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class="jsx-5de5b851a90f387"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/15-years-of-terror-hero_44yJkFz.width-1500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/15-years-of-terror-hero_44yJkFz.width-1500.jpg 1260w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/15-years-of-terror-hero_44yJkFz.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/15-years-of-terror-hero_44yJkFz.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/15-years-of-terror-hero_44yJkFz.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/15-years-of-terror-hero_44yJkFz.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/><div class="jsx-5de5b851a90f387 title hero-title"><span class="jsx-5de5b851a90f387 overline">Watch | Episode</span><h3 class="jsx-5de5b851a90f387 alpha cf"><span class="jsx-5de5b851a90f387">15 Years of Terror</span></h3><div class="jsx-5de5b851a90f387 description"><p>From 9/11 to today’s crowd-sourced violence, trace how terrorists’ strategies have evolved.</p></div><a aria-label="null, 15 Years of Terror" class="jsx-5de5b851a90f387 button" href="/wgbh/nova/video/15-years-of-terror/">Watch</a></div></div></section><section class="jsx-795ad97d004eefca feature-content"><header class="jsx-795ad97d004eefca assistive-text"><h2 class="jsx-795ad97d004eefca">Featured Content: Military & Espionage</h2></header><div class="jsx-795ad97d004eefca content cf grid"><article class="jsx-795ad97d004eefca"><a class="jsx-447409963 link-reset card cf" href="/wgbh/nova/article/ground-penetrating-radar-reveals-military-structures-buried-beneath-alcatraz-penitentiary/"><figure class="jsx-2104659082"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2500.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2500.jpg 2400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2000.jpg 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Search for the remains of its fallen crew.</p></div></a></article><article class="jsx-795ad97d004eefca cf"><a class="jsx-447409963 link-reset card cf" href="/wgbh/nova/video/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack/"><figure class="jsx-684090880"><span class="jsx-f3c2a27e2e815a81 play-icon corner"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" class="jsx-f3c2a27e2e815a81"><path d="M81.4 50.4q.15683594-.4 0-.85-.10527344-.40976562-.45-.7l-51.3-42.6q-.45859375-.38320312-1.05-.35-.59160156.03867187-1 .45-.40410156.45820313-.4 1.05v85.25q-.00410156.59179688.4 1 .40839844.46132812 1 .5.59140625.03320313 1.05-.35l51.3-42.65q.34472656-.29023437.45-.75z" class="jsx-f3c2a27e2e815a81"></path></svg></span><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-2000.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-2000.jpg 1920w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-1500.jpg 1500w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-684090880">Watch | Short</span><h3 class="jsx-684090880 cf"><b class="jsx-684090880">Are We Ready for a Cyber Attack?</b></h3><div class="jsx-684090880 description"><div class="rich-text">Cyber threats from nation states and lone hackers are a persistent threat to America’s critical infrastructure.</div></div></a></article><article class="jsx-795ad97d004eefca cf"><a class="jsx-447409963 link-reset card cf" href="/wgbh/nova/article/demining-colombia/"><figure class="jsx-684090880"><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-800.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-800.jpg 675w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-684090880">Read | Article</span><h3 class="jsx-684090880 cf"><b class="jsx-684090880">The Daunting, Dangerous Task of Unearthing Colombia’s Landmines</b></h3><div class="jsx-684090880 description"><p>Ridding Colombia of landmines may require a multi-pronged mix of traditional and ground-breaking technology.</p></div></a></article><article class="jsx-795ad97d004eefca cf"><a class="jsx-447409963 link-reset card cf" href="/wgbh/nova/video/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon/"><figure class="jsx-684090880"><span class="jsx-f3c2a27e2e815a81 play-icon corner"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100" class="jsx-f3c2a27e2e815a81"><path d="M81.4 50.4q.15683594-.4 0-.85-.10527344-.40976562-.45-.7l-51.3-42.6q-.45859375-.38320312-1.05-.35-.59160156.03867187-1 .45-.40410156.45820313-.4 1.05v85.25q-.00410156.59179688.4 1 .40839844.46132812 1 .5.59140625.03320313 1.05-.35l51.3-42.65q.34472656-.29023437.45-.75z" class="jsx-f3c2a27e2e815a81"></path></svg></span><img src="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-2000.jpg" alt="" srcSet="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-2000.jpg 1920w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-1500.jpg 1500w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-800.jpg 800w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-600.jpg 600w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-400.jpg 400w,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-300.jpg 300w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="jsx-2524453792 "/></figure><span class="jsx-684090880">Watch | Short</span><h3 class="jsx-684090880 cf"><b class="jsx-684090880">Hitler’s Secret Weapon</b></h3><div class="jsx-684090880 description"><div class="rich-text">Churchill launches the largest military evacuation in military history. But there's a secret killer in the waters. </div></div></a></article></div></section><div class="jsx-795ad97d004eefca center"><button class="jsx-795ad97d004eefca load-more enhancement-inline-block">Load More</button></div></main><div class="jsx-2e30f47825aeacdf additional-funders"><div class="jsx-6cf06278e9f41a40 footer-funders"><ul class="jsx-2974419265"><li class="jsx-2974419265"><a href="http://www.carlisle.com" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class="jsx-2974419265"> <svg viewBox="0 0 259.59 41.61" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-label="Carlisle Companies" class="jsx-3440459688 funder"><title class="jsx-3440459688">Carlisle Companies</title><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#fff;stroke-width:0px;}</style></defs><path class="cls-1" 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On September 11, 2001, an unimaginable horror unfolded that devastated a nation and the world. Fifteen years later, we are still gripped by terror, but it has transformed. The attacks have been coming fast and furious—to Boston, Paris, Brussels, San Bernardino, Orlando, Nice—but they are no longer commanded by a central entity. This is terrorism in the age of the Internet: crowd-sourced violence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this special report, NOVA traces the evolution of terror strategies from the World Trade Center to today. How have radical organizations grown to make use of modern propaganda and social media tools in order to cultivate an army of self-radicalized killers? What is going on inside the minds of this new breed of terrorist? What new techniques and technologies can help law enforcement cope with this elusive threat? 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Penitentiary","topic":"military","brand":"next","content_type":"article","publish_date":"2019-03-04T18:43:00+00:00","tags":["san francisco","penitentiary","fortification","Alcatraz","traverse","Alcatraz Island","military","Prison"],"dci":["engineering-technology-applications-of-science","social-behavioral-sciences"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","caption":{"html":"\u003cp\u003eAlcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: MBPROJEKT_Maciej_Bledowski, iStock\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":"Alcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: MBPROJEKT_Maciej_Bledowski, iStock"},"credit":{"html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":""},"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/iStock-510871741.jpg","renditions":[{"width":2400,"height":1350,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2000,"height":1125,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp\u003eAlcatraz might be best known as a popular tourist destination, the site of the former high-security prison that once held Al Capone. But a team of archaeologists has now unveiled new evidence of this San Francisco Bay island’s often overlooked military history.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/nsg.12031\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e, published last Thursday in the journal \u003ci\u003eNear Surface Geophysics,\u003c/i\u003e researchers used non-invasive technologies to pull back the curtain on a stunningly well-preserved 19th century coastal fortification that lies beneath the ruins of this infamous federal penitentiary. The work confirms that while prison construction in the early 1900s destroyed much of the former military installation, several structures were buried more or less intact, enshrining a critical sliver of Alcatraz’s colorful past.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“This really changes the picture of things,” says study author \u003ca href=\"https://www.binghamton.edu/anthropology/faculty/postdoctoral.html\"\u003eTimothy de Smet\u003c/a\u003e, an archaeologist at Binghamton University. “These remains are so well preserved, and so close to the surface. They weren’t erased from the island—they’re right beneath your feet.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/Alcatraz_200MHz_Dec2012_Parade_Ground_Lighthou.width-990_qWfzscW.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy author Timothy de Smet used non-invasive techniques to create a subsurface map of remains of Alcatraz Island's former military fortification. Image Credit: Timothy de Smet, Binghampton University\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"credit\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior to the mid-1800s, Alcatraz Island was a barren strip of land capable of supporting little more than a raucous population of seabirds. But in the wake of the California Gold Rush, the United States government looked to the rocky outcrop as a potential military base to protect the newly bustling city from foreign invasion. Over the next several decades, a stone- and brick-based fortification was erected, then rebuilt as earthen structures better equipped to handle erosion. But Alcatraz struggled to keep pace with the rapid changes in artillery during and after the Civil War era, and by the late 1800s, the island’s defenses were essentially obsolete. Military pursuits on Alcatraz were abandoned shortly thereafter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"related\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the island’s prison was erected around the turn of the 20th century, little physical evidence of its former architecture remained—or so many thought. The new study, led by de Smet, says otherwise. To look beneath the surface, the researchers deployed ground-penetrating radar, which pulses electromagnetic waves into the earth, returning signals that can visualize remains without excavation. The strategy uncovered a labyrinth of subterranean structures, including an earthwork traverse, a kind of defensive trench, running beneath the penitentiary’s former recreation yard.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“This really reinforces what several historians and archaeologists had long suspected,” says study author and Alcatraz historian \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnamartini.com/\"\u003eJohn Martini\u003c/a\u003e. “Up until this point, we had nothing to go on except for a few visible trace remains and maps—and a lot of suspicion.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn a way, Martini says, the findings reflect just how limited real estate was on Alcatraz, which clocks in at less than 50 acres. “On a small island, there’s only so many places you can build,” he says. “And it’s unlikely they went to the trouble of demolishing all this stuff.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/Alcatraz_320_Rodman_Fortress-16.width-990_XY6ACuC.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003e\u003cp\u003eA 15-inch Rodman cannon and its gun crew, 1869. These were the largest guns mounted on Alcatraz. Image Credit: National Park Service, Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"credit\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBecause they’re both sensitive and non-destructive, techniques like ground-penetrating radar are crucial for these kinds of investigations, and can complement historical records that survived the era, says \u003ca href=\"http://jolenebabyakauthor.com/\"\u003eJolene Babyak\u003c/a\u003e, an Alcatraz historian who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith these results in hand, de Smet and his colleagues plan to continue archaeological investigations under Alcatraz. Going forward, only time will tell what this rock will reveal, Martini says. “Below the surface, Alcatraz is still full of mysteries,” he says. “There’s still a whole lot to be learned.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/Alcatraz_616_ordnance_yard_BANC_Muybridge_Coll.width-990_JgPAUCa.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoldiers posing in the island’s ordnance yard. A brick Citadel capped the summit of Alcatraz. 1869. Image Credit: National Park Service, Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"credit\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","author":["katherine-j-wu"],"short_description":"\u003cp\u003eUsing non-invasive techniques, archaeologists have confirmed the presence of a coastal fortification beneath what was once the prison’s recreation yard.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Ground-Penetrating Radar Reveals Military Structures Buried Beneath Alcatraz Penitentiary","slug":"ground-penetrating-radar-reveals-military-structures-buried-beneath-alcatraz-penitentiary","page_type":"article","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","caption":{"html":"\u003cp\u003eAlcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: MBPROJEKT_Maciej_Bledowski, iStock\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":"Alcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: MBPROJEKT_Maciej_Bledowski, iStock"},"credit":{"html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":""},"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/iStock-510871741.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2000,"height":1125,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2400,"height":1350,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1551724980000]},{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"sfv-5199","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-analysis","title":"Identifying Lost Crew with Forensics and DNA Analysis","topic":"military","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":190,"publish_date":"2018-12-03T21:45:52.513321+00:00","tags":["NOVA","WWII","forensics","dna","b-24","skeleton","Skeletal","forensic","PBS","military","dna analysis"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-analysis-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"ns0gc\"\u003eCan a team of forensic archaeologists identify three WWII airmen that disappeared?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"d2qbm\"\u003eIn 1944, three WWII airmen disappeared beneath the waves. Now, there may be hope for the return of their remains. The Department of Defense, which operates the largest forensic anthropology lab in the world, does a skeletal analysis to figure out if the recovered remains belong to more than one individual. Then the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System takes over to conduct a DNA analysis using family samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"b9rvd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eIdentifying Lost Crew with Forensics and DNA Analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2x9w2\"\u003ePublished: December 3, 2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"o1ua0\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ux7ge\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnscreen\u003c/b\u003e: Dec 17, 1944: A B-24 bomber was shot down off Croatia. Three airmen disappeared beneath the waves: Pilot Eugene Ford, Navigator Russel C. Landry, and Flight Engineer Charles E. Priest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"xxbxx\"\u003eNow, there may be hope for the return of their remains. The Department of Defense operates the largest forensic anthropology lab in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"s65nh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTyler Dunn\u003c/b\u003e: It’s my job to do a skeletal analysis blind, so I don’t bias myself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tfvjq\"\u003eWe were presented with 11 teeth; a right humerus, that’s relatively intact compared to everything else; a fragment of a vertebra; a handful of, sort of, non-diagnostic long bone fragments—we can more or less just tell that they’re bone; some fingers, a bit of a toe, and then most of the lower right leg, so a tibia and a fibula.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dxapy\"\u003eThe first question I generally ask is the minimum number of individuals. So, we try and figure out if this could be, or is, more than one person.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qzday\"\u003eBased on this case, the skeletal—it’s called M.N.I. or \u0026quot;minimum number of individuals\u0026quot; — the skeletal M.N.I. is one. I have good reason to think that this is one individual.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f52ir\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnscreen\u003c/b\u003e: This conclusion is backed up by the dental analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"we0kr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDunn\u003c/b\u003e: So, I can tell that this is all teeth from one individual, based on tooth shape, the size of the tooth, and more or less what they look like.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"n7pl9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnscreen\u003c/b\u003e: It appears that only a single airman was recovered, based on the skeletal evidence. But who was it?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"orcl7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDunn\u003c/b\u003e: We more or less measure how long the tibia is. The stature for this individual that we estimated was right around 5 foot 10.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"n2wn2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnscreen\u003c/b\u003e: Yet the skeletal remains alone cannot provide a definitive ID, so they turn to DNA. The Armed Forces Medical Examiner System now takes over.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"emtnq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTimothy McMahon\u003c/b\u003e: This is where we take the unknown and we put a name to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dp57f\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnscreen\u003c/b\u003e: First they extract DNA from the bones and teeth and then sequence many different regions. Then they compare the sequence against family reference samples until finally a match is confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zggcc\"\u003eSeven months later…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vxvam\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJim Bell\u003c/b\u003e: …so, based on that, the laboratory analysis, established remains of those as First Lieutenant Eugene Ford, serial number Oscar 805804, U.S. Army Air Forces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2018-12-03T17:13:11+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"ns0gc\"\u003eCan a team of forensic archaeologists identify three WWII airmen that disappeared?\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Identifying Lost Crew with Forensics and DNA Analysis","slug":"identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-analysis","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-analysis-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1543873552513]},{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"sfv-5191","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman","title":"Finding a Lost WWII Tuskegee Airman","topic":"military","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":268,"publish_date":"2018-11-30T16:15:11.002028+00:00","tags":["NOVA","air force","Tuskegee","WWII","b-24","PBS","military"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/png","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-1500.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-2000.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-2500.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":447,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-800.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":335,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-600.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":223,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-400.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":167,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-300.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp\u003eCan DNA analysis ID a Tuskegee Airman missing since WWII?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNamed for the Alabama town in which they trained, the Tuskegee Airmen had to \u0026quot;fight just to fly.\u0026quot; Capt. Dickson, whose plane went down in the mountains between Italy and Austria during his 68th mission, is one of 27 Tuskegee airmen missing since WWII. Can DNA analysis identify him?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinding a Lost WWII Tuskegee Airman\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublished: November 30, 2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarla Dickson Andrews\u003c/b\u003e: This is my father, Captain Lawrence Everett Dickson.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: His daughter Marla was just a child when he disappeared.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: My father was in the third graduating class of the original Tuskegee Airmen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: Named for the Alabama town where they trained, the Tuskegee Airmen had to fight just to fly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: The basic sentiment of the country at that time felt that black people were not intelligent enough, they weren’t brave and courageous enough.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: The Tuskegee pilots proved their critics wrong, but at a price: they were asked to fly 70 missions, far more than their white peers. Marla’s father, was on his 68th mission in a distinctive red-tail P-51.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChristmas was only days away.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: They expected him to come home very soon, because he only had two more missions to go.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: Just after the new year, they get a telegram.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: It said he was missing in action.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: He was never seen again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: All through the years, I would ask everybody, \u0026quot;Did you know my father? Were you over in Italy?\u0026quot; And I never had any luck.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: For 50 years, Marla had little more than his medals to remember her father by…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: It’s the Distinguished Flying Cross.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: …until 1998, when she got a letter from her father’s wingman, Robert Martin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe letter revealed that over the mountains between Italy and Austria, her father’s plane began to give him trouble.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: He saw my father having difficulty with the engine. It sputtered out one time, and he got it started again, after trying. And then it sputtered out again, and he got it started again. But the third time, it didn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: Neither of the two pilots flying with Dickson saw if he got out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: They went back, and they circled what they thought was the area. And I could tell from the letter how awful he felt.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: I got a call from an army representative, and her specialty was genealogy. At first, I said, \u0026quot;Oh, gosh. I’m going to have to hang up on this person. This is some kind of scam.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: But it wasn’t a scam. It was legitimate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: I didn’t know how to handle it. I know that sounds silly because I’m old enough to be able to handle almost anything.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: The remains that were found were sent to the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System for analysis. Here, one at a time, D.N.A. transforms the missing into the found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe D.N.A. is extracted from bones and teeth and then sequenced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTimothy McMahon\u003c/b\u003e: Which is a way for us to determine the actual base pairs. So, when I talk about D.N.A., D.N.A.’s made up of four base pairs: G, A, T, C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: The army asked for my D.N.A, and they asked for my father’s brother’s son’s D.N.A.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: The work is painstaking. It will take some time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf 27 Tuskegee Airmen missing since World War II, he is the first, and so far only one, to have been recovered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn July 2018, the D.P.A.A. notified his daughter Captain Dickson had been found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: Because he wasn’t treated properly when he was alive, I’m taking him first class to Arlington. I want to take my CD of Donald Byrd, the jazz trumpeter, ’cause that is so cool. He would really, really like that, and he’d say, \u0026quot;Thanks, Marla. You know how to send a person off.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","passport_start":"2018-11-28T19:42:30+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp\u003eCan DNA analysis ID a Tuskegee Airman missing since WWII?\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Finding a Lost WWII Tuskegee Airman","slug":"finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/png","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":167,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-300.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":223,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-400.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":335,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-600.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":447,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-800.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-1500.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-2000.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-2500.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1543594511002]},{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"episode-4582","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"last-b-24","title":"Last B-24","topic":"military","brand":"nova","content_type":"episodepage","length":3220,"publish_date":"2018-10-30","tags":["NOVA","World War II","forensics","dna","b-24","flight","PBS","military","underwater","dna analysis"],"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","caption":{"html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":""},"credit":{"html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":""},"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/last-B24-merl.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"external":false,"published":true,"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"mk1i7\"\u003eDive beneath the sea to the wreckage of a WWII bomber. Search for the remains of its fallen crew.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"1k6hj\"\u003e(This program is no longer available for online streaming.) Dive to the bottom of the Adriatic Sea in search of the Tulsamerican, a B-24 bomber that crashed off the coast of Croatia during World War II. In 2010, divers located the plane. Now the Department of Defense, aided by the Croatian Navy and some of the world’s leading underwater archaeologists, sets to work investigating the wreckage. Join the team of archaeologists and forensics experts as they search for the crew and identify their remains. (Premiered November 7, 2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"u693n\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLast B-24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7bmwl\"\u003ePBS Airdate: November 7, 2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c1tvh\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"0uhsr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: A mystery beneath the waves, a lost B-24 bomber, shot down in World War II…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ay3oz\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER (Bombardier, Tulsamerican):\u003c/b\u003e The pilot said, \u0026quot;We’re going in.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"uwpg2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The remains of three brave airmen may still be here, somewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dqymz\"\u003eNow an elite team of divers, sent by the U.S. Department of Defense is on a mission to bring these men home.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a06j0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT (Chief Diver/Safety Officer)\u003c/b\u003e: First team in will be Brett, Nikos and myself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zf71u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: It’s part of a worldwide effort to search out and recover tens of thousands of U.S. service members, still missing…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"o4ngd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKELLY MCKEAGUE (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency)\u003c/b\u003e: We are tasked to provide that closure and hopefully one day fill that hole in their heart.