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class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hallucinogenic salve used in the practice of witchcraft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" 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Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Flying+ointment%22">"Flying ointment"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Flying+ointment%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Flying+ointment%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Flying+ointment%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Flying+ointment%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Flying+ointment%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparation_for_the_Witches%27_Sabbath_(David_Teniers_II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Preparation_for_the_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28David_Teniers_II%29.jpg/290px-Preparation_for_the_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28David_Teniers_II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Preparation_for_the_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28David_Teniers_II%29.jpg/435px-Preparation_for_the_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28David_Teniers_II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Preparation_for_the_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28David_Teniers_II%29.jpg/580px-Preparation_for_the_Witches%27_Sabbath_%28David_Teniers_II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption><i>Preparation for the Witches' Sabbath</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Younger" title="David Teniers the Younger">David Teniers the Younger</a>. Note on the left an older witch reading from a <a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">grimoire</a> while anointing the buttocks of a young witch about to fly to the sabbath upon an inverted <a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a> with a candle upon its twigs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_witches%27_Sabbath,_by_Frans_Francken_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_witches%27_Sabbath%2C_by_Frans_Francken_II.jpg/290px-The_witches%27_Sabbath%2C_by_Frans_Francken_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_witches%27_Sabbath%2C_by_Frans_Francken_II.jpg/435px-The_witches%27_Sabbath%2C_by_Frans_Francken_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_witches%27_Sabbath%2C_by_Frans_Francken_II.jpg/580px-The_witches%27_Sabbath%2C_by_Frans_Francken_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5723" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frans_Francken_the_Younger" title="Frans Francken the Younger">Frans Francken the Younger</a>. Note on extreme right pots of magic ointment and older witch applying ointment to back of naked younger witch</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Flying ointment</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogens#Deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinogens">hallucinogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ointment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ointment">ointment</a> said to have been used by <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches</a> in the practice of <a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft</a> from at least as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> period, when detailed recipes for such preparations were first recorded and when their usage spread to colonial North America. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ointment is known by a wide variety of names, including <b>witches' flying ointment</b>, <b>green ointment</b>, <b>magic <a href="/wiki/Salve" title="Salve">salve</a></b>, or <b><a href="/wiki/Lycanthropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycanthropic">lycanthropic</a> ointment</b>. In German it was <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hexensalbe</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">witch salve</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Flugsalbe</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">flying salve</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> names included <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">unguentum sabbati</i></span> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Witches' sabbath">sabbath</a> <a href="/wiki/Unguent" title="Unguent">unguent</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">unguentum pharelis</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">unguentum populi</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> unguent</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">unguenta somnifera</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sleeping unguent</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg/220px-Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg/330px-Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg/440px-Illustration_Atropa_bella-donna0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>Ingredient: Deadly Nightshade, <i><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:239_Hyoscyamus_niger_L.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/239_Hyoscyamus_niger_L.jpg/220px-239_Hyoscyamus_niger_L.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/239_Hyoscyamus_niger_L.jpg/330px-239_Hyoscyamus_niger_L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/239_Hyoscyamus_niger_L.jpg/440px-239_Hyoscyamus_niger_L.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Ingredient: Black Henbane, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goya_-_Caprichos_(68).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goya_-_Caprichos_%2868%29.jpg/220px-Goya_-_Caprichos_%2868%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goya_-_Caprichos_%2868%29.jpg/330px-Goya_-_Caprichos_%2868%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goya_-_Caprichos_%2868%29.jpg/440px-Goya_-_Caprichos_%2868%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Witches flying to the Sabbath: Capricho No. 68: <i>Linda maestra</i> (Pretty teacher) by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a> – from the series <a href="/wiki/Los_Caprichos" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Caprichos">Los Caprichos</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Poisonous ingredients listed in works on ethnobotany include: <a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropa belladonna">belladonna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scopolia_carniolica" title="Scopolia carniolica">henbane bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datura_stramonium" title="Datura stramonium">jimson weed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">black henbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandragora_(genus)" title="Mandragora (genus)">mandrake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conium_maculatum" title="Conium maculatum">hemlock</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Aconitum" title="Aconitum">wolfsbane</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which contain <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">hyoscyamine</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">scopolamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scopolamine can cause psychotropic effects when absorbed <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Tropane_alkaloid#Classification" title="Tropane alkaloid">tropane alkaloids</a> are classified as <a href="/wiki/Deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Deliriants">deliriants</a> in regards to their <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive">psychoactive</a> effects. