C3%A7aise+au+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%2219%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22%3EXIX%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3A72%25%22%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.aulast=Kalifa&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=R%C3%A9gnier%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Therenty%2C+Marie-%C3%88ve&rft.au=Vaillant%2C+Alain&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=1762&rft.isbn=978-2-84736-543-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle">, [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cairn.info/revue-questions-de-communication-2013-1-page-452.htm">présentation en ligne</a>], [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2012/02/02/la-civilisation-du-journal-histoire-culturelle-et-litteraire-de-la-presse-francaise-au-xixe-siecle_1637648_3260.html">présentation en ligne</a>], [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.revue-etudes.com/critiques-de-livres/la-civilisation-du-journal/14530">présentation en ligne</a>].</li> <li>Jean-Claude Yon, Histoire culturelle de la France au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle, Armand Colin, coll. « U », 2010, 320 p.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sylvain_Venayre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sylvain Venayre">Sylvain Venayre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Singarav%C3%A9lou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Singaravélou">Pierre Singaravélou</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire du Monde au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>, <time>2017</time>, 740 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-213-67719-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-213-67719-4">978-2-213-67719-4</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Monde+au+XIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.aulast=Venayre&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rft.date=2017&rft.tpages=740&rft.isbn=978-2-213-67719-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle">.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolas_Delalande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolas Delalande">Nicolas Delalande</a>, Blaise Truong-Loï, <cite class="italique">Histoire politique du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presses_de_Sciences_Po?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presses de Sciences Po">Presses de Sciences Po</a>, <time>2021</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 422<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+politique+du+XIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Presses+de+Sciences+Po&rft.aulast=Delalande&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.date=2021&rft.pages=422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIXe+si%C3%A8cle"></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=XIXe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=53&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/19de_eeu" title="19de eeu – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="19de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._Jahrhundert" title="19. Jahrhundert – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="19. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25E1%258A%259B%25E1%258B%258D_%25E1%2588%259D%25E1%258B%2595%25E1%2589%25B0_%25E1%258B%2593%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%2589%25B5" title="19ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="19ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_XIX" title="Sieglo XIX – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo XIX" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586_19" title="القرن 19 – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 19" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1" title="القرن التسعتاشر – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن التسعتاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XIX" title="Sieglu XIX – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XIX" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D0%25B3%25D3%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2580%25D1%2583" title="XIX гӀасру – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="XIX гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-eafa_decemda" title="19-eafa decemda – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="19-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25C9%2599sr" title="XIX əsr – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XIX əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%25B1%25DB%25B9._%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%2584" title="۱۹. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۹. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D0%25B1%25D1%258B%25D1%2583%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="XIX быуат – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XIX быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-19" title="Abad ka-19 – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-19" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_om%25C5%25BEios" title="XIX omžios – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="XIX omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5" title="XIX стагоддзе – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XIX стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B7%25D1%258C%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5" title="XIX стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XIX стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA" title="19 век – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="19 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B6_%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2580" title="উনবিংশ শতাব্দী – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উনবিংশ শতাব্দী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIXvet_kantved" title="XIXvet kantved – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XIXvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._vijek" title="19. vijek – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="19. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XIX" title="Segle XIX – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XIX" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_si%25C3%25A9-g%25C4%25AB" title="19 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="19 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D0%25B1%25D3%2580%25D0%25B5%25D1%2588%25D0%25BE" title="XIX бӀешо – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="XIX бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_19" title="Siglo 19 – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Siglo 19" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25DB%2595%25D8%25AF%25DB%2595%25DB%258C_%25D9%25A1%25D9%25A9%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D9%2585" title="سەدەی ١٩یەم – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ١٩یەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._stolet%25C3%25AD" title="19. století – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="19. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25C4%2595%25D0%25BC%25C4%2595%25D1%2580" title="XIX ĕмĕр – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="XIX ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/19eg_ganrif" title="19eg ganrif – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="19eg ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._%25C3%25A5rhundrede" title="19. århundrede – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="19. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._Jahrhundert" title="19. Jahrhundert – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="19. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_19%25C4%25B1ne" title="Seserra 19ıne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 19ıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582_%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B9%25CF%258E%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%25CF%2582" title="19ος αιώνας – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="19ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_s%25C3%25A9col" title="XIX sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="XIX sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="19th century" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-a_jarcento" title="19-a jarcento – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="19-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIX" title="Siglo XIX – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XIX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._sajand" title="19. sajand – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="19. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX._mendea" title="XIX. mendea – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XIX. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_XIX" title="Sigru XIX – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru XIX" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587_%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587%25D9%2585_%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C" title="سده نوزدهم میلادی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده نوزدهم میلادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800-luku" title="1800-luku – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1800-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._aastagasada" title="19. aastagasada – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="19. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._%25C3%25B8ld" title="19. øld – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="19. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX%25C3%25A9mo_si%25C3%25A8cllo" title="XIXémo siècllo – francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="XIXémo siècllo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._juarhunert" title="19. juarhunert – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="19. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/19e_iuw" title="19e iuw – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="19e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25C3%25BA_haois" title="19ú haois – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="19ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25B4%2580" title="19世紀 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="19世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/19mh_Linn" title="19mh Linn – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="19mh Linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9culo_XIX" title="Século XIX – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século XIX" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/19oo_eash" title="19oo eash – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="19oo eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%259E%25D7%2590%25D7%2594_%25D7%2594-19" title="המאה ה-19 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-19" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2589%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%2582_%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2580" title="उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="19th century" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._stolje%25C4%2587e" title="19. stoljeće – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="19. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIXe_sy%25C3%25A8k" title="XIXe syèk – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="XIXe syèk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._sz%25C3%25A1zad" title="19. század – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="19. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-%25D6%2580%25D5%25A4_%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580" title="19-րդ դար – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="19-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_19" title="Seculo 19 – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 19" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-19" title="Abad ke-19 – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-19" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D0%25B1%25D3%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D1%2583" title="XIX бӀаьшу – ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="XIX бӀаьшу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/19ma_yarcento" title="19ma yarcento – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="19ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._%25C3%25B6ldin" title="19. öldin – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="19. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_secolo" title="XIX secolo – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XIX secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25B4%2580" title="19世紀 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="19世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/18xyxymoi" title="18xyxymoi – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="18xyxymoi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_19" title="Abad ping 19 – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 19" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594" title="XIX საუკუნე – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="XIX საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lqern_wis_19" title="Lqern wis 19 – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lqern wis 19" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D2%2593%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2580" title="XIX ғасыр – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XIX ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25EC%2584%25B8%25EA%25B8%25B0" title="19세기 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="19세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_19an" title="Sedsala 19an – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 19an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D0%25BD%25D1%258D%25D0%25BC" title="XIX нэм – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="XIX нэм" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/19ves_kansbledhen" title="19ves kansbledhen – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="19ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_19" title="Saeculum 19 – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 19" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._Joerhonnert" title="19. Joerhonnert – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="19. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2588_%25D0%25B9%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581" title="XIX виш йис – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="XIX виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_19" title="Sentenio 19 – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 19" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negentiende_iew" title="Negentiende iew – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Negentiende iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_secolo" title="XIX secolo – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="XIX secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9cul_XIX" title="Sécul XIX – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sécul XIX" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%2584%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%2595%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%2595%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B5%25E0%25BB%2588_19" title="ຄິດຕະສະຕະວັດທີ່ 19 – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄິດຕະສະຕະວັດທີ່ 19" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_am%25C5%25BEius" title="XIX amžius – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIX amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_godu_symts" title="19 godu symts – latgalien" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="19 godu symts" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgalien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._gadsimts" title="19. gadsimts – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="19. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-19" title="Abad kaping-19 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-19" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC" title="XIX курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="XIX курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_19" title="Rautau 19 – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 19" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA" title="19 век – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="19 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258A%25E0%25B5%25BB%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%2582_%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%2582%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25A3%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D" title="പത്തൊൻപതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ട് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പത്തൊൻപതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-%25D1%2580_%25D0%25B7%25D1%2583%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="19-р зуун – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="19-р зуун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587.%25E0%25A4%25B8.%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2587_%25E0%25A5%25A7%25E0%25A5%25AF_%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A5%2587_%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%2595" title="इ.स.चे १९ वे शतक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १९ वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-19" title="Abad ke-19 – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-19" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2581%2581%25E1%2581%2589_%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25BA" title="၁၉ ရာစုနှစ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၉ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5" title="XIX пинге – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="XIX пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_XIX" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XIX – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XIX" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_seculo" title="XIX seculo – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="XIX seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._Johrhunnert" title="19. Johrhunnert – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="19. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/19e_eeuw" title="19e eeuw – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="19e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/19e_eeuw" title="19e eeuw – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="19e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800-talet" title="1800-talet – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1800-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._%25C3%25A5rhundre" title="19. århundre – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="19. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/19esmi_sekle" title="19esmi sekle – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="19esmi sekle" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIXe_s." title="XIXe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="XIXe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_19" title="Ngwagakgolo 19 – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 19" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A8gle_XIX" title="Sègle XIX – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XIX" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25C3%25A6%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583%25D1%2581" title="XIX æнус – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="XIX æнус" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%2582_%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25A6%25E0%25A9%2580" title="19ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="19ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_19" title="Siglo 19 – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siglo 19" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_wiek" title="XIX wiek – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XIX wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DB%2581%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25DA%25BA_%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C" title="انیہويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انیہويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9culo_XIX" title="Século XIX – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XIX" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_%25C3%25B1iqin_pachakwata" title="19 ñiqin pachakwata – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="19 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/19avel_tschientaner" title="19avel tschientaner – romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="19avel tschientaner" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XIX-lea" title="Secolul al XIX-lea – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XIX-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA" title="XIX век – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XIX век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX._%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0" title="XIX. стороча – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="XIX. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D2%25AF%25D0%25B9%25D1%258D" title="XIX үйэ – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="XIX үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A8culu_XIX" title="Sèculu XIX – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu XIX" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/19t_century" title="19t century – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="19t century" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800-lohku_(jahke%25C4%258Duohti)" title="1800-lohku (jahkečuohti) – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1800-lohku (jahkečuohti)" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._vijek" title="19. vijek – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="19. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2582%2581%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2581%25A2%25E1%2581%25B5%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2587_19" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 19 – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 19" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B6%25B1_%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%2583" title="19 වන සියවස – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="19 වන සියවස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="19th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._storo%25C4%258Die" title="19. storočie – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="19. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._stoletje" title="19. stoletje – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="19. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XIX" title="Shekulli XIX – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XIX" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA" title="19. век – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="19. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._Jierhunnert" title="19. Jierhunnert – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="19. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-19" title="Abad ka-19 – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-19" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800-talet" title="1800-talet – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1800-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_19" title="Karne ya 19 – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 19" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_stole%25C4%2587e" title="XIX stoleće – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="XIX stoleće" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-%25E0%25AE%2586%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%2582%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2581" title="19-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="19-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_%25E0%25B0%25B5_%25E0%25B0%25B6%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25AC%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25A6%25E0%25B0%2582" title="19 వ శతాబ్దం – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="19 వ శతాబ్దం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B8_XIX" title="Садаи XIX – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XIX" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588_19" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-njy_asyr" title="19-njy asyr – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="19-njy asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-19_na_dantaon" title="Ika-19 na dantaon – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-19 na dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasoron%25D3%2599_19" title="Sasoronә 19 – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sasoronә 19" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/19._y%25C3%25BCzy%25C4%25B1l" title="19. yüzyıl – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="19. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2580" title="XIX гасыр – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XIX гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_-_%25D8%25A6%25DB%2595%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589%25D8%25B1" title="19 - ئەسىر – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="19 - ئەسىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D1%2582%25D1%258F" title="XIX століття – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XIX століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25DA%25BA_%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C" title="انیسویں صدی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انیسویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_asr" title="XIX asr – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="XIX asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_seco%25C5%2582o" title="XIX secoło – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XIX secoło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%25E1%25BA%25BF_k%25E1%25BB%25B7_19" title="Thế kỷ 19 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 19" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumyel_19id" title="Tumyel 19id – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tumyel 19id" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/19inme_sieke" title="19inme sieke – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="19inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-19_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-19 nga gatostuig – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-19 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25BA%25AA" title="19世纪 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="19世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A8%25E1%2583%25AC%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590" title="XIX ოშწანურა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="XIX ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25D7%2598%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8_%25D7%2599%2522%25D7%2594" title="19טער י"ה – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="19טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/19e_e%25C3%25AAuw" title="19e eêuw – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="19e eêuw" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25BA%25AA" title="19世纪 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="19世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_s%25C3%25A8-k%25C3%25AD" title="19 sè-kí – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="19 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/19%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25B4%2580" title="19世紀 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="19世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 23 novembre 2024 à 15:47.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence 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