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"m2eb3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …like the case of a Tuskegee Airman, who vanished in 1944…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dztxe\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS (Daughter of Captain Lawrence Dickson)\u003c/b\u003e: All through the years, I would ask everybody, \u0026quot;Did you know my father? Were you over in Italy?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"yi0uh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …or the co-pilot of a B-17.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7bbf6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL (Great-Niece of 2nd Lieutenant Ernest Vienneau)\u003c/b\u003e: He flew his plane over their summer house to say goodbye, and then they never heard from him again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"g96bj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But after more than 70 years, can any of them be found? From the bottom of the Adriatic Sea, to cutting edge tech on board a Croatian ship, to forensic labs back in the U.S.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kf4aq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIMOTHY MCMAHON (Armed Forces Medical Examiner System)\u003c/b\u003e: This is where we take the unknown and we put a name to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jw44f\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …only science can unlock this puzzle. The Mystery of the Last B-24, right now, on NOVA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"mouqu\"\u003eThousands of miles from the nearest American shore, the U.S. Department of Defense has embarked on a unique expedition, on the hunt for precious treasure lost beneath the surface of the Adriatic Sea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"p96nx\"\u003eThe Croatian navy has donated its services.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tyngt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: As the ship locks into position…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hjmtl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: Okay, guys, briefing for today’s operation…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ezupg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …an elite team of technical divers and underwater archaeologists slips into the water.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9wsvx\"\u003eThey will sink nearly a hundred-thirty-five feet beneath the surface, in search of a missing piece of American history, a warplane, lost more than 70 years ago: Tulsamerican.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c4i8r\"\u003eOnce a fierce weapon of war, it is now a jumbled mass of parts: a wing, a wheel, a parachute canopy, draped like a burial shroud. The plane is flipped upside down, broken in half, one wheel jutting upwards. It looks like nothing more than a tangle of wreckage, and yet, they hope it holds the last remains of three American airmen who never made it home: flight engineer Charles E. Priest, navigator Russell C. Landry and the pilot, Eugene Ford.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"by63k\"\u003eThey are the reason for this mission, the reason for almost 50 people and roughly 15 tons of equipment, both military and scientific, brought here in the hopes of finding them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"q5x8y\"\u003eBut after 70 years on the bottom of the ocean, there are no intact skeletons, no clothing, no trace of the missing men. It’s a puzzle, a deep and dangerous mystery they can only hope will be unlocked by science.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aoygy\"\u003eThe mystery traces back to 1944, the height of World War II. Six months after the Allies’ D-Day invasion, huge portions of France and Italy have been liberated, but the Germans have just begun a major counterattack.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1dily\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER:\u003c/b\u003e It was the day after the Battle of the Bulge had started. The Germans had made a lot of progress, had broken through our lines around Belgium and that area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"frz8d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: As the ground battle rages, a ferocious air war unfolds in the skies above. Lieutenant Val Miller was there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5sewm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER:\u003c/b\u003e We sent every plane that we could fly. It was a large, large bunch of planes from not only where we were, but from other divisions in the area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"l4dpb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The assault consists of B-17 Flying Fortresses, and a newer plane introduced in 1940, the B-24 Liberator.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a194k\"\u003eFour 1,200-horsepower engines and a more efficient wing design allow it to fly faster and farther than the B-17s. It carries 10 crew—six manning fifty caliber machine guns—and a bombardier, to direct its 8,000 pounds of bombs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fy1uq\"\u003eThe B-24 was a powerful and effective weapon, but in the face of enemy fighters, as much prey as predator.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c7i1n\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY R. KINNEY (National Air and Space Museum)\u003c/b\u003e: The reality of air combat over Europe was it was a very harsh, unforgiving, chaotic environment: the antiaircraft artillery that comes through paper-thin skins of airplanes, so cold that if your bare skin touches the aluminum of the airplane, it sticks to it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hlcrj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Casualty rates are high, but suffered as a necessary tradeoff.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ksnr3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: One bomb salvo from a B-24, that’s probably equivalent to destroy a large multi-story building, even a small factory, just from one airplane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8jhtz\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Allied planners want to drop these high explosives on the German fuel refineries at Odertal. Take away the oil, and the Nazi war machine grinds to a halt.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"k3gek\"\u003eThe flight would take nearly eight hours. Twenty-two-year-old Val Miller was the bombardier on board the Tulsamerican. The plane was one of over 18,000 B-24s built during the war, but she is unique among them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"rokmc\"\u003eThe last B-24 to roll off the factory line in Tulsa, Oklahoma, she was paid for by the factory workers out of their own pockets. Local press has been closely tracking her progress. Now, she is headed out on another extremely dangerous mission.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tkljj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: We were told we would not have any fighter protection. We had to go through very thick clouds, and suddenly we were attacked by a whole bunch of German fighter planes. There was no conversation, but there was a lot of activity. People were manning their guns. We shot down two or three of them, but they kept attacking and attacking.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ike55\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The Tulsamerican successfully escaped the German fighters, but she was critically wounded, with damage to one of her engines, fuel tank and hydraulics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"apn6b\"\u003eThe crew had a decision to make. Below them was enemy territory…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5wd52\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: The pilot didn’t want to bail out. He knew that if we did, we’d be taken captive by the Germans, and more than likely, they would kill us.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ippni\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …but home base in Italy was over three hours away, more than 100 miles of it over open sea. But there was a backup plan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"i42ac\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: We decided we’d try for that little island of Vis. It’s a small landing area, but it’s a place where we had had planes fly down and land there before.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"geh9h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Threading the needle to land here was the last hope for many Allied planes, but it was no simple feat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"wegl8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: We’d already had one engine shot out, we were about 200 feet off the water, it looked like we were going to make it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"71kb0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: At such low altitude, a parachute isn’t an option.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3cmjp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: As we were chugging along, trying to get to that little landing strip, two more engines quit. The only warning we had was the pilot said, \u0026quot;We’re going in.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d4o57\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The crash of a nearly identical B-24 depicted in the film Unbroken is eerily similar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qtjbo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: The water came in on me. I didn’t remember seeing anything around me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dkqhz\"\u003eAs I was just floating there, suddenly there was a little boat that came up by me. I have no idea who they were, to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3fom4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Miller later learned that six other crewmen had been rescued. But the pilot, navigator and engineer vanished without a trace. For decades the military listed them as unrecoverable, then, in 2010, an amateur diver came across a rusting wreck. It was eventually identified as the Tulsamerican.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"94xgm\"\u003eWith the plane identified, a little known group within the Department of Defense, called the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, the D.P.A.A., began planning this expedition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4p8iv\"\u003eTheir job is to find lost service members and provide information to families who may have been waiting for decades.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"lcqt8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eG. R. \u0026quot;ROCKY\u0026quot; GILLETTE (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency)\u003c/b\u003e: We try to give them as much as we can: the theater, the campaign, the battle, perhaps even that final hour where they lost their service member. And that helps bring a sense of closure to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"47k69\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The D.P.A.A. goes around the world to carry out its mission, like the recent recovery of potential remains of U.S. troops from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. An estimated 82,000 American soldiers are still missing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2lp1x\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKELLY MCKEAGUE\u003c/b\u003e: It may be a number, but that’s 82,000 unique stories, 82,000 circumstances, 82,000 sets of memories, all unique.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6ztlt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But at this site, a hundred-and-thirty-five feet under water, finding the missing men and bringing them home will be very complicated, which calls for an expert team, led by Brendan Foley.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bp4rs\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY (Lead Investigator)\u003c/b\u003e: So, there’s a lot of aircraft wreckage that we have to move around. There’s jagged metal that could easily cut us. We have to be really careful in there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3yb21\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Brendan is not a military officer. He’s a scientist who leads a team of highly skilled underwater archaeologists. Shadowing the scientists is a second team of elite technical divers, led by dive safety officer Phil Short.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ey04h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: Yeah, bear in mind, scientists have real jobs, so they don’t get to dive every day. So you’re not ready with a motor reflex to respond to the emergencies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d125m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: And that’s why no one dives alone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"rno1l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: Each scientist, like Dr. Foley, has got a guardian, and their job is to ghost the scientist, to watch them while they work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dsk96\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Also joining the team is underwater photographer Brett Seymour. He takes hundreds of photographs topside. He stitches the 2D images together to build a 3D model of the site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"i9ql8\"\u003eThe graphic image clearly shows that the cockpit is in ruins.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kj392\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRETT SEYMOUR (National Park Service)\u003c/b\u003e: The site is quite a bit more broken up than I thought. I had seen some images that the tail wasn’t there, but I had no idea that the cockpit was so ...\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"mzmld\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eEVAN KOVAC\u003c/b\u003e: Yeah, I didn’t realize it was quite so damaged.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qxj3q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRETT SEYMOUR:\u003c/b\u003e … torn apart.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"xjid2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The first dive has made it clear what they’re up against: a confusing mass of wreckage, which means the search for human remains just got more difficult.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"erftw\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: It looks like when the aircraft hit the water, it was a heck of an impact, and so it’s peeled open, almost like a banana.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"uxdeu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The search will begin around the heavily damaged cockpit. According to Val Miller’s testimony, that was where the three missing men were positioned at the moment of impact.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5m5ex\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER:\u003c/b\u003e I was right behind the pilot. I could have reached out and touched him with my hand.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"l6ufm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The engineer, Priest, the navigator, Landry, and the pilot, Ford, should be right there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"36sz7\"\u003eThe next team prepares to descend. Just like on land, the excavation begins with a grid system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"25e84\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: The wreckage is pretty well concentrated. It makes the job a little bit easier for us.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e8385\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Their goal for this phase is to examine the area around the cockpit, in case any remains were ejected from the wreckage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pdv9m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: With the grid we can go very, very systematically and scientifically, day after day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"896sx\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The team scans the seafloor with forensic lights capable of detecting bones.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9kfdt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: With a filter on over our eyes, over our masks, we shine these blue lights on the seafloor, and they cause bone to fluoresce. So, it makes detection a lot easier and a lot more complete.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zg64b\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Powerful dredges work like giant vacuums, sucking up the silt. The sediment is bagged and sent to the surface, where a team, including Croatian archaeologist Helena Tomas, begins sifting through it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dpj27\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHELENA TOMAS (Archaeologist)\u003c/b\u003e: It has to be sieved and processed in the, precisely the same way that we archeologists are used to.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9rpa4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: As the bags continue rising from the depths, Helena recruits the Croatian sailors to assist her team.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"oyiaw\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHELENA TOMAS\u003c/b\u003e: We had so much work to do, we decided to ask sailors to help us sieving the soil that came from the bottom of the sea around the wreckage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"lwxb1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Even Captain Neven Katic joins in and finds the first significant, personal item…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vjrpg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHELENA TOMAS\u003c/b\u003e: So, he came to me, and he said, \u0026quot;Oh, there is a really shiny object inside. What is this?\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zdhbh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …a wedding ring, untarnished by the saltwater. It’s an emotional moment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1p09b\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: It catches me now; it caught all of us, something so personal as one of these airmen’s wedding band, still shiny gold.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bpp19\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Such a unique find may even hint at the original owner. That’s because records show the engineer, Priest, out of Kansas, was never married. The next man, Landry, with a brother and sister waiting back home, was also marked single. The only man who was married was the pilot, Lieutenant Eugene Ford. He left behind a wife, an unborn son and a daughter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a104q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNORMA FORD BEARD (Daughter of First Lieutenant Eugene Ford)\u003c/b\u003e: And he actually saw me once he came home on leave, but then he went back, and he died. So, I don’t remember him at all.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"xeb9f\"\u003eWe had an encyclopedia of pictures of World War II, and we did look for B-24s and we memorized the number of rivets there are and things like that. But there was this sadness that my mother had that I just could not comprehend.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qr06u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The ring suggests their father, lost all those years ago may be close by, but it’s not enough to establish a positive I.D. So, while the discovery is encouraging, the work is far from over.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"r1mi3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: Okay, guys, so, briefing for today: first team in will be Brett, Nikos and myself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tbt8a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The team works in shifts. As one crew rises to the surface, the next one is ready to take its place.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ywcdp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: Our team has got 60 minutes per diver per dive, and we’re putting nine men on the bottom per day. We’re basically getting nine hours of productivity per operational day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"0z6m4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: On land, archaeological digs are measured in weeks or months; here, the excavation will be measured in hours.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5nfza\"\u003eAs the digging continues, a radio headset appears. Divers bring it to the surface, where the bags of silt are also yielding results: a 50-caliber cartridge, flight boots, what archaeologists call \u0026quot;artifacts.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pzig5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHELENA TOMAS\u003c/b\u003e: So, artifacts would be remains of the plane, parts of the uniform, something that can tell us, give us an indication of identities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fx4qi\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But the \u0026quot;holy grail\u0026quot; is \u0026quot;osseous remains,\u0026quot; human bones, carrying a hidden treasure: an individual’s genetic material, D.N.A. Recovered items, like uniforms, even dog tags, are usually not enough, even when combined with medical records.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"45l91\"\u003eDental records are useful, but D.N.A. is the best way to make an identification, like an investigation the D.P.A.A. recently reopened.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9pkb7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: This is my father, Captain Lawrence Everett Dickson.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pcl48\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: His daughter Marla was just a child when he disappeared.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"yigyp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: My father was in the third graduating class of the original Tuskegee Airmen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"iwuik\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Named for the Alabama town where they trained, the Tuskegee Airmen had to fight just to fly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"739fp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: The basic sentiment of the country at that time felt that black people were not intelligent enough, they weren’t brave and courageous enough.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kiyre\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The Tuskegee pilots proved their critics wrong, but at a price: they were asked to fly 70 missions, far more than their white peers. Marla’s father, was on his 68th mission in a distinctive red-tail P-51.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3enzi\"\u003eChristmas was only days away.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qfdje\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: They expected him to come home very soon, because he only had two more missions to go.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"uhg82\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Just after the new year, they get a telegram.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bltoy\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: It said he was missing in action.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vh3ik\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: He was never seen again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8wv7s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS:\u003c/b\u003e All through the years, I would ask everybody, \u0026quot;Did you know my father? Were you over in Italy?\u0026quot; And I never had any luck.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fga69\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: For 50 years, Marla had little more than his medals to remember her father by…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"inzrz\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS:\u003c/b\u003e It’s the Distinguished Flying Cross.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5q5z5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …until 1998, when she got a letter from her father’s wingman, Robert Martin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1zn7g\"\u003eThe letter revealed that over the mountains between Italy and Austria, her father’s plane began to give him trouble.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kmazg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: He saw my father having difficulty with the engine. It sputtered out one time, and he got it started again, after trying. And then it sputtered out again, and he got it started again. But the third time, it didn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"syfp9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Neither of the two pilots flying with Dickson saw if he got out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kydtq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: They went back, and they circled what they thought was the area. And I could tell from the letter how awful he felt.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e0re9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: For almost 70 years, Dickson was gone, vanished in the mountains, until a D.P.A.A. researcher uncovered a handful of eyewitness reports recorded in 1944. They described the crash of an Allied fighter on the Austro-Italian border, near the town of Hohenthurn.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4zvqa\"\u003eWorking with the University of New Orleans, the National WWII Museum and the University of Innsbruck, the D.P.A.A. launched an investigation. Archaeologists quickly found wreckage matching a downed P-51 fighter and fragments of bone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dv3aj\"\u003eAll of a sudden, for Marla Dickson, there was hope.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"olz3z\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: I got a call from an army representative, and her specialty was genealogy. At first, I said, \u0026quot;Oh, gosh. I’m going to have to hang up on this person. This is some kind of scam.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"v8bw3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But it wasn’t a scam. It was legitimate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hrotr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: I didn’t know how to handle it. I know that sounds silly because I’m old enough to be able to handle almost anything.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"axoo8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The remains that were found were sent to the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System for analysis. Here, one at a time, D.N.A. transforms the missing into the found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"yjv99\"\u003eThe D.N.A. is extracted from bones and teeth and then sequenced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7nf59\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIMOTHY MCMAHON\u003c/b\u003e: Which is a way for us to determine the actual base pairs. So, when I talk about D.N.A., D.N.A.’s made up of four base pairs: G, A, T, C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"masb2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The base pairs are simply chemicals arranged in sequence, the blueprint for what makes each person unique.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"calq0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIMOTHY MCMAHON\u003c/b\u003e: That difference in that individual that makes that his D.N.A. sequence, that difference is what we’re looking for.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"198z5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Searching through the three-billion base pairs found in human cellular D.N.A., the laboratory utilizes three different testing methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"do5lj\"\u003eOne approach focuses on small repetitive sequences known as \u0026quot;short tandem repeats,\u0026quot; which are compared to reference samples from family members.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d4h16\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: The army asked for my D.N.A, and they asked for my father’s brother’s son’s D.N.A.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"h28g5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The work is painstaking. It will take some time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c1jp7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: I am not a patient person. One day, I’m for finding him, and one day I’m for not finding him, because it’s…I can’t explain it to you. It’s, it’s emotional.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1z2a3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIMOTHY MCMAHON\u003c/b\u003e: It takes a while. There’s a reason for that. For better, for worse, people may think there are ways to do this faster. Sloppy science means bad results. The families have had enough heartache in their life that we do good science.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jg4g5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Only time will tell if the remains found in Austria belong to Captain Dickson. Uncertainty is part of all of these investigations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ymgz6\"\u003eBack on the Tulsamerican, the archaeologists have reached their primary target: the cockpit where the missing men were just before the crash, but it’s a jumbled mess, and they don’t find much.