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> (attributed as "Lord Verulam") listed the ingredients of the witches ointment as "<a href="/wiki/Human_fat" title="Human fat">the fat of children</a> digged out of their graves, of juices of <a href="/wiki/Celery#Wild" title="Celery">smallage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aconitum" title="Aconitum">wolfe-bane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potentilla" title="Potentilla">cinque foil</a>, mingled with the meal of <a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">fine wheat</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extreme_toxicity_of_active_ingredients">Extreme toxicity of active ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extreme toxicity of active ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the exception of <i><a href="/wiki/Potentilla_reptans" title="Potentilla reptans">Potentilla reptans</a></i>, the plants most frequently recorded as ingredients in Early Modern recipes for flying ointments are extremely toxic<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have caused numerous fatalities when eaten,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether by confusion with edible species<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in cases of criminal poisoning<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian, <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theosophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophist">theosophist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Kiesewetter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Kiesewetter (page does not exist)">Carl Kiesewetter</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Kiesewetter" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Kiesewetter">de</a>]</span> of <a href="/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a>, author of <i>Geschichte des Neueren Occultismus</i> in 1892 and <i>Die Geheimwissenschaften, eine Kulturgeschichte der Esoterik</i> in 1895, was one such casualty.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bodily_flight_versus_flight_in_spirit">Bodily flight versus flight in spirit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bodily flight versus flight in spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He little knows the Devil who does believe that witches and wizards can be borne through the air at wondrous speed to far distant places and there hold revels, dances and suchlike with folk of the same type<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the mediaeval witch-ointments...brought visionary beings into the presence of the patient, transported him to the witches' sabbath, enabled him to turn into a beast.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Magic ointments...produced effects which the subjects themselves believed in, even stating that they had intercourse with evil spirits, had been at the Sabbat and danced on the <a href="/wiki/Brocken" title="Brocken">Brocken</a> with their lovers...The peculiar hallucinations evoked by the drug had been so powerfully transmitted from the subconscious mind to consciousness that mentally uncultivated persons...believed them to be reality.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It has been a subject of discussion between clergymen as to whether witches were able physically to fly to <a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">the Sabbath</a> on their <a href="/wiki/Besom_broom" class="mw-redirect" title="Besom broom">brooms</a> with help of the ointment, or whether such 'flight' was explicable in other ways: a delusion created by the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a> in the minds of the witches; the souls of the witches leaving their bodies to fly in spirit to the Sabbath; or a hallucinatory 'trip' facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">entheogenic</a> effects of potent drugs absorbed through the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early proponent of the last explanation was <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> scholar and scientist <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_della_Porta" title="Giambattista della Porta">Giambattista della Porta</a>, who not only interviewed users of the flying ointment, but witnessed its effects upon such users at first hand, comparing the deathlike trances he observed in his subjects with their subsequent accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Bacchanalia" title="Bacchanalia">bacchanalian</a> revelry they had 'enjoyed'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (book II, chapter XXVI, "Lamiarum vnguenta,") </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Body_in_coma_and_riding_on_beasts">Body in coma and riding on beasts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Body in coma and riding on beasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flying_ointment" title="Special:EditPage/Flying ointment">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexen_bereiten_eine_magische_Salbe_zu.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hexen_bereiten_eine_magische_Salbe_zu.jpeg/290px-Hexen_bereiten_eine_magische_Salbe_zu.jpeg" decoding="async" width="290" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hexen_bereiten_eine_magische_Salbe_zu.jpeg/435px-Hexen_bereiten_eine_magische_Salbe_zu.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hexen_bereiten_eine_magische_Salbe_zu.jpeg/580px-Hexen_bereiten_eine_magische_Salbe_zu.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="2868" /></a><figcaption>Witches prepare a magic salve. Note naked witch top left riding through the air mounted upon a goat. (<a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a>, 1571)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>anointing themselves with certain unguents...they are carried by night through the air to distant lands to do certain black magic...but nothing of this is true, though they think it to be...<i>while they are thus dead and cold, they have no more feeling than a corpse and may be scourged and burnt</i>; but after the time agreed upon...their senses are liberated, they arise well and merry, relate what they have done, and bring news from other lands.[Italics not original]<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> churchman <a href="/wiki/Bartolommeo_Spina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolommeo Spina">Bartolommeo Spina</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> gives two accounts of the power of the flying ointment in his <i>Tractatus de strigibus sive maleficis</i> ('Treatise on witches or evildoers') of 1525. The first concerns an incident in the life of his acquaintance Augustus de Turre of <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, a physician. While studying medicine in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> as a young man, Augustus returned late one night to his lodgings (without a key) to find no one awake to let him in. Climbing up to a balcony, he was able to enter through a window, and at once sought out the maidservant, who should have been awake to admit him. On checking her room, however, he found her lying unconscious – beyond rousing – on the floor. The following morning he tried to question her on the matter, but she would only reply that she had been 'on a journey'. </p><p>Bartolommeo's second account is more suggestive and points toward another element in the witches' 'flights'. It concerns a certain <a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">notary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a> who, unable to find his wife one morning, searched for her all over their estate and finally discovered her lying deeply unconscious, naked and dirty with her vagina exposed, in a corner of the pigsty. The notary 'immediately understood that she was a witch' (!) and at first wanted to kill her on the spot, but, thinking better of such rashness, waited until she recovered from her stupor, in order to question her. Terrified by his wrath, the poor woman fell to her knees and confessed that during the night she had 'been on a journey'. </p><p>Light is cast on the tale of the notary's wife by two accounts widely separated in time but revealing a persistent theme in European Witchcraft. The first is that of <a href="/wiki/Regino_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Regino of Prüm">Regino of Prüm</a> whose <i>De synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis libri duo</i> (circa 906 C.E.) speaks of women who 'seduced...by demons...insist that they ride at night <i>on certain beasts</i> [italics not original] together with <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, goddess of the pagans, and a great multitude of women; that they cover great distances in the silence of the deepest night...'