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"wzejv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID CONLIN (National Park Service)\u003c/b\u003e: I spent the whole 65 minutes of my dive just working an area, dug carefully and found the other headphone. But we didn’t find anything else at all.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"g5guj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: This is an evolutionary process. We’ve done that sort of easy part: we thought maybe the most likely place for the remains to be found. Now it gets more difficult.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"z7cos\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: What’s most perplexing is that, so far, no human remains have appeared.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"48sze\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARL KAISER\u003c/b\u003e: I wasn’t really finding anything under there at all, so…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kl0bv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: Yeah, I think there was just nothing there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"p9bhc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARL KAISER\u003c/b\u003e: Yeah, I agree.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tq12h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: If the airmen ended up outside of the cockpit, the team could be wasting precious time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"p6rxf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: The job here isn’t to remove sediment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"nn8dx\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: On day 17, they find something that lifts everyone’s spirits, a set of wings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"u68ha\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRESEARCHER\u003c/b\u003e: I was really hoping we were going to find that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kaup6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The center shield tells them they don’t belong to the pilot whose ring may have been found, but could they belong to one of the other missing men?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dcjan\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: The job here is to bring these three men home, bury them in the National Cemetery with the honors that they’re due. And every day, we’re thinking about that mission entirely.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4bqlj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: These unsolved cases can be agonizing for families back home, waiting for news.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jwnah\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFAMILY MEMBER #1\u003c/b\u003e: I’m here representing my cousin, Flight Officer Samuel William Desoto, lost May 15, 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b651y\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFAMILY MEMBER #2\u003c/b\u003e: I was 16, and I got to kiss him goodbye that morning. We have two other sisters also, so Daddy had five girls, and we’re all waiting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"47woh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFAMILY MEMBER #3\u003c/b\u003e: My father was Private Rodolfo Valsquomeza. I never knew my dad. He turned 19, on October the 12th, in Korea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"x5y4w\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: There are tens of thousands of such families around the U.S.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1sza0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKELLY MCKEAGUE\u003c/b\u003e: People are just looking for that closure. They’re looking for answers as to why their loved one was lost. And having the closure to bring them back home on American soil is what they strive for…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"65yb8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The U.S. military began this work in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ukbw8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFAMILY MEMBER #4\u003c/b\u003e: I didn’t realize, either, that, how difficult it was for my mother. She cried herself to sleep quite frequently, so that hole was getting bigger and bigger.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2z0kf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKELLY MCKEAGUE\u003c/b\u003e: …to provide that closure, to provide the answers and hopefully one day fill that void, fill that hole in their heart as to why their loved one hasn’t been home, in 70 years in the case of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"auxvx\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Back in Croatia, the team keeps that mission foremost in their thoughts, but there is still little sign of Ford, Priest or Landry. The team has fully excavated the cockpit area and come up empty.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"z14zp\"\u003eIs it possible the men were ejected by the force of the crash?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a7gc1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: I don’t know. They were right where I could have touched them when we hit, but I never saw them again and never heard of them. I don’t know what happened to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"djz2t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: With much of their dive time burned, the team must move quickly. Unfortunately, foul weather is moving in. They must seek calmer waters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"n6kna\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEVEN KATIC\u003c/b\u003e: We are moving now, because the state of sea is not good for anchorage. And we are going in the harbor Vis, because wind not blow.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ekqd0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But even with the divers out of the water, the archaeological work can continue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"sx2gv\"\u003eThe team has a new piece of technology, which acts as a larger version of the forensic flashlights used earlier. They call it \u0026quot;the blue light special.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pjlht\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: The idea is we load the material onto this top conveyor, and it passes underneath a diffused laser. And that laser is set for 450 nanometers, and that frequency causes bone and teeth, osseous material, to fluoresce.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9ovtv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The scanner picks up protein in human remains, something that rocks and shell lack in significant amounts. This test bone for example, rich in protein, glows like a spotlight.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b3ho7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eALEX SOTIRIOU (Lead Technician)\u003c/b\u003e: So, you see, it’s like an x-ray. You see things that are not of interest, and this, that is of interest, actually pops out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"iigq2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: After hours of scanning, it appears the blue light special has found something important…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"nals2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: It’s possible, possible osseous.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"u3psy\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …what might be a tooth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ftkpy\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: I’m not a specialist in what this could be, but this is exactly what we were looking for.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hztpc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: It is tagged and bagged for further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kbn1y\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: Hey, it’s not our determination. That’s what the lab is for. We’ll send it on home.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"rqnlj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But it’s highly encouraging. It means there may yet be human remains at the crash site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1hste\"\u003eAnd there’s another piece of exciting news. A local diver has information on another U.S. warplane, with another missing airman possibly on board.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ftkyf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDANIJEL FRKA (Croatian Diver and Historian)\u003c/b\u003e: I can show you where he is.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6yj16\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The second plane is only three miles away, but the currents are much calmer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vyqsl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: We’ve got poor weather over the B-24, which gives good conditions over the B-17. And we’re using this weather window to do a reconnaissance dive on the B-17.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"sri51\"\u003eShe sits at 72 meters of depth, on the seabed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7ongr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: It is deeper than the Tulsamerican, a darker, more treacherous dive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f70t2\"\u003eThe downed plane is incredible. It is a B-17 Flying Fortress, the workhorse of the U.S. Army Air Forces. First deployed in the 1930s, the B-17 had a reputation among its crews for its ability to take a beating.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jrypa\"\u003eNot surprisingly, in contrast to the Tulsamerican, the B-17 appears completely intact, resting on the seafloor as if on a runway.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qrvst\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eGEMMA SMITH (Technical Diver)\u003c/b\u003e: It’s just laying there on the seabed, and it just appears out of the mist like this ghost plane wreck.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e2ugb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: It’s like they drained the ocean, landed a plane and put the ocean back.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"04aes\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: After his first trip to the wreck, the local diver, Danijel Frka, researched the story of the plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7vmaf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDANIJEL FRKA\u003c/b\u003e: I know, because I got a letter from the pilot and the gunner, and they explained in detail everything what happened.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"76873\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The plane was on a bombing mission, similar to that of the Tulsamerican, when it was hit by anti-aircraft fire. The B-17 attempted to make an emergency landing at Vis. It fell short, but all crew survived, except for one.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"49sty\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDANIJEL FRKA\u003c/b\u003e: So, all 10 of the crew were saved, except of the 11th guy that was the co-pilot who was left in the plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2z58s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: His name was Ernest Vienneau. Wounded in the attack, Vienneau couldn’t be pulled from the plane in time. His family has been searching for him ever since.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d8q01\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL\u003c/b\u003e: My name is Chelsea Carbonell, and I’m here to remember my great uncle. He was the only one to die in that plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zpota\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eINTERVIEWER\u003c/b\u003e: What do we think?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"peiuk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL\u003c/b\u003e: Especially that smile, Brendan, ’cause he has that, that smile.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"erw1j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Chelsea Carbonell and her son have inherited the search for their long-lost uncle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"h0agj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL\u003c/b\u003e: When Ernest left, he flew his plane over their summer house in Twin Lakes and tipped the wings to say goodbye. And then they never heard from him again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"s06qr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Like the Tulsamerican, Vienneau and his plane were long considered unrecoverable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b7zbe\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL\u003c/b\u003e: We have been trying to find his remains and bring him back home.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4yvz0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Now, unexpectedly, Vienneau may be within reach. If this is his plane, he may still be here somewhere, or in the silt nearby.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"0mx0l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: So, I think, basically, there’s a fairly high chance of some remains being found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"s5dla\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But there’s a problem. There is no official permission to search further. They have to stop here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"s6f6q\"\u003eThe D.P.A.A. cannot approve a new mission without proof that this is indeed Vienneau’s plane. For now, they must focus on other cases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8kaxc\"\u003eMeanwhile, the wreck raises an intriguing question. Why is the B-17 so intact? No crew died in the crash itself…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eeqyb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: It’s probably the most intact aircraft wreck I’ve ever dived.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kx0mh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …while the Tulsamerican is a mangled wreck that took three airmen with it. Why are the two planes in such different conditions?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"efce0\"\u003eEven stranger, Frka, has dived on other B-24s with similar damage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dy28e\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDANIJEL FRKA\u003c/b\u003e: They’re in exactly the same condition, always. The front part of the plane is upside down, and the back, the tail part is tangled with it or very close with it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2tufw\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: It’s a striking detail. Did the B-24s have some kind of fatal design flaw?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"epaop\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: The B-24 was nicknamed the \u0026quot;flying coffin\u0026quot; by its crews, because it’s very hard to get out of the airplane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"na9jq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: B-17 bombers, despite being an older design, seemed to enjoy a better reputation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"xmvqz\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: The B-17 was a much more robust aircraft in the combat environment. It was able to take combat damage. It was able to get back on less engines, less than four engines.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9gke2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: An obscure but startling piece of test footage offers insight: a controlled crash of a B-24: despite the optimal conditions, the plane still comes apart. The front end is mangled, just like the Tulsamerican.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"0o413\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: Only 25 percent of B-24 intentional water landings were successful, and that’s due to the construction of the airplane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2nsom\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The body of the B-24 rests below the wings, exposing it during a water landing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tcibr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: So, as the airplane hits the water, it could break in half very easily.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e29o5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: In contrast, the B-17 had a low wing, giving it a broad landing surface.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3s7h0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: Which allowed the airplane to be set down into the water much more easily.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2lvzh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: As the dive team gets back to work on the Tulsamerican, they’ve come to terms with the fact that the cockpit is empty. They decide to investigate a feature that they had seen earlier: a parachute.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"peyao\"\u003eWith time running out, this may be their last best hope.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zb0bn\"\u003eDivers typically try to avoid underwater obstacles that can snag and tangle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ib4pf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDEN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: And the parachute is trapped, snagged on, wrapped around this part of the aircraft wreckage. We need to excavate underneath that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jxzfs\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: They have just a few days left to make it happen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a9r8l\"\u003eMoving the parachute generates dangerous clouds of silt, obscuring jagged metal and tangling wire. But through the haze, divers sees something that may be just what they’re looking for.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b8d5c\"\u003eFor hours, the crew says nothing, keeping the sensitivities of the families foremost in mind. Finally, permission is granted to reveal what they’ve found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"nlvd7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: We’re under very strict guidelines as to what we can say and what we can’t say, but I am authorized to say that today we recovered possible human remains. And it’s extraordinarily emotional.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5ladm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eGEMMA SMITH\u003c/b\u003e: This hit me in a way that no dive has ever hit me before.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5x17r\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: It was the most worthwhile thing I’ve ever done under water.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"wsg85\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: After repeated dives on the parachute, the team recovers a significant number of intact bones, teeth and numerous other fragments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"h57aw\"\u003eFor now, they can only hope it will be enough to answer the question on everyone’s mind: whom have they found?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vplwn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: I hope that we fulfill the biggest promise of the mission, which is to bring closure to a family or families.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"btzbp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The fallen are finally returning to U.S. soil, and waiting families will find out who they are.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"lzfh9\"\u003eThe D.P.A.A. operates the largest forensic anthropology lab in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pyys4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFRANKLIN DAMANN (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency)\u003c/b\u003e: We process the site like a crime scene. There’s never a day in which you don’t remember that these are somebody’s son.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"07nri\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The work is done entirely in the blind, to ensure no bias is introduced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"w3z6w\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDEBRA PRINCE ZINNI (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency)\u003c/b\u003e: So, there will be anthropological analyses, dental analyses, there could be histological or D.N.A. analyses, as well as material evidence analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"j9zl4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Larkin Kennedy is a forensic anthropologist assigned to analyze the artifacts. In addition to the wedding ring, Larkin can glean some detail from the flight wings: they’re definitely not the pilot’s.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"oora0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLARKIN KENNEDY (Forensic Anthropologist)\u003c/b\u003e: So, we would expect, if those wings belonged to the pilot, that they would have this shield-shaped central motif. The object that we do have, is more specific to an aircrew member. We can be fairly sure that that would have belonged to a different individual.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ab727\"\u003eSo, it looks like we have at least two individuals represented in this assemblage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"v3tj3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: As Larkin continues her analysis of the artifacts, forensic anthropologist Tyler Dunn conducts his assessment of the bones. But he and Larkin do not trade notes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ptimm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTYLER DUNN\u003c/b\u003e: It’s my job to do a skeletal analysis blind, so I don’t bias myself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4rtly\"\u003eWe were presented with 11 teeth; a right humerus, that’s relatively intact compared to everything else; a fragment of a vertebra; a handful of, sort of, non-diagnostic long bone fragments—we can more or less just tell that they’re bone; some fingers, a bit of a toe, and then most of the lower right leg, so a tibia and a fibula.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"yc659\"\u003eThe first question I generally ask is the minimum number of individuals. So, we try and figure out if this could be, or is, more than one person.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"476zk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The recovery team had hopes that they had found more than one airman, but this is not what Tyler sees.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"0amuw\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTYLER DUNN\u003c/b\u003e: Based on this case, the skeletal—it’s called M.N.I. or \u0026quot;minimum number of individuals\u0026quot; — the skeletal M.N.I. is one. I have good reason to think that this is one individual.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8iru2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: This is backed up by the dental analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"n30sh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTYLER DUNN\u003c/b\u003e: So, I can tell that this is all teeth from one individual, based on tooth shape, the size of the tooth, and more or less what they look like.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"z9bi1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: It appears that only a single airman was recovered, based on the skeletal evidence. But is it Pilot Ford or one of the others?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"54chf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTYLER DUNN\u003c/b\u003e: Based on condylo-malleolar length of the tibia, we more or less measure how long the tibia is. The stature for this individual that we estimated was right around 5 foot 10.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"uszyj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Growth patterns also give an estimate of age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"30asl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTYLER DUNN\u003c/b\u003e: This is called the epiphysis. And right about 23 years of age, the epiphysis is firmly attached. So, we have some idea that this loss incident was of someone who was at least 23 years old, at time of death.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d0qct\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Yet neither the skeletal remains nor the artifacts allow them to make a definitive identification.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5zzz0\"\u003eTheir only hope to sort it out now rests with the D.N.A.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"l9lb0\"\u003eThe Armed Forces Medical Examiner System now takes over.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"rhfh5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIMOTHY MCMAHON\u003c/b\u003e: This is where we take the unknown and we put a name to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hl3aj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: First they extract D.N.A. from the bones and teeth and then sequence many different regions. They then compare the sequence against family reference samples, until, finally, a match is confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"glpec\"\u003eIs it the pilot, Ford? Or the navigator, Landry? Or the flight engineer, Charles Priest? More than 70 years ago, three airmen disappeared beneath the waves along with their plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2wq1j\"\u003eNow one of them has been identified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"yvi2o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJIM BELL\u003c/b\u003e: …so, based on that, the laboratory analysis, established remains of those as First Lieutenant Eugene Ford, serial number Oscar 805804, U.S. Army Air Forces.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2zjs2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The D.N.A. reveals the definitive truth: Lieutenant Eugene Ford has been found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"42dqg\"\u003eFord’s daughter Norma was just six months old when he died. Her family told her little about what happened.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7ox9h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNORMA FORD BEARD (Daughter of 1st Lieutenant. Eugene Ford)\u003c/b\u003e: I knew nothing about what happened to him. When I was 13 and my brother was 12, that’s when I first saw a picture of my father. And I found a packet of letters. And I immediately knew what they were, but I just put them back. Now, I can’t find them. I can’t find them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"760dk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But now her father has been found, and she can put him to rest in a way that her mother never could.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"js9lh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePAUL BEARD (Husband of Norma Ford Beard)\u003c/b\u003e: Mrs. Ford, 49 years later she said, \u0026quot;I would give all of my life to have 15 more minutes with Gene.\u0026quot; I thought that was remarkable, give everything she had for just 15 minutes with him.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zk5me\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: In a ceremony like this, Eugene Ford will be buried at Arlington National Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"40ghg\"\u003eThe D.P.A.A. is still reviewing whether flight engineer Charles Priest and navigator Russell Landry could be recovered. But 82,000 more missing American soldiers are still out there, like Ernest Vienneau, possibly still inside the B-17 that crashed near the Tulsamerican.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7rzqz\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHEATHER HARRIS\u003c/b\u003e: I’d like to talk with you about how we’re moving forward on trying to recover his remains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6rvej\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL\u003c/b\u003e: I’d love to hear it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"mb4yn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: And Captain Lawrence Dickson? Of 27 Tuskegee Airmen missing since World War II, he is the first, and so far only one, to have been recovered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"svbpp\"\u003eIn July 2018, the D.P.A.A. notified his daughter Captain Dickson had been found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c7ptl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: Because he wasn’t treated properly when he was alive, I’m taking him first class to Arlington. I want to take my CD of Donald Byrd, the jazz trumpeter, ’cause that is so cool. He would really, really like that, and he’d say, \u0026quot;Thanks, Marla. You know how to send a person off.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"biwvf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: There remain 26 more airmen from this storied command still to be found. For their loved ones, as for all families of the lost, hope remains. But time is the enemy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jmovx\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9tcs4\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","public_until":"2021-11-07T03:59:59+00:00","passport_start":"2018-11-08T01:40:00+00:00","passport_end":"2021-11-07T03:59:59+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"mk1i7\"\u003eDive beneath the sea to the wreckage of a WWII bomber. Search for the remains of its fallen crew.\u003c/p\u003e","availability":{"public":{"end":"2021-11-07T03:59:59Z","start":"2020-05-28T00:40:00Z","countries":[{"id":"6a9df090-8ede-44c0-8781-5ddbb942966b","code":"US","name":"United States","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.190936Z"},{"id":"9a9c8e4e-a700-4713-85f4-b3ee31a27879","code":"MP","name":"Northern Mariana Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.372517Z"},{"id":"f3c41bf8-f17c-4b55-a540-0e74c80c2cce","code":"PR","name":"Puerto Rico","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.377009Z"},{"id":"c54cfde7-42cb-49df-bb72-d355332d50c9","code":"AS","name":"American Samoa","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.381542Z"},{"id":"4f9b354c-7ada-4d83-9085-fcb6c887a5b5","code":"GU","name":"Guam","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.386117Z"},{"id":"eefe903e-3af4-4b31-a796-3a4b6dd19214","code":"VI","name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.390727Z"},{"id":"cf58f575-b194-48e3-8700-1086909ed0e1","code":"UM","name":"U.S. Minor Outlying 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We Ready for a Cyber Attack?","topic":"military","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":240,"publish_date":"2018-08-23T04:00:00+00:00","tags":[""],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003eCyber threats from nation states and lone hackers are a persistent threat to America’s critical infrastructure.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to U.S. intelligence officials and the Department of Homeland Security, state-sponsored Russian hackers have targeted the American electric utility grid. Cyber threats from nation states and lone hackers are a persistent threat to America\u0026rsquo;s critical infrastructure. They can come from anywhere in the world\u0026mdash;and are on the rise.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003e\n Are We Ready for a Cyber Attack?\n\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Published August 23, 2018\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Cyber attack scenarios against critical infrastructure have been a concern for the Department of Homeland Security at least since 2007—when the agency commissioned an experiment called Aurora. The question experts wanted to answer was a simple one. Could a purely digital cyber attack disrupt or disable a large generator connected to the power grid?\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Perry Pedersen:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n I was the director of the control system security program at the Department of Homeland Security. And during that time, I ran the project that many people are familiar with called Aurora.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n A team of electrical engineers brought a 27-ton, heavy-duty diesel generator to a specially built testing facility at the Idaho National Lab. After connecting the generator to the power grid, they challenged a team of computer security experts to use computer code to knock the generator off line. The test was monitored via closed circuit TV.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Pederson:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n In the video, you’ll see it running, humming along normally. And then you see the first hit...the first jump. You see the generator shudder.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n The jump occurred almost immediately after the would-be attackers sent the first packet of malicious computer code.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Pederson:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n We wanted to hit it and then wait and collect data and see what was happening and then hit it again, collect some data and kind of watch the progression of the damage to the generator.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n After the second attack, the generator lurched again, belched ominous smoke and ground to a halt. Not only was it knocked off the grid – it was rendered completely inoperable.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Joe Weiss:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n What they found when they opened the generator was just failures with almost all parts of the generator, both mechanical and electrical. So what you’re really talking about is essentially what you would do with pieces of dynamite.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Pederson:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n This was a tough machine. This was heavy duty. And it was designed to run in severe conditions. If you were actually doing that attack, there’s no reason to pause and wait in between. You simply put your software on a loop, and you just keep hitting it until it breaks.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n An attack like this could take less than a minute. But leave consequences that would last for months.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Joe Weiss:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n If you damage or destroy these, you can't just go down to your neighborhood hardware store and buy another. It could take you maybe six to nine months to get another one of these.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n And according to a government study, a coordinated attack on fewer than a dozen power stations could cause a massive outage—far more devastating even than the historic blackout that hit the Northeast in 2003.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Female News Reporter:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n The brightness of car headlights is the only visible sight on 42nd Street tonight as thousands wait under a cloud of total darkness.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Kim Zetter:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n All you would need to do is take out about nine substations in an attack that could result in a blackout for the majority of the U.S. that could last weeks or months depending on how the attack was designed.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2018-08-20T16:29:31.989705+00:00","short_description":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003eCyber threats from nation states and lone hackers are a persistent threat to America’s critical infrastructure.\u003c/div\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Are We Ready for a Cyber Attack?","slug":"are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1534996800000]},{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"article-2024","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"demining-colombia","title":"The Daunting, Dangerous Task of Unearthing Colombia’s Landmines","topic":"military","brand":"next","content_type":"article","publish_date":"2018-07-16","tags":["military","landmines","robots","engineering","technology","war"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/demining-colombia.jpg","renditions":[{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n In 2016, the longest-running conflict in the Western hemisphere drew to a close. Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos signed a peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, ending 50 years of violence that had seen hundreds of thousands killed and 7 million Colombians driven from their homes—the\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/6/5763b65a4/global-forced-displacement-hits-record-high.html\"\u003e\n highest number\n \u003c/a\u003e\n of internally displaced people the world as of 2016.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"related\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n However, many Colombians still feared returning to the countryside, thanks to war’s other lasting legacy: landmines. While no one knows how many mines pepper the country, from 2008 to 2014, Colombia suffered the world’s second-highest landmine mortality rate. Only Afghanistan had more deaths. Victims have since dropped from a high of over 1,000 per year to fewer than 100, but the country is still considered to be\n \u003ca href=\"https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Landmine_Monitor_2017_Embargoed.pdf\"\u003e\n heavily mined\n \u003c/a\u003e\n .\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/img_2087.width-990_s3gbVgn.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eThe Colombian military donated deactivated landmines to researchers at the National University of Colombia for testing.\n \n \u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n The first step to eliminating the mines is finding them. Mine detection technologies have progressed very little since they were first developed in the aftermath of World War II and are still almost primarily based on metal detection. This makes Colombia’s predicament even more costly and time consuming than usual. Unlike the majority of affected nations, Colombia’s landmines are homemade and typically contain very low metal content.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n While domestic and international landmine removal groups go about the painstaking task of ridding the country of those stealthy bombs the old-fashioned way—literally digging up suspected mined areas, inch by inch—Colombian researchers have taken it upon themselves to create cutting-edge technological fixes that they soon hope will expedite the process by an order of magnitude.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"Colombia photos, July 2015.Manual demining, Colombia.\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/desminadoroliverperezenlafincaelparaiso1.width-990_Ab9SNXo.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eA member of the HALO Trust, a nonprofit that removes war debris, treads carefully during a defining operation in Colombia.\n \n \u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n “This is no longer basic research, but application,” says Fernando Cristancho, a nuclear physicist at the National University of Colombia. He and his colleagues have developed a specialized robot that uses neutrons to identify mines buried below the soil, while other colleagues are working on devices that weed out the false positives that frequently bog down landmine hunts. Still others have pursued machines that use electromagnetic waves to remotely detonate and destroy landmines from a distance.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n “We’re putting all of our energy, effort, students, and time into trying to advance this,” says Felix Vega, an electrical engineer at the National University of Colombia. “We’re trying to to solve our own problems.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n A Daunting Clean-Up\n\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n The conflict in Colombia began on ideological grounds, with disenfranchised rural citizens calling for a\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.midlandshistoricalreview.com/the-underlying-dynamics-of-colombias-civil-war/\"\u003e\n transformation to Marxism-Leninism\n \u003c/a\u003e\n . As the fighting dragged on, however, guerrillas began to lose sight of their political agenda and focus more on profit-driven crime, including cocaine production and illegal gold mining. Landmines began appearing in the early 1990s, largely as a way to protect smuggling routes, jungle camps, and illicit crops. Around 11,500 people in Colombia have been injured or killed by those hidden explosive devices since then—though experts believe many more deaths have gone unreported.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Landmines, in general, come in two forms: ones meant to destroy tanks and other vehicles and ones meant to stop humans. Colombia only has the latter: “It’s really difficult to get a car into the middle of a forest,” says Jairo Alexis Rodriguez, a physicist and director of research at the National University of Colombia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Even more uniquely, all of the mines left in Colombia today are homemade improvised explosive devices (IEDs) rather than commercially-produced military grade ones. Rebels fashioned them with whatever materials they happened to have on hand, including PVC pipes, plastic bottles, and various chemicals. They purposefully left metal out to prevent the military from identifying them with metal detectors, and the variety of substances they used has also made it more difficult to train sniffer dogs to help with cleanup.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/ied-tall.width-990_nVUmd2h.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eMany landmines in Colombia are IEDs rather than commercially made and almost entirely devoid of metal, including this one, made from a plastic bottle and plunger.\n \n \u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n That leaves experts with a daunting challenge: how to find mines buried in thick jungles and rugged mountains in a country over twice the size of France with little to no help from traditional demining tools?\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Getting a handle on the scope of the problem is a first step, according to Chris Ince, Colombia country program manager at the\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.halotrust.org/\"\u003e\n HALO Trust\n \u003c/a\u003e\n , a non-profit organization dedicated to cleaning up debris left over from war. “There is an urban myth that the entire country is mined,” he says. “The reality of the situation is that, until a detailed survey is conducted, the true level of contamination remains unknown.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n To do this, Ince and other experts hire community members (and, in some cases, former guerrillas) living near suspected mine fields. With their help, they conduct extensive interviews to determine if landmines are indeed present and, if so, where, exactly, they occur. Because guerrillas wanted local people on their side, they often told rural residents where the mines were so the residents could avoid those areas. After interviewing up to 1,000 people at a given site, Ince and his colleagues use those data to home in on an area of likely contamination.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n HALO has cleared more than 500 landmines from over 150 minefields in Colombia. But the task is excruciatingly labor intensive. Some mine fields are a seven-hour walk from the nearest road and require using mule trains to ferry supplies back and forth. Reaching the site is just the beginning. Given that metal detectors have limited use, deminers meticulously dig up the soil of the entire site (sans large shrubs and trees) to a depth of just over a foot. “Up to 70% of our day is spent in vegetation-clearing activities,” Ince says. “You’re literally hand digging the entire area.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Cristancho adds that, though certain vegetation is left in place, these operations cannot help but cause significant environmental damage. “It looks like a war zone,” he says. “If you take away 15 centimeters of soil all over the place, the earth gets dry and then the area gets washed away in the next rain.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n The method also takes forever. Whereas experts working with a metal detector may cover an area of 24 square yards in a day, in Colombia, they typically cover just one to six square yards. “Having all kinds of procedures in place guarantees high standards of safety but makes the process slow and logical,” Ince says. “One of the biggest things we have to do is keep deminers focused, because it’s like finding a needle in a haystack.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n Modernizing Mine Hunting\n\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Yet there could be a better way. As Diego Torres, a physicist at the National University of Colombia, asks, “What if we can develop technologies that immediately identify and destroy mines?”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n For years, Torres and others at universities throughout Colombia quietly pursued landmine-related technologies in near secret to avoid politicizing their work and raising security concerns. After peace came, “we discovered that groups located just 100 meters from each other had been working in the shadows on the same things for ten years,” Torres says.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n For the past decade, Cristancho and his colleagues, for example, have been perfecting a landmine-detecting robot that they believe would spare deminers from having to dig up entire tracts of land. The Alexbot, as they call it, was inspired by existing oil industry technology to measure soil humidity by using neutrons. As Cristancho says, “We didn’t invent this technology, we just put the general pieces together to make it fit a specific task.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/img_2081.width-990_g90Ec5k.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eNuclear physicist Fernando Cristancho demonstrates the features of the Alexbot, a robot that he and his colleagues created to detect landmines using neutrons.\n \n \u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n The six-wheeled Alexbot—which bears a slight resemblance to the Mars rover—sweeps a mechanical arm back and forth above the ground as it slowly proceeds forward in an area suspected of having landmines. The arm holds a container with small amounts of californium-252 which emits neutrons used to map things hidden below. The resulting data are based on the rate and speed at which neutrons backscatter when they encounter carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen—all common components of explosives.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n In\n \u003ca href=\"http://unperiodico.unal.edu.co/pages/detail/innovador-prototipo-detecta-minas-antipersona/\"\u003e\n field tests\n \u003c/a\u003e\n earlier this year, the Alexbot successfully detected a deactivated IED—donated to the lab by the Colombian military—that the researchers had buried in diverse soils and at different depths and humidities. In other trials, the team was able to detect buried IED-like objects containing just 3.5 ounces of chemicals typically used in landmines. Next steps, Cristancho says, they’ll perform many more field trials and use machine learning to better teach Alexbot what to look for.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Cristancho is not the only researcher working on such problems. His university and Los Andes University has produced around half a dozen PhD students whose work specifically focused on demining techniques. Other scientists are pursuing various solutions as well. The key, Torres says, is to design a suite of technologies that not only expedite the process of finding and deactivating landmines but that also add layers of redundancy. “You can always miss something,” he says. “You need to create more techniques if you want to be sure that you have completely eliminated the threat so people can return to their homeland.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Vega and his students, for example, are creating another type of landmine detection device that uses ground penetrating radar to map objects buried up to eight inches beneath the soil. They hope this will eventually eliminate the time-consuming problem of false positives, which may constitute up to 99 out of 100 detections using conventional methods.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n But such projects are in need of greater support. “These devices are used to avoid people dying and suffering, but that doesn’t bring in much money,” Cristancho says.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n In one case, Vega and fellow researcher Francisco Roman had created a patented landmine-destroying device that used directed electromagnetic waves to safely activate mines at just over 80 feet away. It was shelved due to lack of funding. “At the end of the day, we developed a concept that worked, but we had to stop at that stage,” Vega says. “Going to the next phase required more money than was available.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/img_2072.width-990_MvauroU.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eFernando Albarracin-Vargas (left), Sergio Gutierrez, Felix Vega, and Diego Alejandro Torres Galindo at the National University of Colombia's landmine detecting test site. Albarracin-Vargas and Gutierrez are using ground penetrating radar to map objects buried below.\n \n \u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Given such constraints, Ince doubts that the high-tech devices being developed by Colombian scientists will be ready for deployment in the near future. “Probably in the long term some, of the more esoteric technologies being considered will lead to something capable of helping,” he says. “But the chances of taking something from a prototype to a commercially viable and cost-effective technology—one that doesn’t further complicate security requirements within the framework we operate in—is more difficult.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Cristancho argues that the time scale is not a problem—if only funding were available. With $800,000 and eight months of testing, he believes the Alexbot could be deployable. “We have the right people, and we know what we’re doing,” he says.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Colombia does have an obligation to see that through. The nation is a signatory to\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/Depts/mine/UNDocs/ban_trty.htm\"\u003e\n Mine Ban Treaty\n \u003c/a\u003e\n , a United Nations convention that seeks to end the use of antipersonnel landmines worldwide. As part of that treaty, Colombia pledged to become landmine-free by 2021—a goal that HALO and other demining groups are striving to meet. But according to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, a coalition of non-governmental organizations, Colombia is\n \u003ca href=\"https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Landmine_Monitor_2017_Embargoed.pdf\"\u003e\n not on track\n \u003c/a\u003e\n for a 2021 victory. Bureaucracy has slowed an already slow process, and certain parts of the country are still under control of organized criminals and the National Liberation Army, another paramilitary group that has yet to agree to peace. Evidence exists that fresh mines are still being planted in those areas, which, for now, remain impossible for humanitarian groups and researchers to reach.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n If some of the technologies come to fruition in the next couple years, though, Colombia may have a chance of demining the parts of the country that are at peace by 2021. Nor is Colombia the only nation that could benefit from better landmine detecting and deactivating technologies, Cristancho points out. “Everywhere where you have some kind of political or military conflict, they use landmines, and in the worst case, they use IEDs,” he says.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n “Will we get there? I don’t know. But we’re doing everything we can to advance science and technology in this country,” Vega says. “At the same time, we’re producing things that may solve other problems tomorrow.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Photo credits: Rachel Nuwer, HALO Trust\n\u003c/p\u003e","author":["rachel-nuwer"],"short_description":"\u003cp\u003eRidding Colombia of landmines may require a multi-pronged mix of traditional and ground-breaking technology.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"The Daunting, Dangerous Task of Unearthing Colombia’s Landmines","slug":"demining-colombia","page_type":"article","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/demining-colombia.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1531699200000]},{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"sfv-3834","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon","title":"Hitler’s Secret Weapon","topic":"military","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":254,"publish_date":"2018-03-09T05:00:00+00:00","tags":[""],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003eChurchill launches the largest military evacuation in military history. But there's a secret killer in the waters. \r\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChurchill launches the largest military evacuation in military history. But there\u0026#39;s a secret killer in the waters.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003e\n Hilter’s Secret Weapon\n\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Published March 9, 2018\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Onscreen: Dunkirk beach, France\n \u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Winston Churchill:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n We shall prove ourselves, once more, able to defend our island’s home. To ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace of tyranny. If necessary for years. If necessary, alone.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Onscreen:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Early in WWII—Nazis surround 400,000 British soldiers. If defeated, Hitler will likely conquer all of Europe.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Churchill:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n The situation of the British and French armies now engaged in a most severe battle, and beset on three sides, and from the air, is evidently extremely grave.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Onscreen:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Churchill launches the largest evacuation in military history, sending every available ship to rescue the troops.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n But there is a secret killer in the waters. Hitler placed undetectable sea mines that only need a ship’s proximity to detonate, sinking hundreds of thousands of allied ships. The only way to rescue the soldiers is to figure out how Hitler’s secret weapon works.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Simon Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Did they have any idea of what’s inside?\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Nigel Froude:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Absolutely not, so they knew nothing about this, so they were going completely blind. These guys were trained in bomb disposal, but this was completely new to them. So a lot of it was just trial and error. The bravery of these guys is phenomenal.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n So, is this the key to it all? Inside here, this mine is going to reveal its secrets.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Froude:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Yeah. Grand reveal.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n This would’ve been the moment of truth.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Froude:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n And there we have it. This is the trigger that’s going to make the whole mine go bang. If we now remove this place here, we can see the trigger just inside there. If I move it with this screwdriver, you can see the movement of the switch there.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n And that’s just like a seesaw.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Froude:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Exactly, just like a seesaw. It moves, makes the circuit, and the mine would go bang.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Now, what’s making that seesaw move?\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Froude:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Magnetism, that was the big secret.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n The seesaw inside the German, is a dip compass and we’ve got our own version here. Now, unlike a normal compass that moves left or right to indicate the magnetic field, this actually moves up and down.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n The Earth’s magnetic field, which is all around us, it finds it easier to pass through this steel plate than it does in the surrounding area. And this plate here is actually concentrating the magnetic field lines. The magnetic field passing through this is going to be more concentrated here than it is out here. This, this is almost like a lens for magnetism. And as you can see, as it passes over the compass, it’s going to trigger the mine.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n This concentrating effect turns a steel ship into a gigantic magnet with its north pole under the ship. It is this strong north pole which triggers the mine. If they can create an artificial magnetic field that generates a south pole under the ship instead, the mine will not go off.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n The first method they came up with was called Degaussing. If you have a line of cabling like this and run some current through it, it’s going to create a small magnetic field in the opposite direction to the Earth’s magnetic field. Now, if I take my bit of steel and place it over the mine as we did previously, hopefully the mine will no longer be triggered. And this is how they solved the problem. They wrapped a long line of cabling around the outside of the ships, and run huge currents through them. Creating a magnetic field that actually countered the concentrating, the lensing effect of the ship’s hull and prevented the magnetic mine being set off.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2018-03-09T16:54:32.399353+00:00","short_description":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003eChurchill launches the largest military evacuation in military history. But there's a secret killer in the waters. \r\n\u003c/div\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Hitler’s Secret Weapon","slug":"dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1520571600000]}]}},"split_search_results":{"first":[{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"article-5497","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"ground-penetrating-radar-reveals-military-structures-buried-beneath-alcatraz-penitentiary","title":"Ground-Penetrating Radar Reveals Military Structures Buried Beneath Alcatraz Penitentiary","topic":"military","brand":"next","content_type":"article","publish_date":"2019-03-04T18:43:00+00:00","tags":["san francisco","penitentiary","fortification","Alcatraz","traverse","Alcatraz Island","military","Prison"],"dci":["engineering-technology-applications-of-science","social-behavioral-sciences"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","caption":{"html":"\u003cp\u003eAlcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: MBPROJEKT_Maciej_Bledowski, iStock\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":"Alcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: MBPROJEKT_Maciej_Bledowski, iStock"},"credit":{"html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":""},"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/iStock-510871741.jpg","renditions":[{"width":2400,"height":1350,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2000,"height":1125,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp\u003eAlcatraz might be best known as a popular tourist destination, the site of the former high-security prison that once held Al Capone. But a team of archaeologists has now unveiled new evidence of this San Francisco Bay island’s often overlooked military history.