<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also <a href="/wiki/Canon_Episcopi" title="Canon Episcopi">Canon Episcopi</a>). </p><p>The second account dates from some 800 years later, coming from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> in the early 18th century and is the testimony, at the age of thirteen, of one Siri Jørgensdatter. Siri claimed that when she was seven her grandmother had taken her to the witches' sabbath on the mountain meadow <a href="/wiki/Blockula" title="Blockula">Blockula</a> ('blue-hill'): her grandmother led her to a pigsty, where she smeared a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">sow</a> with some ointment which she took from a <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horn</a>, whereupon grandmother and granddaughter mounted the animal and, after a short ride through the air, arrived at a building on the Sabbath mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleged_sexual_element_in_application">Alleged sexual element in application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alleged sexual element in application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flying_ointment" title="Special:EditPage/Flying ointment">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The hallucinations are frequently dominated by the erotic moment...in those days, in order to experience these sensations, young and old women would rub their bodies with the 'witches' salve'.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the witches confess that...they anoint a staff and ride on it to the appointed place or anoint themselves under the arms and in <i>other hairy places</i>...[Italics not original to text].<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>in rifleing the closet of the ladie [Alice Kyteler], they found a pipe of oyntement, wherewith she greased a staffe, upon which she ambled and galloped through thick and thin, when and in what manner she listed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some sources have claimed that such an ointment would best be absorbed through <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucous membranes">mucous membranes</a>, and that the traditional image of a female witch astride a <a href="/wiki/Broomstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomstick">broomstick</a> implies the application of flying ointment to the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage from the trial for witchcraft in Ireland of <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Norman">Hiberno-Norman</a> noblewoman <a href="/wiki/Alice_Kyteler" title="Alice Kyteler">Alice Kyteler</a> in 1324 quoted above is, while not explicit, certainly open to interpretations both drug-related and sexual. It is also a very early account of such practices, pre-dating by some centuries <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">witch trials in the early modern period</a>. The testimony of Dame Kyteler's maidservant, <a href="/wiki/Petronilla_de_Meath" title="Petronilla de Meath">Petronilla de Meath</a>, while compromised by having been extracted under <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, contains references not only to her mistress's abilities in the preparation of 'magical' medicines, but also her sexual behaviour, including at least one instance of (alleged) intercourse with a <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the inquisition ('in which were five knights and numerous nobles') set in motion by Richard de Ledrede, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ossory" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory">Ossory</a>, there was in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a> a band of <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretical</a> sorcerers, at the head of whom was Dame Alice Kyteler and against whom no fewer than seven charges relating to witchcraft were laid. The fifth charge is of particular interest in the context of the 'greased staffe' mentioned above: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In order to <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">arouse feelings of love</a> or hatred, or to inflict death or disease on the bodies of the faithful, they made use of powders, <a href="/wiki/Unguent" title="Unguent">unguents</a>, ointments and candles of fat, which were compounded as follows. They took the entrails of cocks sacrificed to demons, certain horrible worms, various unspecified herbs, dead men's nails, the hair, brains, and shreds of the cerements of boys who were buried unbaptized, with other abominations, all of which they cooked, with various incantations, over a fire of oak-logs in a vessel made out of the skull of a decapitated thief.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_opiate_component">Possible opiate component</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possible opiate component"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flying_ointment" title="Special:EditPage/Flying ointment">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Giftpflanzen_Deutschlands_(1910)_(20738415388).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Die_Giftpflanzen_Deutschlands_%281910%29_%2820738415388%29.jpg/220px-Die_Giftpflanzen_Deutschlands_%281910%29_%2820738415388%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Die_Giftpflanzen_Deutschlands_%281910%29_%2820738415388%29.jpg/330px-Die_Giftpflanzen_Deutschlands_%281910%29_%2820738415388%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Die_Giftpflanzen_Deutschlands_%281910%29_%2820738415388%29.jpg/440px-Die_Giftpflanzen_Deutschlands_%281910%29_%2820738415388%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="2874" /></a><figcaption>Opium Poppy: <i><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Papaver somniferum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>One possible key to how individuals dealt with the toxicity of the nightshades usually said to be part of flying ointments is through the supposed antidotal reaction some of the solanaceous alkaloids have with the alkaloids of <i><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Papaver somniferum</a></i> (opium poppy).