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/nsg.12031\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e, published last Thursday in the journal \u003ci\u003eNear Surface Geophysics,\u003c/i\u003e researchers used non-invasive technologies to pull back the curtain on a stunningly well-preserved 19th century coastal fortification that lies beneath the ruins of this infamous federal penitentiary. The work confirms that while prison construction in the early 1900s destroyed much of the former military installation, several structures were buried more or less intact, enshrining a critical sliver of Alcatraz’s colorful past.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“This really changes the picture of things,” says study author \u003ca href=\"https://www.binghamton.edu/anthropology/faculty/postdoctoral.html\"\u003eTimothy de Smet\u003c/a\u003e, an archaeologist at Binghamton University. “These remains are so well preserved, and so close to the surface. They weren’t erased from the island—they’re right beneath your feet.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/Alcatraz_200MHz_Dec2012_Parade_Ground_Lighthou.width-990_qWfzscW.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy author Timothy de Smet used non-invasive techniques to create a subsurface map of remains of Alcatraz Island's former military fortification. Image Credit: Timothy de Smet, Binghampton University\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"credit\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior to the mid-1800s, Alcatraz Island was a barren strip of land capable of supporting little more than a raucous population of seabirds. But in the wake of the California Gold Rush, the United States government looked to the rocky outcrop as a potential military base to protect the newly bustling city from foreign invasion. Over the next several decades, a stone- and brick-based fortification was erected, then rebuilt as earthen structures better equipped to handle erosion. But Alcatraz struggled to keep pace with the rapid changes in artillery during and after the Civil War era, and by the late 1800s, the island’s defenses were essentially obsolete. Military pursuits on Alcatraz were abandoned shortly thereafter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"related\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the island’s prison was erected around the turn of the 20th century, little physical evidence of its former architecture remained—or so many thought. The new study, led by de Smet, says otherwise. To look beneath the surface, the researchers deployed ground-penetrating radar, which pulses electromagnetic waves into the earth, returning signals that can visualize remains without excavation. The strategy uncovered a labyrinth of subterranean structures, including an earthwork traverse, a kind of defensive trench, running beneath the penitentiary’s former recreation yard.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“This really reinforces what several historians and archaeologists had long suspected,” says study author and Alcatraz historian \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnamartini.com/\"\u003eJohn Martini\u003c/a\u003e. “Up until this point, we had nothing to go on except for a few visible trace remains and maps—and a lot of suspicion.”\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn a way, Martini says, the findings reflect just how limited real estate was on Alcatraz, which clocks in at less than 50 acres. “On a small island, there’s only so many places you can build,” he says. “And it’s unlikely they went to the trouble of demolishing all this stuff.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/Alcatraz_320_Rodman_Fortress-16.width-990_XY6ACuC.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003e\u003cp\u003eA 15-inch Rodman cannon and its gun crew, 1869. These were the largest guns mounted on Alcatraz. Image Credit: National Park Service, Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"credit\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBecause they’re both sensitive and non-destructive, techniques like ground-penetrating radar are crucial for these kinds of investigations, and can complement historical records that survived the era, says \u003ca href=\"http://jolenebabyakauthor.com/\"\u003eJolene Babyak\u003c/a\u003e, an Alcatraz historian who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith these results in hand, de Smet and his colleagues plan to continue archaeological investigations under Alcatraz. Going forward, only time will tell what this rock will reveal, Martini says. “Below the surface, Alcatraz is still full of mysteries,” he says. “There’s still a whole lot to be learned.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/Alcatraz_616_ordnance_yard_BANC_Muybridge_Coll.width-990_JgPAUCa.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoldiers posing in the island’s ordnance yard. A brick Citadel capped the summit of Alcatraz. 1869. Image Credit: National Park Service, Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"credit\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e","author":["katherine-j-wu"],"short_description":"\u003cp\u003eUsing non-invasive techniques, archaeologists have confirmed the presence of a coastal fortification beneath what was once the prison’s recreation yard.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Ground-Penetrating Radar Reveals Military Structures Buried Beneath Alcatraz Penitentiary","slug":"ground-penetrating-radar-reveals-military-structures-buried-beneath-alcatraz-penitentiary","page_type":"article","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","caption":{"html":"\u003cp\u003eAlcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: MBPROJEKT_Maciej_Bledowski, iStock\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":"Alcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: MBPROJEKT_Maciej_Bledowski, iStock"},"credit":{"html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":""},"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/iStock-510871741.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2000,"height":1125,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2400,"height":1350,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1551724980000]},{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"sfv-5199","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-analysis","title":"Identifying Lost Crew with Forensics and DNA Analysis","topic":"military","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":190,"publish_date":"2018-12-03T21:45:52.513321+00:00","tags":["NOVA","WWII","forensics","dna","b-24","skeleton","Skeletal","forensic","PBS","military","dna analysis"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-analysis-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"ns0gc\"\u003eCan a team of forensic archaeologists identify three WWII airmen that disappeared?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"d2qbm\"\u003eIn 1944, three WWII airmen disappeared beneath the waves. Now, there may be hope for the return of their remains. The Department of Defense, which operates the largest forensic anthropology lab in the world, does a skeletal analysis to figure out if the recovered remains belong to more than one individual. Then the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System takes over to conduct a DNA analysis using family samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"b9rvd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eIdentifying Lost Crew with Forensics and DNA Analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2x9w2\"\u003ePublished: December 3, 2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"o1ua0\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ux7ge\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnscreen\u003c/b\u003e: Dec 17, 1944: A B-24 bomber was shot down off Croatia. Three airmen disappeared beneath the waves: Pilot Eugene Ford, Navigator Russel C. Landry, and Flight Engineer Charles E. Priest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"xxbxx\"\u003eNow, there may be hope for the return of their remains. The Department of Defense operates the largest forensic anthropology lab in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"s65nh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTyler Dunn\u003c/b\u003e: It’s my job to do a skeletal analysis blind, so I don’t bias myself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tfvjq\"\u003eWe were presented with 11 teeth; a right humerus, that’s relatively intact compared to everything else; a fragment of a vertebra; a handful of, sort of, non-diagnostic long bone fragments—we can more or less just tell that they’re bone; some fingers, a bit of a toe, and then most of the lower right leg, so a tibia and a fibula.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dxapy\"\u003eThe first question I generally ask is the minimum number of individuals. So, we try and figure out if this could be, or is, more than one person.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qzday\"\u003eBased on this case, the skeletal—it’s called M.N.I. or \u0026quot;minimum number of individuals\u0026quot; — the skeletal M.N.I. is one. I have good reason to think that this is one individual.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f52ir\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnscreen\u003c/b\u003e: This conclusion is backed up by the dental analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"we0kr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDunn\u003c/b\u003e: So, I can tell that this is all teeth from one individual, based on tooth shape, the size of the tooth, and more or less what they look like.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"n7pl9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnscreen\u003c/b\u003e: It appears that only a single airman was recovered, based on the skeletal evidence. But who was it?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"orcl7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDunn\u003c/b\u003e: We more or less measure how long the tibia is. The stature for this individual that we estimated was right around 5 foot 10.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"n2wn2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnscreen\u003c/b\u003e: Yet the skeletal remains alone cannot provide a definitive ID, so they turn to DNA. The Armed Forces Medical Examiner System now takes over.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"emtnq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTimothy McMahon\u003c/b\u003e: This is where we take the unknown and we put a name to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dp57f\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eOnscreen\u003c/b\u003e: First they extract DNA from the bones and teeth and then sequence many different regions. Then they compare the sequence against family reference samples until finally a match is confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zggcc\"\u003eSeven months later…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vxvam\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJim Bell\u003c/b\u003e: …so, based on that, the laboratory analysis, established remains of those as First Lieutenant Eugene Ford, serial number Oscar 805804, U.S. Army Air Forces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2018-12-03T17:13:11+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"ns0gc\"\u003eCan a team of forensic archaeologists identify three WWII airmen that disappeared?\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Identifying Lost Crew with Forensics and DNA Analysis","slug":"identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-analysis","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-analysis-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-a.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/identifying-lost-crew-with-forensics-and-dna-.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1543873552513]}],"second":[{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"sfv-5191","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman","title":"Finding a Lost WWII Tuskegee Airman","topic":"military","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":268,"publish_date":"2018-11-30T16:15:11.002028+00:00","tags":["NOVA","air force","Tuskegee","WWII","b-24","PBS","military"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/png","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-1500.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-2000.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-2500.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":447,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-800.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":335,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-600.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":223,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-400.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":167,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-300.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp\u003eCan DNA analysis ID a Tuskegee Airman missing since WWII?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNamed for the Alabama town in which they trained, the Tuskegee Airmen had to \u0026quot;fight just to fly.\u0026quot; Capt. Dickson, whose plane went down in the mountains between Italy and Austria during his 68th mission, is one of 27 Tuskegee airmen missing since WWII. Can DNA analysis identify him?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinding a Lost WWII Tuskegee Airman\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublished: November 30, 2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarla Dickson Andrews\u003c/b\u003e: This is my father, Captain Lawrence Everett Dickson.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: His daughter Marla was just a child when he disappeared.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: My father was in the third graduating class of the original Tuskegee Airmen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: Named for the Alabama town where they trained, the Tuskegee Airmen had to fight just to fly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: The basic sentiment of the country at that time felt that black people were not intelligent enough, they weren’t brave and courageous enough.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: The Tuskegee pilots proved their critics wrong, but at a price: they were asked to fly 70 missions, far more than their white peers. Marla’s father, was on his 68th mission in a distinctive red-tail P-51.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChristmas was only days away.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: They expected him to come home very soon, because he only had two more missions to go.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: Just after the new year, they get a telegram.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: It said he was missing in action.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: He was never seen again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: All through the years, I would ask everybody, \u0026quot;Did you know my father? Were you over in Italy?\u0026quot; And I never had any luck.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: For 50 years, Marla had little more than his medals to remember her father by…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: It’s the Distinguished Flying Cross.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: …until 1998, when she got a letter from her father’s wingman, Robert Martin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe letter revealed that over the mountains between Italy and Austria, her father’s plane began to give him trouble.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: He saw my father having difficulty with the engine. It sputtered out one time, and he got it started again, after trying. And then it sputtered out again, and he got it started again. But the third time, it didn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: Neither of the two pilots flying with Dickson saw if he got out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: They went back, and they circled what they thought was the area. And I could tell from the letter how awful he felt.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: I got a call from an army representative, and her specialty was genealogy. At first, I said, \u0026quot;Oh, gosh. I’m going to have to hang up on this person. This is some kind of scam.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: But it wasn’t a scam. It was legitimate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: I didn’t know how to handle it. I know that sounds silly because I’m old enough to be able to handle almost anything.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: The remains that were found were sent to the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System for analysis. Here, one at a time, D.N.A. transforms the missing into the found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe D.N.A. is extracted from bones and teeth and then sequenced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTimothy McMahon\u003c/b\u003e: Which is a way for us to determine the actual base pairs. So, when I talk about D.N.A., D.N.A.’s made up of four base pairs: G, A, T, C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: The army asked for my D.N.A, and they asked for my father’s brother’s son’s D.N.A.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNarrator\u003c/b\u003e: The work is painstaking. It will take some time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf 27 Tuskegee Airmen missing since World War II, he is the first, and so far only one, to have been recovered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn July 2018, the D.P.A.A. notified his daughter Captain Dickson had been found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAndrews\u003c/b\u003e: Because he wasn’t treated properly when he was alive, I’m taking him first class to Arlington. I want to take my CD of Donald Byrd, the jazz trumpeter, ’cause that is so cool. He would really, really like that, and he’d say, \u0026quot;Thanks, Marla. You know how to send a person off.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","passport_start":"2018-11-28T19:42:30+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp\u003eCan DNA analysis ID a Tuskegee Airman missing since WWII?\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Finding a Lost WWII Tuskegee Airman","slug":"finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/png","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":167,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-300.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":223,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-400.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":335,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-600.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":447,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-800.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-1500.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-2000.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1010,"height":565,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/finding-a-lost-wwii-tuskegee-airman-hero.width-2500.png","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1543594511002]},{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"episode-4582","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"last-b-24","title":"Last B-24","topic":"military","brand":"nova","content_type":"episodepage","length":3220,"publish_date":"2018-10-30","tags":["NOVA","World War II","forensics","dna","b-24","flight","PBS","military","underwater","dna analysis"],"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","caption":{"html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":""},"credit":{"html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":""},"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/last-B24-merl.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/last-B24-merl.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"external":false,"published":true,"content":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"mk1i7\"\u003eDive beneath the sea to the wreckage of a WWII bomber. Search for the remains of its fallen crew.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"1k6hj\"\u003e(This program is no longer available for online streaming.) Dive to the bottom of the Adriatic Sea in search of the Tulsamerican, a B-24 bomber that crashed off the coast of Croatia during World War II. In 2010, divers located the plane. Now the Department of Defense, aided by the Croatian Navy and some of the world’s leading underwater archaeologists, sets to work investigating the wreckage. Join the team of archaeologists and forensics experts as they search for the crew and identify their remains. (Premiered November 7, 2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-block-key=\"u693n\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLast B-24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7bmwl\"\u003ePBS Airdate: November 7, 2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c1tvh\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"0uhsr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: A mystery beneath the waves, a lost B-24 bomber, shot down in World War II…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ay3oz\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER (Bombardier, Tulsamerican):\u003c/b\u003e The pilot said, \u0026quot;We’re going in.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"uwpg2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The remains of three brave airmen may still be here, somewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dqymz\"\u003eNow an elite team of divers, sent by the U.S. Department of Defense is on a mission to bring these men home.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a06j0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT (Chief Diver/Safety Officer)\u003c/b\u003e: First team in will be Brett, Nikos and myself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zf71u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: It’s part of a worldwide effort to search out and recover tens of thousands of U.S. service members, still missing…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"o4ngd\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKELLY MCKEAGUE (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency)\u003c/b\u003e: We are tasked to provide that closure and hopefully one day fill that hole in their heart.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"m2eb3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …like the case of a Tuskegee Airman, who vanished in 1944…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dztxe\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS (Daughter of Captain Lawrence Dickson)\u003c/b\u003e: All through the years, I would ask everybody, \u0026quot;Did you know my father? Were you over in Italy?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"yi0uh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …or the co-pilot of a B-17.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7bbf6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL (Great-Niece of 2nd Lieutenant Ernest Vienneau)\u003c/b\u003e: He flew his plane over their summer house to say goodbye, and then they never heard from him again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"g96bj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But after more than 70 years, can any of them be found? From the bottom of the Adriatic Sea, to cutting edge tech on board a Croatian ship, to forensic labs back in the U.S.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kf4aq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIMOTHY MCMAHON (Armed Forces Medical Examiner System)\u003c/b\u003e: This is where we take the unknown and we put a name to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jw44f\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …only science can unlock this puzzle. The Mystery of the Last B-24, right now, on NOVA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"mouqu\"\u003eThousands of miles from the nearest American shore, the U.S. Department of Defense has embarked on a unique expedition, on the hunt for precious treasure lost beneath the surface of the Adriatic Sea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"p96nx\"\u003eThe Croatian navy has donated its services.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tyngt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: As the ship locks into position…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hjmtl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: Okay, guys, briefing for today’s operation…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ezupg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …an elite team of technical divers and underwater archaeologists slips into the water.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9wsvx\"\u003eThey will sink nearly a hundred-thirty-five feet beneath the surface, in search of a missing piece of American history, a warplane, lost more than 70 years ago: Tulsamerican.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c4i8r\"\u003eOnce a fierce weapon of war, it is now a jumbled mass of parts: a wing, a wheel, a parachute canopy, draped like a burial shroud. The plane is flipped upside down, broken in half, one wheel jutting upwards. It looks like nothing more than a tangle of wreckage, and yet, they hope it holds the last remains of three American airmen who never made it home: flight engineer Charles E. Priest, navigator Russell C. Landry and the pilot, Eugene Ford.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"by63k\"\u003eThey are the reason for this mission, the reason for almost 50 people and roughly 15 tons of equipment, both military and scientific, brought here in the hopes of finding them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"q5x8y\"\u003eBut after 70 years on the bottom of the ocean, there are no intact skeletons, no clothing, no trace of the missing men. It’s a puzzle, a deep and dangerous mystery they can only hope will be unlocked by science.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"aoygy\"\u003eThe mystery traces back to 1944, the height of World War II. Six months after the Allies’ D-Day invasion, huge portions of France and Italy have been liberated, but the Germans have just begun a major counterattack.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1dily\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER:\u003c/b\u003e It was the day after the Battle of the Bulge had started. The Germans had made a lot of progress, had broken through our lines around Belgium and that area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"frz8d\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: As the ground battle rages, a ferocious air war unfolds in the skies above. Lieutenant Val Miller was there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5sewm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER:\u003c/b\u003e We sent every plane that we could fly. It was a large, large bunch of planes from not only where we were, but from other divisions in the area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"l4dpb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The assault consists of B-17 Flying Fortresses, and a newer plane introduced in 1940, the B-24 Liberator.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a194k\"\u003eFour 1,200-horsepower engines and a more efficient wing design allow it to fly faster and farther than the B-17s. It carries 10 crew—six manning fifty caliber machine guns—and a bombardier, to direct its 8,000 pounds of bombs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fy1uq\"\u003eThe B-24 was a powerful and effective weapon, but in the face of enemy fighters, as much prey as predator.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c7i1n\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY R. KINNEY (National Air and Space Museum)\u003c/b\u003e: The reality of air combat over Europe was it was a very harsh, unforgiving, chaotic environment: the antiaircraft artillery that comes through paper-thin skins of airplanes, so cold that if your bare skin touches the aluminum of the airplane, it sticks to it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hlcrj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Casualty rates are high, but suffered as a necessary tradeoff.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ksnr3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: One bomb salvo from a B-24, that’s probably equivalent to destroy a large multi-story building, even a small factory, just from one airplane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8jhtz\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Allied planners want to drop these high explosives on the German fuel refineries at Odertal. Take away the oil, and the Nazi war machine grinds to a halt.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"k3gek\"\u003eThe flight would take nearly eight hours. Twenty-two-year-old Val Miller was the bombardier on board the Tulsamerican. The plane was one of over 18,000 B-24s built during the war, but she is unique among them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"rokmc\"\u003eThe last B-24 to roll off the factory line in Tulsa, Oklahoma, she was paid for by the factory workers out of their own pockets. Local press has been closely tracking her progress. Now, she is headed out on another extremely dangerous mission.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tkljj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: We were told we would not have any fighter protection. We had to go through very thick clouds, and suddenly we were attacked by a whole bunch of German fighter planes. There was no conversation, but there was a lot of activity. People were manning their guns. We shot down two or three of them, but they kept attacking and attacking.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ike55\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The Tulsamerican successfully escaped the German fighters, but she was critically wounded, with damage to one of her engines, fuel tank and hydraulics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"apn6b\"\u003eThe crew had a decision to make. Below them was enemy territory…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5wd52\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: The pilot didn’t want to bail out. He knew that if we did, we’d be taken captive by the Germans, and more than likely, they would kill us.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ippni\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …but home base in Italy was over three hours away, more than 100 miles of it over open sea. But there was a backup plan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"i42ac\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: We decided we’d try for that little island of Vis. It’s a small landing area, but it’s a place where we had had planes fly down and land there before.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"geh9h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Threading the needle to land here was the last hope for many Allied planes, but it was no simple feat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"wegl8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: We’d already had one engine shot out, we were about 200 feet off the water, it looked like we were going to make it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"71kb0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: At such low altitude, a parachute isn’t an option.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3cmjp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: As we were chugging along, trying to get to that little landing strip, two more engines quit. The only warning we had was the pilot said, \u0026quot;We’re going in.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d4o57\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The crash of a nearly identical B-24 depicted in the film Unbroken is eerily similar.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qtjbo\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: The water came in on me. I didn’t remember seeing anything around me.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dkqhz\"\u003eAs I was just floating there, suddenly there was a little boat that came up by me. I have no idea who they were, to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3fom4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Miller later learned that six other crewmen had been rescued. But the pilot, navigator and engineer vanished without a trace. For decades the military listed them as unrecoverable, then, in 2010, an amateur diver came across a rusting wreck. It was eventually identified as the Tulsamerican.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"94xgm\"\u003eWith the plane identified, a little known group within the Department of Defense, called the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, the D.P.A.A., began planning this expedition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4p8iv\"\u003eTheir job is to find lost service members and provide information to families who may have been waiting for decades.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"lcqt8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eG. R. \u0026quot;ROCKY\u0026quot; GILLETTE (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency)\u003c/b\u003e: We try to give them as much as we can: the theater, the campaign, the battle, perhaps even that final hour where they lost their service member. And that helps bring a sense of closure to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"47k69\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The D.P.A.A. goes around the world to carry out its mission, like the recent recovery of potential remains of U.S. troops from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. An estimated 82,000 American soldiers are still missing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2lp1x\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKELLY MCKEAGUE\u003c/b\u003e: It may be a number, but that’s 82,000 unique stories, 82,000 circumstances, 82,000 sets of memories, all unique.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6ztlt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But at this site, a hundred-and-thirty-five feet under water, finding the missing men and bringing them home will be very complicated, which calls for an expert team, led by Brendan Foley.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bp4rs\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY (Lead Investigator)\u003c/b\u003e: So, there’s a lot of aircraft wreckage that we have to move around. There’s jagged metal that could easily cut us. We have to be really careful in there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3yb21\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Brendan is not a military officer. He’s a scientist who leads a team of highly skilled underwater archaeologists. Shadowing the scientists is a second team of elite technical divers, led by dive safety officer Phil Short.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ey04h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: Yeah, bear in mind, scientists have real jobs, so they don’t get to dive every day. So you’re not ready with a motor reflex to respond to the emergencies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d125m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: And that’s why no one dives alone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"rno1l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: Each scientist, like Dr. Foley, has got a guardian, and their job is to ghost the scientist, to watch them while they work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dsk96\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Also joining the team is underwater photographer Brett Seymour. He takes hundreds of photographs topside. He stitches the 2D images together to build a 3D model of the site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"i9ql8\"\u003eThe graphic image clearly shows that the cockpit is in ruins.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kj392\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRETT SEYMOUR (National Park Service)\u003c/b\u003e: The site is quite a bit more broken up than I thought. I had seen some images that the tail wasn’t there, but I had no idea that the cockpit was so ...\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"mzmld\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eEVAN KOVAC\u003c/b\u003e: Yeah, I didn’t realize it was quite so damaged.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qxj3q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRETT SEYMOUR:\u003c/b\u003e … torn apart.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"xjid2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The first dive has made it clear what they’re up against: a confusing mass of wreckage, which means the search for human remains just got more difficult.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"erftw\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: It looks like when the aircraft hit the water, it was a heck of an impact, and so it’s peeled open, almost like a banana.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"uxdeu\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The search will begin around the heavily damaged cockpit. According to Val Miller’s testimony, that was where the three missing men were positioned at the moment of impact.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5m5ex\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER:\u003c/b\u003e I was right behind the pilot. I could have reached out and touched him with my hand.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"l6ufm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The engineer, Priest, the navigator, Landry, and the pilot, Ford, should be right there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"36sz7\"\u003eThe next team prepares to descend. Just like on land, the excavation begins with a grid system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"25e84\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: The wreckage is pretty well concentrated. It makes the job a little bit easier for us.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e8385\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Their goal for this phase is to examine the area around the cockpit, in case any remains were ejected from the wreckage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pdv9m\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: With the grid we can go very, very systematically and scientifically, day after day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"896sx\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The team scans the seafloor with forensic lights capable of detecting bones.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9kfdt\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: With a filter on over our eyes, over our masks, we shine these blue lights on the seafloor, and they cause bone to fluoresce. So, it makes detection a lot easier and a lot more complete.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zg64b\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Powerful dredges work like giant vacuums, sucking up the silt. The sediment is bagged and sent to the surface, where a team, including Croatian archaeologist Helena Tomas, begins sifting through it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dpj27\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHELENA TOMAS (Archaeologist)\u003c/b\u003e: It has to be sieved and processed in the, precisely the same way that we archeologists are used to.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9rpa4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: As the bags continue rising from the depths, Helena recruits the Croatian sailors to assist her team.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"oyiaw\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHELENA TOMAS\u003c/b\u003e: We had so much work to do, we decided to ask sailors to help us sieving the soil that came from the bottom of the sea around the wreckage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"lwxb1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Even Captain Neven Katic joins in and finds the first significant, personal item…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vjrpg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHELENA TOMAS\u003c/b\u003e: So, he came to me, and he said, \u0026quot;Oh, there is a really shiny object inside. What is this?\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zdhbh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …a wedding ring, untarnished by the saltwater. It’s an emotional moment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1p09b\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: It catches me now; it caught all of us, something so personal as one of these airmen’s wedding band, still shiny gold.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bpp19\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Such a unique find may even hint at the original owner. That’s because records show the engineer, Priest, out of Kansas, was never married. The next man, Landry, with a brother and sister waiting back home, was also marked single. The only man who was married was the pilot, Lieutenant Eugene Ford. He left behind a wife, an unborn son and a daughter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a104q\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNORMA FORD BEARD (Daughter of First Lieutenant Eugene Ford)\u003c/b\u003e: And he actually saw me once he came home on leave, but then he went back, and he died. So, I don’t remember him at all.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"xeb9f\"\u003eWe had an encyclopedia of pictures of World War II, and we did look for B-24s and we memorized the number of rivets there are and things like that. But there was this sadness that my mother had that I just could not comprehend.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qr06u\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The ring suggests their father, lost all those years ago may be close by, but it’s not enough to establish a positive I.D. So, while the discovery is encouraging, the work is far from over.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"r1mi3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: Okay, guys, so, briefing for today: first team in will be Brett, Nikos and myself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tbt8a\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The team works in shifts. As one crew rises to the surface, the next one is ready to take its place.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ywcdp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: Our team has got 60 minutes per diver per dive, and we’re putting nine men on the bottom per day. We’re basically getting nine hours of productivity per operational day.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"0z6m4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: On land, archaeological digs are measured in weeks or months; here, the excavation will be measured in hours.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5nfza\"\u003eAs the digging continues, a radio headset appears. Divers bring it to the surface, where the bags of silt are also yielding results: a 50-caliber cartridge, flight boots, what archaeologists call \u0026quot;artifacts.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pzig5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHELENA TOMAS\u003c/b\u003e: So, artifacts would be remains of the plane, parts of the uniform, something that can tell us, give us an indication of identities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fx4qi\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But the \u0026quot;holy grail\u0026quot; is \u0026quot;osseous remains,\u0026quot; human bones, carrying a hidden treasure: an individual’s genetic material, D.N.A. Recovered items, like uniforms, even dog tags, are usually not enough, even when combined with medical records.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"45l91\"\u003eDental records are useful, but D.N.A. is the best way to make an identification, like an investigation the D.P.A.A. recently reopened.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9pkb7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: This is my father, Captain Lawrence Everett Dickson.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pcl48\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: His daughter Marla was just a child when he disappeared.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"yigyp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: My father was in the third graduating class of the original Tuskegee Airmen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"iwuik\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Named for the Alabama town where they trained, the Tuskegee Airmen had to fight just to fly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"739fp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: The basic sentiment of the country at that time felt that black people were not intelligent enough, they weren’t brave and courageous enough.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kiyre\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The Tuskegee pilots proved their critics wrong, but at a price: they were asked to fly 70 missions, far more than their white peers. Marla’s father, was on his 68th mission in a distinctive red-tail P-51.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3enzi\"\u003eChristmas was only days away.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qfdje\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: They expected him to come home very soon, because he only had two more missions to go.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"uhg82\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Just after the new year, they get a telegram.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"bltoy\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: It said he was missing in action.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vh3ik\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: He was never seen again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8wv7s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS:\u003c/b\u003e All through the years, I would ask everybody, \u0026quot;Did you know my father? Were you over in Italy?\u0026quot; And I never had any luck.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"fga69\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: For 50 years, Marla had little more than his medals to remember her father by…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"inzrz\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS:\u003c/b\u003e It’s the Distinguished Flying Cross.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5q5z5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …until 1998, when she got a letter from her father’s wingman, Robert Martin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1zn7g\"\u003eThe letter revealed that over the mountains between Italy and Austria, her father’s plane began to give him trouble.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kmazg\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: He saw my father having difficulty with the engine. It sputtered out one time, and he got it started again, after trying. And then it sputtered out again, and he got it started again. But the third time, it didn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"syfp9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Neither of the two pilots flying with Dickson saw if he got out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kydtq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: They went back, and they circled what they thought was the area. And I could tell from the letter how awful he felt.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e0re9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: For almost 70 years, Dickson was gone, vanished in the mountains, until a D.P.A.A. researcher uncovered a handful of eyewitness reports recorded in 1944. They described the crash of an Allied fighter on the Austro-Italian border, near the town of Hohenthurn.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4zvqa\"\u003eWorking with the University of New Orleans, the National WWII Museum and the University of Innsbruck, the D.P.A.A. launched an investigation. Archaeologists quickly found wreckage matching a downed P-51 fighter and fragments of bone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dv3aj\"\u003eAll of a sudden, for Marla Dickson, there was hope.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"olz3z\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: I got a call from an army representative, and her specialty was genealogy. At first, I said, \u0026quot;Oh, gosh. I’m going to have to hang up on this person. This is some kind of scam.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"v8bw3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But it wasn’t a scam. It was legitimate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hrotr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: I didn’t know how to handle it. I know that sounds silly because I’m old enough to be able to handle almost anything.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"axoo8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The remains that were found were sent to the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System for analysis. Here, one at a time, D.N.A. transforms the missing into the found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"yjv99\"\u003eThe D.N.A. is extracted from bones and teeth and then sequenced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7nf59\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIMOTHY MCMAHON\u003c/b\u003e: Which is a way for us to determine the actual base pairs. So, when I talk about D.N.A., D.N.A.’s made up of four base pairs: G, A, T, C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"masb2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The base pairs are simply chemicals arranged in sequence, the blueprint for what makes each person unique.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"calq0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIMOTHY MCMAHON\u003c/b\u003e: That difference in that individual that makes that his D.N.A. sequence, that difference is what we’re looking for.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"198z5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Searching through the three-billion base pairs found in human cellular D.N.A., the laboratory utilizes three different testing methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"do5lj\"\u003eOne approach focuses on small repetitive sequences known as \u0026quot;short tandem repeats,\u0026quot; which are compared to reference samples from family members.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d4h16\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: The army asked for my D.N.A, and they asked for my father’s brother’s son’s D.N.A.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"h28g5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The work is painstaking. It will take some time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c1jp7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: I am not a patient person. One day, I’m for finding him, and one day I’m for not finding him, because it’s…I can’t explain it to you. It’s, it’s emotional.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1z2a3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIMOTHY MCMAHON\u003c/b\u003e: It takes a while. There’s a reason for that. For better, for worse, people may think there are ways to do this faster. Sloppy science means bad results. The families have had enough heartache in their life that we do good science.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jg4g5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Only time will tell if the remains found in Austria belong to Captain Dickson. Uncertainty is part of all of these investigations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ymgz6\"\u003eBack on the Tulsamerican, the archaeologists have reached their primary target: the cockpit where the missing men were just before the crash, but it’s a jumbled mess, and they don’t find much.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"wzejv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDAVID CONLIN (National Park Service)\u003c/b\u003e: I spent the whole 65 minutes of my dive just working an area, dug carefully and found the other headphone. But we didn’t find anything else at all.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"g5guj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: This is an evolutionary process. We’ve done that sort of easy part: we thought maybe the most likely place for the remains to be found. Now it gets more difficult.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"z7cos\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: What’s most perplexing is that, so far, no human remains have appeared.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"48sze\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARL KAISER\u003c/b\u003e: I wasn’t really finding anything under there at all, so…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kl0bv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: Yeah, I think there was just nothing there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"p9bhc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCARL KAISER\u003c/b\u003e: Yeah, I agree.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tq12h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: If the airmen ended up outside of the cockpit, the team could be wasting precious time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"p6rxf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: The job here isn’t to remove sediment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"nn8dx\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: On day 17, they find something that lifts everyone’s spirits, a set of wings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"u68ha\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eRESEARCHER\u003c/b\u003e: I was really hoping we were going to find that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kaup6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The center shield tells them they don’t belong to the pilot whose ring may have been found, but could they belong to one of the other missing men?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dcjan\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: The job here is to bring these three men home, bury them in the National Cemetery with the honors that they’re due. And every day, we’re thinking about that mission entirely.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4bqlj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: These unsolved cases can be agonizing for families back home, waiting for news.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jwnah\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFAMILY MEMBER #1\u003c/b\u003e: I’m here representing my cousin, Flight Officer Samuel William Desoto, lost May 15, 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b651y\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFAMILY MEMBER #2\u003c/b\u003e: I was 16, and I got to kiss him goodbye that morning. We have two other sisters also, so Daddy had five girls, and we’re all waiting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"47woh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFAMILY MEMBER #3\u003c/b\u003e: My father was Private Rodolfo Valsquomeza. I never knew my dad. He turned 19, on October the 12th, in Korea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"x5y4w\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: There are tens of thousands of such families around the U.S.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1sza0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKELLY MCKEAGUE\u003c/b\u003e: People are just looking for that closure. They’re looking for answers as to why their loved one was lost. And having the closure to bring them back home on American soil is what they strive for…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"65yb8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The U.S. military began this work in 1947.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ukbw8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFAMILY MEMBER #4\u003c/b\u003e: I didn’t realize, either, that, how difficult it was for my mother. She cried herself to sleep quite frequently, so that hole was getting bigger and bigger.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2z0kf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eKELLY MCKEAGUE\u003c/b\u003e: …to provide that closure, to provide the answers and hopefully one day fill that void, fill that hole in their heart as to why their loved one hasn’t been home, in 70 years in the case of World War II.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"auxvx\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Back in Croatia, the team keeps that mission foremost in their thoughts, but there is still little sign of Ford, Priest or Landry. The team has fully excavated the cockpit area and come up empty.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"z14zp\"\u003eIs it possible the men were ejected by the force of the crash?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a7gc1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eVAL MILLER\u003c/b\u003e: I don’t know. They were right where I could have touched them when we hit, but I never saw them again and never heard of them. I don’t know what happened to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"djz2t\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: With much of their dive time burned, the team must move quickly. Unfortunately, foul weather is moving in. They must seek calmer waters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"n6kna\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNEVEN KATIC\u003c/b\u003e: We are moving now, because the state of sea is not good for anchorage. And we are going in the harbor Vis, because wind not blow.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ekqd0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But even with the divers out of the water, the archaeological work can continue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"sx2gv\"\u003eThe team has a new piece of technology, which acts as a larger version of the forensic flashlights used earlier. They call it \u0026quot;the blue light special.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pjlht\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: The idea is we load the material onto this top conveyor, and it passes underneath a diffused laser. And that laser is set for 450 nanometers, and that frequency causes bone and teeth, osseous material, to fluoresce.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9ovtv\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The scanner picks up protein in human remains, something that rocks and shell lack in significant amounts. This test bone for example, rich in protein, glows like a spotlight.