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This antagonism was claimed to exist by the movement of <a href="/wiki/Eclectic_medicine" title="Eclectic medicine">Eclectic medicine</a>. For instance, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_American_Dispensatory" title="King's American Dispensatory">King's American Dispensatory</a> states in the entry on belladonna: "Belladonna and opium appear to exert antagonistic influences, especially as regards their action on the brain, the spinal cord, and heart; they have consequently been recommended and employed as antidotes to each other in cases of poisoning" going on to make the extravagant claim that "this matter is now positively and satisfactorily settled; hence in all cases of poisoning by belladonna the great remedy is morphine, and its use may be guided by the degree of pupillary contraction it occasions." </p><p>The synergy between belladonna and poppy alkaloids was made use of in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Twilight_sleep" title="Twilight sleep">twilight sleep</a>" that was provided for women during <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a> beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a>. Twilight sleep was a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">scopolamine</a>, a belladonna alkaloid, and <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Papaver" title="Papaver">Papaver</a></i> alkaloid, that was injected and which furnished a combination of painkilling and amnesia for a woman in labor. A version is still manufactured for use as the injectable compound <i><a href="/wiki/Omnopon" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnopon">Omnopon</a></i>. </p><p>There is no definite indication of the proportions of solanaceous herbs vs. poppy used in flying ointments, and most historical recipes for flying ointment do not include poppy. Furthermore, a reputable publication by the former UK <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Food_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries">Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">DEFRA</a>) states specifically that, in cases of poisoning by <i>Atropa belladonna</i> – far from being antidotes – 'Preparations containing morphine or opiates should be <i>avoided</i> as they have a <a href="/wiki/Synergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergic">synergic</a> action with atropine'; an appropriate antidote being, by contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibitor</a> <a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">physostigmine</a> salicylate.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_documents">Historical documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first mention of an unguent in relation to a popular belief of orgiastic flying occurs in <a href="/wiki/Roland_of_Cremona" title="Roland of Cremona">Roland of Cremona</a>'s theological summa, written in the 1230s.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use by witches of flying ointments was first described, according to known sources, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hartlieb" title="Johannes Hartlieb">Johannes Hartlieb</a> in 1456<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It was also described by the Spanish theologian <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Tostado" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso Tostado">Alfonso Tostado</a> (d. 1455) in <i>Super Genesis Commentaria</i> (printed in Venice, 1507), whose commentary tended to accredit the thesis of the reality of the <a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1477 Antone Rose confessed that the devil gave her a stick 18 inches in length on which she would rub an ointment and with the words "go, in the name of the Devil, go" would fly to the "synagogue" (an alternative name for Sabbath in early witchcraft).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flying_ointment" title="Special:EditPage/Flying ointment">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is, in the work of the playwright <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Rojas_Zorrilla" title="Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla">Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla</a> (1607–1648) of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, an exchange concerning the flying ointment, the (following) passage occurring in the play <i>Lo que quería el Marqués de Villena</i> ('What the Marquis of Villena Wanted').<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Marquis: Others believe that witches can fly. </p><p>Zambapalo: And can't they? </p><p>Marquis: Certainly not, you ignorant fellow. </p><p>Zambapalo: Since I'm no specialist in these matters, I must ask you what happens. </p><p>Marquis: They all rub themselves with ointment. </p><p>Zambapalo: And then what? </p><p> Marquis: The ointment, which is an opiate made of <a href="/wiki/Henbane" class="mw-redirect" title="Henbane">henbane</a> given them by the Devil, sends them to sleep, and they dream such a dream that they think they are not dreaming at all. And since the Devil has great power to deceive, he makes them all dream the same dream. And that is why they think they are flying through the air, when they are really fast asleep. And although they never fly at all, they think, as soon as they wake, that they have all been to see the calf, and all visited the fields at <a href="/wiki/Baraona" title="Baraona">Baraona</a>. When, by God, in reality, more than two of them have been seen sleeping in their rooms with the ointment on them.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_film">Literature and film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Young_Goodman_Brown" title="Young Goodman Brown">Young Goodman Brown</a>", Goody Cloyse, after meeting the Devil, says "I was all anointed with the juice of smallage, and cinquefoil, and wolf's bane" to which the Devil replies "[m]ingled with fine wheat and the fat of a new-born babe".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i>, Margarita, after agreeing to act as hostess at <a href="/wiki/Woland" title="Woland">Dr Woland's</a> ball, uses the ointment to become a witch and fly to the estate where the event is being held.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Rawson" title="Clayton Rawson">Clayton Rawson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Death_from_a_Top_Hat" title="Death from a Top Hat">Death from a Top Hat</a></i>, two recipes by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Weyer" title="Johann Weyer">Johann Weyer</a>, a 16th-century demonologist, are given in a footnote:</li></ul> <dl><dd>1-Water hemlock, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet flag">sweet flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinquefoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinquefoil">cinquefoil</a>, bat's blood, <a href="/wiki/Deadly_nightshade" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadly nightshade">deadly nightshade</a> and oil.</dd> <dd>2-Baby's fat, juice of <a href="/wiki/Cowbane" title="Cowbane">cowbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">aconite</a>, cinquefoil, deadly nightshade and <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>In the movie serial <i><a href="/wiki/Warlock_(1989_film)" title="Warlock (1989 film)">Warlock</a></i>, the villain kills an unbaptised boy to get this "Flying Ointment".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Picoult" title="Jodi Picoult">Jodi Picoult</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Salem_Falls" title="Salem Falls">Salem Falls</a></i>, a group of four girls practicing witchcraft ingest a flying ointment made of belladonna.</li> <li>In the book <i><a href="/wiki/Calling_on_Dragons" title="Calling on Dragons">Calling on Dragons</a></i> (Book three of the <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Forest_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanted Forest Chronicles">Enchanted Forest Chronicles</a>), the witch Morwen uses a flying <a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">potion</a> on a straw basket and a <a href="/wiki/Broomstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomstick">broomstick</a>, not on herself.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/E._L._Konigsburg" title="E. L. Konigsburg">E. L. Konigsburg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jennifer,_Hecate,_Macbeth,_William_McKinley,_and_Me,_Elizabeth" title="Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth">Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth</a></i>, two characters try to make a flying ointment.</li> <li>In the 2015 horror film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_(2015_film)" title="The Witch (2015 film)">The Witch</a></i>, a witch kills an infant child and makes flying ointment out of his corpse.</li> <li>In the 2016 movie, <i>The Love Witch</i>, the main character applies a flying ointment to her body.</li> <li>In the 2019 movie, <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Lady_on_Fire" title="Portrait of a Lady on Fire">Portrait of a Lady on Fire</a></i>, the two main characters apply a flying ointment to their armpits.</li> <li>In the 2020 movie, <i><a href="/wiki/Gretel_%26_Hansel" title="Gretel & Hansel">Gretel & Hansel</a></i>, directed by Oz Perkins, the witch, caressing a precious jar filled with ointment, applies it to herself, and then initiates Gretel into witchcraft by inducing her to do the same.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Bonzo_Dog_Doo-Dah_Band" title="Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band">Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band</a> song '11 Moustachioed Daughters' – a track on the Album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut_in_Granny%27s_Greenhouse" title="The Doughnut in Granny's Greenhouse">The Doughnut in Granny's Greenhouse</a></i> – is a darkly comic and surprisingly detailed evocation of the traditional Witches' Sabbath, featuring the flying-ointment-related lines :</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>'and belladonna, to make your eyes like a...beast's! </p><p> To anoint the body and make it shine, </p><p> To drink and make thyself divine, </p><p> To choose another's form and make it...thine!'</p></blockquote> <ul><li>The Swedish <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_metal" title="Symphonic metal">symphonic metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Therion_(band)" title="Therion (band)">Therion</a> has a song called Unguentum Sabbati (Ointment of the Sabbat) on the album <i><a href="/wiki/Sitra_Ahra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitra Ahra">Sitra Ahra</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Aconitum_napellus0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wolfsbane or aconite, Aconitum napellus (virulent poison)"><img alt="Wolfsbane or aconite, Aconitum napellus (virulent poison)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Illustration_Aconitum_napellus0.jpg/73px-Illustration_Aconitum_napellus0.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Illustration_Aconitum_napellus0.jpg/110px-Illustration_Aconitum_napellus0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Illustration_Aconitum_napellus0.jpg/146px-Illustration_Aconitum_napellus0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="2416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wolfsbane or aconite, <i><a href="/wiki/Aconitum_napellus" title="Aconitum napellus">Aconitum napellus</a></i> (virulent poison)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Conium_maculatum0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemlock, Conium maculatum (virulent poison)"><img alt="Hemlock, Conium maculatum (virulent poison)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Illustration_Conium_maculatum0.jpg/72px-Illustration_Conium_maculatum0.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Illustration_Conium_maculatum0.jpg/108px-Illustration_Conium_maculatum0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Illustration_Conium_maculatum0.jpg/144px-Illustration_Conium_maculatum0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="2346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemlock, <i><a href="/wiki/Conium_maculatum" title="Conium maculatum">Conium maculatum</a></i> (virulent poison)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Cicuta_virosa0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cowbane or water hemlock, Cicuta virosa (virulent poison)"><img alt="Cowbane or water hemlock, Cicuta virosa (virulent poison)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Illustration_Cicuta_virosa0.jpg/70px-Illustration_Cicuta_virosa0.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Illustration_Cicuta_virosa0.jpg/104px-Illustration_Cicuta_virosa0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Illustration_Cicuta_virosa0.jpg/139px-Illustration_Cicuta_virosa0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="2443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cowbane or water hemlock, <i><a href="/wiki/Cicuta_virosa" title="Cicuta virosa">Cicuta virosa</a></i> (virulent poison)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbier_de_la_France_(10038460935).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemlock water dropwort or water hemlock, Oenanthe crocata (virulent poison)"><img alt="Hemlock water dropwort or water hemlock, Oenanthe crocata (virulent poison)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Herbier_de_la_France_%2810038460935%29.jpg/84px-Herbier_de_la_France_%2810038460935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Herbier_de_la_France_%2810038460935%29.jpg/126px-Herbier_de_la_France_%2810038460935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Herbier_de_la_France_%2810038460935%29.jpg/168px-Herbier_de_la_France_%2810038460935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1646" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hemlock water dropwort or water hemlock, <i><a href="/wiki/Oenanthe_crocata" title="Oenanthe crocata">Oenanthe crocata</a></i> (virulent poison)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sium_latifolium_Sturm13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater water parsnip or sium, Sium latifolium (root poisonous)"><img alt="Greater water parsnip or sium, Sium latifolium (root poisonous)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sium_latifolium_Sturm13.jpg/80px-Sium_latifolium_Sturm13.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sium_latifolium_Sturm13.jpg/120px-Sium_latifolium_Sturm13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sium_latifolium_Sturm13.jpg/160px-Sium_latifolium_Sturm13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greater water parsnip or sium, <i><a href="/wiki/Sium_latifolium" title="Sium latifolium">Sium latifolium</a></i> (root poisonous)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Berula_erecta0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lesser water parsnip or sium, Berula erecta"><img alt="Lesser water parsnip or sium, Berula erecta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Illustration_Berula_erecta0.jpg/70px-Illustration_Berula_erecta0.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Illustration_Berula_erecta0.jpg/105px-Illustration_Berula_erecta0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Illustration_Berula_erecta0.jpg/140px-Illustration_Berula_erecta0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="2284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lesser water parsnip or sium, <i><a href="/wiki/Berula_erecta" title="Berula erecta">Berula erecta</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Aethusa_cynapium0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fool's parsley, Aethusa cynapium (poison)"><img alt="Fool's parsley, Aethusa cynapium (poison)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Illustration_Aethusa_cynapium0.jpg/71px-Illustration_Aethusa_cynapium0.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Illustration_Aethusa_cynapium0.jpg/106px-Illustration_Aethusa_cynapium0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Illustration_Aethusa_cynapium0.jpg/142px-Illustration_Aethusa_cynapium0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="2367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fool's parsley, <i><a href="/wiki/Aethusa_cynapium" title="Aethusa cynapium">Aethusa cynapium</a></i> (poison)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Apium_graveolens0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wild celery, Apium graveolens (wild form of well-known vegetable)"><img alt="Wild celery, Apium graveolens (wild form of well-known vegetable)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Illustration_Apium_graveolens0.jpg/71px-Illustration_Apium_graveolens0.