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b3ho7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eALEX SOTIRIOU (Lead Technician)\u003c/b\u003e: So, you see, it’s like an x-ray. You see things that are not of interest, and this, that is of interest, actually pops out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"iigq2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: After hours of scanning, it appears the blue light special has found something important…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"nals2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: It’s possible, possible osseous.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"u3psy\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …what might be a tooth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ftkpy\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: I’m not a specialist in what this could be, but this is exactly what we were looking for.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hztpc\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: It is tagged and bagged for further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kbn1y\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: Hey, it’s not our determination. That’s what the lab is for. We’ll send it on home.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"rqnlj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But it’s highly encouraging. It means there may yet be human remains at the crash site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1hste\"\u003eAnd there’s another piece of exciting news. A local diver has information on another U.S. warplane, with another missing airman possibly on board.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ftkyf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDANIJEL FRKA (Croatian Diver and Historian)\u003c/b\u003e: I can show you where he is.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6yj16\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The second plane is only three miles away, but the currents are much calmer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vyqsl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: We’ve got poor weather over the B-24, which gives good conditions over the B-17. And we’re using this weather window to do a reconnaissance dive on the B-17.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"sri51\"\u003eShe sits at 72 meters of depth, on the seabed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7ongr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: It is deeper than the Tulsamerican, a darker, more treacherous dive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f70t2\"\u003eThe downed plane is incredible. It is a B-17 Flying Fortress, the workhorse of the U.S. Army Air Forces. First deployed in the 1930s, the B-17 had a reputation among its crews for its ability to take a beating.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jrypa\"\u003eNot surprisingly, in contrast to the Tulsamerican, the B-17 appears completely intact, resting on the seafloor as if on a runway.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"qrvst\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eGEMMA SMITH (Technical Diver)\u003c/b\u003e: It’s just laying there on the seabed, and it just appears out of the mist like this ghost plane wreck.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e2ugb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: It’s like they drained the ocean, landed a plane and put the ocean back.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"04aes\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: After his first trip to the wreck, the local diver, Danijel Frka, researched the story of the plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7vmaf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDANIJEL FRKA\u003c/b\u003e: I know, because I got a letter from the pilot and the gunner, and they explained in detail everything what happened.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"76873\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The plane was on a bombing mission, similar to that of the Tulsamerican, when it was hit by anti-aircraft fire. The B-17 attempted to make an emergency landing at Vis. It fell short, but all crew survived, except for one.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"49sty\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDANIJEL FRKA\u003c/b\u003e: So, all 10 of the crew were saved, except of the 11th guy that was the co-pilot who was left in the plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2z58s\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: His name was Ernest Vienneau. Wounded in the attack, Vienneau couldn’t be pulled from the plane in time. His family has been searching for him ever since.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d8q01\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL\u003c/b\u003e: My name is Chelsea Carbonell, and I’m here to remember my great uncle. He was the only one to die in that plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zpota\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eINTERVIEWER\u003c/b\u003e: What do we think?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"peiuk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL\u003c/b\u003e: Especially that smile, Brendan, ’cause he has that, that smile.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"erw1j\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Chelsea Carbonell and her son have inherited the search for their long-lost uncle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"h0agj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL\u003c/b\u003e: When Ernest left, he flew his plane over their summer house in Twin Lakes and tipped the wings to say goodbye. And then they never heard from him again.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"s06qr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Like the Tulsamerican, Vienneau and his plane were long considered unrecoverable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b7zbe\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL\u003c/b\u003e: We have been trying to find his remains and bring him back home.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4yvz0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Now, unexpectedly, Vienneau may be within reach. If this is his plane, he may still be here somewhere, or in the silt nearby.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"0mx0l\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: So, I think, basically, there’s a fairly high chance of some remains being found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"s5dla\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But there’s a problem. There is no official permission to search further. They have to stop here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"s6f6q\"\u003eThe D.P.A.A. cannot approve a new mission without proof that this is indeed Vienneau’s plane. For now, they must focus on other cases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8kaxc\"\u003eMeanwhile, the wreck raises an intriguing question. Why is the B-17 so intact? No crew died in the crash itself…\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"eeqyb\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePHIL SHORT\u003c/b\u003e: It’s probably the most intact aircraft wreck I’ve ever dived.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"kx0mh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: …while the Tulsamerican is a mangled wreck that took three airmen with it. Why are the two planes in such different conditions?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"efce0\"\u003eEven stranger, Frka, has dived on other B-24s with similar damage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dy28e\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDANIJEL FRKA\u003c/b\u003e: They’re in exactly the same condition, always. The front part of the plane is upside down, and the back, the tail part is tangled with it or very close with it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2tufw\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: It’s a striking detail. Did the B-24s have some kind of fatal design flaw?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"epaop\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: The B-24 was nicknamed the \u0026quot;flying coffin\u0026quot; by its crews, because it’s very hard to get out of the airplane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"na9jq\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: B-17 bombers, despite being an older design, seemed to enjoy a better reputation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"xmvqz\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: The B-17 was a much more robust aircraft in the combat environment. It was able to take combat damage. It was able to get back on less engines, less than four engines.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9gke2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: An obscure but startling piece of test footage offers insight: a controlled crash of a B-24: despite the optimal conditions, the plane still comes apart. The front end is mangled, just like the Tulsamerican.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"0o413\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: Only 25 percent of B-24 intentional water landings were successful, and that’s due to the construction of the airplane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2nsom\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The body of the B-24 rests below the wings, exposing it during a water landing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"tcibr\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: So, as the airplane hits the water, it could break in half very easily.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e29o5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: In contrast, the B-17 had a low wing, giving it a broad landing surface.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3s7h0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJEREMY KINNEY\u003c/b\u003e: Which allowed the airplane to be set down into the water much more easily.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2lvzh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: As the dive team gets back to work on the Tulsamerican, they’ve come to terms with the fact that the cockpit is empty. They decide to investigate a feature that they had seen earlier: a parachute.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"peyao\"\u003eWith time running out, this may be their last best hope.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zb0bn\"\u003eDivers typically try to avoid underwater obstacles that can snag and tangle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ib4pf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDEN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: And the parachute is trapped, snagged on, wrapped around this part of the aircraft wreckage. We need to excavate underneath that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jxzfs\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: They have just a few days left to make it happen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a9r8l\"\u003eMoving the parachute generates dangerous clouds of silt, obscuring jagged metal and tangling wire. But through the haze, divers sees something that may be just what they’re looking for.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b8d5c\"\u003eFor hours, the crew says nothing, keeping the sensitivities of the families foremost in mind. Finally, permission is granted to reveal what they’ve found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"nlvd7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: We’re under very strict guidelines as to what we can say and what we can’t say, but I am authorized to say that today we recovered possible human remains. And it’s extraordinarily emotional.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5ladm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eGEMMA SMITH\u003c/b\u003e: This hit me in a way that no dive has ever hit me before.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5x17r\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: It was the most worthwhile thing I’ve ever done under water.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"wsg85\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: After repeated dives on the parachute, the team recovers a significant number of intact bones, teeth and numerous other fragments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"h57aw\"\u003eFor now, they can only hope it will be enough to answer the question on everyone’s mind: whom have they found?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"vplwn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBRENDAN FOLEY\u003c/b\u003e: I hope that we fulfill the biggest promise of the mission, which is to bring closure to a family or families.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"btzbp\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The fallen are finally returning to U.S. soil, and waiting families will find out who they are.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"lzfh9\"\u003eThe D.P.A.A. operates the largest forensic anthropology lab in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"pyys4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eFRANKLIN DAMANN (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency)\u003c/b\u003e: We process the site like a crime scene. There’s never a day in which you don’t remember that these are somebody’s son.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"07nri\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The work is done entirely in the blind, to ensure no bias is introduced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"w3z6w\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eDEBRA PRINCE ZINNI (Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency)\u003c/b\u003e: So, there will be anthropological analyses, dental analyses, there could be histological or D.N.A. analyses, as well as material evidence analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"j9zl4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Larkin Kennedy is a forensic anthropologist assigned to analyze the artifacts. In addition to the wedding ring, Larkin can glean some detail from the flight wings: they’re definitely not the pilot’s.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"oora0\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eLARKIN KENNEDY (Forensic Anthropologist)\u003c/b\u003e: So, we would expect, if those wings belonged to the pilot, that they would have this shield-shaped central motif. The object that we do have, is more specific to an aircrew member. We can be fairly sure that that would have belonged to a different individual.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ab727\"\u003eSo, it looks like we have at least two individuals represented in this assemblage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"v3tj3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: As Larkin continues her analysis of the artifacts, forensic anthropologist Tyler Dunn conducts his assessment of the bones. But he and Larkin do not trade notes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"ptimm\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTYLER DUNN\u003c/b\u003e: It’s my job to do a skeletal analysis blind, so I don’t bias myself.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"4rtly\"\u003eWe were presented with 11 teeth; a right humerus, that’s relatively intact compared to everything else; a fragment of a vertebra; a handful of, sort of, non-diagnostic long bone fragments—we can more or less just tell that they’re bone; some fingers, a bit of a toe, and then most of the lower right leg, so a tibia and a fibula.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"yc659\"\u003eThe first question I generally ask is the minimum number of individuals. So, we try and figure out if this could be, or is, more than one person.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"476zk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The recovery team had hopes that they had found more than one airman, but this is not what Tyler sees.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"0amuw\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTYLER DUNN\u003c/b\u003e: Based on this case, the skeletal—it’s called M.N.I. or \u0026quot;minimum number of individuals\u0026quot; — the skeletal M.N.I. is one. I have good reason to think that this is one individual.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8iru2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: This is backed up by the dental analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"n30sh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTYLER DUNN\u003c/b\u003e: So, I can tell that this is all teeth from one individual, based on tooth shape, the size of the tooth, and more or less what they look like.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"z9bi1\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: It appears that only a single airman was recovered, based on the skeletal evidence. But is it Pilot Ford or one of the others?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"54chf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTYLER DUNN\u003c/b\u003e: Based on condylo-malleolar length of the tibia, we more or less measure how long the tibia is. The stature for this individual that we estimated was right around 5 foot 10.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"uszyj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Growth patterns also give an estimate of age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"30asl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTYLER DUNN\u003c/b\u003e: This is called the epiphysis. And right about 23 years of age, the epiphysis is firmly attached. So, we have some idea that this loss incident was of someone who was at least 23 years old, at time of death.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d0qct\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: Yet neither the skeletal remains nor the artifacts allow them to make a definitive identification.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5zzz0\"\u003eTheir only hope to sort it out now rests with the D.N.A.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"l9lb0\"\u003eThe Armed Forces Medical Examiner System now takes over.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"rhfh5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eTIMOTHY MCMAHON\u003c/b\u003e: This is where we take the unknown and we put a name to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"hl3aj\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: First they extract D.N.A. from the bones and teeth and then sequence many different regions. They then compare the sequence against family reference samples, until, finally, a match is confirmed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"glpec\"\u003eIs it the pilot, Ford? Or the navigator, Landry? Or the flight engineer, Charles Priest? More than 70 years ago, three airmen disappeared beneath the waves along with their plane.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2wq1j\"\u003eNow one of them has been identified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"yvi2o\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eJIM BELL\u003c/b\u003e: …so, based on that, the laboratory analysis, established remains of those as First Lieutenant Eugene Ford, serial number Oscar 805804, U.S. Army Air Forces.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"2zjs2\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: The D.N.A. reveals the definitive truth: Lieutenant Eugene Ford has been found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"42dqg\"\u003eFord’s daughter Norma was just six months old when he died. Her family told her little about what happened.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7ox9h\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNORMA FORD BEARD (Daughter of 1st Lieutenant. Eugene Ford)\u003c/b\u003e: I knew nothing about what happened to him. When I was 13 and my brother was 12, that’s when I first saw a picture of my father. And I found a packet of letters. And I immediately knew what they were, but I just put them back. Now, I can’t find them. I can’t find them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"760dk\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: But now her father has been found, and she can put him to rest in a way that her mother never could.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"js9lh\"\u003e\u003cb\u003ePAUL BEARD (Husband of Norma Ford Beard)\u003c/b\u003e: Mrs. Ford, 49 years later she said, \u0026quot;I would give all of my life to have 15 more minutes with Gene.\u0026quot; I thought that was remarkable, give everything she had for just 15 minutes with him.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"zk5me\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: In a ceremony like this, Eugene Ford will be buried at Arlington National Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"40ghg\"\u003eThe D.P.A.A. is still reviewing whether flight engineer Charles Priest and navigator Russell Landry could be recovered. But 82,000 more missing American soldiers are still out there, like Ernest Vienneau, possibly still inside the B-17 that crashed near the Tulsamerican.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7rzqz\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eHEATHER HARRIS\u003c/b\u003e: I’d like to talk with you about how we’re moving forward on trying to recover his remains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6rvej\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHELSEA CARBONELL\u003c/b\u003e: I’d love to hear it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"mb4yn\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: And Captain Lawrence Dickson? Of 27 Tuskegee Airmen missing since World War II, he is the first, and so far only one, to have been recovered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"svbpp\"\u003eIn July 2018, the D.P.A.A. notified his daughter Captain Dickson had been found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"c7ptl\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eMARLA DICKSON ANDREWS\u003c/b\u003e: Because he wasn’t treated properly when he was alive, I’m taking him first class to Arlington. I want to take my CD of Donald Byrd, the jazz trumpeter, ’cause that is so cool. He would really, really like that, and he’d say, \u0026quot;Thanks, Marla. You know how to send a person off.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"biwvf\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNARRATOR\u003c/b\u003e: There remain 26 more airmen from this storied command still to be found. For their loved ones, as for all families of the lost, hope remains. But time is the enemy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"jmovx\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9tcs4\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n","public_until":"2021-11-07T03:59:59+00:00","passport_start":"2018-11-08T01:40:00+00:00","passport_end":"2021-11-07T03:59:59+00:00","short_description":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"mk1i7\"\u003eDive beneath the sea to the wreckage of a WWII bomber. 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We Ready for a Cyber Attack?","topic":"military","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":240,"publish_date":"2018-08-23T04:00:00+00:00","tags":[""],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003eCyber threats from nation states and lone hackers are a persistent threat to America’s critical infrastructure.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to U.S. intelligence officials and the Department of Homeland Security, state-sponsored Russian hackers have targeted the American electric utility grid. Cyber threats from nation states and lone hackers are a persistent threat to America\u0026rsquo;s critical infrastructure. They can come from anywhere in the world\u0026mdash;and are on the rise.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003e\n Are We Ready for a Cyber Attack?\n\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Published August 23, 2018\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Cyber attack scenarios against critical infrastructure have been a concern for the Department of Homeland Security at least since 2007—when the agency commissioned an experiment called Aurora. The question experts wanted to answer was a simple one. Could a purely digital cyber attack disrupt or disable a large generator connected to the power grid?\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Perry Pedersen:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n I was the director of the control system security program at the Department of Homeland Security. And during that time, I ran the project that many people are familiar with called Aurora.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n A team of electrical engineers brought a 27-ton, heavy-duty diesel generator to a specially built testing facility at the Idaho National Lab. After connecting the generator to the power grid, they challenged a team of computer security experts to use computer code to knock the generator off line. The test was monitored via closed circuit TV.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Pederson:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n In the video, you’ll see it running, humming along normally. And then you see the first hit...the first jump. You see the generator shudder.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n The jump occurred almost immediately after the would-be attackers sent the first packet of malicious computer code.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Pederson:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n We wanted to hit it and then wait and collect data and see what was happening and then hit it again, collect some data and kind of watch the progression of the damage to the generator.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n After the second attack, the generator lurched again, belched ominous smoke and ground to a halt. Not only was it knocked off the grid – it was rendered completely inoperable.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Joe Weiss:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n What they found when they opened the generator was just failures with almost all parts of the generator, both mechanical and electrical. So what you’re really talking about is essentially what you would do with pieces of dynamite.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Pederson:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n This was a tough machine. This was heavy duty. And it was designed to run in severe conditions. If you were actually doing that attack, there’s no reason to pause and wait in between. You simply put your software on a loop, and you just keep hitting it until it breaks.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n An attack like this could take less than a minute. But leave consequences that would last for months.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Joe Weiss:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n If you damage or destroy these, you can't just go down to your neighborhood hardware store and buy another. It could take you maybe six to nine months to get another one of these.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n And according to a government study, a coordinated attack on fewer than a dozen power stations could cause a massive outage—far more devastating even than the historic blackout that hit the Northeast in 2003.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Female News Reporter:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n The brightness of car headlights is the only visible sight on 42nd Street tonight as thousands wait under a cloud of total darkness.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Kim Zetter:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n All you would need to do is take out about nine substations in an attack that could result in a blackout for the majority of the U.S. that could last weeks or months depending on how the attack was designed.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2018-08-20T16:29:31.989705+00:00","short_description":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003eCyber threats from nation states and lone hackers are a persistent threat to America’s critical infrastructure.\u003c/div\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"Are We Ready for a Cyber Attack?","slug":"are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack","page_type":"shortvideopage","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/are-we-ready-for-a-cyber-attack-hero.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1534996800000]},{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"article-2024","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"demining-colombia","title":"The Daunting, Dangerous Task of Unearthing Colombia’s Landmines","topic":"military","brand":"next","content_type":"article","publish_date":"2018-07-16","tags":["military","landmines","robots","engineering","technology","war"],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/demining-colombia.jpg","renditions":[{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cp\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n In 2016, the longest-running conflict in the Western hemisphere drew to a close. Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos signed a peace agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, ending 50 years of violence that had seen hundreds of thousands killed and 7 million Colombians driven from their homes—the\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/6/5763b65a4/global-forced-displacement-hits-record-high.html\"\u003e\n highest number\n \u003c/a\u003e\n of internally displaced people the world as of 2016.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"related\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n However, many Colombians still feared returning to the countryside, thanks to war’s other lasting legacy: landmines. While no one knows how many mines pepper the country, from 2008 to 2014, Colombia suffered the world’s second-highest landmine mortality rate. Only Afghanistan had more deaths. Victims have since dropped from a high of over 1,000 per year to fewer than 100, but the country is still considered to be\n \u003ca href=\"https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Landmine_Monitor_2017_Embargoed.pdf\"\u003e\n heavily mined\n \u003c/a\u003e\n .