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Illustration_Apium_graveolens0.jpg/106px-Illustration_Apium_graveolens0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Illustration_Apium_graveolens0.jpg/142px-Illustration_Apium_graveolens0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="2298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wild celery, <i><a href="/wiki/Apium_graveolens" title="Apium graveolens">Apium graveolens</a></i> (wild form of well-known vegetable)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Potentilla_reptans0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Creeping cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans"><img alt="Creeping cinquefoil, Potentilla reptans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Illustration_Potentilla_reptans0.jpg/74px-Illustration_Potentilla_reptans0.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Illustration_Potentilla_reptans0.jpg/111px-Illustration_Potentilla_reptans0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Illustration_Potentilla_reptans0.jpg/148px-Illustration_Potentilla_reptans0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Creeping cinquefoil, <i><a href="/wiki/Potentilla_reptans" title="Potentilla reptans">Potentilla reptans</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acorus_calamus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sweet flag or strewing rush, Acorus calamus (aromatic)"><img alt="Sweet flag or strewing rush, Acorus calamus (aromatic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Acorus_calamus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-006.jpg/98px-Acorus_calamus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-006.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Acorus_calamus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-006.jpg/147px-Acorus_calamus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Acorus_calamus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-006.jpg/196px-Acorus_calamus_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sweet flag or strewing rush, <i><a href="/wiki/Acorus_calamus" title="Acorus calamus">Acorus calamus</a></i> (aromatic)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atropa_belladonna_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belladonna or deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna (virulent poison)"><img alt="Belladonna or deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna (virulent poison)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Atropa_belladonna_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-018.jpg/104px-Atropa_belladonna_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-018.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Atropa_belladonna_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-018.jpg/155px-Atropa_belladonna_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Atropa_belladonna_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-018.jpg/207px-Atropa_belladonna_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="3190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Belladonna or deadly nightshade, <i><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></i> (virulent poison)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henbane_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henbane flower"><img alt="Henbane flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Henbane_flower.jpg/120px-Henbane_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Henbane_flower.jpg/180px-Henbane_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Henbane_flower.jpg/240px-Henbane_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Henbane flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimsonweed_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jimsonweed flower"><img alt="Jimsonweed flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jimsonweed_flower.jpg/120px-Jimsonweed_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jimsonweed_flower.jpg/180px-Jimsonweed_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jimsonweed_flower.jpg/240px-Jimsonweed_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jimsonweed flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimsonweed_seed_capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jimsonweed seed capsule"><img alt="Jimsonweed seed capsule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jimsonweed_seed_capsule.jpg/90px-Jimsonweed_seed_capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jimsonweed_seed_capsule.jpg/135px-Jimsonweed_seed_capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jimsonweed_seed_capsule.jpg/180px-Jimsonweed_seed_capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jimsonweed seed capsule</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opium_poppy_flower_-_Isle_of_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opium poppy flower"><img alt="Opium poppy flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Opium_poppy_flower_-_Isle_of_Man.jpg/120px-Opium_poppy_flower_-_Isle_of_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Opium_poppy_flower_-_Isle_of_Man.jpg/180px-Opium_poppy_flower_-_Isle_of_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Opium_poppy_flower_-_Isle_of_Man.jpg/240px-Opium_poppy_flower_-_Isle_of_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opium poppy flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opium_poppy_seed_capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opium poppy seed capsules"><img alt="Opium poppy seed capsules" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Opium_poppy_seed_capsule.jpg/120px-Opium_poppy_seed_capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Opium_poppy_seed_capsule.jpg/180px-Opium_poppy_seed_capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Opium_poppy_seed_capsule.jpg/240px-Opium_poppy_seed_capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opium poppy seed capsules</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atropa_belladonna_074.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deadly nightshade flower"><img alt="Deadly nightshade flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atropa_belladonna_074.jpg/120px-Atropa_belladonna_074.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atropa_belladonna_074.jpg/180px-Atropa_belladonna_074.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atropa_belladonna_074.jpg/240px-Atropa_belladonna_074.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deadly nightshade flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soot,_roet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Domestic chimney soot"><img alt="Domestic chimney soot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Soot%2C_roet.jpg/120px-Soot%2C_roet.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Soot%2C_roet.jpg/180px-Soot%2C_roet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Soot%2C_roet.jpg/240px-Soot%2C_roet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Domestic <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimney</a> <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adeps_Humanus_IMG_1893_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Human fat"><img alt="Human fat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Adeps_Humanus_IMG_1893_edit.jpg/80px-Adeps_Humanus_IMG_1893_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Adeps_Humanus_IMG_1893_edit.jpg/120px-Adeps_Humanus_IMG_1893_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Adeps_Humanus_IMG_1893_edit.jpg/160px-Adeps_Humanus_IMG_1893_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Human_fat" title="Human fat">Human fat</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common pipistrelle in flight (bat's blood)"><img alt="Common pipistrelle in flight (bat's blood)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg/120px-Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg/180px-Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg/240px-Pipistrellus_flight2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Common_pipistrelle" title="Common pipistrelle">Common pipistrelle</a> in flight (bat's blood)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">Besom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Deliriants">Deliriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgewitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedgewitch">Hedgewitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightshades" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightshades">Nightshades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hartlieb" title="Johannes Hartlieb">Johannes Hartlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Erich_Peuckert" title="Will Erich Peuckert">Will Erich Peuckert</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRätsch2005" class="citation book cs1">Rätsch, Christian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V0oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3295"><i>The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 3295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594776625" title="Special:BookSources/9781594776625"><bdi>9781594776625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Psychoactive+Plants%3A+Ethnopharmacology+and+Its+Applications&rft.pages=3295&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781594776625&rft.aulast=R%C3%A4tsch&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V0oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+ointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRätschMüller-Ebeling2006" class="citation book cs1">Rätsch, Christian; Müller-Ebeling, Claudia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA403"><i>Pagan Christmas: The Plants, Spirits, and Rituals at the Origins of Yuletide</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594776601" title="Special:BookSources/9781594776601"><bdi>9781594776601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Christmas%3A+The+Plants%2C+Spirits%2C+and+Rituals+at+the+Origins+of+Yuletide&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781594776601&rft.aulast=R%C3%A4tsch&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=M%C3%BCller-Ebeling%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGIoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+ointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schultes, Richard Evans; Hofmann, Albert (1979). <i>The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens</i> (2nd ed.). Springfield Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. pps. 261-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rätsch, Christian, <i>The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications</i> pub. Park Street Press 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schultes, Richard Evans; Albert Hofmann (1979). <i>Plants of the Gods: Origins of Hallucinogenic Use</i> New York: McGraw-Hill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-056089-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-056089-7">0-07-056089-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Harold A. <i>The Witch's Garden</i> pub. Unity Press 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913300473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913300473">978-0913300473</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furst, Peter T. <i>Hallucinogens and Culture</i> pub. Chandler and Sharp 1976 (volume in series on cross-cultural themes) p.138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sollmann, Torald, <i>A Manual of Pharmacology and Its Applications to Therapeutics and Toxicology</i>. 8th edition. Pub. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia and London 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis_Spence1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis Spence (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.69154/2015.69154.The-Encyclopedia-Of-The-Occult#page/n158/mode/1up"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Occult</i></a>. Bracken Books. p. 306 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Occult&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Bracken+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Lewis+Spence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.69154%2F2015.69154.The-Encyclopedia-Of-The-Occult%23page%2Fn158%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+ointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tampion, John : <i>Dangerous Plants</i>, pub. David and Charles, Canada 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7153%2B7375%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/0+7153+7375+7">0 7153 7375 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants : A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists, and Biologists by Frohne, Dietrich and Pfänder, Hans Jürgen of University of Kiel, translated from second German edition by Norman Grainger Bisset, London : a Wolfe Science Book and one of the volumes in the illustrated series Wolfe Atlases, pub. Wolfe Publishing Ltd. 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateo_MontoyaMavrakanasSchutz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mateo Montoya, A; Mavrakanas, N; Schutz, JS (2009). "Acute anticholinergic syndrome from Atropa belladonna mistaken for blueberries". <i>Eur J Ophthalmol</i>. <b>19</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">170–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F112067210901900130">10.1177/112067210901900130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19123171">19123171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9387171">9387171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Ophthalmol&rft.atitle=Acute+anticholinergic+syndrome+from+Atropa+belladonna+mistaken+for+blueberries&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9387171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19123171&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F112067210901900130&rft.aulast=Mateo+Montoya&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Mavrakanas%2C+N&rft.au=Schutz%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+ointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepoisongarden.co.uk/blog2/blog281115.htm">"The POISON GARDEN Website blog - 28th November 2015"</a>. Thepoisongarden.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+POISON+GARDEN+Website+blog+-+28th+November+2015&rft.pub=Thepoisongarden.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepoisongarden.co.uk%2Fblog2%2Fblog281115.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+ointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schenk, Gustav <i>Das Buch der Gifte</i> translated by Michael Bullock as <i>The Book of Poisons</i> pub. Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1956 page 28, re. A. belladonna as Lithuanian criminal poison 'Maulda'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemirhanTekelioğluYıldızKorkmaz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Demirhan, A; Tekelioğlu, ÜY; Yıldız, İ; Korkmaz, T; Bilgi, M; Akkaya, A; Koçoğlu, H (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894214">"Anticholinergic Toxic Syndrome Caused by Atropa Belladonna Fruit (Deadly Nightshade): A Case Report"</a>. <i>Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim</i>. <b>41</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">226–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5152%2FTJAR.2013.43">10.5152/TJAR.2013.43</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894214">4894214</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27366377">27366377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turk+J+Anaesthesiol+Reanim&rft.atitle=Anticholinergic+Toxic+Syndrome+Caused+by+Atropa+Belladonna+Fruit+%28Deadly+Nightshade%29%3A+A+Case+Report&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4894214%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27366377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5152%2FTJAR.2013.43&rft.aulast=Demirhan&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Tekelio%C4%9Flu%2C+%C3%9CY&rft.au=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z%2C+%C4%B0&rft.au=Korkmaz%2C+T&rft.au=Bilgi%2C+M&rft.au=Akkaya%2C+A&rft.au=Ko%C3%A7o%C4%9Flu%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4894214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+ointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bert-Marco