\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/img_2087.width-990_s3gbVgn.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eThe Colombian military donated deactivated landmines to researchers at the National University of Colombia for testing.\n \n \u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n The first step to eliminating the mines is finding them. Mine detection technologies have progressed very little since they were first developed in the aftermath of World War II and are still almost primarily based on metal detection. This makes Colombia’s predicament even more costly and time consuming than usual. Unlike the majority of affected nations, Colombia’s landmines are homemade and typically contain very low metal content.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n While domestic and international landmine removal groups go about the painstaking task of ridding the country of those stealthy bombs the old-fashioned way—literally digging up suspected mined areas, inch by inch—Colombian researchers have taken it upon themselves to create cutting-edge technological fixes that they soon hope will expedite the process by an order of magnitude.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"Colombia photos, July 2015.Manual demining, Colombia.\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/desminadoroliverperezenlafincaelparaiso1.width-990_Ab9SNXo.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eA member of the HALO Trust, a nonprofit that removes war debris, treads carefully during a defining operation in Colombia.\n \n \u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n “This is no longer basic research, but application,” says Fernando Cristancho, a nuclear physicist at the National University of Colombia. He and his colleagues have developed a specialized robot that uses neutrons to identify mines buried below the soil, while other colleagues are working on devices that weed out the false positives that frequently bog down landmine hunts. Still others have pursued machines that use electromagnetic waves to remotely detonate and destroy landmines from a distance.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n “We’re putting all of our energy, effort, students, and time into trying to advance this,” says Felix Vega, an electrical engineer at the National University of Colombia. “We’re trying to to solve our own problems.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n A Daunting Clean-Up\n\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n The conflict in Colombia began on ideological grounds, with disenfranchised rural citizens calling for a\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.midlandshistoricalreview.com/the-underlying-dynamics-of-colombias-civil-war/\"\u003e\n transformation to Marxism-Leninism\n \u003c/a\u003e\n . As the fighting dragged on, however, guerrillas began to lose sight of their political agenda and focus more on profit-driven crime, including cocaine production and illegal gold mining. Landmines began appearing in the early 1990s, largely as a way to protect smuggling routes, jungle camps, and illicit crops. Around 11,500 people in Colombia have been injured or killed by those hidden explosive devices since then—though experts believe many more deaths have gone unreported.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Landmines, in general, come in two forms: ones meant to destroy tanks and other vehicles and ones meant to stop humans. Colombia only has the latter: “It’s really difficult to get a car into the middle of a forest,” says Jairo Alexis Rodriguez, a physicist and director of research at the National University of Colombia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Even more uniquely, all of the mines left in Colombia today are homemade improvised explosive devices (IEDs) rather than commercially-produced military grade ones. Rebels fashioned them with whatever materials they happened to have on hand, including PVC pipes, plastic bottles, and various chemicals. They purposefully left metal out to prevent the military from identifying them with metal detectors, and the variety of substances they used has also made it more difficult to train sniffer dogs to help with cleanup.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/ied-tall.width-990_nVUmd2h.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eMany landmines in Colombia are IEDs rather than commercially made and almost entirely devoid of metal, including this one, made from a plastic bottle and plunger.\n \n \u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n That leaves experts with a daunting challenge: how to find mines buried in thick jungles and rugged mountains in a country over twice the size of France with little to no help from traditional demining tools?\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Getting a handle on the scope of the problem is a first step, according to Chris Ince, Colombia country program manager at the\n \u003ca href=\"https://www.halotrust.org/\"\u003e\n HALO Trust\n \u003c/a\u003e\n , a non-profit organization dedicated to cleaning up debris left over from war. “There is an urban myth that the entire country is mined,” he says. “The reality of the situation is that, until a detailed survey is conducted, the true level of contamination remains unknown.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n To do this, Ince and other experts hire community members (and, in some cases, former guerrillas) living near suspected mine fields. With their help, they conduct extensive interviews to determine if landmines are indeed present and, if so, where, exactly, they occur. Because guerrillas wanted local people on their side, they often told rural residents where the mines were so the residents could avoid those areas. After interviewing up to 1,000 people at a given site, Ince and his colleagues use those data to home in on an area of likely contamination.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n HALO has cleared more than 500 landmines from over 150 minefields in Colombia. But the task is excruciatingly labor intensive. Some mine fields are a seven-hour walk from the nearest road and require using mule trains to ferry supplies back and forth. Reaching the site is just the beginning. Given that metal detectors have limited use, deminers meticulously dig up the soil of the entire site (sans large shrubs and trees) to a depth of just over a foot. “Up to 70% of our day is spent in vegetation-clearing activities,” Ince says. “You’re literally hand digging the entire area.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Cristancho adds that, though certain vegetation is left in place, these operations cannot help but cause significant environmental damage. “It looks like a war zone,” he says. “If you take away 15 centimeters of soil all over the place, the earth gets dry and then the area gets washed away in the next rain.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n The method also takes forever. Whereas experts working with a metal detector may cover an area of 24 square yards in a day, in Colombia, they typically cover just one to six square yards. “Having all kinds of procedures in place guarantees high standards of safety but makes the process slow and logical,” Ince says. “One of the biggest things we have to do is keep deminers focused, because it’s like finding a needle in a haystack.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n Modernizing Mine Hunting\n\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Yet there could be a better way. As Diego Torres, a physicist at the National University of Colombia, asks, “What if we can develop technologies that immediately identify and destroy mines?”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n For years, Torres and others at universities throughout Colombia quietly pursued landmine-related technologies in near secret to avoid politicizing their work and raising security concerns. After peace came, “we discovered that groups located just 100 meters from each other had been working in the shadows on the same things for ten years,” Torres says.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n For the past decade, Cristancho and his colleagues, for example, have been perfecting a landmine-detecting robot that they believe would spare deminers from having to dig up entire tracts of land. The Alexbot, as they call it, was inspired by existing oil industry technology to measure soil humidity by using neutrons. As Cristancho says, “We didn’t invent this technology, we just put the general pieces together to make it fit a specific task.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/img_2081.width-990_g90Ec5k.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eNuclear physicist Fernando Cristancho demonstrates the features of the Alexbot, a robot that he and his colleagues created to detect landmines using neutrons.\n \n \u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n The six-wheeled Alexbot—which bears a slight resemblance to the Mars rover—sweeps a mechanical arm back and forth above the ground as it slowly proceeds forward in an area suspected of having landmines. The arm holds a container with small amounts of californium-252 which emits neutrons used to map things hidden below. The resulting data are based on the rate and speed at which neutrons backscatter when they encounter carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen—all common components of explosives.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n In\n \u003ca href=\"http://unperiodico.unal.edu.co/pages/detail/innovador-prototipo-detecta-minas-antipersona/\"\u003e\n field tests\n \u003c/a\u003e\n earlier this year, the Alexbot successfully detected a deactivated IED—donated to the lab by the Colombian military—that the researchers had buried in diverse soils and at different depths and humidities. In other trials, the team was able to detect buried IED-like objects containing just 3.5 ounces of chemicals typically used in landmines. Next steps, Cristancho says, they’ll perform many more field trials and use machine learning to better teach Alexbot what to look for.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"newsletter\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Cristancho is not the only researcher working on such problems. His university and Los Andes University has produced around half a dozen PhD students whose work specifically focused on demining techniques. Other scientists are pursuing various solutions as well. The key, Torres says, is to design a suite of technologies that not only expedite the process of finding and deactivating landmines but that also add layers of redundancy. “You can always miss something,” he says. “You need to create more techniques if you want to be sure that you have completely eliminated the threat so people can return to their homeland.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Vega and his students, for example, are creating another type of landmine detection device that uses ground penetrating radar to map objects buried up to eight inches beneath the soil. They hope this will eventually eliminate the time-consuming problem of false positives, which may constitute up to 99 out of 100 detections using conventional methods.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n But such projects are in need of greater support. “These devices are used to avoid people dying and suffering, but that doesn’t bring in much money,” Cristancho says.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n In one case, Vega and fellow researcher Francisco Roman had created a patented landmine-destroying device that used directed electromagnetic waves to safely activate mines at just over 80 feet away. It was shelved due to lack of funding. “At the end of the day, we developed a concept that worked, but we had to stop at that stage,” Vega says. “Going to the next phase required more money than was available.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cfigure class=\"richtext-image full-width\"\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"\" class=\"richtext-image full-width\" src=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/img_2072.width-990_MvauroU.jpg\"/\u003e\n\u003cfigcaption\u003eFernando Albarracin-Vargas (left), Sergio Gutierrez, Felix Vega, and Diego Alejandro Torres Galindo at the National University of Colombia's landmine detecting test site. Albarracin-Vargas and Gutierrez are using ground penetrating radar to map objects buried below.\n \n \u003c/figcaption\u003e\n\u003c/figure\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Given such constraints, Ince doubts that the high-tech devices being developed by Colombian scientists will be ready for deployment in the near future. “Probably in the long term some, of the more esoteric technologies being considered will lead to something capable of helping,” he says. “But the chances of taking something from a prototype to a commercially viable and cost-effective technology—one that doesn’t further complicate security requirements within the framework we operate in—is more difficult.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Cristancho argues that the time scale is not a problem—if only funding were available. With $800,000 and eight months of testing, he believes the Alexbot could be deployable. “We have the right people, and we know what we’re doing,” he says.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Colombia does have an obligation to see that through. The nation is a signatory to\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/Depts/mine/UNDocs/ban_trty.htm\"\u003e\n Mine Ban Treaty\n \u003c/a\u003e\n , a United Nations convention that seeks to end the use of antipersonnel landmines worldwide. As part of that treaty, Colombia pledged to become landmine-free by 2021—a goal that HALO and other demining groups are striving to meet. But according to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, a coalition of non-governmental organizations, Colombia is\n \u003ca href=\"https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Landmine_Monitor_2017_Embargoed.pdf\"\u003e\n not on track\n \u003c/a\u003e\n for a 2021 victory. Bureaucracy has slowed an already slow process, and certain parts of the country are still under control of organized criminals and the National Liberation Army, another paramilitary group that has yet to agree to peace. Evidence exists that fresh mines are still being planted in those areas, which, for now, remain impossible for humanitarian groups and researchers to reach.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n If some of the technologies come to fruition in the next couple years, though, Colombia may have a chance of demining the parts of the country that are at peace by 2021. Nor is Colombia the only nation that could benefit from better landmine detecting and deactivating technologies, Cristancho points out. “Everywhere where you have some kind of political or military conflict, they use landmines, and in the worst case, they use IEDs,” he says.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n “Will we get there? I don’t know. But we’re doing everything we can to advance science and technology in this country,” Vega says. “At the same time, we’re producing things that may solve other problems tomorrow.”\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Photo credits: Rachel Nuwer, HALO Trust\n\u003c/p\u003e","author":["rachel-nuwer"],"short_description":"\u003cp\u003eRidding Colombia of landmines may require a multi-pronged mix of traditional and ground-breaking technology.\u003c/p\u003e","hits_weekly":0,"hits_daily":0,"card":{"title":"The Daunting, Dangerous Task of Unearthing Colombia’s Landmines","slug":"demining-colombia","page_type":"article","canonical_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/demining-colombia.jpg","renditions":[{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":675,"height":380,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/demining-colombia.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+page"}},"sort":[1531699200000]},{"_index":"content","_type":"doc","_id":"sfv-3834","_score":null,"_source":{"slug":"dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon","title":"Hitler’s Secret Weapon","topic":"military","brand":"nova","content_type":"shortvideopage","length":254,"publish_date":"2018-03-09T05:00:00+00:00","tags":[""],"external":false,"published":true,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003eChurchill launches the largest military evacuation in military history. But there's a secret killer in the waters. \r\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChurchill launches the largest military evacuation in military history. But there\u0026#39;s a secret killer in the waters.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003e\n Hilter’s Secret Weapon\n\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n Published March 9, 2018\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Onscreen: Dunkirk beach, France\n \u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Winston Churchill:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n We shall prove ourselves, once more, able to defend our island’s home. To ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace of tyranny. If necessary for years. If necessary, alone.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Onscreen:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Early in WWII—Nazis surround 400,000 British soldiers. If defeated, Hitler will likely conquer all of Europe.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Churchill:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n The situation of the British and French armies now engaged in a most severe battle, and beset on three sides, and from the air, is evidently extremely grave.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Onscreen:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Churchill launches the largest evacuation in military history, sending every available ship to rescue the troops.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n But there is a secret killer in the waters. Hitler placed undetectable sea mines that only need a ship’s proximity to detonate, sinking hundreds of thousands of allied ships. The only way to rescue the soldiers is to figure out how Hitler’s secret weapon works.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Simon Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Did they have any idea of what’s inside?\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Nigel Froude:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Absolutely not, so they knew nothing about this, so they were going completely blind. These guys were trained in bomb disposal, but this was completely new to them. So a lot of it was just trial and error. The bravery of these guys is phenomenal.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n So, is this the key to it all? Inside here, this mine is going to reveal its secrets.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Froude:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Yeah. Grand reveal.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n This would’ve been the moment of truth.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Froude:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n And there we have it. This is the trigger that’s going to make the whole mine go bang. If we now remove this place here, we can see the trigger just inside there. If I move it with this screwdriver, you can see the movement of the switch there.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n And that’s just like a seesaw.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Froude:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Exactly, just like a seesaw. It moves, makes the circuit, and the mine would go bang.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Now, what’s making that seesaw move?\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Froude:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n Magnetism, that was the big secret.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n The seesaw inside the German, is a dip compass and we’ve got our own version here. Now, unlike a normal compass that moves left or right to indicate the magnetic field, this actually moves up and down.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n The Earth’s magnetic field, which is all around us, it finds it easier to pass through this steel plate than it does in the surrounding area. And this plate here is actually concentrating the magnetic field lines. The magnetic field passing through this is going to be more concentrated here than it is out here. This, this is almost like a lens for magnetism. And as you can see, as it passes over the compass, it’s going to trigger the mine.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Narrator:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n This concentrating effect turns a steel ship into a gigantic magnet with its north pole under the ship. It is this strong north pole which triggers the mine. If they can create an artificial magnetic field that generates a south pole under the ship instead, the mine will not go off.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cem\u003e\n Foster:\n \u003c/em\u003e\n The first method they came up with was called Degaussing. If you have a line of cabling like this and run some current through it, it’s going to create a small magnetic field in the opposite direction to the Earth’s magnetic field. Now, if I take my bit of steel and place it over the mine as we did previously, hopefully the mine will no longer be triggered. And this is how they solved the problem. They wrapped a long line of cabling around the outside of the ships, and run huge currents through them. Creating a magnetic field that actually countered the concentrating, the lensing effect of the ship’s hull and prevented the magnetic mine being set off.\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\n","passport_start":"2018-03-09T16:54:32.399353+00:00","short_description":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003eChurchill launches the largest military evacuation in military history. 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On September 11, 2001, an unimaginable horror unfolded that devastated a nation and the world. Fifteen years later, we are still gripped by terror, but it has transformed. The attacks have been coming fast and furious—to Boston, Paris, Brussels, San Bernardino, Orlando, Nice—but they are no longer commanded by a central entity. This is terrorism in the age of the Internet: crowd-sourced violence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this special report, NOVA traces the evolution of terror strategies from the World Trade Center to today. How have radical organizations grown to make use of modern propaganda and social media tools in order to cultivate an army of self-radicalized killers? What is going on inside the minds of this new breed of terrorist? What new techniques and technologies can help law enforcement cope with this elusive threat? And how can psychology and technology be leveraged to end this dreadful cycle of terror?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","public_until":"2019-09-06T23:59:59Z","passport_start":"2016-09-08T01:00:00Z","passport_end":"2019-09-06T23:59:59Z","availability":{"public":{"end":"2019-09-06T23:59:59Z","start":"2016-09-08T01:00:00Z","countries":[{"id":"6a9df090-8ede-44c0-8781-5ddbb942966b","code":"US","name":"United States","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.190936Z"},{"id":"9a9c8e4e-a700-4713-85f4-b3ee31a27879","code":"MP","name":"Northern Mariana Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.372517Z"},{"id":"f3c41bf8-f17c-4b55-a540-0e74c80c2cce","code":"PR","name":"Puerto Rico","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.377009Z"},{"id":"c54cfde7-42cb-49df-bb72-d355332d50c9","code":"AS","name":"American Samoa","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.381542Z"},{"id":"4f9b354c-7ada-4d83-9085-fcb6c887a5b5","code":"GU","name":"Guam","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.386117Z"},{"id":"eefe903e-3af4-4b31-a796-3a4b6dd19214","code":"VI","name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.390727Z"},{"id":"cf58f575-b194-48e3-8700-1086909ed0e1","code":"UM","name":"U.S. Minor Outlying Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.395225Z"}],"updated_at":"2020-03-27T07:38:31.563719Z","geo_profile":{"id":"c94e2e6d-0052-493a-a67d-266d51cc6445","name":"US \u0026 Territories","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.641361Z"}},"all_members":{"end":"2019-09-06T23:59:59Z","start":"2016-09-08T01:00:00Z","countries":[{"id":"6a9df090-8ede-44c0-8781-5ddbb942966b","code":"US","name":"United States","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.190936Z"},{"id":"9a9c8e4e-a700-4713-85f4-b3ee31a27879","code":"MP","name":"Northern Mariana Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.372517Z"},{"id":"f3c41bf8-f17c-4b55-a540-0e74c80c2cce","code":"PR","name":"Puerto Rico","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.377009Z"},{"id":"c54cfde7-42cb-49df-bb72-d355332d50c9","code":"AS","name":"American Samoa","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.381542Z"},{"id":"4f9b354c-7ada-4d83-9085-fcb6c887a5b5","code":"GU","name":"Guam","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.386117Z"},{"id":"eefe903e-3af4-4b31-a796-3a4b6dd19214","code":"VI","name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.390727Z"},{"id":"cf58f575-b194-48e3-8700-1086909ed0e1","code":"UM","name":"U.S. Minor Outlying Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.395225Z"}],"updated_at":"2020-03-27T07:38:31.617991Z","geo_profile":{"id":"c94e2e6d-0052-493a-a67d-266d51cc6445","name":"US \u0026 Territories","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.641361Z"}},"station_members":{"end":"2019-09-06T23:59:59Z","start":"2016-09-08T01:00:00Z","countries":[{"id":"6a9df090-8ede-44c0-8781-5ddbb942966b","code":"US","name":"United States","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.190936Z"},{"id":"9a9c8e4e-a700-4713-85f4-b3ee31a27879","code":"MP","name":"Northern Mariana Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.372517Z"},{"id":"f3c41bf8-f17c-4b55-a540-0e74c80c2cce","code":"PR","name":"Puerto Rico","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.377009Z"},{"id":"c54cfde7-42cb-49df-bb72-d355332d50c9","code":"AS","name":"American Samoa","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.381542Z"},{"id":"4f9b354c-7ada-4d83-9085-fcb6c887a5b5","code":"GU","name":"Guam","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.386117Z"},{"id":"eefe903e-3af4-4b31-a796-3a4b6dd19214","code":"VI","name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.390727Z"},{"id":"cf58f575-b194-48e3-8700-1086909ed0e1","code":"UM","name":"U.S. Minor Outlying Islands","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.395225Z"}],"updated_at":"2020-03-27T07:38:31.670939Z","geo_profile":{"id":"c94e2e6d-0052-493a-a67d-266d51cc6445","name":"US \u0026 Territories","updated_at":"2017-04-04T09:00:32.641361Z"}}},"airdates":["2016-09-08T01:00:00Z"],"external":false}],"second":[{"content_type":"article","topic":"military","brand":"next","title":"Ground-Penetrating Radar Reveals Military Structures Buried Beneath Alcatraz Penitentiary","slug":"ground-penetrating-radar-reveals-military-structures-buried-beneath-alcatraz-penitentiary","hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","caption":{"html":"\u003cp\u003eAlcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: MBPROJEKT_Maciej_Bledowski, iStock\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":"Alcatraz Island still draws tourists for its history as a federal penitentiary. But it also has a rich past as little-known military base, erected to guard against foreign invasion. Image Credit: MBPROJEKT_Maciej_Bledowski, iStock"},"credit":{"html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","plaintext":""},"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/iStock-510871741.jpg","renditions":[{"width":2400,"height":1350,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":2000,"height":1125,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/iStock-510871741.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"short_description":"\u003cp\u003eUsing non-invasive techniques, archaeologists have confirmed the presence of a coastal fortification beneath what was once the prison’s recreation yard.\u003c/p\u003e","long_description":"\u003cp\u003eUsing non-invasive techniques, archaeologists have confirmed the presence of a coastal fortification beneath what was once the prison’s recreation yard.\u003c/p\u003e","external":false},{"content_type":"shortvideopage","topic":"military","brand":"nova","length":254,"title":"Hitler’s Secret Weapon","slug":"dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon","part_of_a_series":false,"hero_image":{"mime_type":"image/jpeg","alt_text":"","src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/original_images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.jpg","renditions":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-2000.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1920,"height":1080,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-2500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":1500,"height":843,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-1500.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":800,"height":450,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-800.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":600,"height":337,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-600.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":400,"height":225,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-400.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"},{"width":300,"height":168,"src":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/media/images/dunkirk-hilters-secret-weapon-hero_J27oR7n.width-300.jpg","contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+scaled_image"}],"contentType":"application/vnd.theseus+image"},"short_description":"\u003cdiv class=\"rich-text\"\u003eChurchill launches the largest military evacuation in military history. 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