Schuldes: Psychotropicon zum Bilsenkraut und dem Tod Kiesewetters. In: Psychotropicon. Das Online-Magazin für Psychonauten vom 5. März 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bishop Jesper Brocmand, <i>Systema universae theologiae</i> 1633</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tylor, Edward B.1924 <i>Primitive Culture : Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom</i> 2 vols. (combined) pub. New York : Brentano's. Originally published 1871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewin, Louis <i>Phantastica, Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs : Their Use and Abuse</i>. Translated from the second German edition by P.H.A. Wirth, pub. New York : E.P. Dutton. Original German edition 1924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brh.org.uk/gallery/witches.html">"Witches Gallery"</a>. <i>Bristol Radical History Group</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bristol+Radical+History+Group&rft.atitle=Witches+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brh.org.uk%2Fgallery%2Fwitches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+ointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harner" title="Michael Harner">Harner, Michael J.</a>, <i>Hallucinogens and Shamanism</i>, pub. Oxford University Press 1973, reprinted U.S.A.1978 Chapter 8 : pps. 125–150 : The Role of Hallucinogenic Plants in European Witchcraft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Baptista_Porta1584" class="citation book cs1">John Baptista Porta (1584). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternativaverde.it/stel/documenti/Porta/magiae_naturalis.pdf"><i>Magiae naturalis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magiae+naturalis&rft.date=1584&rft.au=John+Baptista+Porta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternativaverde.it%2Fstel%2Fdocumenti%2FPorta%2Fmagiae_naturalis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+ointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ciruelo, Pedro : <i>Tratado en el cual se repruevan todas las supersticiones y hechizerías</i>, pub. Barcelona 1628, P.II, c. 1, N. 6, pps. 45–46, quoted in H.C. Lea : <i>Materials Toward a History of Witchcraft</i>, pub. Thomas Yoseloff New York and London 1957, page 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in : Ginzburg, Carlo, <i>Ecstasies. Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath</i>, New York, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-29693-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-29693-8">0-226-29693-8</a>. First published in Italian as <i>Storia notturna: Una decifrazione del Sabba</i>, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Pickering, David : <i>A Dictionary of Witchcraft</i> pub. David Pickering 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesse, Erich, <i>Narcotics and Drug Addiction</i> pub. New York : Philosophical Library 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergamo, Jordanes de, <i>Quaestio de Strigis</i> (Unpublished manuscript, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris), quoted in Joseph Hansen <i>Quellen und Untersuchen zur Geschichte des Hexenwahns und der Hexengefolgung im Mittelalter</i> pps. 195–200. Pub. 1901 [1905]. Bonn : Carl Georgi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Thomas, ed. A Contemporary Narrative of the Proceedings Against Dame Alice Kyteler, Prosecuted for Sorcery in 1324, by Richard de Ledrede, Bishop of Ossory. London: The Camden Society, 1843.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emboden, William <i>Narcotic Plants : Hallucinogens, stimulants, inebriants, and hypnotics, their origins and uses</i> 2nd edition (revised and enlarged) pub. Macmillan, New York 1979 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-535480-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-535480-9">0-02-535480-9</a> p.127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Bernadette, 'The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler,' History Ireland Vol. 2, No.4 (Winter, 1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, Sharon, and John O. Ward, trans. The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (1324). Asheville, NC: Pegasus Press, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour, St. John D. <i>Irish Witchcraft and Demonology</i> pub. Dorset Press 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88029-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88029-734-4">0-88029-734-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkin1999" class="citation book cs1">Kulkin, Alexander (1999). <i>How Do Witches Fly?: A Practical Approach to Nocturnal Flights</i>. Mountain View, CA: AceN Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780966402704" title="Special:BookSources/9780966402704"><bdi>9780966402704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Do+Witches+Fly%3F%3A+A+Practical+Approach+to+Nocturnal+Flights&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=AceN+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780966402704&rft.aulast=Kulkin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+ointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, Marion R. and Johnson, Anthony W. <i>Poisonous Plants in Britain and their effects on Animals and Man</i>, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food Reference Book 161 (replacing Bulletin 161) pub. HMSO London, 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B11%2B242529%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/0+11+242529+1">0 11 242529 1</a> page 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayelet Even-Ezra, “Cursus: an early thirteenth century source for nocturnal flights and ointments in the work of Roland of Cremona,” Magic, Ritual and Witchcraft 12/2 (Winter 2017), 314–330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of witchcraft and demonology, Page 50, octopus, 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in : Baroja, Julio Caro The World of the Witches pub. Phoenix 2001 (Original Title Las brujas y su mundo) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842122426" title="Special:BookSources/9781842122426">9781842122426</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040713235155/http://www.shanmonster.com/witch/flying.html">Flying Potions and Getting to the Sabbat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shadowplayzine.com/Articles/belladonna.htm">Belladonna</a> in flying ointments</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092926/http://www.traditionalwitchcraft.org/raven.html">Ritual of the Raven</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chasclifton.com/papers/If_Witches_No_Longer_Fly.pdf">If Witches No Longer Fly: Today's Pagans and the Solanaceous Plants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/atropa.html">King's American Dispensatory on Belladonna</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/electronic/awakening101/flying_ointments.html">FLYING OINTMENTS: Their Ingredients and Their Use</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/witches-ointment">Witches' Ointment: Information from the Gale Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witchcraft" title="Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witchcraft" title="Template talk:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br />mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&oldid=1276216260">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_ointment&oldid=1276216260</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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